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MATH 105 921 Solutions To Integration Exercises
MATH 105 921 Solutions To Integration Exercises
s2 + 1
Z Z
2
ds = s + ds
s2 − 1 s2 − 1
Z Z
1 1
=s+ ds − ds
s−1 s+1
= s + ln |s − 1| − ln |s + 1| + C
0 √
Z
2) x 1 + 2x dx
4
Page 1 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
3) sin2 x cos2 x dx
1−cos(2x) 1+cos(2x)
Solution: Using half-angle identities sin2 x = 2
and cos2 x = 2
, we get:
Z Z
2 2 1
sin x cos x dx = (1 − cos(2x))(1 + cos(2x)) dx
4
Z
1
= (1 − cos2 (2x)) dx
4
Z Z
1 1
= dx − cos2 (2x) dx
4 4
Z
x 1
= − cos2 (2x) dx
4 4
1+cos(4x)
On the remaining integral, we apply the half-angle identity cos2 (2x) = 2
, and
obtain:
Z Z
2 1 + cos(4x) x 1
cos (2x) dx = dx = + sin(4x) + C
2 2 8
Hence,
Z
x 1 x 1 x 1
sin2 x cos2 x dx = − ( + sin(4x)) + C = − sin(4x) + C
4 4 2 8 8 32
√
Z
4) sin( w) dw
Page 2 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
√ 1
Solution: Using direct substitution with t = w, and dt = √
2 w
dw, that is, dw =
√
2 w dt = 2t dt, we get:
√
Z Z
sin( w) dw = 2t sin t dt
Therefore,
√ √ √ √
Z
sin( w) dw = −2 w cos( w) + 2 sin( w) + C
Z
ln(x)
5) dx
x
1
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = ln(x) and du = x
dx, we get:
u2
Z Z
ln(x)
dx = u du = +C
x 2
Z
ln(x) 1
⇒ dx = (ln(x))2 + C
x 2
Z
6) sin t cos(2t) dt
On the remaining integral, using direct substitution with u = cos t and du = − sin t dt,
we have that:
Z Z
2 2
2 sin t cos t dt = −2u2 du = − u3 + C = − cos3 t + C
2
3 3
Page 3 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Therefore,
Z
2
sin t cos(2t) dt = − cos3 t + cos t + C
3
Z
x+1
7) dx
4 + x2
On the first integral on the right hand side, we use direct substitution with u = 4+x2 ,
and du = 2x dx. We get:
Z Z
x 1
2
dx = du = ln |2u| + C = ln(8 + 2x2 ) + C
4+x 2u
On the second integral on the right hand side, we use inverse trigonometric substitu-
x
tion with 2 tan t = x (or equivalently, t = arctan ), so 2 sec2 t dt = dx. Thus,
2
2 sec2 t
Z Z Z
1 1 2
dx = 2 sec t dt = dt
4 + x2 4 + 4 tan2 t 4 sec2 t
Z
1 t 1 x
= dt = + C = arctan +C
2 2 2 2
Therefore,
Z Z Z
x+1 x 1 1 x
dx = dx + dx = ln(8 + 2x2 ) + arctan +C
4 + x2 4 + x2 4 + x2 2 2
Z
sin(tan θ)
8) dθ
cos2 θ
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = tan θ and du = sec2 θ dθ, we get:
Z Z Z
sin(tan θ) 2
dθ = sec θ sin(tan θ) dθ = sin u du = − cos u + C
cos2 θ
Z
sin(tan θ)
⇒ dθ = − cos(tan θ) + C
cos2 θ
Page 4 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z √
9) x 3 − 2x − x2 dx
For the first integral on the right hand side, using direct substitution with t = 4 − u2 ,
and dt = −2u du, we get:
Z √
1√
Z
1 3 1 3
2
u 4 − u du = − t dt = − t 2 + C = − (4 − u2 ) 2 + C
2 3 3
For the second integral on the right hand side, using inverse trigonometric substitution
u
with 2 sin s = u, that is, s = arcsin 2 , and 2 cos s ds = du, we get:
Z √ Z p Z
2
4 − u du = 4 − 4 sin s2 cos s ds = 4 cos2 s ds
2
Z
1 + cos(2s)
= (2 + 2 cos(2s)) ds (using half-angle formula cos2 s = )
2
= 2s + sin(2s) + C
= 2s + 2 sin s cos s + C (using double-angle formula sin(2s) = 2 sin s cos s)
u u u
= 2 arcsin + 2 sin(arcsin ) cos(arcsin )+C
2 √ 2 2
u 4 − u2
= 2 arcsin +u +C
2 2
Therefore,
Z √ Z √ Z √
x 3 − 2x − x2 dx = u 4 − u2 du − 4 − u2 du
√
1 3
2 2
u 4 − u2
= − (4 − u ) − 2 arcsin −u +C
3 2 2
Z √ p !
