UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE.

CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8

SUBJECT: DTCRA (DESIGN THINKING, CODING, ROBOTICS AND ARTIFICAIL INTELLIGENCE)

WHAT IS A ROBOT?
A re-programmable, multifunctional, automatic industrial machine designed to replace human in
hazardous work. It can be used as: -

• An automatic machine sweeper

• An automatic car for a child to play with
• A machine removing mines in a war field
• In space
• In military , and many more..
It is:
• Powered by Electricity.
• Programmed to carry out certain tasks, like cleaning, etc.
• Senses the environment using sensors and reacts accordingly on its own.
APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8

WHAT IS ROBOTICS?
Robotics is science of designing or building an application of robots. Simply, Robotics may be defines
as “The Study of Robots”. The aim of robotics is to design an efficient robot. He derived robot from
he Czech word robota, which means “drudgery” or “compulsory labor”.

WHY DO WE NEED ROBOTICS?

• Speed
• Can work in hazardous/dangerous temperature
• Can do repetitive tasks
• Can do work with accuracy

THE FIRST USE OF ROBOTOICS

• The word robot was introduced to the public by Czech writer KAREL CAPEK (1890-1938) in his
play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that
makes artificial people called robots . Capek was reportedly several times a candidate for the
Nobel prize for his works .
• The word "ROBOTICS", used to describe this field of study, was coined accidentally by the
Russian –born , American scientist and science fiction writer, ISAAC ASIMOV (1920-1992) in
1940s.

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8
THE FIRST LAWS OF ROBOTICS
Asimov also proposed his three "Laws of Robotics", and he later added a “zeroth law”.
Zeroth Law : A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm
First Law : A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come
to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law
Second Law: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would
conflict with a higher order law
Third Law : A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a
higher order law.
FACTS
1. THE FIRST ROBOT IS CALLED UNIMATE
2. The industrial robot has five main parts:
 Sensors
 Actuators
 Controllers
 Effectors
 Arms

Advantages of Robots
1. Going to far away planets.
2. Going far down into the unknown waters and mines where humans would be crushed
3. Giving us information that humans can't get
4. Working at places 24/7 without any salary and food. Plus they don't get bored
5. They can perform tasks faster than humans and much more consistently and accurately
6. Most of them are automatic so they can go around by themselves without any human
interference.
Disadvantages of Robots
1. It needs a supply of power
2. It needs maintenance to keep it running.
3. It costs money to make or buy a robot
4. People can lose jobs in factories

TYPES OF ROBOTS
1. Mobile Robots: We have two types

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8
Rolling robots have wheels to move around. They can quickly and easily search. However, they are
only useful in flat areas
Walking Robots: Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky. Most robots have at
least 4 legs; usually they have 6 or more
2. Stationary Robots
3. Autonomous Robots
4. Virtual Robots
5. Remote controlled Robots

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Artificial intelligence also means AI. It is the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think and act like humans. Learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and
language comprehension are all examples of cognitive abilities.

Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software

think intelligently like the human mind. AI is accomplished by studying the patterns of the human
brain and by analyzing the cognitive process. The outcome of these studies develops intelligent
software and systems.

CATEGORIES OF AI

Weak AI vs. Strong AI

When discussing artificial intelligence (AI), it is common to distinguish between two broad categories:
weak AI and strong AI. Let's explore the characteristics of each type:

Weak AI (Narrow AI)

Weak AI refers to AI systems that are designed to perform specific tasks and are limited to those
tasks only. These AI systems excel at their designated functions but lack general intelligence.
Examples of weak AI include voice assistants like Siri or Alexa, recommendation algorithms, and
image recognition systems. Weak AI operates within predefined boundaries and cannot generalize
beyond their specialized domain.

Strong AI (General AI)

Strong AI, also known as general AI, refers to AI systems that possess human-level intelligence or
even surpass human intelligence across a wide range of tasks. Strong AI would be capable of
understanding, reasoning, learning, and applying knowledge to solve complex problems in a manner
similar to human cognition. However, the development of strong AI is still largely theoretical and has
not been achieved to date.

TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Below are the various types of AI:

1. Purely Reactive

These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in just one field of work. For
example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and makes the best possible decision to win.

2. Limited Memory

These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their memory. They have enough memory or
experience to make proper decisions, but memory is minimal. For example, this machine can suggest a
restaurant based on the location data that has been gathered.

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8
3. Theory of Mind

This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as interact socially. However, a machine based
on this type is yet to be built.

4. Self-Aware

Self-aware machines are the future generation of these new technologies. They will be intelligent, sentient,
and conscious.

