Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Styuart Vilyam - Rabota S Obrazami I Simvolami V Psikhologicheskom Konsultirovanii
Styuart Vilyam - Rabota S Obrazami I Simvolami V Psikhologicheskom Konsultirovanii
,0$*(5<$1'6<0%2/,60,1&2816(//,1*
<bevyfKlxZjl
J:;HL: K H;J:A:FB B KBF<HE:FB <
IKBOHEH=BQ?KDHFDHGKMEVLBJH<:GBB
I_j_\h^k Zg]ebckdh]hG: Of_ebd
G_aZ\bkbfZynbjfZ DeZkk
Dgb]Z <bevyfZ KlxejlZ ² m^b\bl_evgh_ aZo\Zlu\Zxs__
iml_r_kl\b_ \ fbj h[jZah\ HgZ Z^j_kh\ZgZ ij_`^_ \k_x _]h
dhee_]Zfikboheh]Zf _ dlh m`_ bkihlum_l h[jZau b kbf\heu ©
k\h_c jZ[hl_ bf_xl \hafh`ghklv jZkrbjblv k\h_ ihgbfZgb_ b
fh`_l[ulvihebgufm]ehf\a]eygmlvgZkh[kl\_ggmxjZ[hlm=_dlh
lhevdh gZqbgZ_l jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb b kbf\heZfb kfh]ml fgh]hfm
gZmqblvky =_ dlh g_ bkihevam_l h[jZau b kbf\heu \ jZ[hl_ k
deb_glZfb fh]ml ijbf_gblv j_dhf_g^Zpbb KlxZjlZ d kZfbf k_[_ b
ijbh[j_klbg_h`b^Zgguc`bag_gguchiulL_jZi_\lbq_kdZyjZ[hlZk
h[jZaZfb ² wlh ih^oh^ ]^_ dhgkmevlZgl gZb[he__ \h\e_q_g \h
\gmlj_ggbc fbj deb_glZ I_j_^ \Zfb ² g_ ijhklh k_jv_agh_
bkke_^h\Zgb_Dgb]Z<bevyfZKlxZjlZ²m\e_dZl_evgh_bgl_j_kgh_
ql_gb_ GZibkZggZy ^hklmigh e_]dh b yjdh hgZ g_khfg_ggh [m^_l
bgl_j_kgZkZfhfmrbjhdhfmqblZl_ex
=eZ\guc j_^Zdlhj b ba^Zl_ev k_jbb EF Djhev GZmqguc
dhgkmevlZglk_jbb?EFboZceh\Z
Bkdexqbl_evgh_ ijZ\h im[ebdZpbb gZ jmkkdhf yaud_
ijbgZ^e_`bl ba^Zl_evkl\m G_aZ\bkbfZy nbjfZ DeZkk <uimkd
ijhba\_^_gby beb _]h njZ]f_glh\ [_a jZaj_r_gby ba^Zl_evkl\Z
kqblZ_lkyijhlb\hijZ\gufb ij_ke_^m_lkyih fdhgm
Hl^_evgu_ wda_fieyju dgb] k_jbb fh`gh ijbh[j_ke b
h[jZlb\rbkvihZ^j_km
Fhkd\ZZy Ikboheh]by
IJ?>BKEH<B?D JMKKDHFMBA>:GBX
Dgb]Z < KlxZjlZ gZibkZgZ \ hkh[hf `Zgj_ dhlhjuc kZf ih
k_[_ _s_ `^_l k\hbo bkke_^h\Zl_e_c AZ\_jrZxs__ky ;; klhe_lb_
h[h]Zlbeh _\jhi_ckdmx ebl_jZlmjm f_fmZjZfb beb bkih\_^vx
ikbohl_jZi_\lh\ ^\b`bfuo q_eh\_q_kdhc ihlj_[ghklvx ih^_eblvky
m^b\bl_evgufb b ihmqbl_evgufb \i_qZle_gbyfb hl k\h_c jZ[hlu
LZd \ dhee_dlb\ghf khagZgbb gZqbgZ_l aZgbfZlv k\h_ ^hklhcgh_
f_klh lZ hkh[Zy j_Zevghklv ^mr_\ghc `bagb dhlhjZy klZgh\blky
^hklmighc gZ[ex^_gbx b dhglZdlm lhevdh \ kemqZ_ djZcg_
m\Z`bl_evgh]hb [_j_`gh]hhlghr_gbyd g_c
Ij_^klZ\e_gby h ikbohl_jZibb f_gyxlky ih f_j_ m]em[e_gby
gZrbo agZgbc h g_baf_ggh hklZxs_cky lZbgkl\_gghc ijbjh^_
[_kkhagZl_evgh]hBaikbohl_jZibb²f_^e_gghihdZ_s_^Ze_dhg_
\_a^_ b \k_]^Z gh \_jgh ² moh^bl ihgylb_ [hevghc
^_eZxs__
q_eh\_dZ iZkkb\guf b kdhj[guf ghkbl_e_f lh]h beb bgh]h gZ[hjZ
kbfilhfh\ <k_ [hevr_ gZ[bjZ_l kbem agZgb_ lh]h qlh \ j_amevlZl_
jZaghh[jZaguo ijbqbg fu ihl_jyeb dhglZdl k kh[kl\_gguf
[_kkhagZl_evguf Z lZd gZau\Z_fu_ g_\jhlbq_kdb_ b
ikbohkhfZlbq_kdb_kbfilhfuij_^klZ\eyxlkh[hck [hevrbfljm^hf
^hr_^rb_ ^h gZk h[ju\db njZa g_ i_j_klZxs_]h h[jZsZlvky d gZf
