15 September, 2020

To
Md. Zainal Abedin
Assistant Professor
Department of Business Administration
Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology

Subject: Submission of Thesis paper on “A Comparative Analysis of University

Qualifications and Professional Qualifications”

Dear Sir,

With due respect and great pleasure, I am submitting my thesis paper on “A Comparative
Analysis of University Qualifications and Professional Qualifications”. It was a great pleasure
for me to work as reporter on this topic. You would be glad to hear that I have given my best
effort to prepare this paper with relevant information. I believe that the knowledge I have
gathered from BUS 215 (Marketing Management) course will help me in practical corporate
field.

For your kind consideration I would like to mention that there might be some mistakes due to
limitation of my knowledge, wisdom and time. I expect that you will forgive me considering
that I am still learner in the process of learning. Thank you so much for your time & cordial
guidance.

Sincerely Yours,

............................................
Amit Kundu
Roll: 170316016
Batch: 17th
Department of Business Administration
Z. H. Sikder University of Science & Technology

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 Acknowledgement

First, I indebted to the Almighty Allah for overwhelming all the obstacles and predicament that
we faced to prepare the whole paper during this pandemic and for bringing this paper into its
authenticity. I also grateful to family members and Friends for their support.

At the outset, I like to express our heartiest gratitude and thankfulness to our respected teacher
Professor Md. Zainal Abedin for his cordial and patient guidance and for his encouragement
and at all stages of the work. The authors are highly indebted to their supervisor for his personal
care and affection. His careful reading of draft, constant inspiration, and constructive
suggestion at every stage made this work possible.

Thanks, are also offered to those who directly and indirectly helped to make the paper
complete.

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 Table of Contents

Title………...………………………………………………………………………………I
Table of Contents …...…………………………………………………………………….II
Letter of Transmittal……………………………………………………………………...III
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………….IV
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...V

1. Introduction to statistics…………………………………………………1-2
2. Descriptive statistics……………………………………………………………...3-7

2.1. Describing Data (Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation)

2.2. Describing Data (Numerical Measures)

2.3. Describing Data (Displaying and Exploring Data)

3. Inferential statistics………………………………………….8-13

3.1. A Survey of Probability Concepts

3.2. Discrete Probability Distributions

3.3. Continuous Probability Distributions

4. Sampling and Hypothesis……………………………………………………14-15

4.1 Sampling Methods

4.2 One-Sample Tests of Hypothesis

4.3 Two-sample Tests of Hypothesis

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 Abstract

There are many current initiatives concerned with achieving institutional changes to curricula.
These include, inter alia, various versions of online learning, distance learning and work- based
learning. This paper considers blending university curricula and qualifications with
professional body curricula and qualifications.

This paper analyses the content and assessment of the Professional Qualification and compares
the Professional Qualification with the equivalent University Qualification.

Using both quantitative and qualitative analysis the paper finds that the Professional
Qualification is more challenging and more rigorous than the University (Academic)
Qualification.

The expectations of the learners from the professional body are higher than the expectations of
the students from the university. The implications of this finding are then considered. Given
that the Professional Qualification is more challenging and rigorous, could the institutional
curricula be changed so that the Professional Qualification could be integrated into an
Academic Qualification.

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CHAPTER 1
Introduction

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1. Introduction

The University qualifications and Professionals qualification are most valuable and crucial
sector in education. There are various fundamental differences between these forms of
qualification. A university qualification involves the study of a subject with an academic
discipline and this qualification is a contribution to the learner's specialized knowledge of a
subject and not necessarily the application thereof.

A professional qualification can accelerate your career, creating opportunities for advancement and
pay increases. And the purpose of a professional qualification is to impart knowledge,
understanding and practical experience to the learner to enable the learner to apply the
knowledge in a practical manner, in a professional practice. This obviously leads to a
completely different set of skills, each with different purposes and contexts for the world of
work. Obtaining a professional qualification takes time and dedication, although the effort is worth
the many benefits that accompany the credential.

In this paper, I discuss in-depth what professional qualifications are, what the difference is between
professional and academic qualifications and share some career options that require professional
qualifications.