1 3 x + 1 4 − (x + 1) 2
⇒ x 3 − 2x − x2 dx = − (4 − (x + 1)2 ) 2 − 2 arcsin − (x + 1) +C
3 2 2
Z π
3
10) sin3 z cos z dz
0
Page 5 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
√
π 3 √
u4 23
Z Z
3
3
2
3 9
sin z cos z dz = u du = |0 =
0 0 4 64
Z π
3 9
⇒ sin3 z cos z dz =
0 64
Z
1
11) dx
3x2 + 2x + 1
2
2 1 2
Solution: Completing the square, we get that 3x + 2x + 1 = 3 x + + =
! 3 3
2
2 9 1 3 1
x+ + 1 . Using direct substitution with u = √ x + , and du =
3 2 3 2 3
3
√ dx, we get:
2
Z Z Z
1 3 1 1
2
dx = 9 1 2 dx = √ du = √ arctan u + C
3x + 2x + 1 2( 2 (x + 3 ) + 1) 2(u2 + 1) 2
Z
1 1 3 1
⇒ 2
dx = √ arctan √ x + +C
3x + 2x + 1 2 2 3
Z
1
12) dt
et +1
1
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = et + 1 and du = et dt, so dt = t du =
e
1
du. Hence, we get:
u−1
Z Z
1 1
t
dt = du
e +1 u(u − 1)
Page 6 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Therefore,
−1
Z Z Z
1 1
du = du + du = − ln |u| + ln |u − 1| + C
u(u − 1) u u−1
Z
1
⇒ t
dt = − ln |et + 1| + ln |et | + C = − ln |et + 1| + t + C
e +1
Z
13) e3a cos(3a) da
Page 7 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
x2
Z
14) dx
1 + x6
x2
Z Z
1 1 1
dx = du = arctan u + C = arctan(x3 ) + C
1 + x6 3(1 + u2 ) 3 3
Z
1
15) dt
t(ln t)2
xe2x
Z
16) dx
(2x + 1)2
Solution: Using integration by parts with u = xe2x , du = (e2x + 2xe2x ) dx, and
dv = (2x + 1)−2 dx, v = − 2(2x+1)
1
, we get:
Therefore,
Page 8 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
17) (tan x + cot x)2 dx
Solution:
Z Z
(tan x + cot x) dx = (tan2 x + 2 tan x cot x + cot2 x) dx
2
Z
= (sec2 x − 1 + 2 + csc2 x − 1) dx (using identities for tan2 x and cot2 x)
Z
= (sec2 x + csc2 x) dx
= tan x − cot x + C
Z
2
18) tet sin(t2 ) dt
Page 9 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
2p − 4
Z
19) dp
p2 − p
Z 4
1
20) dx
3 (3x − 7)2
t3
Z
21) 5 dt
(2 − t2 ) 2
t3 t2 2−u
Z Z Z
5 dt = 5 (t dt) = − 5 du
(2 − t2 ) 2 (2 − t2 ) 2 2u 2
Z
5 1 3
= (−u− 2 + u− 2 ) du
2
2 3 1
= u− 2 − u− 2 + C
3
t3
Z
2 3 1
⇒ 5 dt = (2 − t2 )− 2 − (2 − t2 )− 2 + C
(2 − t2 ) 2 3
Page 10 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
1
22) √ dx
x2 4 − x2
Z p
23) y 2 − 1 dy
Solution:
Using inverse trigonometric substitution with y = sec u, that is, u =
arccos y1 , and dy = sec u tan u du, we get:
Z p Z √ Z
2
y − 1 dy = sec u − 1(sec u tan u du) = tan2 u sec u du
2
Z Z Z
2 3
= (sec u − 1) sec u du = sec u du − sec u du
For the second integral on the right hand side, we have that:
Z
sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
For the first integral on the right hand side, we use the reduction formula:
Z Z
3 1 1 1 1
sec u du = tan u sec u + sec u du = tan u sec u + ln | sec u + tan u| + C
2 2 2 2
p
Observe that since u = arccos y1 , we have that tan u = y 2 − 1. Therefore,
Z Z
3 1 1
sec u du − sec u du = tan u sec u − ln | sec u + tan u| + C
2 2
Z p
1 p 1 p
⇒ y 2 − 1 dy = y y 2 − 1 − ln |y + y 2 − 1| + C
2 2
Page 11 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
