ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIRECT LABOUR AGENCY TO

RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES OF PLATEAU

STATE, 2011-2018.

BY

MUHAMMED HARUNA MAITALA

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA, NIGERIA

JANUARY, 2020

i
 ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIRECT LABOUR AGENCY TO
RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES OF PLATEAU
STATE, 2011-2018

BY

Muhammad Haruna MAITALA

P17ADPA8008

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
(M.Sc) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

FACULTY OF ADMINISTRATION
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY,
ZARIA, NIGERIA

JANUARY, 2020

ii
 DECLARATION

I declare that this dissertation entitled ‘Assessment of the Contribution of Direct Labour

Agency to Rural Development of Selected Rural Communities of Plateau State “has been

performed by me. In the Department of Public Administration. This dissertation has never

been presented for any degree at any university and all sources of information derived from

literature have been duly acknowledged in the text by way of references.

___________________ _________________ _________________

Muhammad Haruna Maitala
Name Signature Date

iii
 CERTIFICATION

This dissertation entitled:’ Assessment of the Contribution of Direct Labour Agency to Rural

Development of Selected Rural Communities of Plateau State“ by Muhammad Haruna

MAITALA meets the regulations governing the award of Master of Science (M.Sc) in the

Department of Public Administration of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for

its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.

______________________ ________________
________________
Dr. Faruk Abubakar Signature Date
Chairman Supervisory Committee.

_________________________ ________________ _________________

Dr. Danjos D. Dalhatu Signature Date
Member Supervisory Committee

_________________________ ________________
_________________
Dr. Musa Idris Signature Date
Head of Department.

_________________________ _________________
_________________
Professor Sani Abdullahi Signature Date
Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies

iv
 DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to God Almighty, it is also dedicated to Hon, Haruna Maitala

his wife Hajiya Maimuna and my loving mother Hajiya Hassana and my elder sister Hajiya

Zainab Mansur.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, my special gratitude goes to Almighty Allah for His love and protection and for

making my dream come true. I wish to express my profound gratitude to my major

supervisor, Dr. Faruk Abubakar for his untiring advice, support, encouragement and diligent

review of this work, despite his very tight schedule. Your constant advice, critical review and

push helped to complete this work, I am deeply grateful and remain indebted to you. I would

like to specially thank my second supervisor Dr. Danjos,D. Dalhatu for his unrelenting

support and encouragement at every stage of this work. I remain indebted to you Sir. I want

to specially appreciate Mr. Arowosaye Saheed Abiodun, Dr. Abdulrazk Madu, Dr.Silas

Anyio, Dr.Abubakar Muhammed Goga, Dr. Lawan Saleh, Dr. Suku, and Lawal Yusuf

Birisan for their constant support and encouragement, I say thank you. I also want to

appreciate all the lecturers in the Department of Public Administration, for their warmth and

kind accommodation throughout my course of study. Words alone can hardly express my

hearty appreciation and gratitude to my family for their understanding all through the course

of my study. I also appreciate my friends and relatives for their prayers and best wishes.

vi
 Abstract

The study assessed the contribution of Direct Labour Agency to rural development of
selected rural communities of Plateau State. In spite of intervention by the Plateau state
government through Direct Labour Agency to ensure rural development, the rural condition
has not changed as rural dwellers in Plateau State lived in deprived condition. Therefore, the
main objective of the study is to find out the effect of Direct Labour Agency on rural
development of some selected communities of Bassa, Bokkos, and Mikang Local
Government of the state, using the theory of change as the theoretical frame work. The study
made use of both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data were collected
through questionnaire and interview. The secondary data on the other hand were obtained
from the reports of Plateau State Ministry of agriculture & rural development and report of
Plateau State Direct Labour Agency’s office for the period under review. The hypotheses
postulated were tested using multiple regression while the interviewed data were analysed
using thematic analysis to complement the quantitative data. The result from the hypotheses
tested revealed that there is positive and significant relationship between provision of water
supply; provision educational facilities; provision of infrastructural facilities on rural
development with its coefficient stood at 0.266 and p-value of 0.000, which is significant at
1%; 0.48 with the p-value of 0.05, which is significant at 1% and the coefficient of 0.335
with the p-value of 0.00, which is significant at 1% respectively.. However, based on the
findings the study recommended among others the need for the Government of Plateau State
to take the issue of rural development very serious by ensuring timely and adequate release of
fund by Plateau State Government most importantly water supply because access to clean
drinking water and sanitation reduces health risks and frees-up time for other productive
activities. Lastly, the state government and the Agency should do more by making sure that
all uncompleted and abandon project are completed especially with regards to ongoing feeder
road project this will go a long way in bringing about economic development of the state.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - -i

