RC Uptown Grant Proposal Report 2018

ROTARY CLUB GLOBAL GRANT PROPOSAL
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SOLAR-POWERED COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER SUPPLY,

SANITATION, HYGIENE and ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
PROJECT: A GLOBAL GRANT PROPOSAL
At Sitio Carabao Valley, Barangay Awang, Municipality of Opol, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
Submitted to:
The Rotary Foundation
Submitted by
Rotary Club Uptown of Cagayan de Oro in partnership with Rotary Club of

Opol -District 3870
August 2016
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Club Uptown of Cagayan de Oro in partnership with Rotary Club of Opol -District 3870
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Executive Summary
B. Statement of Need
C. Project Description
D. System Design and Operational Plan
i. Systems and Components Sizing
ii. Household Water Treatment Systems
iii. Hygiene and Sanitation
E. Project Management
F. Monitoring and Evaluation
G. Budget
H. The Hidden (Avoided) Costs
i. Environmental Cost Avoidance
ii. Social Cost Avoidance
iii. Resource-Use Displacement
I. Economics of Water & Sanitation
J. Project Partners
K. Conclusion
L. References
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A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Water is a fundamental human need. Each person on Earth requires at least 20 to 50 liters (15
gallons/day) of clean, safe water a day for drinking, cooking, and simply keeping themselves
clean. Polluted water isn’t just dirty—it’s deadly. Some 1.8 million people die every year of
diarrheal diseases like cholera. Tens of millions of others are seriously sickened by a host of
water-related ailments—many of which are easily preventable.
This proposed project involves supplying clean water to a small village Sitio Carabao Valley,
Barangay Awang in Opol, Mis. Or, Philippines with 75 households or approx. 287 residents.
Based on actual survey and interviews with municipal and barangay officials (Annex – 1), there
is no form of clean water source in the project site; rather, the villagers have to walk several
kilometers to wells and small open spring within the surrounding area to collect water.
The main source of income of the residents in the area is small-time farming. While the project
site has an existing power grid, yet due to their financial status, residents can’t afford to pay for
electric bills should they install an electric pump. Thus, using electricity is not an option since it
is not justifiable. The best fit for our system in order to be sustainable is determined to be a
photovoltaic (PV) or solar-powered water supply system.
There are tremendous economic gains that can be realized with improved drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene. The WHO estimates that for every US dollar invested in improved
drinking water and sanitation there is an economic return of four US dollars resulting from
health and productivity gains.
The project was designed to assemble not only reliable technical and economic data but also
environmental factors i.e. avoided cost due to pollution, etc, from which to form a considered
view of the viability of solar pumping systems.
Through a push for funding allocation and better community involvement policy design,
tangible health benefits could be realized. And, most importantly, improvements will be made
in the lives of hundreds of people.
Lastly, water-poor communities are typically economically poor as well, their residents trapped
in an ongoing cycle of poverty. Water and sanitation are essential for life, for health, for
dignity, for empowerment and prosperity. They are human rights, fundamental to every person.
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B. STATEMENT OF NEED:
Based on actual survey and interviews with municipal and barangay officials, there is no form
of clean water source in the project site; rather, the villagers have to walk several kilometers to
wells and small open spring within the surrounding area to collect water. Per Municipality of
Opol Health Center Report (2014), the leading cause of morbidity in the area is diarrhea – due
to the absence of or limited access to sanitary toilet and safe water.
But because the water is obtained from shallow wells or open spring, the water quality is poor
and often contains impurities that rise to the surface of the water and are a continuous potential
health risk to users (Morgan 1990). In addition, during the rainy season, runoff water carrying
many forms of contamination from the surrounding area can drain into the well. This creates a
high-risk situation for the villagers, as the water they acquire is contaminated and could lead to
water-borne illnesses.
Per WHO, 1.6 million deaths of children per year worldwide can be attributed to unsafe water,
poor sanitation, and lack of hygiene. According to National Sewerage and Septage
Management (NSSMP) in the Philippines, around 25 people die every day in the country of 100
million because more than 90 percent of the country's sewage is not collected or treated
properly. Only 8 percent of the country's population has access to piped sewage systems; and
the NSSMP says that many Filipinos who have toilets "do not have septic tanks; many septic
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tanks have open bottoms; and most septic tanks are not regularly dislodged and the septage
removed is not treated and disposed of properly."
United Nations considers universal access to clean water a basic human right, and an essential
step towards improving living standards worldwide. Water-poor communities are typically
economically poor as well, their residents trapped in an ongoing cycle of poverty. Water and
sanitation are essential for life, for health, for dignity, for empowerment and prosperity. They
are human rights, fundamental to every person. By recognizing water and sanitation as human
rights, people are defined as rights-holders and countries as duty-bearers of water and sanitation
service provision. This means that the provision of water and sanitation is not a matter of
charity – but a legal obligation. Rights-holders can claim their rights and duty-bearers must
guarantee the rights to water and sanitation – like other human rights – equally, without
discrimination and on the basis of participation and accountability.
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C. PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project has the following objectives:

 Access to clean water system, improve personal hygiene behaviour, domestic and
environmental sanitation particularly focusing children, women through increased and
improved access to right quantity and quality water supply and sanitation
infrastructures;
 Enhance community’s capacities to manage, operate and maintain water supply and
sanitation scheme and other built up infrastructures in a sustainable way; and
 Strengthen and enhance organizational and partners capacities to implement water,
sanitation, hygiene and integrated approach effectively.
The above objectives can be realized by way of providing affordable and sustainable solar
power to the water supply, sanitation, hygiene and environmental systems in Sitio Carabao
Valley, Barangay Awang, Municipality of Opol, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. The site is
located 18 km from the Opol National Highway and about 1,000 km from Manila. Its
coordinates are: LAT 8° 28’ 18.80” and LONG 124° 29’ 50.00”. Elevation is approx. 261.40M
asl (See Location Map and Vicinity Map below).
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The main source of income of the residents in the area is small-time farming. While the project
site has an existing power grid, yet due to their financial status, residents can’t afford to pay for
electric bills should they install an electric pump. Thus, using electricity is not an option since it
is not justifiable. The best fit for our system in order to be sustainable is determined to be a
photovoltaic (PV) or solar power system.
This proposed project involves supplying clean water to a small village Sitio Carabao Valley,
Barangay Awang in Opol, Mis. Or, Philippines with 75 households or approx. 287 residents.
Based on actual survey and interviews with municipal and barangay officials, there is no form
of clean water source in the project site; rather, the villagers have to walk several kilometers to
wells and small open spring within the surrounding area to collect water.
Per Municipality of Opol Health Center Report (2014), the leading cause of morbidity in the
area is diarrhea – due to water pollution and the absence of or limited access to sanitary toilet
and safe water.
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Diarrhea is spread and prevented by the below illustrations:
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Health problems, sources of water pollution and its effects to human being
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D. SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PLAN:
The need for alternative, affordable, and safe drinking water supplies is critical if water-borne
diseases are to be reduced and an environment conducive to progress is fostered. Also, when
clean water is not available, it follows that villagers do not practice proper hygiene and
household sanitation is poor. As one of the steps towards reaching this goal and making clean
water available, RC Uptown of CDO in partnership with RC Opol, set out to provide clean
water for a community in Opol, Mis. Or., Philippines.
Initially, assessments were made on pump design, power requirements, and finally selected the
appropriate power source. Our goal is to focus on using a form of energy that will avoid
reliance on the prohibitive cost of electricity in the area. Our final recommendations include the
use of solar power as the alternative to the grid.
Because of high cost, a small number of solar water pumps are used in the Philippines as well
as in many other countries or regions with abundant sunlight. Solar pumps have proven to be a
cost-effective and dependable method for providing water in situations where water resources
are spread over long distances, excessive power rates, and fuel and maintenance costs are
considerable.
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System and Components Sizing
a) Determine Water Needs
The first step was to determine the amount of water that will be needed. The data below was
used to approximate water usage.
Total Water
Application Approximate Usage Population
Needs
Household water:
15 gallons per
drinking, 75 hh (287pax) 20 cu. meters
day/person
washing, bath, etc
b) Identification of Water Source
 The water source will be subsurface (deep well) located at LAT 8° 28’ 18.80” and
LONG 124° 29’ 50.00”. Elevation is approx. 261.40M asl. and are preferable because
of the improved water quality and consistency. However, wells are expensive to drill,
particularly where water tables are deep.
 For deep well, the following needs were determined:
 static water level;
 seasonal depth variations;
 recovery rate; and
 water quality.
Exact location of deep well will depend largely on the actual soil strata based on the result of
Hydro-Geology Test. For deep wells, water quality is not an issue. However, filters (Biosand
Filters) will be used for household drinking water.
(c) Suitability of the Site for Solar
The site of the water source was evaluated for suitability for the installation of the solar-
powered water pumping system. The following are specific issues addressed:
 solar panels require a south facing location with no significant shading;