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h
IulZykv]h\hjblvk gZfbgZihgylghfgZfyaud_kbfilhfh\
kZfh_ [hevr__ q_]h hgh fh`_l ^hklbqv ² h[jZlblv gZ k_[y gZr_
\gbfZgb_?keb`_fu`_eZ_fijh^he`blv^bZeh]b ihemqblvhl\_lu
gZ \Z`gu_ ^ey k_[y \hijhku g_h[oh^bfh ijbklmiblv d bamq_gbx
yaudZ kh[kl\_ggh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h DZd ba\_klgh emqrbc kihkh[
bamq_gby yaudZ ² ih]jmablvky \ j_Zebb lhc kljZgu ]^_ ]h\hjyl gZ
wlhfyaud_
J_]meyjgh i_j_oh^y \ khklhygb_ kgZ dZ`^uc ba gZk ihemqZkl
\hafh`ghklv m[_^blvky \ lhf qlh j_Zebb gZrbo kgh\b^_gbc ² wlh
qZklhkbevgu_wfhpbhgZevgu_\i_qZle_gbyhijZ\e_ggu_\ h[jZaub
kbf\heu x\_ebjhf ² [_kkhagZl_evguf Gh kgh\b^_gby ² gk
_^bgkl\_ggucimlvd \aZbfh^_ckl\bxk kbf\hebq_kdhcj_Zevghklvx
<KlxZjl ij_^eZ]Z_l k\hb aZibkdb iml_r_kl\_ggbdZ dhlhjuc jZa b
gZ\k_]^Z ihdhj_g hldju\rbfky _fm fbjhf khldZgguf ba
fgh]hh[jZaby kbf\hebq_kdbo kh[ulbc b kx`_lh\ hdZau\Zxsbo
j_rZxs__\ebygb_gZlhqlhfugZau\Z_fj_Zevghc`bagvx
:\lhj JZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb b kbf\heZfb g_ i_j_]jm`Z_l
qblZl_ey l_hjbyfb b ih^oh^Zfb mihfbgZy lhevdh lhl g_h[oh^bfuc
fbgbfmf ij_^klZ\e_gbc dhlhjuc ^hklZlhq_g ^ey ihgbfZgby lh]h
qlh fh`_l khijh\h`^Zlv ^bZeh] ^\mo ex^_c gZ
ikbohl_jZi_\lbq_kdhf k_Zgk_ Ijb wlhf qblZl_ev gb gZ k_dmg^m g_
aZ[u\Z_lqlh_]h\_^_lhiulguciml_r_kl\_ggbdb ijh\h^gbd
G_gZ\yaqb\hgh\k_]^Zhq_gvmf_klghhgij_^eZ]Z_l \_khfu_
j_dhf_g^Zpbb d dhlhjuf klhbl k_jv_agh ijbkemrZlvky b
ijhn_kkbhgZeZfdhgkmevlbjmxsbf^jm]boex^_cb l_fdlhlhevdh
gZqbgZ_l m^_eylv ^he`gh_ \gbfZgb_ ijh[e_fZf k\h_c ^mr_\ghc
j_ZevghklbZ lZd`_lhcjhebdhlhjmx\ gbob]jZ_lkbf\he
?dZl_jbgZS_j[Zdh\Z
IJ?>BKEH<B?
WlZ dgb]Z bkke_^m_l ie_gbl_evguc fbj \hh[jZ`_gby b _]h
ijbf_g_gb_ \ ikboheh]bq_kdhf dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb >ey f_gy wlh
[uehebqgh_iml_r_kl\b_dhlhjh_ijb^Zeh]em[bgmfh_cjZ[hl_gh
djhf_ lh]h wlh klZeh hk\h[h`^_gb_f >h hldjulby h[jZah\ fhy
jZ[hlZdhgkmevlZglZ\ agZqbl_evghcf_j_hkgh\u\ZeZkvgZqm\kl\_b
jZafure_gbb b fh_c bglmbpbb gk iha\heyehkv jZa\blvky \ iheghc
f_j_GZqZ\bkihevah\Zlvh[jZauy hkhagZejh`^_gb_p_eh]hgh\h]h
fbjZ ihegh]h \hegmxsbo b Z[khexlgh g_ij_^kdZam_fuo
\hafh`ghkl_cb bklbg
Fh_dj_s_gb_dZdlZdh\h_ijhreh^\mfyimlyfbq_j_ahiul
b h[jZah\Zgb_ \ jZfdZo ljZgki_jkhgZevghb ikboheh]bb b ZgZeba
kgh\b^_gbb dhgkmevlZglhf xg]h\kdhc rdheu Y hlghrm k\h_
h[jZs_gb_d kebygbx^\mowlboiml_chdhehiylgZ^pZlbe_lgZaZ^
DZd y kdZaZe hiul [ue ebqgh hk\h[h`^Zxsbf gh hg lZd`_
j_\hexpbhggh baf_gbe f_lh^ dhlhjuc y ijbf_gye \ jZ[hl_ k
deb_glZfb Fg_ gjZ\blky kqblZlv qlh b ^h wlh]h y [ue ^hklZlhqgh
\ujZabl_e_g gh bf_ggh khagZl_evgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ bglmbpbb ^Zeh