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - ii

Declaration - - - - - - - - - - -iii

Certification - - - - - - - - - - -iv

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - -v

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - -vi

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - viii

List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - xi

List of Appendices - - - - - - - - - xiv

Abbreviation - - - - - - - - - - xv

CHAPTER ONE: INRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study- - - - - - - - -1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem- - - - - - - -4
1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - - - - -7
1.4 Research Objectives- - - - - - - - - -8
1.5 Research Hypotheses-- - - - - - - - -8
1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - -9
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study - - - - - - -10
1.8 Operationalization of Concepts- - - - - - - -11
1.8.1 Water supply- - - - - - - - - - -11

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1.8.2 Educational facilities- - - - - - - - - -12
1.8.3 Infrastructural facilities- - - - - - - - -12
1.8.4 Rural Development - - - - - - - - -12

1.8.5 Rural Communities - - - - - - - - -12

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - -13
2.2 Literature Review -- - - - - - - - -13
2.2.1 Concept of Rural Development- - - - - - - -13
2.2.2 Concept of Water Supply- - - - - - - - -17
2.2.2.1 Effect of Water Supply to Rural Development - - - - -18
2.2.3. Concept of Education- - - - - - - - -22
2.2.3.1 Effect of Education to Rural Development - - - - - -22
2.2.4 Concept of Infrastructure- - - - - - - - -25
2.2.4.1 Effect of Infrastructure to Rural Development- - - - - -25
2.2.5 The Role of Infrastructure in Rural Development - - - - - -28
2.2.6 The Needs and Impact of Infrastructure development in Rural Communities- -29
2.2.7 Rural Development as a Model for Rural Resource Utilization- - - -34
2.3 Empirical Studies - - - - - - - - - -37
2.4 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - - -44
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - -51
3.2 Research Design - - - - - - - - - -51
3.3 The Area of Study- - - - - - - - - -51
3.4 Population and sample size- - - - - - - - -52
3.5 Sampling Technique - - - - - - - - - -52
3.6 Sources of Data - -- - - - - - - - -53
3.6.1 Primary Sources of Data- - - - - - - - -53
3.6.2 Secondary Sources of Data- - - - - - - - -54
3.7 Administration of Instruments -- - - - - - - -54
3.8 Validity of the Instrument- - - - - - - - -55
3.9 Reliability of the Instrument- - - - - - - - -56
3.10 Methods of Data Analysis- - - - - - - - -57

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CHAPTER FOUR: AN OVERVIEW OF PLATEAU STATE/ DIRECT LABOUR
AGENCY
4.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - -58
4.2 An Overview of Plateau State- - - - - - - - -58
4.3 Local Governments and Rural Development in Plateau State- - - - -60
4.4 The Direct Labour Agency- - - - - - - - -63
4.5 Social Welfare Service Scheme (SOWESS) - - - - - - -65
4.6 Achievements/ Project Executed by Direct Labour Agency 2011-2018-- - -66
CHAPTER FIVE: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - -74
5.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data- - - - - - - -74