 location must be found for the water pump (submerge), controller, storage tank and
other balance of system;
 solar array should be as close to the pump as possible (on top) to minimize wire size and
installation cost.
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Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic
radiation. It determines how much power is received by the solar panels, which will drive the
deep well water pump. Below are Irradiance Charts in terms of hourly and daily water output in
cubic meters/hour.
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Based on the above Irradiance Charts, peak Daily values (11:00 ~ 12:00 noon) can generate
approximately 26 cubic meters; and Monthly peak is at 23 cubic meters (March and April).
This project only requires approximately 20 cubic meters, which is within the average projected
water pump generation.
d) Determine Total Dynamic Head
Total dynamic head (TDH) was calculated, which is the sum of the static lift of the water, the
static height of the storage tank, and the losses from friction. The static lift is measured from
the solar array to the low water level in the well. The static height of the storage tank is
measured from the array to the top of the tank. Using an altimeter, value was estimated to be
30.00 meters.
S IZING LAYOUT
Ground
ê
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e) Determine Pump Size and PV Array
Based on the capacity and head, the design is 1 x 2-hp Submersible DC Pump including
controller, motor, pump, cable, well probe, float switch, surge protector and PV disconnect.
There are three (3) types of commercially available PV modules: left) amorphous (courtesy of
Unisolar); center) monocrystalline (courtesy of Sharp); and right) polycrystalline (courtesy of
Matrix).
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For this project the design is for 4 units x 500 Wp monocrystalline modules; 15° tilted.
SOLAR PANELS
u Types of commercially available PV modules: left)

amorphous (courtesy of Unisolar); center)
f) Tank Storage
monocrystalline
All solar water-pumping systems use (courtesy
some type ofof
waterSharp); andidearight)
storage. The is to store water
rather than store electricity in batteries, thereby reducing the cost and complexity of the system.
A general rulepolycrystalline
of thumb is to size(courtesy ofatM
the tank to hold atrix).
least three For
days this
worthproject: 3
of water or 20m x 3
3
= 60 m capacity or approx. 2m (ht.) x 6m (dia.) tank.
the design is for 4 units x 500Wp polycrystalline
The most common method of water storage is by using steel tank (preferably galvanized or
applications. modules; 15° tilted inside the tank to control the pump according26to water
stainless), which is placed at a high point on the property for gravity feed to different fields of
A float switch is installed
level. A wire is run along with the distribution pipe from the switch to the pump controller.
The lot area for solar pump and elevated water tank location for this project is owned by Sitio
of Carabao Valley.
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Preliminary tank installation and arrangement with Solar panels is shown below:
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Proposed schematics of system and distribution layout are shown below illustrations:
S YS TEM LAYOUT
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DIS TRIBUTION LAYOUT
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Household Water Treatment System
In order for water to be safe for drinking, it must be filtered. Using the multi-barrier approach is
the best way to reduce the risk of drinking unsafe water. Each step in the process, from source
protection, to water treatment and safe storage, provides an incremental health risk reduction.
The household water treatment process includes: sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.
The best way to remove drinking water impurities is by using a filter. One of which is the
Biosand Filter. The biosand filter (BSF) is an adaptation of the traditional slow sand filter,
which has been used for community water treatment for almost 200 hundred years. The biosand
filter is smaller and adapted for intermittent use, making it suitable for households. The filter
container can be made of concrete or plastic and is filled with layers of specially selected and
prepared sand and gravel.
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Biosand Filter cross-section and components:
Pathogens and suspended solids are removed through a combination of biological and physical
processes that take place in the biolayer and within the sand layer. These processes include:
mechanical trapping, predation, adsorption, and natural death.
 Mechanical trapping. Suspended solids and pathogens are physically trapped in the
spaces between the sand grains.
 Predation. Other microorganisms in the biolayer consume pathogens.
 Adsorption. Pathogens become attached to each other, suspended solids in the water,
and the sand grains.
 Natural death. Pathogens finish their life cycle or die because there is not enough food
or oxygen for them to survive.
Contaminated water is poured into the reservoir on an intermittent basis. The water slowly
passes through the diffuser and percolates down through the biolayer, sand and gravel. Treated
water naturally flows from the outlet tube.
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Hygiene and Sanitation
Several studies were done in the past regarding the relationship of improved water source and
sanitation and hygiene. In fact there was very high correlation between the two. Thus, the
combination of the following indicators i.e. water quality, water quantity, sanitation, and
hygiene behavior describes the relationship.
1. Water quality is the degree to which water is free of contamination from bacteria, viruses,
and parasites. Microbiologic quality of water is typically determined by culturing water for
indicator bacteria. Water source is the most common proxy for water quality.
2. Water quantity is the volume of water used for personal and domestic needs, measured in
liters per capita per day. Water quantity can be measured using water meters, monitoring
household water tanks, self-reporting, or direct observation. A common proxy for water
quantity used is distance to the water source, though the relationship between distance and
quantity used is not always clear (Mertens et al. 1990, White et al. 1972, Feachem et al. 1978,
Cairncross 1987).
3. Sanitation refers to the sanitary disposal of human feces, typically in a toilet or latrine.
Adequate sanitation means the sanitary disposal of the feces of family members of all ages all
of the time. Methods of measuring sanitation include self-reporting, direct observation
(unusual), and observation of proxies, such as level of feces in latrines, growth of grass on the
path to the latrine, and so on. The presence of a physical facility is commonly used as an
indicator of sanitation.
Per UNICEF, over 30 million people in the Philippines do not have access to improved
sanitation facilities. Out of this, 7.8 million people, or roughly 8 percent of the country's
population don't have access to sanitation facilities at all - [thus they] resort to open defecation,
meaning they have to defecate in the bushes, in the field, or at the seashore (UNICEF).
4. Hygiene behavior refers to water-and-sanitation-related behaviors. This is the best indicator