fg_ \hafh`ghklv ^mfZlv \ l_jfbgZo h[jZah\ ij_^klZ\eyy qm\kl\Z
deb_glZb ih^Z\Zywlbh[jZaudZd\hafh`ghklvK fh_cklhjhgu[ueh
[u \ukhdhf_jb_f iheZ]Zlv qlh y \k_]^Z [ue ijZ\ ² wlh ^Ze_dh g_
lZd ² gh lh qlh y g_ \k_]^Z ijZ\ g_ bf__l agZq_gby kdZaZlv
ijZ\bevgmx\_svgk\k_]^Z\hafh`ghWlhlf_lh^iha\hey_ldeb_glm
m\b^_lvqlhfuiulZ_fky ih^h[jZlvky[eb`_
H^gbfbakZfuoi_j\uokemqZ_\dhlhjucaZi_qZle_eky\ fh_c
iZfylb[uekemqZc>`_cg
^ZfudhlhjZy\klj_lbeZkvkhfghcbaaZ
lh]hqlhf_`^mg_cb ;Zjjb\hagbdehgZijy`_gb_lZddZd>`_cgg_
fh]eZ bf_lv ^_l_c Wlh h[klhyl_evkl\h y\eyehkv p_gljZevguf
imgdlhf \ _]h hkgh\_ e_`Zeh lh qlh >`_cg [ueZ hq_gv gZijy`_gZ
ihklhygghjZ[hlZeZb `beZih^[hevrbf^Z\e_gb_fY h[mqbe>`_cg
b ;Zjjb l_ogbd_ ]em[hdhc j_eZdkZpbb dhlhjZy ihfh]eZ mf_gvrblv
h[s__ gZijy`_gb_ Dh]^Z >`_cg hk\hbeZ j_eZdkZpbx b fu k g_c
[ueb \f_kl_ y \\_e __ \ h[jZau b h[gZjm`be qlh hgZ fZkl_jkdb
bkihevam_l k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ < h^ghc ba kp_g hgZ hdZaZeZkv gZ
^hjh]_ \_^ms_c \ e_k Z aZl_f gZ iheygm >`_cg y\gh h]hjqbeZkv
dh]^Z h]ey^_eZ iheygm hkh[_ggh dh]^Z ihkfhlj_eZ gZ [hevrh_
^_j_\h
DhgkmevlZgl nj_c^h\kdhc rdheu \hafh`gh kdZaZe [u k_[_
:]ZnZeebq_kdbckbf\he²b wlh[ueh[u\iheg_\hafh`ghghy
j_^dhlhedmxkbf\heu^eykZfh]hk_[ybeb^eydeb_glZ<f_klhwlh]h
y ihijhkbe>`_cgjZkkfhlj_lv^_j_\hkh\k_oklhjhgb hibkZlvqlh
hgZ ijb wlhf qm\kl\m_l AZdju\ ]eZaZ deb_gldZ khkj_^hlhqbeZkv gZ
k\hbo \gmlj_ggbo dZjlbgZo _keb [u ]eZaZ [ueb hldjulu hgZ y
iheZ]Zx\u]ey^_eZ[ubkim]Zgghcb dhg_qgh__ ebph\kiuogmeh[u
Y ih[m`^Ze >`_cg ijb[ebablvky d ^_j_\m gZklhevdh qlh[u
qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[ydhfnhjlgh<ufh`_l_h[o\Zlblv_]hjmdZfb"HgZ
ihdZqZeZ]heh\hcWlhjZgblf_gy<ufh`_l_ijhklhijhlygmlvd
g_fm jmdb" Dh]^Z hgZ ihlygmeZkv d ^_j_\m ohly b gk dhkgm\rbkv
_]h lh gZqZeZ ieZdZlv b ^jh`Zlv Gk m\_j_g ihq_fm y kijhkbe __
Kdhevdh\Zfe_l"ghy wlhk^_eZe>`_cghl\_lbeZqlh_c^\Z]h^Z
hgZ klhbl \ djh\Zld_ \ [hevgbp_ b ieZq_l h k\h_c fZf_ dhlhjZy __
hklZ\beZ >h kbo ihj hgZ ihgZklhys_fm ju^Z_l dh]^Z \ iZfylb
h`b\Z_l wlh kh[ulb_ ihqlb ljb^pZlbe_lg_c ^Z\ghklb kh[ulb_ h
dhlhjhf ^h lh]h fhf_glZ hgZ gbdh]^Z khagZl_evgh g_ ^mfZeZ HgZ
ihiZeZ\ [hevgbpm^eym^Ze_gby]eZg^
Fg_ohl_ehkv[ukdZaZlvqlhwlhj_rbeh\k_ljm^ghklb>`_cg
b ;Zjjbgh\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbbj_^dh[u\Z_llZdGZkdhevdhy agZx
m gbo lZd b gk [ueh ^_l_c gh wlhl _^bgkl\_gguc kemqZc m\_e gZk k
>`_cg \ pZjkl\h \hafh`gh]h b fu h[Z hkhagZeb qlh \ _]h ]em[bg_
kh^_j`blkyh]jhfgucihl_gpbZe^eyjhklZK lh]h\j_f_gbb ihkbx
ihjm y ijh^he`Zx jZa\b\Zlv wlm aZf_qZl_evgmx kihkh[ghklv
kihkh[ghklvdhlhjZy_klv\ dZ`^hfbagZkkihkh[ghklv\hh[jZ`_gby
Dhg_qghh^gbex^b[he__k\_^msb\ __bkihevah\Zgbbq_f^jm]b_b
y gZ^_xkvqlh\ gZklhys_cdgb]_fuk \ZfbihmqZkl\m_f\ g_dhlhjuo