5.2.1 Questionnaire Response Rate- - - - - - - - -74

5.3 Demographic Profile of Respondents- - - - - - - -75
5.4 Analysis of the Respondents- - - - - - - - -79
5.5 Correlation Matrix of Dependent and Independent Variables- - - - -92
5.6 Results of Robustness Tests- - - - - - - - -93
5.6.1 Heteroscedasticity Test-- - - - - - - - -93
5.6.2 Normality Distribution of the Data- - - - - - - -94
4.7 Hypotheses Test- - - - - - - - - - -98
5.8 Discussion of Major Findings- - - - - - - - 101
5.9 Interview analysis report- - - - - - - - 102
5.10 Major Findings- - - - - - - - - 108
CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENTATIONS.
6.1 Summary- - - - - - - - - - - 110
6.2 Conclusions- - - - - - - - - - 113
6.3 Recommendations- - - - - - - - - 114
6.4 Contributions to Knowledge- - - - - - - - 116
REFERENCES- - - - - - - - - 118
APPENDICES- - - - - - - - - 123

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Local Government Areas and their Populations - - - - -50
Table 3.2: reliability statistics - - - - - - - - -54
Table 3.3 Krejcie and Morgan Sample Size Table - - - - - -
Table 4.2. Summary of Projects Executed in the year 2011 – 2018 by the Agency - -64
Table 4.3 Water and Related Project - - - - - - - -65
Table 4. 4 Direct Labour Agency Road Projects Executed, 2011-2018 - - -66
Table 4. 5 Educational Project Executed by the Agency 2011-2018 - - -69
Table 5.1.Summary of Responses and Percentage - - - - - -71

Table 5.2.: Frequency Distribution of Respondent’s Gender - - - - -72

Table 5.3: Frequency Distribution by Age group and Percentage - - - -72

Table 5.4: Frequency Distribution of Respondents’ Marital Status - - - -73
Table 5.5: Frequency Distribution of Respondents’ Qualification - - - -73
Table 5.6: Frequency Distribution of Respondents’ Occupation - - - -74

Table 5.7: Frequency Distribution of Respondents’ Year of Experience - - -74

Table 5.8.1. Your community has constant and regular water supply by direct labour agency
- - - - - - - - - - - -75

Table 5.8.2 There are already completed water project by direct labour agency, while others
are ongoing in your community - - - - - - - -75

Table 5.8.3. Direct labour agency involves members of your community at project

implementation of water supply project - - - - - - -76

Table 5.8.4 .Your community has constant and regular water supply by direct labour agency
- - - - - - - - - - - -76
Table 5.8.5. With the activities and intervention of direct labour agency your community has

no shortage of water supply - - - - - - - - -77

Table 5.9.1 Direct labour agency construct and rehabilitated primary schools in your

community - - - - - - - - - - -77

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Table 5.9.2 .Direct labour agency provided educational facilities in your community 78

Table 5.9.3. The educational facilities provided by direct labour agency are in good condition

and up to international standard - - - - - - - 78

Table 5.9.4. Direct labour agency provided adequate educational facilities in your

communit78

Table 5.9.5. Direct labour agency involves members of your community at project

implementation of educational project - - - - - - 79

Table 5.10.1. Direct labour agency construct and rehabilitated rural feeder road in your

community - - - - - - - - - - 79

Table 5.10.2. The rural feeder road constructs and rehabilitated in your community by direct

labour agency are motorable - - - - - - - - 80

Table 5.10.3. Direct labour agency provided rural electrification in your community 80

Table 5.10.4. All your economic activities in your community require the use of electricity80