DEEP LEARNING VS. MACHINE LEARNING

Let's explore the contrast between deep learning and machine learning:

Machine Learning: Machine Learning focuses on the development of algorithms and models that enable
computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without explicit programming. Here are key
characteristics of machine learning.

Deep Learning: Deep Learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on training artificial neural
networks inspired by the human brain's structure and functioning. Here are key characteristics of deep
learning.

INTRODUCTION TO CODING

Coding is one important skill to learn in the 21st century, and it’s never too early to start learning. It teaches
kids how to think creatively and logically, solve problems, and work collaboratively with peers. These skills are
crucial for success in both school and life. It also teaches kids about technology at a very early age and
encourages them to take an interest in STEM careers or entrepreneurship. Starting coding from a young age is
key to lifelong success!

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8

WHAT IS CODING?
Coding is a process of writing instructions for the creation of computer software, websites
and apps. Surprisingly, students can understand basic coding concepts and can develop skills that
come in handy. These students are not taught traditional programming languages but are introduced
to the basic concepts required to code in any language through fun activities.

Some parents might say that young children need other activities to help them develop, like
open-ended play or reading. However, coding is becoming an increasingly important part of the
school curriculum, and experts have found that kids who learn it early develop vital skills.

Codes instruct a computer or robot how to do something. By speaking the same coding
language, you and the computer can understand each other. Almost everything that uses
technology- websites, games, robots- uses a coding language. There are several different coding
languages, but for kindergarteners, we focus on directional coding and block coding.

THE BENEFITS OF CODING FOR STUDENTS

Coding is beneficial to Students for a variety of reasons.

1. Problem-solving skills First, coding helps to develop problem-solving skills. In order to code
a program, kids must identify a problem and then figure out the steps necessary to solve it. This
teaches them to be systematic and creative in their thinking.

2. Improve math and sequence skill Coding also helps to improve math skills. Kids must
understand basic concepts like addition and subtraction to write code. They also learn about
sequencing, which is an important skill for math.

3. Visual-spatial skills Coding can help improve visual-spatial skills. Programming is an

inherently visual and spatial pursuit. Kids must analyze how blocks and lines interact to ensure that
commands are executed properly. This helps them develop skills needed for reading graphs,
patterns, and shapes. The act of programming also requires a great deal of focus and concentration;
kids who code will have an easier time focusing on school work, which means fewer distractions in
class.

4. Self-expression and communication Coding is expressive as well. It allows children to

express themselves through code just as they would through painting or writing poetry. Moreover,
coding enables children to share their thoughts and ideas in a way accessible to everyone–even
those who don’t speak English.

5. Acceptance of mistakes Children who code can see that failure can be a good thing and
that it’s okay to make mistakes. This helps them learn and grow in other areas of their lives. Focusing
on their own challenges related to the creation makes them less likely to feel the need to be perfect.
This gives them room to experiment and learn from their mistakes.

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba

 UBEC SUBEB SMART MODEL SCHOOL, OYO STATE. CLASS: BASIC 7 AND 8
6. Practicing softcore skills Coding starts with tinkering – exploring new things and playing
around until you get something right. When you’re learning to read, you start by sounding words out
phonetically until you become fluent. When learning to code, children first play around until they
master the basics and then move on to more complex projects. Kids who code tend to do better in
school because they learn valuable skills such as patience, persistence, and self-confidence. These
softcore skills are increasingly essential in today’s society. Skills that we can instill at a young age.

7. Creative Expression Creativity goes hand in hand with computer programming. Kids can
follow their interests, telling stories through games and videos, or sharing their passions by building
websites. With coding, kids can make music and artwork, present science projects, study math, and
apply creative solutions to problems.

8. Fun Activity More than a set of rules and formulas, computer programming is a hands-on
task where kids can see immediate results. Coding games often cater to kids' interests, enticing them
to learn along with their favorite cartoon characters.

9. Builds Academic Foundations Coding requires problem-solving skills and logic, making it a
good foundation for academic achievement. Kids can also engage in teamwork and patience,
important skills for success.

10. May Lead to Good Careers According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median
annual wage for all computer and technology occupations was $91,250 as of May 2020. The BLS
projects that employment in this sector will grow by 11% between 2019 and 2029.

11.Useful Skill Whether or not students pursue a career in technology, the ability to code
websites is a helpful skill. Understanding computers will only become more important as technology
continues to advance.

For more E-notes on Robotics and Basic technology, ask OLALUDE Tolani Oluwatoba

EMAIL: olaludeoluwatoba@gmail.com

WHATSAPP: 08162476621

FACEBOOK: Olalude Tolani Oluwatoba

COMPILED BY OLALUDE, Tolani Oluwatoba