iml_r_kl\byo ]^_ fg_ ^h\_ehkv khijh\h`^Zlv ex^_c \ bo ihbkd_
p_ehklghklb
Y gZ^_xkvqlh\uj_rbl_kvkh\_jrblvkhfghciml_r_kl\b_\
k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ b bkdj_gg_ \_jx qlh wlh iml_r_kl\b_ [m^_l ^ey
\Zk lZdbf `_ hk\h[h`^Zxsbf dZd b ^ey f_gy Y gZ^_xkv qlh
\\h^gu_ ]eZ\u dhlhju_ ihk\ys_gu l_hjbb g_ hdZ`mlky
[_kieh^gufb g_ [m^ml ljm^gufb dZd \hkoh`^_gb_ gZ ]hjm beb
ih^Z\eyxsbfb dZd kimkd \ ]em[hqZcrmx i_s_jm gh _keb lZd
ih`ZemcklZ ihiulZcl_kv bkihevah\Zlv k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ qlh[u
ihgylv qlh ijhbkoh^bl b ihbkdZlv kihkh[u ij_\jZlblv h[jZa \
qm\kl\h[he__ijb_fe_fh_^ey\Zkb [he__ijhk\_sZxs__
JZa^_euwlhcdgb]bgZibkZgukdhj__dZdiml_r_kl\byq_fdZd
]eZ\ub kh\iZ^Zxlk hkgh\ghcdhgp_ipb_ciml_r_kl\byd [hevr_fm
ihgbfZgbx Dhg_qgh ^ey f_gy jZ[hlZ gZ^ wlhc dgb]hc hdZaZeZkv
aZo\Zlu\Zxsbf iml_r_kl\b_f b y gZ^_xkv qlh \u lh`_ bkiulZ_l_
g_dhlhjuclj_i_ldh]^Zfu[m^_fiml_r_kl\h\Zlv\f_kl_
Fgh]b_dhgp_ipbbb^_bb l_fu^Zgghcdgb]bmgb\_jkZevgub
jZajZ[hlZgu^jm]bfbex^vfbY ihdZaZedZdijbf_gyxboohlywlh
fh`_l g_ kh\iZ^Zlv k jZ[hlhc ^jm]bo dhgkmevlZglh\ b \jZq_c <
aZ\_jr_gb_kdZ`mqlh\ kibkd_ ebl_jZlmju y ij_^ihq_e mih fygmlv
lhevdh l_o Z\lhjh\ d qvbf jZ[hlZf h[jZsZeky \f_klh lh]h qlh[u
ij_^klZ\blv bkq_jiu\Zxsmx [b[ebh]jZnbx beb ihdZaZlv dZd
bkihevamxlh[jZau^jm]b_dhgkmevlZglu
QZklvi_j\Zy
><?G:>P:LVIML?R?KL<BCIH H;J:A:F
I_j\h_iml_r_kl\b_MKL:GH<D:
< wlhc dgb]_ ^\_ qZklb QZklv i_j\Zy agZdhfbl qblZl_ey k
ijbgpbiZfb ijZdlbdb ijbf_g_gby h[jZah\ hibjZykv gZ bamq_gb_
ebqguokemqZ_\qlh[uijhbeexkljbjh\Zlv^Zggu_ijbgpbiuQZklv
\lhjZykhklhblbabamq_gbyihdZaZl_evguokemqZ_\
< h[jZaZo fgh]h_ k\yaZgh k fbnhf Z qlh[u ihgylv fbn
q_eh\_dm ijboh^blky bkihevah\Zlv \hh[jZ`_gb_ >_ckl\bl_evgh
qlh[u bkihevah\Zlv h[jZau ijboh^blky mf_lv \j_f_ggh hlkljZgylv
\Z`g_crmx `bag_ggmx nmgdpbx ² fure_gb_ b __ [ebadmx
jh^kl\_ggbpm eh]bdm \ \hh[jZ`_gbb g_l gbq_]h eh]bqgh]h WlZ
hkh[Zy fh^_ev jZ[hlu fh`_l ij_^klZ\eylv aZljm^g_gb_ ^ey l_o
ex^_c dhlhjuf \k_]^Z gm`gh bkdZlv h[tykg_gb_ b dhlhju_ \k_]^Z
\b^yl\_sbq_jgh[_eufb
Wlh hlghkblky dZd d deb_glZf lZd b d dhgkmevlZglZf
G_dhlhju_ deb_glu gZklhevdh aZo\Zq_gu nZdlZfb fure_gb_f b
eh]bdhcqlh\hijhkuDZdwlh\u]ey^bl^ey\Zk"beb Ij_^klZ\vl_
k_[_ \u gZ \_jrbg_ ]hju qlh \u \b^bl_" klZgh\ylky ijbqbghc bo
haZ^Zq_ggh]h \a]ey^Z beb y\guo ijbagZdh\ ^bkdhfnhjlZ AgZqbl k
lZdbfb deb_glZfb ijb^_lky jZ[hlZlv gZ lhf mjh\g_ ]^_ hgb
qm\kl\mxl k_[y dhfnhjlgh <gZqZe_ ho\Zq_gguc wglmabZafhf ih
ih\h^m k\h_]h gh\hh[j_l_ggh]h hk\h[h`^_gby y \hh[jZ`Ze qlh
dZ`^uc deb_gl kfh`_l jZ[hlZlv \ lhc `_ fZg_j_ gh wlh g_ lZd \h
\kydhfkemqZ_gk[hevr_q_fwlhfh]ml\k_dhgkmevlZglu
H[jZau ijyfhlZdb ijhju\Zxlky q_j_a dhgljhev jZamfZ