Table 5.10.5. Direct labour agency involves members of your community at project

implementation of infrastructural project - - - - - - -81

Table 5.10.6. The intervention of direct labour agency has bring about rural development in

your community - - - - - - - - - -81

Table 5.10.7. The activities of direct labour agency has influenced all aspects of human life in

your community - - - - - - - - - -82

Table 5.10.8. The social welfare service scheme of direct labour agency has improve

livelihood and solve development problems in your community - - - -

-82

Table 5.10.9. Direct labour agency programme has help to promoting and establishment of

good standard of living in your community - - - - - - -83

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Table 5.10.10. Direct labour agency has help remove social value and norms that are anti-

development in your community - - - - - - - -83

Table 5.5.1 Correlation Matrix of Dependent and Independent Variables - - -84

-86
Table 5.6.1 Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa - - - -

Table 5.6.2: Normality Test - - - - - - - - -87

Table 4.6.3: Normality Test - - - - - - - - -87
Table 4.6.4: Normality Test - - - - - - - - -88
Table 5.6.5: Normality Test - - - - - - - - -88

Table 5.6.6; Shapiro-Wilk W test for normality of residual - - - - -88

Table 5.6.7: Multicolinearity - - - - - - - - -89

Table 5.7.1: model summary - - - - - - - - -89

Table 5.7.2 Regression result - - - - - - - - -90

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 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1
Demographic Information- - - - - - - - - -122
Appendix 2
Descriptive and Frequencies- - - - - - - - - -115
Appendix 3
Correlation Matrix - - - - - - - - - -119
Appendix 4
Post Estimation Test - - - - - - - - - -120
Appendix 5
Regression Result- - - - - - - - - - -113
Appendix 6
Krejcie and Morgan Sample Size Table - - - - - - -114
Appendix 7
The Questionnaire - - - - - - - - - -115
Appendix 8
Interview Schedule - - - - - - - - - -128
Interview Guide for State Coordinator of Direct Labour Agency - - - -
Interview Guide for the district heads of the three selected rural communities of the local
government - - - - - - - - - - -130

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADP - - - - - - - Agricultural Development Projects
OFN - - - - - - - Operation Feed the Nation
GR - - - - - - - Green Revolution
DFRRI- - - - - - -Directorate for Food Roads and Rural
Infrastructure
NAPEP - - - - - -National Poverty Eradication Programme
PB - - - - - - People’s Bank
SOWESS - - - - - -social welfare service scheme
DLA - - - - - - - Direct Labour Agency
RIDP - - - - - - - Rural Infrastructure Development
Programme
PRWSSA - - - - - -Plateau Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Agency
IMR - - - - - - - Infant Immortality Rate
MMR - - - - - - -Maternal Mortality Rate
WHO -- - - - - - -World Health Organization
UNDP - - - - - - -.United Nation Develoment
Programmes
NEPAD - - - - - -New Partnership for Africa’s
Development
MDGs -- - - - - - - Millennium Development Goals
UNO - - - - - - -United Nations Organization
GDP - - - - - - -Gross Domestic Products
WB - - - - - - - World Bank
SDGs - - - - - - -Sustainable Development Goals
UN - - - - - - -United Nation
OECD - - - - - - -Organization Of Economic Community
Development
WEF - - - - - - -World Economic Forum

xv
GENI - - - - - - - Global Energy Network Institute
IRDP - - - - - - -Integrated Rural Development
Programmes

IGDB - - - - - - - Integrated Grassroots Development

Bureau

CDD - - - - - - -Community Driven Development

CBD - - - - - - -Community Based Development

NGOs - - - - - - -Non-Governmental Organization

PADP - - - - - - Plateau Agricultural Development
Programees
AD - - - - - - -After Death
BC - - - - - - -Before Christ
HIV - - - - - - -Human Immune deficiency Viruses
AIDS - - - - - - -Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
SEP - - - - - - - Special Education Programme
WS - - - - - - -Water Supply
FEP - - - - - - - Farmers Empowerment Programme
OSSP - - - - - - -Other Social Services Programme
CDO - - - - - - -Community Development Origination
UNHD - - - - - - -United Nations Human Development
HDI - - - - - - -Human Development Index
RBA - - - - - - - River Basin Authorities
IMF - - - - - - -International Monetary Fund
LGAS - - - - - - -Local Government Areas.

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