Alexandria University

Faculty of engineering
Production Engineering Department

Rotor balancing simulator

Fourth year

Graduation project

Under the supervision of

Dr: Elsayed Saad
Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1Goal of project
1.2Solution
1.3Introduction
1.4GOAL OF BALANCING

CHAPTER 2: UNBALANCING
2.1 Types of unbalancing
2.1.1 Static Unbalance
2.1.2 Couple unbalance
2.1.3 Dynamic unbalance
2.2 causes of rotor unbalance
2.2.1 Manufacturing - Causes
2.2.2 Assembly – Causes
2.2.3-Installed Machines - Causes
CHAPTER 3: ROTORS BALANCING
3.1 TYPES OF ROTORS
3.1.1 rigid rotor
3.1.2 flexible rotors.
3.2 Types of balancing
3.2.1Static Balancing
3.2.2Dynamic balancing
3.3 ROTORS BALANCING
3.3.1Principle of Balancing
3.4 General Balancing Procedure
3.4.2 Determining Balance Quality
3.4.3 Selecting a Proper Trial Weight
3.5 Single and Two plane balancing
3.5.1 single-Plane balancing Procedure
3.5.2 Two-Plane balancing Procedure
3.6 Consequences of rotor balancing

CHAPTER 4 : BALANCING CASE STUDY

4.1 SOFTWARE SETUP
4.1.1Balancing radius and positions
4.1.2Presets for mass changes
4.1.3Units
4.2INITIAL RUN
4.3 TEST RUN PLANE A
4.4 TEST RUN PLANE B
4.5 PERFORMING CORRECTION
CHAPTER 5:BALANCING SIMULATOR
5.1 COMBONENTS
6. REFERANCES
List of Figures
Fig.1 static unbalance
Fig. 2 Couple unbalance
Fig. 3 Dynamic unbalance
Fig. 4 rigid rotor
Fig. 5 Flexible Rotor
Fig. 6 the relationship between the three parameters
Fig. 7 single-Plane balancing Setup
Fig. 8 single-Plane balancing Procedure
Fig. 9 Two-Plane balancing Setup
Fig. 10 Two-Plane balancing Procedure
Fig. 11 Software Rotor settings
Fig. 12 Presets for mass changes
Fig. 13 Units adapting to the balancing application
Fig. 14 initial run result
Fig. 15 test run for plane A result
Fig. 16 test run for plane B result
Fig. 17 corrections for A plane
Fig. 18 corrections for B plane
Fig. 19 Motor
Fig. 20 Inverter
Fig. 21 Bearing specification

List of Tabels
Table 1 balance quality grades for rotors
Table 2 permissible residual specific unbalance
Table 3 Selecting one plane or two plane balancing
Table 4 initial run result
Table 5 test run for plane A result
Table 6 test run for plane B resu
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 GOAL OF PROJECT

Study of balance in rotary machines and more than 90% of machines are considered rotary.
Balancing represent 35% of rotating machines mechanical problems, so it’s critical to know how
to eliminate this problem and the common techniques to achieve reliable operation. The general
concept to solve unbalance problem is to added or remove mass at angular positions which
contribute to balance the centrifugal forces effect on the system. It’s a process requires skills,
time and money so a long research history try to find effective techniques to eliminate this
unbalance problem. A rotor is said to be unbalanced when its mass center does not lie on the axis
of rotation . According the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) as seen in
defines unbalance as that condition which exists in a rotor when a vibratory force or motion is
imparted to its bearings as a result of centrifugal forces. Unbalance is the uneven distribution of
mass about a rotor’s rotating centerline. In other words, rotational unbalance results when the
axis of rotation of a rotor system is not coincident with the principal axis of inertia. This
eccentricity occurs whenever there is geometric, material and property asymmetry about a rotor’s
rotational axis. Also, unbalance might originate during the manufacturing of rotor where
additional mass could be present or removed at a location of rotating shaft. Due to erosion
between parts there could be loss of material leading again to an unbalanced condition. They are
compensated during commissioning by placing balancing weights. It is not possible to
completely balance a rotating system, as there is a small amount of residual unbalance. The
system can only be brought to acceptable. Unbalance in rotating machinery causes dynamic
forces that bring about vibration and intensification of stresses at the bearing and other receivers.
1.2SOLUTION

When unbalance has been identified and quantified, the correction is straightforward. Weight has
to be either added or removed from the rotating element. The ultimate aim being to reduce the
uneven mass distribution so that the centrifugal forces and hence the vibrations induced in the
supporting structures are at an acceptable level.