dhlhjuc lZd qZklh [ehdbjm_l \oh^ \ qm\kl\Z Wlh g_ hagZqZ_l qlh
deb_gl l_jy_l dhgljhev ih^h[gh_ gZf_j_gb_ [ueh [u kebrdhf
im]Zxsbfbdhg_qghijhlb\hj_qbeh[up_eyfl_jZibbDeb_glu\k_
\j_fy iheghklvx khagZxl qlh ijhbkoh^bl b dm^Z bo \_^_l
\hh[jZ`_gb_ohlybfg_ykghihq_fm b g_ba\_kl_gj_amevlZl
IkbobdZ dhgljhebjm_l ^_ckl\b_ b q_f [hevr_ y jZ[hlZx k
h[jZaZfb l_f [hevr_ \_jx \ ijZ\beh ikbobdZ _keb _c ^h\_jylv
[m^_l gZijZ\eylv jZ[hlm d p_ehklghklb b bgl_]jZpbb Wlh
ih^jZamf_\Z_l ^h\_jb_ d deb_glm b \_jm \ lh qlh \gmljb deb_glZ
g_qlh jZ[hlZ_l \ _]h bgl_j_kZo Wlh hagZqZ_l dh_qlh _s_
khljm^gbq_kl\hf_`^mikbobdhcdeb_glZb ikbobdhcdhgkmevlZglZ
Ij_`^_ q_f ^\b]Zlvky ^Zevr_ jZkkfhljbf ljb ihgylby
khagZl_evgh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_b dhee_dlb\gh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_
KhagZl_evgh_
KhagZl_evgh_ ih Nj_c^m wlh h^gZ ba h[eZkl_c jZamfZ
dhlhjZy \f_kl_ k ij_^khagZl_evguf b [_kkhagZl_evguf h[jZam_l
ikbobdm Nj_c^ hibkZe khagZl_evgh_ dZd hj]Zg qm\kl\ W]h
KhagZl_evgh_ \ hlebqb_ hl ij_^khagZl_evgh]h b [_kkhagZl_evgh]h
hldjulh^eyg_f_^e_ggh]hihgbfZgby<k_nmgdpbbW]h²ijh\_jdZ
j_Zevghklb\hkijbylb_gZ[ex^_gb_b hp_gdZ²gZoh^ylkygZmjh\g_
khagZl_evgh]h G_dhlhju_ nmgdpbb Kmi_jW]h ² djblbdZ b kh\_klv
² lZd`_ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf khagZl_evgu_ AZsblgu_ f_oZgbafu b
p_gamjZ g_ gZoh^ylky \gmljb khagZl_evgh]h B ih\_^_gq_kdZy b
]mfZgbklbq_kdZy b dh]gblb\gZy l_jZiby ^_eZxl Zdp_gl gZ jZ[hl_ k
khagZl_evguf gZijyfmx \ m\_j_gghklb qlh lhevdh gZ[ex^Z_fh_
fh`gh^hklh\_jghbgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv
Ij_^khagZl_evgh_²wlhh[eZklvjZamfZf_`^mkhagZl_evguf
b [_kkhagZl_evguf ² ijboh`Zy khagZgby ?]h lZd`_ gZau\Zxl
hibkZl_evguf [_kkhagZl_evguf beb ^hkhagZgb_f Kh^_j`Zgb_
ij_^khagZl_evgh]h agZgby wfhpbb h[jZau ohly b g_
ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh \ khagZgbb ^hklmigu _fm ihlhfm
qlhp_gamjZhlkmlkl\m_lFZl_jbZefh`_l[ulvhibkZgdZd\j_f_ggh
aZ[uluc ih^Z\e_g gh g_ \ul_kg_g Ij_^khagZl_evgh_ \Z`gh \
ijhjZ[hld_ ijhp_kk_ g_h[oh^bfhf ^ey mdj_ie_gby ihgbfZgby
^hklb]gmlh]h[eZ]h^Zjybgl_jij_lZpbb
;_kkhagZl_evgh_
Hlghkblky d f_glZevguf ijhp_kkZf dhlhju_ km[t_dl g_
hkhagZ_l< ikbohZgZeba_wlhqZklvikbobdbb deZ^h\Zy\ul_kg_ggh]h
fZl_jbZeZdhlhjh]hbg^b\b^mmfg_ihgbfZ_lkhagZl_evghHldjulb_
debgbq_kdh]hagZq_gby[_kkhagZl_evgh]hklZehdjZ_m]hevgufdZfg_f
ikbohZgZebaZ
< ZgZeblbq_kdhc xg]h\kdhc ikboheh]bb [_kkhagZl_evgh_
ij_^klZ\e_gh
Ebqguf [_kkhagZl_evguf ² ih\_joghklguf keh_f
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h Wlh lh qlh ebqghklv ijbh[j_lZ_l gZ \k_f
ijhly`_gbb `bagb \k_ aZ[ulh_ ih^Z\e_ggh_ ih^khagZl_evgh
ihklb]gmlh_h[^mfZggh_b ijhqm\kl\h\Zggh_Z lZd`_dhfie_dku
Dhee_dlb\guf [_kkhagZl_evguf ² l_fb Zki_dlZfb