of water and sanitation because it measures actual usage. Various anthropological techniques
and self-reporting are used to record hygiene behavior. The presence of physical services, such
as a public standpipe or toilet, is often assumed to represent associated hygiene behaviors. Per
WHO, 1.6 million deaths of children per year worldwide can be attributed to unsafe water,
poor sanitation, and lack of hygiene. According to National Sewerage and Septage
Management (NSSMP) in the Philippines, around 25 people die every day in the country of 100
million because more than 90 percent of the country's sewage is not collected or treated
properly. Only 8 percent of the country's population has access to piped sewage systems; and
the NSSMP says that many Filipinos who have toilets "do not have septic tanks; many septic
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Pam aagi sa pagpagawas sa hugaw

tanks have open bottoms; and most septic tanks are not regularly dislodged and the septage
removed is not treated and disposed of properly."
Typical existing methods of human defecation in the area are:
Open defeca on Wooden latrine
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E. PROJECT MANAGEMENT:
With this type of project, project management is usually divided into two (2) categories,
namely Construction Management, and, Operations Management.
Well drilling, solar panels and pump installation, tank fabrication, construction of toilets and
wash areas will be undertaken by various private contractors after a standard bidding process.
Over all, construction will be completed in 6~8 months. During the construction period,
available local labor will have a priority of employment. Competent engineers and technicians
from RC Uptown of CDO will manage the construction with the assistance of RC Opol
engieers.
The following are the project tasks and timeline:
TAS KS S CHEDULE
N O. TA SK D U RAT ION
1 Conduct of coordination meetings with stakeholders 2 weeks
2 Conduct of Trainings 2 weeks
3 Well digging 4 weeks
4 Purchase and deliver y of Solar panels, Pump,Tank, 4 weeks

accessories
5 Installation of Solar panels, Pump, accessories 4 weeks
6 Construction/fabrication of elevated water tank and 6 weeks

pipings
7 Construction of Toilets and wash areas 6 weeks
8 Purchase and distribution of Biosand ﬁlters 3 weeks
9 Commissioning/testing 1 week
Operation and maintenance will be taken cared of by local residents-beneficiaries. These

activities are: (a) participation of training i.e. Biosand filters, equipment inspection, etc; (b)
cleaning and upkeep of toilets and wash areas; (c) periodic maintenance of panels, tank,
Biosand filters, and pump inspection. RC Opol personnel will supervise all these activities.
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F. MONITORING AND EVALUATION:
All stakeholders shall follow the detailed M & E Plan as herein attached (Annex -4).
G. BUDGET:
The budget includes cost of Procurement and installation of Solar panels and Pump;
Fabrication and installation of Elevated water tank; Construction of toilets, and Wash areas;
Procurement of Biosand Filters; Promotional materials; Cost of labor; Delivery of materials to
site; etc.
COS T ES TIMATE
No . De s criptio n Quantity Lo cal Co s t ( P)
1 Hydro-geology test 1 set 95,000.00
2 DCPump &accessories 1 set 150,000.00
3 Elevated Water Tank 60 m3 300,000.00
4 Pipe network, etc 1 set 135,000.00
5 Cost of Labor lump 110,000.00
6 Toilets 3 units 150,000.00
7 Wash Areas 3 units 90,000.00
8 BioSand Filters 75 units 225,000.00
9 Solar Panels, Controller, etc 1 set 200,000.00
10 Publicity, signage, etc lump 30,000.00
11 Contingency (materials, labor, etc) lump 50,000.00
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Total, Php 1,535,000.00