1.3INTRODUCTION

Rotating machinery plays an important role in modern industry due to the wide range of
applications of these kinds of machines such as turbomachinery, compressors, generators, etc.).
The presence of mechanical vibrations is an inherent phenomenon in rotating machinery. Mass
unbalance and dynamic interaction between the stator and rotating parts are the main causes for
vibrations. The trend in industry has been to move towards high speed, high power, lighter and
more compact machinery, which has resulted in machines operating above their first critical
speed and increasing the vibrations problem. In spite of the fact that the total elimination of the
mass unbalance is impossible, it is very important to control the vibration amplitudes within
acceptable limits for a safe operation of the machines. An unbalance is the most common issue
affecting the turbomachinery rotors. A machine operation at high vibration level due to the rotor
disk unbalance will result in the damage to rotor bearings. The vibration level in industrial
turbomachinery is hardly ever monitored in online systems to record all exceeded parameters. It
is usually monitored in the key process machines. The operation of a supervision system will
result in their deactivation at reaching the alarm threshold vibration level. The rotor disk is in
almost all cases balanced in its own bearings supporting the shaft using the influence coefficient
method. In some cases, the rotor disk is balanced in normal operation using automatic balancers.
Although they do not solve the rotor unbalance issue, they reduce the vibration level at any given
time. The main disadvantage of the system is its high price, often exceeding the costs of a new
pump or fan. If technical conditions allow to stop the rotor for a short period, the disk can be
balanced using manual balancers, with a significantly lower cost compared to the automatic
balancing equipment. The unbalancing causes low of productivity because the machines operate
at low speed and its not allowed in industry . Unbalance is the most common source of vibration
in machines with rotating parts. It is a very important factor to be considered in modern ma-
chine design, especially where high speed and reliability are significant considerations.
Balancing of rotors prevents excessive loading of bearings and avoids fatigue failure, thus in-
creasing the useful life of machinery.

1.4 GOAL OF BALANCING

The goal of balancing is to obtain good running characteristics

Of the rotor over the entire speed range, this is particularly
Important at operating and critical speeds
Good running characteristics can be defined as:
1. Reduce dynamic loads on bearings
2. Reduce shaft deflection within operating clearance confines
3. Reduce transmission of forces to the outside environment
4. Reduce shaft dynamic stress

If unbalance has exceeded the limits it causes

1. Damages to the structure
2. Increases stress
3. Damages to the bearings and seals

Which all leads to reduce the life of the machine

The aim of rotor balancing is to achieve satisfactory running when installed on site. It means no
more than an acceptable magnitude of vibration is caused by the unbalance remaining in the
rotor. In the case of a flexible rotor, it also means that not more than an acceptable magnitude of
deflection occurs in the rotor at any speed up to the maximum service speed. Most rotors are
balanced before machine assembly because afterwards, there may be only limited access to the
rotor. ISO classifies rotor in accordance with their balancing requirements and establishes
methods of assessment of residual unbalance. The ISO also shows how criteria for use in the
balancing facility maybe derived from vibration limits specified for the assembled and installed
machine or unbalance limits specified by the rotor.
 CHAPTER 2
UBALANCING
Unbalance in a rotor is the result of an uneven distribution of mass, which causes the rotor to
vibrate. The vibration is produced by the interaction of an unbalanced mass component with the
radial acceleration due to rotation, which together generate a centrifugal force. Since the mass
component rotates, the force also rotates and tries to move the rotor along the line of action of
the force. The vibration will be transmitted to the rotor's bearings, and any point on the bearing
will experience this force once per revolution.
Balancing is the process of attempting to improve the mass distribution of a rotor, so that it
rotates in its bearings without uncompensated.