ikbobdb dhlhju_ y\eyxlky h[sbfb ^ey q_eh\_q_kl\Z \ p_ehf Wlh
qZklv [_kkhagZl_evgh]h dZ`^h]h q_eh\_dZ b hgZ hlebqZ_lky hl
ebqgh]h[_kkhagZl_evgh]hdhlhjh_\hagbdZ_lbahiulZbg^b\b^mmfZ
Dhee_dlb\gh_ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ kh^_j`bl Zjo_lbiu dhlhju_
\ujZ`Zxl k_[y dZd mgb\_jkZevgu_ ijbfblb\gu_ h[jZau
gZdhie_ggu_ \_dZfb kd\hav dmevlmju :jo_lbi ih hlghr_gbx d
dhee_dlb\ghfm [_kkhagZl_evghfm ² wlh lh `_ qlh dhfie_dk ih
hlghr_gbx d ebqghfm [_kkhagZl_evghfm LZd dZd fZl_jbZe
dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h gbdh]^Z g_ kms_kl\h\Ze \
khagZl_evghf hg g_ \ul_kgy_lky IjbagZdb xg]h\kdh]h
dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h fh`gh gZclb \ fbnZo e_]_g^Zo
gZjh^guo kdZadZo \her_[guo kdZadZo b kgh\b^_gbyo <h \j_fy kgZ
fZl_jbZe dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h g_ gZoh^blky ih^
dhgljhe_fkhagZl_evgh]hjZamfZb wlhlfZl_jbZe\ue_lZ_lbag_]h\
nhjf_kgh\beb\b^_gbc
KhagZl_evgh_ijhlb\[_kkhagZl_evgh]h
JZaebqby f_`^m khagZl_evguf b [_kkhagZl_evguf fh]eb [u
jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd dhgljZkl f_`^m jZpbhgZevguf b
bjjZpbhgZevguf ih\_^_gb_f beb f_`^m ijhba\hevguf b
g_ijhba\hevguf ^_ckl\b_f Bo fh`gh ijh\_klb lZd`_ lZf ]^_ fu
j_rZ_fkhkj_^hlhqblvkhagZl_evgh_\gbfZgb_\ ijhlb\hj_qb_lhfm
h q_ffug_^mfZ_fbebq_]hg_aZf_qZ_f
Kbf\hebq_kdbcyaud²[m^vlhfbnbeb\her_[gZykdZadZ²
q_j_a Zee_]hjbx beb f_lZnhjm qZklh ijb\e_dZ_l \gbfZgb_ d
[_kkhagZl_evghfmkh^_j`ZgbxikbobdbGZr_\gbfZgb_fh`_l[ulv
ijb\e_q_gh d l_fghfm b ^_kljmdlb\ghfm ihl_gpbZem
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h gh hgh `_ fh`_l kem`blv klbfmehf h[gZjm`_gby
kijylZgguokhdjh\bsfh`_lh[h]ZlblvgZrmkhagZl_evgmx`bagv
F_`^mkhagZl_evgufb [_kkhagZl_evgufg_kms_kl\m_lq_ldhc
]jZgbpu HgZ g_ ihoh`Z gZ ;_jebgkdmx kl_gm beb dhexqmx
ijh\hehdm \hdjm] lxjvfu wlh kdhj__ \hh[jZ`Z_fZy ebgby Fgh]b_
ikbobq_kdb_ nmgdpbb gZoh^ylky \ kn_j_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h
BeexkljZpb_c wlh]h nZdlZ y\ey_lky Z\lhghfgZy g_j\gZy kbkl_fZ
l_eZdhlhjZydhgljhebjm_l\k_`bag_ggu_nmgdpbb b ^_ckl\m_l \g_
gZr_]h khagZl_evgh]h dhgljhey Gh ijb wlhf gZ __ wnn_dlb\gh_
nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_kbevgh\eby_lgZr_ih\_^_gb_
Fh`ghijb\_klblZdhcijbf_j>`h^mfZ_l qlhm g_]hjZdb
wlhih\urZ_lmjh\_gv_]hlj_\h]bWlh\ k\hxhq_j_^v\ha^_ckl\m_l
gZ qZklv Z\lhghfghc g_j\ghc kbkl_fu hl\_qZxs_c aZ `_em^hqgmx
k_dj_pbx lZdbf h[jZahf ih\urZy \u^_e_gb_ `_em^hqgh]h khdZ \
ibs_\Zjbl_evgucljZdlBa[ulhddbkehlufh`_l\ua\ZlvgZijbf_j
ba`h]m beb om`_ lh]h [ulv ijbqbghc ya\ Ya\_ggZy [hev iexk
ba`h]Z_s_[hevr_m[_`^Zxl>`h\ lhf qlh m g_]h jZd JZaebqgu_
l_klu h[gZjm`b\Zxl ih^ebggmx ijbqbgm gh mjh\_gv lj_\h]b >`h