24) x sin x cos x dx
Solution: Using the double angle identity sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x, we have that:
Z Z
1
x sin x cos x dx = x sin(2x) dx
2
Using direct substitution with t = 2x, and dt = 2 dx, we get:
Z Z
1 1
x sin(2x) dx = t sin t dt
2 8
Using integration by parts with u = t, du = dt, and dv = sin t dt, v = − cos t, we get:
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
t sin t dt = − t cos t + cos t dt = − t cos t + sin t + C
8 8 8 8 8
Therefore,
Z
1 1
x sin x cos x dx = − x cos(2x) + sin(2x) + C
4 8
Z
25) (1 + cos θ)2 dθ
Solution:
Z Z
(1 + cos θ) dθ = (1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ
2
Z Z Z
= dθ + 2 cos θ dθ + cos2 θ dθ
Z
1 + cos(2θ)
= θ + 2 sin θ + dθ (using half-angle formula)
2
θ sin(2θ)
= θ + 2 sin θ + + +C
Z 2 4
3 1
⇒ (1 + cos θ)2 dθ = θ + 2 sin θ + sin(2θ) + C
2 4
Z
1
26) √ dx
4x − x2
Page 12 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z 1
1
27) 1 dx
0 1 + x3
1 1 −2
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = 1 + x 3 , and du = x 3 dx, so dx =
2
3
3x 3 du = 3(u − 1)2 du. When x = 0, u = 1 and when x = 1, u = 2. We have that:
Z 1 Z 2 Z 2
1 3(u − 1)2 3
1 dx = du = (3u − 6 + ) du
0 1 + x3 1 u 1 u
3
= ( u2 − 6u + 3 ln |u|) |21
2
3 3
= (6 − 12 + 3 ln 2) − ( − 6 + 3 ln 1) = − + 3 ln 2
Z 1 2 2
1 3
⇒ 1 dx = − + 3 ln 2.
0 1 + x3 2
Z
1
28) dx
x3 + x
Page 13 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
1
Using integration by parts with u = ln s, du = ds, and dv = ds, v = s, we get:
s
Z Z Z
1
ln s ds = s ln s − s ds = s ln s − ds = s ln s − s + C
s
Therefore,
Z
ln(1 + t) dt = (1 + t) ln(1 + t) − (1 + t) + C
Z
30) sin(3x) cos(5x) dx
Page 14 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
1
31) dk
k2 − 6k + 9
Z
1
32) dx
sec x − 1
1
Solution: Since sec x = , we get:
cos x
Z Z Z Z
1 cos x 1 1
dx = dx = −1 + dx = −x + dx
sec x − 1 1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x
x
For the remaining integral, use a direct substitution with t = tan , so dt =
2
1 x x √ x 1
sec2 dx. We also can compute that sec = t2 + 1, cos = √
2 2 2 2 t2 + 1
x t 2
and sin =√ . So, dx = 2 dt. Using double angle formula, we get:
2 t2 + 1 t +1
2
x
2
x 1 t2 1 − t2
cos x = cos − sin = − =
2 2 t2 + 1 t2 + 1 t2 + 1
So, after the substitution, we get:
Z Z Z
1 1 2 1
dx = 2 2
dt = dt
1 − cos x 1−t
1 − t2 +1 t + 1 t2
1 x
= − + C = − cot +C
t 2
Therefore,
Z
1 x
dx = −x − cot +C
sec x − 1 2
Remark: This is an extremely challenging question; do not panic if you do not know
how to solve it!
Page 15 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z 1
2
33) dx
0 e−x +1
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = e−x + 1, and du = −e−x dx, that is
1
dx = − u−1 du. When x = 0, u = 2, and when x = 1, u = e−1 + 1. So, we get:
1 e−1 +1
−2
Z Z
2
dx = du
0 e−x + 1 2 u(u − 1)
Therefore,
e−1 +1
−2
Z
−1
du = (2 ln |u| − 2 ln |u − 1|) |e2 +1 = (2 ln(e−1 + 1) + 2) − (2 ln 2 − 0)
2 u(u − 1)
Z
2
⇒ −x
dx = 2 ln(e−1 + 1) + 2 − 2 ln 2.