2.1 TYPES OF BALANCING

Static, couple and dynamic unbalance
Unbalance is a result of uneven distribution of mass, which causes the machine to vibrate.
The vibration is produced by the interaction of an unbalanced mass component with the
radial acceleration due to the rotation, which together generates a centrifugal force. Since the
components rotate,
also, the force rotates and tries to move the rotor along the line of action of the
force
2.1.1 Static Unbalance
is defined as the center of mass and the principal axes is shifted parallel to the axis of the rotor
, caused by a point mass at a certain radius from the center of rotation (see Fig. 1). An equal
mass, placed at an angle of 180° to the unbalanced mass and at the same radius, is required to
restore the center of gravity to the center of rotation.

Fig.1 static unbalance

2.1.2 Couple unbalance
is defined as the center of mass and the principal axes is shifted parallel to the axis
. first the rotor is in static balance (there is no eccentricity of the center of gravity), but when the
rotor turns, the two masses cause a shift in the inertia axis, so that it is no longer aligned with the
rotation axis, leading to strong vibrations.

Fig. 2 Couple unbalance

2.1.3 Dynamic unbalance

Dynamic unbalance is a combination of static and couple unbalance and is the most common
type of unbalance found in rotors.
To correct dynamic unbalance, it is necessary to make vibration measurements while the
machine is running and to add balancing masses in two planes
Unbalance exists in a rotor when the mass center axis is different to its running center axis.
Practically all newly machined parts are non-symmetrical due to blow holes in castings, uneven
number and position of bolt holes, parts fitted off-center, machined diameters eccentric to the
bearing locations etc.
An unbalanced rotor, when rotating, wants to revolve around its mass center axis. Because the
bearings restrict this
movement, the centrifugal force, due to the unbalance, causes the rotor to vibrate. This
vibration causes wear to the bearings, creates unnecessary noise, and, in extreme cases
disintegration of the rotor itself can be experienced. It is therefore necessary to reduce the
unbalance to an acceptable limit.
 Fig. 3 Dynamic unbalance

2.2 CAUSES OF ROTOR UNBALANCE

Many causes are listed as contributing to an unbalance condition, including

2.2.1 Manufacturing - Causes
material problems such as
density, porosity, voids and blowholes. Fabrication problems such as misshapen castings,
eccentric
machining and poor assembly. Distortion problems such as rotational stresses, aerodynamics and
temperature changes. Even inherent rotor design criteria that cannot be avoided. Many of these
occur
during manufacture, others during the operational life of the machine. Whilst some corrections
for eccentricity can be counteracted by balancing; it is a compromise.
Dynamic balancing should not be a substitute for poor machining or other compromise
manufacturing practices.
In the manufacturing process, if proper care is taken to ensure that castings are sound and
machining is concentric, then it follows that the two axes will coincide and the assembled rotor
will be in a state of balance
2.2.2 Assembly – Causes:
As previously stated, there are many reasons why unbalance occurs when a rotor is being
fabricated.
Principle among these is a stack up of tolerances. When a well-balanced shaft and a well-
balanced rotor are united, the necessary assembly tolerances can permit radial displacement,
which will produce an out of balance condition.
2.2.3-Installed Machines – Causes:
When a rotor has been in service for some time, various other factors can contribute to the
balance condition.
These include corrosion, wear, distortion, and deposit build up. Deposits can also break off
unevenly, which can lead to severe unbalance. This particularly applies to fans, blowers,
compressors and other rotating devices handling process variables. Routine inspection and
cleaning can minimize the effect, but eventually the machines will have to be removed from
service for balancing.
Large unbalances will of course require large weight corrections and unless care is taken, this
can have a detrimental effect on the integrity of the rotor. Concentrating a weight adjustment
(whether adding or taking away) at a given point can weaken the rotor. For example, paper rolls
are fabricated from tubing
and large additions or removal of weight can affect the strength of the walls of the roll. This may
cause it to deflect when spinning at operating speed and thus induce harmful vibrations on the
bearings and paper machine frame.
Another cause of unbalance that is not readily apparent, is the difference between types of rotors.
If a rotor is operating within 70% - 75% of its critical speed (the speed at which resonance
occurs, i.e., its
natural frequency) it can be considered to be a flexible rotor. If it is operating below that speed it
is considered rigid.
A rigid rotor can be balanced at the two end planes and will stay in balance when in service. A
flexible rotor will require multi-plane balancing. If a rotor is balanced on a low-speed balancing
machine
assuming it is rigid and then in service becomes flexible, then unbalance and thus high vibration,
will be the result.
 CHAPTER 3
ROTORS BALANCING