gZklhevdh \ukhd qlh hg ^mfZ_l h g_ijZ\bevghf ^bZ]gha_
ihklZ\e_gghf\jZqZfbb _]hkhklhygb_klZgh\blkyojhgbq_kdbf
Wlh ^hklZlhqgh ijhklZy gh \iheg_ lbibqgZy beexkljZpby
\aZbfh^_ckl\by f_`^m khagZl_evguf b [_kkhagZl_evguf Fure_gb_
gZoh^blky\ pZjkl\_khagZl_evgh]hgh_]h\ebygb_jZkijhkljZgy_lky
gZ[_kkhagZl_evgu_ijhp_kku\ hj]Zgbaf_
>jm]Zy \Z`gZy ]jZgv [_kkhagZl_evgh]h ² lh qlh fu
gZke_^m_f b bf_ggh a^_kv fu gZqbgZ_f ijhgbdZlv \ xg]h\kdh_
dhee_dlb\gh_ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ b ^_ckl\bl_evgh bf_ggh a^_kv
]jZgbpZ f_`^m ebqguf [_kkhagZl_evguf b dhee_dlb\guf
[_kkhagZl_evgufj_rbl_evghg_ykgZG_qlhq_fy g_]hj`mkvghqlh
dhg_qgh kms_kl\m_l \ fh_f ebqghf dhee_dlb\ghf [_kkhagZl_evghf
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc nZdl qlh dlhlh ba fhbo ij_^dh\ aZgbfZeky
lhj]h\e_c jZ[Zfb f_`^m <_klBg^bkc b ;jblZgb_c >h \iheg_
aj_eh]h \hajZklZ wlhl nZdl [ue fg_ g_ba\_kl_g b l_f g_ f_g__ k
^_lkl\Z f_gy [_kihdhbeh iheh`_gb_ ih[_`^_gghc klhjhgu b y
\uoh^be ba k_[y dh]^Z mihfbgZehkv jZ[kl\h \ dZdhceb[h nhjf_
L_i_jvy iheZ]ZxqlhijhgbdZe\ dhee_dlb\gh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_
<hkihfbgZgb_ h k\hbo ij_^dZo ² wlh h^bg ba kihkh[h\
ihemq_gby ^hklmiZ d dhgnebdlZf kh[kl\_ggh]h \gmlj_gg_]h fbjZ
Djh\v fhbo ij_^dh\ l_q_l \ fhbo `beZo djh\v [e_klysbo b
fm`_kl\_gguo ij_^dh\ lZd `_ dZd djh\v iZjrb\uo h\_p b
ij_klmigbdh\ Fu ^he`gu [ulv ]hlh\u ijbclb d lZdhfm `_
kh]eZr_gbxk l_g_\hcklhjhghc gZrbo ij_^dh\ dZd k njZ]f_glZfb
dhlhju_gZfgjZ\ylky
J_Zevgh_jZaebqb_f_`^mkhagZgb_fb [_kkhagZl_evgufe_`bl
\ jZaebqbb f_`^m jZpbhgZevguf b bjjZpbhgZevguf Kbf\heu
klj_fylky \u\_klb gZ k\_l lh qlh y\ey_lky bjjZpbhgZevguf b
g_ijhba\hevguf qlh[u _]h fh`gh [ueh ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlv \
ih^oh^ysb_ hlghr_gby k jZpbhgZevghc klhjhghc >h l_o ihj ihdZ
we_f_glu hklZxlky \ [_kkhagZl_evghf hgb [m^ml ^_ckl\h\Zlv dZd
iylZydhehggZqe_gudhlhjhcijbl\hjyxlkyehyevgufbghlhevdhb
`^mlkemqZyqlh[uij_^Zlv
Kbf\heu kZfb ih k_[_ g_ p_ev ^ey gZk wlh jZ[hqbc
bgkljmf_gl k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h jZa^\b]Zxl ]jZgbpu b jZkrbjyxl
kn_jm khagZgby GZfgh]h emqr_ \uclb \h \k_hjm`bb qlh[u
\klj_lblvky k ihl_gpbZevgh \jZ`^_[gufb kbeZfb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h
q_fiulZlvkyhljZ`ZlvgZiZ^_gb_k lueZg_ih^oh^ysbfhjm`b_f
GZklZeh\j_fy\\_klb_s_^\Zl_jfbgZikbobdZ b Zjo_lbiu
IkbobdZ
KlZj_cr__ b gZb[he__ h[s__ agZq_gb_ keh\Z ikbobdZ
ijhbkoh^bl ba ^j_\g_]j_q_kdh]h yaudZ ]^_ _]h mihlj_[eyeb \
agZq_gbb ^mrZ beb kZfZy kmlv `bagb \ deZkkbq_kdhc fbnheh]bb
wlhaZ]eZ\gZy]_jhbgybklhjbbh Dmib^hg_b Ikbo__G_dbc]j_q_kdbc
pZjv bf_e lj_o ^hq_j_c feZ^rZy ba dhlhjuo Ikbo_y [ueZ lZd
ij_djZkgZqlhex^bihdehgyebkv_cb ij_g_[j_]Zeb<_g_jhc<_g_jZ