1. 1 Origin of the Report

This report is prepared as a requirement for the course teacher of the BBA program. The report
provides essential knowledge and an opportunity for translation of theoretical concept in
university and professionals qualifications.

1.2 Scope and Rational of the Study

At the time of making this paper, I got the opportunity to learn what is university qualifications
& Professionals qualifications and there different. I also learn the name of various academic
degree and professional’s degree and importance of it. Also, the report is very helpful to gather
knowledge in professional and university qualifications, job position and the market value of
the degree. That’s why; I am interested to prepare the report.

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1.3 Objectives of the Study
 To study the university qualification and professional qualification
 To coordinate the theories of university qualification and professional qualification.
 To identify what Requirements needed for Obtaining a Professional Certification
 To learn what job sector needed professional qualification and what needed university
qualifications.

1.4 Methodology of the Study

Methodology is generally a guideline system for solving a problem with specific component
such as phases, task, methods, techniques and tools. It is the systematic study of methods that
are applied within a discipline. It’s also refers how to organize data from various sources to
complete a successful study.

 Research design

The research design adopted for this study is the expose facto method using the Large-scale
telephone survey approach and online survey. The survey method used to collect information
from primary sources. In addition, related secondary information collected for research
purpose. We have used both primary and secondary sources to gather information.

Primary Sources:
Primary data is collected through telephone conversation and Google form online survey
questionnaire.

Secondary sources:
Secondary data are collected from Internet, different published articles, books, prospectus,
journals, and other publications. For collecting data from secondary sources, go through
various web sites.

 Sample and Sampling Technique

The target population for the study consists of Bangladesh University of professionals and the
Institute of chartered accounts of Bangladesh. The sample size of the survey is 22 people. The
sample size is too short because I cannot contract much people in this sector due to Covid 19
pandemic.

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  Instrument

The instrument employed in collecting data is the questionnaire. I made the question based on
online questionnaire. The questionnaire deals with information on the demographic
characteristics of university students (e.g. age, sex, marital status, University (academic)
qualification, level and department). To measure the extent of accountant professional
behavior, questions were asked about the level of their involvement in professional
based activities.

 Research Procedure

The questionnaires were administered personally to the employees sampled in this study. The
researchers explained to the respondents that the questionnaires were strictly for research
Purpose only. They were however assured that the information would be treated confidentially.
The questionnaire that were properly completed were used for the data analysis.

 Method of Data Analysis

In analyzing the collected data, the researchers utilize the descriptive statistics of simple
frequency and percentage to describe the respondent's characteristics inferential statistics
which include Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance.

1. 5 Limitations of the Report

Because of this pandemic I could not get everything as usual. I have Lack of time and resource
which has created limitation in our study. So overall I have faced several problems while doing
this study. The limitations were:

1. Lack of available up-to-date information.

2. Lack of time. Only few days experience is not enough to find out all the pros and cons of
such a vast project.
3. Lack of previous experience in this topic, as I cannot accumulate all the relevant facts.
4. Lake of published materials.
5. Lack of larger amount of data has been collected.

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 CHAPTER 2
University Qualifications
&
Professional Qualifications

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2.1 University Qualifications and Professional Qualification

University qualifications (academic degrees) are advanced studies in an academic discipline,

and their purpose is imparting knowledge of the subject matter. University degree programs
emphasize theory and are not primarily designed as preparation for professional careers. These
degree programs may lead to research, thereby conferring the title of ‘doctor’. These courses
prepare the student for a life of scholarship in an academic discipline, rather than specific
applications of knowledge to professional practices. Moreover, students earning academic
qualification do not often make use of the degree in their profession.

On the other hand, professional qualification is the degree that fetches a job soon after its
earning and decides the profession of the person for a lifetime. A professional degree helps
students prepare for careers in specific fields. The length of the programs vary and can span
anywhere from one to five years, depending on the institution you attend.These programs often
put a great deal of focus on real-world application, with many professional programs requiring
students to complete internships or projects in their field of study before graduation. This
allows students to gain extensive on-the-job training and boost their résumé. Certain
professional degrees are required—by law—to be earned before you can work in a specific job,
for example, as a doctor or a lawyer.