3.1 TYPES OF ROTORS

Rotors are classified into two groups. Whether or not a rotor is classified as rigid or flexible
depends on the relationship between the rotating speed (RPM) of the rotor and its natural
frequency.
3.1.1 rigid rotor
When the natural frequency of some part of a machine is also equal to the rotating speed or
some other exciting frequency of vibration, there is a condition of resonance. The rotating speed
at which the rotor itself goes into bending resonance is called a "critical speed."
As a general rule, rotors that operate below 70% of their critical speed are considered rigid and,
when balanced at one speed will be balanced at any other normal operating speed below 70% of
its critical speed. Rotors that operate above 70% of their critical speed will actually bend or flex
due to the forces of unbalance and, thus are called A rigid rotor has minimal bending or
distortion due to its stiffness and rigidity. This is determined when the component is rotated at
low speeds or below the critical operating speeds.

For a rigid rotor, the shaft deflection is very small, the mass inertia forces are small and the
majority of centrifugal force energy is counteracted by bearing deflection. The bearing vibration
is usually large and can be rectified by using normal balancing methods.

Fig. 4 rigid rotor

3.1.2 flexible rotors.
A flexible rotor balanced at one operating speed may not be balanced when operating at another
speed. This is because as the rotor bends or deflects, the weight of the rotor is moved out away
from the rotating centreline creating a new unbalanced condition, known as whip. This new
unbalance can be corrected by re-balancing in the two end planes; however, the rotor would then
be out of balance at slower speeds where there is no deflection. The only solution to ensure
smooth operation at all speeds is to make the balance corrections in the actual planes of
unbalance. Typical machines which contain flexible rotors are steam and gas turbines,
multistage centrifugal pumps and compressors

A flexible rotor is a component or machine that has significant bending during operation.

This bending can be seen when there is a change in speed. The change in speed affects the
centrifugal force, causing bending and twist effects to occur. These conditions are found more in
components where the length to diameter ratio is at its extreme and the component is running at
critical/operating speed.

Fig. 5 Flexible Rotor

Examples of flexible rotors are: paper machine rollers, high speed turbines, generators and multi-
stage pumps.
3.2 TYPES OF BALANCING

3.2.1 Static Balancing:

i) Static balancing is a balance of forces due to action of gravity.

ii) A body is said to be in static balance when its centre of gravity is in the axis of rotation.

3.2.2 Dynamic balancing:

i) Dynamic balance is a balance due to the action of inertia forces.

ii) A body is said to be in dynamic balance when the resultant moments or couples, which
involved in the acceleration of different moving parts is equal to zero.

iii) The conditions of dynamic balance are met, the conditions of static balance are also met.

In rotor or reciprocating machines many a times unbalance of forces is produced due to inertia
forces associated with the moving masses. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic
forces are set up and forces not only increase loads on bearings and stresses in the various
components, but also unpleasant and dangerous vibrations. Balancing is a process of designing
or modifying machinery so that the unbalance is reduced to an acceptable level and if possible
eliminated entirely.