Total…. P1,535,000.00
$32,799.15
$32,799.15
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H. THE HIDDEN (AVOIDED) COSTS
Researcher believes that while it cannot yet get away with existing fossil- fueled power plants,
ENVIRONMENTAL COST AVOIDANCE
actions should be initiated now to mitigate their negative environmental impacts, such as
greenhouse gas effect and the depletion of the ozone layer, and take advantage of natural
circumstances with regard to climatology and meteorology by way of using PV or solar power.
u For a PV project with an annual generated energy of

The following are the estimated avoided costs by using clean solar power energy.
20,000
Environmental Cost kW hrs, the following is the estimated equivalent
Avoidance
annual emission reduction of air pollutants per type of fuel
For a PV project with an annual generated energy of 20,000 kWhrs, the following is the
estimated used. Theannual
equivalent avoided cost
emission comesof from
reduction the installation
air pollutants of anti
per type of fuel used. The
avoided cost comes from the installation of anti air pollution devices, type of fuel used, etc. to
air pollution
arrest or prevent devices to arrest the air pollutants.
air pollutants.
Po llut ant Die s e l Co a l PV ( So la r)
CO2 ( kg ) 13,890 17,090 0.0

NO2 ( kg ) 10.70 76.90 0.0
SO2 ( kg ) 18.90 26.40 0.0
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Potential health problems due to air pollution are:
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53
Social Cost Avoidance
This photovoltaic project will avoid social costs due to effects on human health because of air
toxic emissions such as SO2, NOx and Particulate Matters10. Avoided costs are the costs of
medical care to be provided to the residents near the power plant who are affected by the
emissions. Study by scientists revealed that the over-all social cost that ought to be added to the
price of fossil- fuel electricity in order to pay for the consequential health and environmental
damage lies between $ 0.028/kWhr and $ 0.16/kWhr (IT Power, 1996).
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Resource-Use Displacement
Adoption of renewable energy program such as the use of photovoltaic (solar) energy is being
pursued in order to displace scarce natural resources and imported fossil fuel. This 2kW
photovoltaic facility, which produces an annual generation of 20,000 kWhrs, will displace
approximately 30 barrels of imported oil yearly.
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I. ECONOMICS OF WATER & SANITATION
The benefits and the costs of increasing access to improved water and sanitation vary
considerably depending on the type of technology selected. For informed and rational decision-
making it is, therefore, crucial to carry out a sound economic evaluation before project
implementation. Decision makers will prefer to invest in options for which the value of total
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benefits exceeds total costs. The result of this analysis point out that achieving the target for
both water supply and sanitation would bring economic benefits; US$1 invested would give an
economic return of between US$3 ~ $34, depending on the region (WHO, 2004).
Using the Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA):
 Total Costs = P1.535M

 Total Benefits = (3~34/ 2)*1.535 = P23.80M (excl. avoided environmental, social &
resource-use displacement costs)
For investment to be justified, Benefit-Cost Ratio > 1
=P23.80/1.535 = 15.50 >1
Since the benefit-cost ratio is more than 1, thus, the investment is justified.
J. PROJECT PARTNERS
In this project RC Uptown of CDO will have one local Partner (RC Opol) and one International
Partner. RC Uptown CDO, RC Opol, and Opol Local Government Units (Barangay Awang &
Municipality of Opol) will formulate a comprehensive Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
with the assistance of stakeholders (Please see attached Annex- 2). Also, RC President and RC
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President-elect will execute an MOU to ensure continuity of the project (Please see attached
Annex- 3).
K. CONCLUSION
 Implementing the proposed Project will certainly improve personal hygiene behaviour,
domestic and environmental sanitation through increased and improved access to right
quantity and quality water supply and sanitation infrastructures;
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 The shared goal of this Project will also enhance community’s capacities to manage,
operate and maintain water supply and sanitation scheme and other built up
infrastructures in a sustainable way under the guidance of local Rotary Club and
partners; and,
 Projects like this one will strengthen and enhance organizational and partners capacities
to implement water, sanitation, hygiene and environment-friendly approach effectively.
L. REFERENCES
LORENTZ Solar Pumps.
Municipality of Opol Health Center Report. 2014.
National Sewerage and Septage Management Report. Nov 2011.
UNDP. 2005. Sanitation and Cleanliness.
UNICEF. 2013. Children dying daily due to unsafe water.
WHO. 2015. WHO unveils plan on WASH
M. ANNEXES
1. MOU among RC Uptown, RC Opol, Opol LGU and Carabao Valley LGU
2. RC Uptown CDO Qualification MOU
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ABOUT THE RESEARCHER
 DR. MARIO B. SUMALINOG is a graduate of Master in Management with double