e +1
Z
1
34) dc
c2 − 6c + 10
Z
35) f (x)f 0 (x) dx
Page 16 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = f (x), and du = f 0 (x) dx, we get:
Z Z
0 1
f (x)f (x) dx = u du = u2 + C
2
Z
1
⇒ f (x)f 0 (x) dx = (f (x))2 + C
2
Z
1
36) dx
x2 + 4x + 5
Z 2
1
37) dx
0 (3 + 5x)2
Z
38) sin(ln u) du
Page 17 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Using integration by parts twice to compute the integral on the right hand side (see
the solution of question 18 for details), we have that:
Z
1 1
et sin t dt = et sin t − et cos t + C
2 2
Therefore,
Z
1 1 1 1
sin(ln u) du = eln u sin(ln u) − eln u cos(ln u) + C = u sin(ln u) − u cos(ln u) + C
2 2 2 2
Z
39) r(ln r)2 dr
2 ln r
Solution: Using integration by parts with u = (ln r)2 , du = dr, and dv = r dr,
r
r2
v= , we get that:
2
r2 (ln r)2
Z Z
2
r(ln r) dr = − r ln r dr
2
1
Using integration by parts again on the remaining integral with u1 = ln r, du1 = dr,
r
r2
and dv1 = r dr, v1 = , we get that:
2
r2 ln r r2 ln r r2
Z Z
r
r ln r dr = − dr = − +C
2 2 2 4
Therefore,
r2 (ln r)2 r2 ln r r2
Z
2
r(ln r) dr = − + +C
2 2 4
Z
1
40) dx
x3 − x
Page 18 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
41) sec3 u du
Z √
x2 − 2x − 8
42) dx
x−1
Page 19 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
get:
Z √ Z p
t2 − 9 9 sec2 y − 9
Z
dt = 3 sec y tan y dy = 3 tan2 y dy
t 3 sec y
Z
3(sec2 y − 1) dy = 3 tan y − 3y + C
=
Z √ 2
√
x − 2x − 8 3 3 2
3
⇒ dx = 3 tan(arccos ) − 3 arccos + C = t − 9 − 3 arccos +C
x−1 t t t
p
2
3
= (x − 1) − 9 − 3 arccos +C
x−1
Z √
r2 − 1
43) dr
r
Solution:
Using inverse trigonometric substitution with sec s = r, that is, s =
1
arccos , and sec s tan s ds = dr, we get:
r
Z √ 2 Z √ 2
r −1 sec s − 1
Z
dr = sec tan s ds = tan2 s ds
r sec s
Z
= (sec2 s − 1) ds = tan s − s + C
Z √ 2
√
r −1 1 1 1
⇒ dr = tan(arccos ) − arccos + C = r2 − 1 − arccos +C
r r r r
Z
2 2
44) (et + 16)tet dt
2 2
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = et and du = 2tet dt, we get:
Z Z
t2 t2 1 1
(e + 16)te dt = (u + 16) du = u2 + 8u + C
2 4
Z
2 2 1 2 2
⇒ (et + 16)tet dt = e2t + 8et + C
4
√
Z
45) y ln y dy
Page 20 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
1 √
Solution: Using integration by parts with u = ln y, du = dy and dv = y dy,
y
2 3
v = y 2 , we get:
3
√
Z Z
2 3 2 1 2 3 4 3
y ln y dy = y 2 ln y − y 2 dy = y 2 ln y − y 2 + C
3 3 3 9
Z
cos θ
46) dθ
1 + sin2 θ
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = sin θ, and du = cos θ dθ, we have that:
Z Z
cos θ 1
2 dθ = du = arctan u + C
1 + sin θ 1 + u2
Z
cos θ
⇒ dθ = arctan(sin θ) + C
1 + sin2 θ
Z
1
47) √ dx
x2 x2 + 4
2 sec2 u
Z Z Z
1 1 2
√ dx = √ 2 sec u du = du
x2 x2 + 4 4 tan2 u 4 tan2 u + 4 8 tan2 u sec u
cos2 u
Z Z
1
= 2 du = cot u csc u du
4 cos u sin u 4
1 1 x
= − csc u + C = − csc(arctan )+C
4
√ 4 2
x2 + 4
Z
1
⇒ √ dx = − +C
x2 x2 + 4 4x
Z
2
48) tet dt
Page 21 of 22
MATH 105 921 Solutions to Integration Exercises
Z
49) cos(πt) cos(sin(πt)) dt
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = sin(πt) dt, and du = π cos(πt) dt, we
have that:
Z Z
1 1
cos(πt) cos(sin(πt)) dt = cos u du = sin u + C
π π
Z
1
⇒ cos(πt) cos(sin(πt)) dt = sin(cos(πt)) + C
π
Z π
4
50) sin5 (x) dx
0
Solution: Using direct substitution with u = cos x, and du = − sin x dx, when x = 0,
π 1
then u = 1, and when x = , u = √ . We have that:
4 2
Z π Z π Z π
4 4 4
5 2 2
sin (x) dx = (sin (x)) sin x dx = (1 − cos2 x)2 sin x dx
0 0 0
Z √1 Z √1
2 2
= −(1 − u2 )2 du = (−1 + 2u2 − u4 ) du
1 1
2 1 √1
= (−u + u3 − u5 ) |1 2
3 5
1 1 1 2 1 43 8
= (− √ + √ − √ ) − (−1 + − ) = − √ +
2 3 2 20 2 3 5 60 2 15
Z π
4 43 8
⇒ sin5 (x) dx = − √ +
0 60 2 15
Page 22 of 22