3.3 ROTORS BALANCING

3.3.1Principle of Balancing
A rotor is balanced by placing a correction mass of a certain size in a position where it
counteracts the unbalancing the rotor. The size and position of the correction mass must be
determined.
The principle of performing field balancing is to make (usually temporary) alterations to the
mass distribution of the rotor, by adding trial masses, and to measure the resulting phase and
magnitude of bearing vibration.
The effects of these trial corrections enable the amount and position of the required correction
mass to be determined

Any fixed point on the bearing experiences the centrifugal force due to the unbalance, once per
revolution of the rotor. Therefore, in a frequency spectrum of the vibration signal, unbalance
is seen as an increase in the vibration at the frequency of rotation. The vibration due to the
unbalance is measured by means of an accelerometer mounted on the bearing housing,

3.4 GENERAL BALANCING PRECEDURE

Performing a Frequency Analysis Before an attempt is made at balancing, a frequency analysis

should be carried out to see whether it is unbalance
that is causing the excess vibration, or some other fault, such as mis alignment, or a bent shaft.
If a rotor is unbalanced, there will be a peak in the vibration level at its rotational frequency
and this peak will usually dominate the spectrum.
By performing a frequency analysis before and after balancing, the reduction in vibration level
due to the balancing can also be clearly seen.
3.4.1 Selecting the Best Measurement Parameter
A frequency analysis of the vibration signal before balancing also guides us in the selection of
the best parameter for measuring the vibration.
The vibration can be measured in terms of acceleration, velocity, or displacement.

Fig. 6 the relationship between the three parameters

as a function of frequency. The three curves have different slopes, but the peaks in the spectrum
occur at the same frequencies in each case. The same information about the vibration levels is
contained in each curve, but
the way the information is presented differs considerably.
The parameter selected for vibration measurement is usually the one with the flattest curve (the
most horizontally aligned spectrum). This parameter requires the smallest dynamic range in the
measuring instruments, so the signal-to-noise ratio is higher - the parameter with the flattest
curve is velocity and this is also the parameter that is most frequently used.
3.4.2 Determining Balance Quality
Ideally a balanced machine would show no unbalance at all. In practice however, due to
machining tolerances, perfect balance can never be achieved.
For different types and sizes of machines, the level of vibration regarded as excessive varies
considerably
ISO 1940 is based on the measurement of machinery vibration velocity The ANSI spec is
identical but printed by American National Standards Institute. The API specification is written
around pump
requirements in the Petro-Chemical Industries and classifies unbalance levels as a function of
rotor mass and operating speed .
ISO 1940 is famous for its classification of vibration in terms of G codes although many people
don’t know what they mean it is easy to figure out that G2.5 is a tighter tolerance than G6.3.
Notice the choice
of words here, tighter not necessarily better. G2.5 means a vibration velocity of 2.5 mm/s under
specified conditions. Unfortunately, it is the theoretical value assuming the rotor was spinning in
free space so it does not relate to actual operating conditions.
ISO 1940 uses a set of criteria to classify the acceptable vibration grade – a low speed marine
diesel has
a coarse grade while a high-speed grinding spindle has a very tight grade.
The tightest grades require balancing a rotor in its own bearings and under service conditions
In the image below, there is guidance for balance quality grades for rotors in a constant (rigid)
state
Table 1 balance quality grades for rotors
Table 2 permissible residual specific unbalance
3.4.3 Selecting a Proper Trial Weight

The specific unbalance is used to calculate the size of trial masses, which are used during
balancing to make temporary alterations to the mass distribution of the rotor, to determine the
relationship between the specific unbalance and the bearing vibration.
Proper trial weight (TW) selection is important because a weight that is too light may not provide
an adequate response for calculating correction weights and placement. A trial weight that is too
large may wreck the machine.

There are a few requirements to calculate a trial weight:

• You must know the speed of the machine. The faster the rotation, the more force from a
trial weight.
• The radius of weight placement. The farther from the center of rotational mass, the more
force.
• The weight of the rotor being balanced.

To estimate the value of a suitable trial mass

Maximum residual mass = Specific unbalance (g mm/kg) × Rotor mass(kg) / Correction radius
(mm)

A suitable trial mass is five to ten times the value of the Maximum Residual mass
3.5 SINGLE AND TWO PLANE BALANCING

Rotors are typically balanced in one plane or two planes by adding or removing material. We
early mentioned different types of imbalance in rotating machinery, and the importance of why
machines have to be balanced.