majors in Management Engineering and Environmental Management in 1994 and 1995
respectively. He completed his post-graduate studies in Energy Economics at the
Mineral Economics Division, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado, USA in 1995.
 He also completed his academic requirements in Master in Environment and Natural
Resources Management at the University of the Philippines in 2005.
 In May 2006 he successfully defended his doctoral dissertation (Title: “Application of
Screen View Air Dispersion Model in Estimating Air Pollutants”) leading to the degree
Doctor in Technology Education (Environmental Technology) at the Mindanao
University of Science and Technology.
 DR. MARIO B. SUMALINOG is licensed both civil and electrical engineer by
profession and is govt-certified as Safety & Health Consultant, Environment
Professional, and Pollution Control Officer. He is the former Senior Manager,
Corporate Renewable Energy, Safety & Environment (Cagayan Electric Power and
Light Co., Inc). He is the current President of RC Uptown CDO and Member, Rotary
International Cadre of Technical Advisers.
 He earned his PV (solar) trainings at the prestigious National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL) at Golden, Colorado, USA and at Sacramento, California, USA in
1997 and 1999 respectively.
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ROTARY CLUB GLOBAL GRANT PROPOSAL

SOLAR-POWERED COMMUNITY DRINKING WATER SUPPLY,

The Rotary Foundation

Rotary Club Uptown of Cagayan de Oro in partnership with Rotary Club of

D. System Design and Operational Plan

i. Systems and Components Sizing

ii. Household Water Treatment Systems

iii. Hygiene and Sanitation

F. Monitoring and Evaluation

H. The Hidden (Avoided) Costs

i. Environmental Cost Avoidance

ii. Social Cost Avoidance

iii. Resource-Use Displacement

I. Economics of Water & Sanitation

This project has the following objectives:

D. SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PLAN:

a) Determine Water Needs

b) Identification of Water Source

(c) Suitability of the Site for Solar

 solar panels require a south facing location with no significant shading;

d) Determine Total Dynamic Head

e) Determine Pump Size and PV Array

u Types of commercially available PV modules: left)

DIS TRIBUTION LAYOUT

Household Water Treatment System

Biosand Filter cross-section and components:

Hygiene and Sanitation

4. Hygiene behavior refers to water-and-sanitation-related behaviors. This is the best indicator

Pam aagi sa pagpagawas sa hugaw

Typical existing methods of human defecation in the area are:

Open defeca on Wooden latrine

The following are the project tasks and timeline:

1 Conduct of coordination meetings with stakeholders 2 weeks

2 Conduct of Trainings 2 weeks

3 Well digging 4 weeks

4 Purchase and deliver y of Solar panels, Pump,Tank, 4 weeks

6 Construction/fabrication of elevated water tank and 6 weeks

8 Purchase and distribution of Biosand ﬁlters 3 weeks

Operation and maintenance will be taken cared of by local residents-beneficiaries. These

F. MONITORING AND EVALUATION:

Total, Php 1,535,000.00

H. THE HIDDEN (AVOIDED) COSTS

u For a PV project with an annual generated energy of

Po llut ant Die s e l Co a l PV ( So la r)

CO2 ( kg ) 13,890 17,090 0.0

Social Cost Avoidance

I. ECONOMICS OF WATER & SANITATION

Using the Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA):

 Total Costs = P1.535M

For investment to be justified, Benefit-Cost Ratio > 1

=P23.80/1.535 = 15.50 >1

LORENTZ Solar Pumps.

Municipality of Opol Health Center Report. 2014.

National Sewerage and Septage Management Report. Nov 2011.

UNDP. 2005. Sanitation and Cleanliness.

UNICEF. 2013. Children dying daily due to unsafe water.

WHO. 2015. WHO unveils plan on WASH

ABOUT THE RESEARCHER

 DR. MARIO B. SUMALINOG is a graduate of Master in Management with double

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