2.2 University Qualifications vs. Professional Qualifications: What is the

Difference?
Since the late parts of the 20th century executives round the world and students have been
making a shift towards professional qualifications (PQs), such as the Chartered Financial
Analyst (CFA), the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), the Certified
Internal Auditor (CIA), the Certified Public Accountant (CPA), the Project Management
Professional (PMP), the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) and many
more.

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A professional qualification is a professional designation obtained in a particular field
(Accounting, Audit, Investment, Management, Law, Engineering, Public Relations, Marketing,
Banking, etc.). Such a qualification is awarded by internationally recognized
bodies/associations (Associations or Institutes) of countries such as the United States of
America, Great Britain and others, upon successful completion of studies in a specific field and
approved work experience.

In Great Britain for example, many renowned multinational business consulting firms
(Deloitte, PwC, EY, KPMG etc.) set as a prerequisite for their associates or partners either the
CPA (Certified Public Accountant), ACCA (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants-
UK), the ACA by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales, or CIA
(Certified Internal Auditor). In the U.S.A., high-ranking executives working for large banks or
investment organizations such as American Express, Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, etc.
are usually holders of the CFA (Chartered Financial Analysts, USA).

Nevertheless, the internationalization of markets, the ever-changing financial environment and

the rapid growth of the EU had created a new global reality for graduates and professionals
searching for a job with real and substantial career perspectives. The labor markets globally

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and the requirements of large multinational businesses are far more demanding than they used
to be in the previous decades (1980’s-1990’s). Recent (2007 – 2014) unemployment trends
globally support the above argument.

University qualifications on the other hand are awarded by university institutions throughout
the world and include the widely known Higher National Diplomas, Bachelors, Masters and
Doctorates of Philosophy or Business (HND, BA, BSc, MA, MSc, MBA, MPhil, PhD, DBA
and others). Each university awards its own degree and it is therefore important for a student
to enroll/enter a university or school having a 'good name' in their selected fields. Exams are
held by the universities and degrees are also awarded by them, whereas previous work
experience is not a prerequisite.

Summarizing the Differences:

University degrees Differences Professional Qualification

Held by the university Exams Worldwide
Decided by the university Exams topics Equally worldwide
Not necessary Work experience Necessary
By university institution Qualification By professional association

As stated previously, during the '60's and the '70's a university degree was enough to guarantee
a stable job and a career. Today, the reality is very different. The labor market of the 21st
century has become extremely demanding. The large and multinational businesses of today
have vastly different needs. They are looking for professionals with (a) practical training after
their graduate studies that must be certified by internationally recognized professional
associations and (b) approved previous work experience, who are ready to undertake leading
positions. The combination of worldwide exams and highly relevant work experience is exactly
what has made the difference in many countries.

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2.3 Requirements for Obtaining a Professional Title / Certification

In order to obtain a professional qualification the following are usually required:

(a) Successful completion of the worldwide exams (held in hundreds of countries world-wide
and in many cases through on-line testing) undertaken by the respective professional
associations or on-line testing organizations and (b) two to three years of previous work
experience (depending on the qualification) in a relevant field. Qualifications are directly
awarded by the professional associations and are internationally recognized in most cases.
Exams are independent and are evaluated in the country of origin of the respective association.

Global Recognition
Professional qualifications such as the CFA, ACCA, CIMA or CIA have worldwide
recognition. Large multinational business consulting firms currently employee the majority of
students and opting for such qualifications but they also cover the cost of the forenamed
programmers (with very few exceptions).

Local Recognition - Joint Examination Schemes (JES)

In many countries associations partner with local bodies in order to offer localize certain parts
of their qualifications. As the ACCA site states: ACCA has a number of partnerships with
national accountancy bodies around the world which enables you to sit the exam component of
a range of ACCA qualifications and also satisfies the exam criteria for the national accountancy
body qualification. We call these joint exam schemes (JES).

2.4 Benefits of a Professional Qualification

Here are a few of the benefits that typically accompany professional qualifications:

 Expanded skill set: Professional qualifications allow you to expand on the skills you
already know and gain new experience applying those skills.

 Expanded career opportunities: A professional qualification qualifies you for specific

positions that would be otherwise unavailable to you.