Selecting one plane or two plane balancing is not straightforward. It generally depends on two
factors. One of the factors is the ratio of the length of the rotor (L) to the diameter of the rotor
(D). The other factor is the operating speed of the rotor. As a general rule of thumb, we can refer
to the table shown below.

Table 3 Selecting one plane or two plane balancing

in fact, there is no clear distinction when one has to perform one plane or two plane balancing. It
is a common practice in industries to perform one plane balancing in relatively narrow rotors.
This is due to fact that the rotor weight distribution relatively parallels to the axis of rotation
3.5.1 single-Plane balancing Procedure

Fig. 7 single-Plane balancing Setup

1.Set up equipment and accelometer on the rotor.

2. Make "initial run" and measuring vibration.

The machine has to be run up the operating speed

3.Stop the rotor and Add trial mass.

A trial mass has a known weight and it is fixed at a known radius at an arbitrary angular position

on the rotor. The machine is again run-up to operational speed. We get a new vibration velocity

level and a new phase angle.

4.Start up the machine and measure and record the new vibration level and phase angle.
5.Stop the machine and remove the trial mass.

6.Calculate the values of the correction mass and angle.

7. mount the correction mass at the position.

8.Run rotor again and measure residual unbalance

9-if unbalance isn’t in limits repeat the procedure again

Fig. 8 single-Plane balancing Procedure

3.5.2 Two-Plane balancing Procedure

Fig. 9 Two-Plane balancing Setup

The procedure for two-plane balancing is very similar to that for single plane balancing.
1.Set up equipment and accelometer on the rotor.

2. Make "initial run" and measuring vibration.

The machine has to be run up the operating speed

3. Measure and record the vibration and phase angle for each plane

4.Stop the rotor and Add trial mass in plan 1.

4.Start up the machine and measure and record the new vibration level and phase angle for each

plane.

5.Stop the machine and remove the trial mass.

6. and Add trial mass in plan 2.

7.Start up the machine and measure and record the new vibration level and phase angle for each

plane.

8.Stop the machine and remove the trial mass.

9.Calculate the values of the correction mass and angle.

10. mount the correction mass at the position.

11.Run rotor again and measure residual unbalance

Fig. 10 Two-Plane balancing Procedure

3.6 Consequences of rotor balancing

There are many documented “good consequences” and benefits associated with a well balanced,
smooth running rotor. Included among these are:

• Minimize vibration
Unbalance is still the major source of machine vibration.
• Minimize noise
Airborne noise is often directly attributable to mechanical vibration.
• Minimize structural stress
The forces produced by unbalance have to be absorbed by the surrounding structure.
• Minimize operator fatigue and annoyance
Exposure to high levels of vibration and noise affects operator efficiency.
• Increase machine life
The time between outages can be extended if the machine is running smoothly.
• Increase bearing life
Bearings bear the brunt of the unbalance forces.
• Increase product quality
Minimum vibration, especially on machine tools, produces better parts.
• Increase personnel safety
Dangers associated with machine failure are minimized.
• Increase productivity
Machines running smoothly have more “uptime” availability
 CHAPTER 4
BALANCING CASE STUDY
4.1 SOFTWARE SETUP

Two plane balancing Case Study

Using VM-Bal to simulate a case study of 2 plane rotor balancing

Fig. 11 Software Rotor settings

4.1.1Balancing radius and positions

This is the radius at the rotor where mass shifting will be done. It is not necessarily
the outer rotor radius.
Radius = 180 mm

Fixed position

If the rotor only allows changes at a limited number of positions number of

fixed positions= 8
4.1.2Presets for mass changes

Fig. 12 Presets for mass changes

settings for the test mass and for mass changes can be entered here for each type of rotor. These
presets may be modified later during the actual balancing process.
Test mass is calculated = 2.5 gm

4.1.3Units

The physical units can be adapted to the balancing application here.

Fig. 13 Units adapting to the balancing application

 4.2 INITIAL RUN

Test runs start with the initial run. The rotor is left in its initial condition. Vibration is measured
at constant speed.
the unbalance result shown as

Fig. 14 initial run result

Vibration Phase

Plane A 7.2 mm/s 2380

Plane B 13.5 mm/s 2900

Table 4 initial run result

 4.3 TEST RUN PLANE A

The initial run is followed by the test run for the first plane.