 Competitive advantage: In fields where it isn’t required to hold the position, a professional
qualification will give you a competitive advantage over other candidates.

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 Increased earning potential: The more training and skills you acquire, the greater you’re
earning potential.

 Self-fulfillment: A professional qualification typically carries with it a sense of self-

fulfillment and accomplishment.

2.5 Jobs that require professional qualifications

Here is a list of some jobs that require professional qualifications:
1. Chartered Accountant
2. Lawyer
3. Certified Public Accountant
4. Primary Care Physician
5. Surgeon
6. Anesthesiologist

Chartered Accountant

Conducted by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, the CA course has foundation,

intermediate and final levels. Candidates should clear the Common Proficiency Test

conducted by the institute for admission to the foundation course

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Lawyer
National Average Salary: $70,357 per year
Primary Duties: A lawyer helps businesses and individuals with anything related to the legal
system. Their specific duties vary according to their specialty, but some of their primary
responsibilities include preparing legal documents, attending hearings or trials, interpreting
laws and informing clients of their rights. They often research legal code and offer legal advice
to clients based upon their findings.

Certified Public Accountant (CPA)

National Average Salary: $76,518 per year

Primary Duties: A CPA supports both individuals and organizations with tax preparation and
financial statement planning. CPAs analyze financial records, oversee audits and prepare tax
forms during tax season. They may also ensure tax easer paid on time. CPAs may also perform
regular audits to ensure that financial documents, expenditures and investments are accurate.

Surgeon
National Average Salary: $216,234 per year

Primary Duties: A surgeon is a highly trained medical professional responsible for operating
on patients. They may operate for several different reasons, such as repairing the body after an
injury or removing something that is impacting the health of the patient, such as a tumor. They
may specialize in one area, such as pediatrics, neurological, reconstructive or oral surgery.

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Anesthesiologist
National Average Salary: $300,659 per year

Primary Duties: Anesthesiologists are highly specialized medical professionals responsible

for sedating patients or numbing parts of the body so they don’t feel pain during surgical
procedures. Their duties can vary according to their area of specialization, however, their
primary responsibilities include determining the safest type and amount of anesthesia
medication to administer and monitoring patients before, during and after administering
anesthesia to quickly respond if there is an adverse reaction.

2.6 What Can You Do with an University Degree?

Many degrees can be classified as University (academic) degrees. Depending on the industry
you work in, earning one can help enhance your career by teaching you the knowledge and
skills you need to advance within your organization. Some common career-enhancing
academic degrees include:

Nursing
National Average Salary $70,000 per year

Primary Duties: Nurses assess patients’ health, manage patient care, and advise patients on
health management and disease prevention. A master’s degree in nursing helps students
become clinical nurse leaders, nursing administrators, or nurse practitioners. Nurses
make $70,000 per year on average, and the demand for skilled nurses is projected to grow 15
percent by 2026.

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Bachelor’s degree

A bachelor's degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities

upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years (depending on institution
and academic discipline). In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelor's
degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been
completed.

Computer Science

A graduate degree in computer science can prepare students for a variety of careers through
their study of computers and computational systems. Areas of degree specialization include
software engineering, mobile computing, programming languages, and user interface design.

Software Developer: $80,018

Software Engineer: $103,035

Information Systems

An information systems degree prepares students for careers in information technology (IT)
through their studies in network technology, databases, and computer security. The knowledge
and skills acquired in an IS program helps individuals solve organizational problems and
support business operations and management.

IT Manager: $139,220
Information Security Analyst: $95,510

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CHAPTER 3
Literature Review

Page | 18
3.1 Literature Review
University qualifications or Academic qualifications can boost the professional career by
providing more career options and wealth of opportunities. Because, this qualification is the
evidence of the possession of knowledge and experience.
According to Hearty & Walsh (2011, pp 480-482), that a better qualification can help one to
gain more knowledge for the professional development and building critical thinking model.
In addition to that it will equip them with confidence and motivation to gain scientific training
and compete to higher position. It is obvious from this evidence that University (academic)
qualification is important not only because of have a plenty of knowledge but it can also provide
you with additional benefits for career promotion. Secondly, academic qualification can hand
over specific skills which are necessary for professional promotion.

According to the research C Clark (2013,pp 227-231), the possible professional promotion
depend upon good deal of condition, along with the specific professional qualifications and
also other meaningful character which can be anticipated during the growth and gaining the
formal qualification such as administrative qualities, social and associate skills. This evidence
shows that to contend for a professional promotion, the importance of University qualification
may not be avoided, for those who have satisfied the qualification requirements, they have
already accomplished how to gain better performance on common skill and academic
discussion, and therefore they have more opportunity to earn career promotion. Over all,
academic qualification enables to play the vital roles of an organization resulting in the career’s
Success and satisfaction.

2000-2005 European journal published an article that the option of 'professional qualification'
was not available in many European, Middle Eastern and Asian countries (with few exceptions)
In many cases, the Educational Systems of each country granted - and is still granting in some
parts of the world - professional rights only through university degrees and not necessarily
through professional bodies/associations.
Because 'professional rights' in many countries were only awarded by the national
governmental bodies themselves (notaries, chartered certified accountants etc.).
The national culture and its specific perceptions of studies, where focused on academic studies
(university bachelors and masters degrees)

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 CHAPTER 4
Analysis Of Data

Page | 20
Questions 1: Professional qualification provides the practical knowledge in
a broader way?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Agree 10 67%
Disagree 0 0%
Neutral 5 33%
Total Responder 15 100%

s 100%
16
14
12 67%
10
8
6 33%
4
2 %
0
Agree Disagree Neutral Total Responder

Responder % of Responder

Analysis: The sample size was 15. Survey result shows that 67% students are agree that
professional qualifications provide the practical knowledge in a broader way and 33% student
are neutral, they think that professional qualifications sometime provide broader practical
knowledge and no student disagree the term.

Question 2: Professional qualifications student is more accepted than

University qualifications?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Agree 9 60%
Disagree 2 13%
Neutral 4 27%
Total Responder 15 100%

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 CHART TITLE
15
15

9
10

4
5
2
60% 13% 27% 100%
0
Agree Disagree Neutral Total Responder

Series1 Series2

Analysis: In this analysis we see that 9 students agree that the student of Professional
qualifications is more accepted than University qualifications and 2 students are disagree, them
seems that university qualifications student are also accepted and 4 students are neutral. They
did not response any side.

Question: Does all multinational companies have enough professional people

in their top management level?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Yes 10 67%
No 5 33%
Total Responder 15 100%

16 120%
14 100%
12
10 80%
8 60%
6 40%
4
2 20%
0 0%
Yes No Total Responder

Responder % of Responder

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Analysis: All multinational company always search high qualified employee in their
organization. Survey say that all multinational companies have enough professional people in
their top management level in this term 67% student are agreed but 33% student are not agree
they told that all multinational company have not enough professionals people to their top
management.

Question 4: In Bangladesh perspective university qualifications are popular

than professional qualifications

Perception Responder % of Responder

Agree 11 73%
Disagree 3 20%
Neutral 1 7%
Total Responder 15 100%

Responder % of Responder

100%

73%

15
11
20%
3 7%
1

AGREE DISAGREE NEUTRAL TOTAL

RESPONDER

Analysis: When survey in this question I see that in 15 students 11 are told university
qualifications are more popular than professional qualifications in Bangladesh but 3 students
are not agree. They told in nowadays professional qualification also popular because it’s
valuable in job sector.

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Question: Is it possible to become an expert in Professional work without
having proper University knowledge?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Agree 2 13%
Disagree 12 80%
Neutral 1 7%
Total Responder 15 100%

Total Responder

Neutral

Disagree

Agree

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Responder % of Responder

Analysis: University qualification are academic degree which provide knowledge in all the
sector that are needed to perform a job. It provide basic and valuable idea. In this perspective
80 % (12) students say it is not possible to become an expert in Professional work without
having proper University knowledge. Only 13% students are agree that it is possible.