• 2,5g trial mass is mounted at a suitable position in plane

• Rotation is started again and vibration measured at constant speed.
• software will now show the unbalance result

Fig. 15 test run for plane A result

Vibration Phase

Plane A 4.9 mm/s 1140

Plane B 9.2 mm/s 3470

Table 5 test run for plane A result

4.4 TEST RUN PLANE B
The Test run of plane A is followed by the test run for the second plane.

• Firstly, mass changes at plane A are cancelled if this was chosen in test run A.
• 2,5g trial mass is mounted at a suitable position in plane
• Rotation is started again and vibration measured at constant speed.
• Software will now show the unbalance result.

Fig. 16 test run for plane B result

Vibration Phase

Plane A 4.9 mm/s 1140

Plane B 9.2 mm/s 3470

Table 6 test run for plane B result

4.5 PERFORMING CORRECTION
This panel shows the corrections for one plane each.
Plane A
 Fig. 17 corrections for A plane
Correction values:
Mass: 2.8 gm
Position 278.10

Plane B

Fig. 18 corrections for B plane

Correction values:
Mass: 3 gm
Position 50.20
Masses with these values were fastened in the respective planes on the rotor at the calculated
angles, and at the radius used previously for the trial mases.
A test run was made to assess the quality of the balance. Its results were as follow

Plane A Plane B
vibration level 0.5 mm/s 0.4 mm/s

-In plane A reduction in vibration velocity level of 93% from the original 7,2 mm/s
-In plane A reduction in vibration velocity level of 97% from the original 13.5 mm/s

if unbalance isn’t in limits repeat the procedure again

 CHAPTER 5
BALANCING SIMULATOR

5.1 COMBONENTS

1- Motor AGM 63 2b (230/400 V 50 Hz)

 Fig. 19 Motor
Rated output (kW) : 0.25
Speed (rpm) : 2840
Rated current (A) : 0.67

2-Inverter (lslvm100)

Fig. 20 Inverter

3- Bearing (UP004)
 Fig. 21 Bearing specification

4-Axial Aluminum Shaft

L=
D=

5- Two aluminum Disk

6- coubling

Fig. 6 single-Plane balancing Procedure

ABSTRACT
An unbalance is the most common issue affecting the machine rotors.
A machine operation at high vibration level due to the rotor disk unbalance will result in the
damage to rotor bearings. The vibration level in industrial turbomachinery is hardly ever
monitored in online systems to record all exceeded parameters.
It is usually monitored in the key process machines. The operation of a supervision system will
result in their deactivation at reaching the alarm threshold vibration level. The rotor disk is in
almost all cases balanced in its own bearings supporting the shaft using the influence coefficient
method. In some cases, the rotor disk is balanced in normal operation using automatic balancers.
Although they do not solve the rotor unbalance issue, they reduce the vibration level at any given
time. The main disadvantage of the system is its high price, often exceeding the costs of a new
pump or fan.
If technical conditions allow to stop the rotor for a short period, the disk can be balanced using
manual balancers, with a significantly lower cost compared to the automatic balancing
equipment.
The goal of balancing is to obtain good running characteristics
Of the rotor over the entire speed range, this is particularlyImportant at operating and critical
speeds

Referances
• Ehrich, R., 1980, “High Speed Balance Procedure,” Proceedings of the Ninth Turbomachinery
Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A&M University, Collection Station, Texas, pp.
25-31

• Macdara MacCamhaoil, "Static and Dynamic Balancing of Rigid Rotors", Brüel & Kjaer,

• Gary K. Grim, John W. Haidler, Bruce J. Mitchell, “The Basics of Balancing”, Balance
Technology Inc., 2014

• Eshleman, R.L., 2004, Rotor Dynamics and Balancing, Vibration Institute.

• ISO Standard 1940, 2003, “Balance Quality Requirements for Rotor in Constant (Rigid) State,”
International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.