Question: What do you think adequate University qualification is the

preliminary path to Professional qualification?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Yes 8 53%

No 7 47%

Total Responder 15 100%

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 % of Responder

47%
53%

Yes No

Analysis: From 8 student out of 15 answered yes because they believed adequate university
qualifications is the preliminary path to professional qualifications and a student at first
understand university education then se shift professional degree. On the other hand 7 students
told university qualification are not the path of professional qualifications. Without it a student
earn professional degree.

Question: Does Professional knowledge is a pragmatic action of University

knowledge?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Yes 7 47%

No 8 53%

Total Responder 15 100%

% of Responder

55%
50%
45% % of Responder
40%
Yes No

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Analysis: In this analysis find that 47% are agree with the subject but 53% are said it is not
always right that professional knowledge are the pragmatic action of university knowledge.
Because the professional sector are totally different sector.

Question: The need of Professional qualification will increase in future?

Perception Responder % of Responder

Agree 12 80%
Disagree 0 0%
Neutral 3 20%
Total Responder 15 100%

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Agree Disagree Neutral

Responder % of Responder

Analysis: In Asia continent, there are lack of professional qualification and it is very expensive
for this reason most of the people do not earn this qualification and the lack of popularity
several people do not have proper knowledge about it. From the above table and this chart we
identify that 12 student out of 15 are agree that Professional qualification are needed to increase
in future. Any student cannot disagree with that but 3 student are neutral.

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* Question: What do you think Professional People get far better
remuneration than University qualification People?
Perception Responder % of Responder
Yes 9 60%

No 6 40%
Total Responder 15 100%

Chart Title

10

0
Responder % of Responder

Yes No

Analysis: From the above table and this chart we identify student’s opinion and face different
student different opinion such as 11 student means 73% of student believe that professional
background people take more remuneration than academic level people because professional
level people gather more practical knowledge rather than university level. On the other side
20% are believe that this things are wrong. They believe that academic level people can be earn
more remuneration.

Question: Which qualification is mostly required for future career

development?

Perception Responder % of Responder

University qualifications 5 33%
Professional qualifications 6 40%
Both 4 27%
Total Responder 15 100%

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 6
4
% of Responder
2
Responder
0
University Professional Both
qualifications qualifications

Responder % of Responder

Analysis: From this survey we see that professional qualifications are more require for career
development and 40% students are agree with that. Among 40% student also referee university
qualification to their perceptions. Several student (27%) think that both are equally required
for career development

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CHAPTER 5
Finding,
Conclusion
&
Recommendation

Page | 29
MAJOR FINDINGS

 In this Paper I find that university Qualifications provide academic knowledge and
professional qualification provide practical knowledge

 63% student perceive that Professional qualification provides the practical knowledge
in a broader way. This indicate that professionals qualifications provide student all the
practical knowledge related to their degree.

 In the analysis also find that in Bangladesh perspective university qualifications are
popular than professional qualifications.

 40% student believe that Professionals qualification is mostly required for future career
development Because it is related to job market

 Most of the students wanted that professional qualifications are increased in future so
that they can improve their practical skill

CONCLUSION

In this report I focus all the valid information that are related to subject and tried to gather all
the information that help to provide clear idea about the difference between university and
professional qualifications. I add some limitations that I faced today's COVID'19 Pandemic.
Online questionnaire are used and the Questions are both closed and open-ended. Professional
qualifications (degree) programs help you learn real-life application that a person can utilize
during the course and after its completion as well. Although, there are varieties of university
qualifications (degree) field in which students can earn an academic degree. It helps in
preparing them according to the industry they want to work in. It help in developing skills and
imparts knowledge to them .At the end of the report I analyzed some data that I collected and
provide findings and recommendation with them.

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RECOMMENDATION

 Should develop the University qualifications and besides of providing theoretical

knowledge they also provide some practical knowledge and task.
 In Bangladesh, The professional qualifications procedure must be do easier so that most
of the student earn the degree as their target.
 Most country student did not have a clear idea about the differences between
professional and university qualification.so the teacher should provide knowledge
about it when the student study in higher secondary.
 In the Professional degree program when a student practice such law or CA firm (and
other firm Professional degree related firm) that time govt. should provide such facility
so that students can smoothly complete there degree.
 Since the University qualifications are related to theorical knowledge so the govt should
take some efficient step so that all student can clear idea to their major subject and all
job related subject.

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