:njh^blZ ihaZ\b^h\ZeZ k\h_c khi_jgbp_ gZklhevdh qlh ihkeZeZ
k\h_]h kugZ Dmib^hgZ WjhkZ ijbdZaZ\ _fm aZklZ\blv Ikbo_x
\ex[blvky \ dZdh]hgb[m^v [_ah[jZagh]h klZjbdZ <f_klh wlh]h
Dmib^hg kZf ihex[be Ikbo_x Hg kdZaZe Ikbo__ qlh _c g_evay _]h
\b^_lvghh^gZ`^ughqvxdh]^ZhgZkfhlj_eZgZkiys_]hDmib^hgZ
ijb k\_l_eZfiu gZ g_]h miZeZ dZiey fZkeZ hg ijhkgmeky b me_l_e
Ikbo_y [ueZ \ hlqZygbb b bkdZeZ _]h ih\kx^m GZdhg_p hgZ
ihdhjbeZkv <_g_j_ dhlhjZy ^ZeZ _c q_luj_ g_\uihegbfuo aZ^Zgby
jZkkhjlbjh\Zlv h]jhfgmx ]hjm jZaguo k_fyg ih khhl\_lkl\mxsbf
dmqZf ^h[ulv ahehlh_ jmgh kljZrguo [ZjZgh\ KhegpZ gZihegblv
ojmklZevguckhkm^bag_^hklmighcj_dbkimklblvky\ ih^a_fgucfbj
b gZihegblvfZe_gvdmxdhjh[hqdmfZavxdjZkhluIhke_^g__aZ^Zgb_
[ueh hkh[_ggh ljm^guf ihlhfm qlh Ikbo__ ijbrehkv aZdjulv k\h_
k_j^p_^eykhkljZ^ZgbyIkbo_y\uihegbeZ\k_aZ^Zgbyi_j\u_ljbk
ihfhsvx fmjZ\v_\ a_e_gh]h ljhklgbdZ b hjeZ Ihke_^g__ aZ^Zgb_
hgZ \uihegbeZ ljb`^u kdZaZ\ g_l \ hl\_l gZ fhev[u ex^_c
Dmib^hg m]h\hjbe A_\kZ hlpZ [h]h\ iha\heblv _fm `_gblvky gZ
Ikbo__ A_\k kh]eZkbeky b Ikbo_y klZeZ [_kkf_jlghc =j_q_kdh_
keh\h h[hagZqZxs__ ^mrm ² ikbobdZ b \ ]j_q_kdhf nhevdehj_
ikbobdZbeb^mrZbeb^mobah[jZ`Z_lky\ \b^_[Z[hqdb^mrZbeb
^mo hlebqgu_ hl l_eZ jZamf nmgdpbhgbjmxsbc dZd p_glj fukeb
qm\kl\Z b ih\_^_gby b khagZl_evgh beb [_kkhagZl_evgh
ijbkihkZ[eb\Zxsbc b k\yau\Zxsbc l_eh k _]h khpbZevghc b
ikbobq_kdhckj_^hc
< ZgZeblbq_kdhcikboheh]bbikbobdZ²wlhh[sZykmffZ\k_o
khagZl_evguo b [_kkhagZl_evguo ikbobq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ >mrZ
jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd kmffZ bg^b\b^mZevghklb \dexqZxsZy \ k_[y
i_jkhgm²\g_rg__ebphbebnb]mjmfZkdm²:gbfZ\ fm`qbgZob
:gbfmk\ `_gsbgZo²\gmlj_ggxxnb]mjmbebebph
Fbnbq_kdbc jhfZg h ^_\mrd_ Ikbo__ b Dmib^hg_ \
^_ckl\bl_evghklb y\ey_lky Zee_]hjb_c h khxa_ ^mrb b l_eZ b bo
ihke_^mxs_fjZa^_e_gbb
:jo_lbiu
:jo_lbi ² wlh i_j\h[ulguc h[jZa i_jkhgZ` beb fh^_ev
dhlhjuc ih\lhjy_lky \ ebl_jZlmj_ b fure_gbb ^hklZlhqgh
ihklhyggh qlh[u kqblZlvky mgb\_jkZevguf ihgylb_f :jo_lbi ²
wlh mgZke_^h\ZggZy \hafh`ghklv jZaebqZlv b i_j_`b\Zlv lbibqgu_
bebihqlbmgb\_jkZevgu_kblmZpbbbebfh^_ebih\_^_gby:jo_lbiu
y\eyxlky hkgh\hc xg]h\kdh]h dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h Hgb
khhl\_lkl\mxl lZdhfm hiulm dZd ijhlb\hklhygb_ kf_jlb beb \u[hj
kmijm]Zb kbf\hebq_kdbijhy\eyxlky\ j_eb]byofbnZo\her_[guo
kdZadZokgh\b^_gbyob nZglZabyo
:jo_lbiubf_xll_g^_gpbx]jmiibjh\Zlvky\hdjm]hkgh\guo
beb mgb\_jkZevguo kemqZ_\ \ `bagb lZdbo dZd jh`^_gb_ [jZd
fZl_jbgkl\h kf_jlv b jZaemdZ :jo_lbiu hklZxlky kdjulufb ihdZ
hgb g_ magZgu b g_ hkhagZgu b g_kml kbevguc aZjy^ wg_j]bb
dhlhjhfm ebqghklb hdZau\Z_lky ljm^gh khijhlb\eylvky :jo_lbiu
ijh[m`^Zxlqm\kl\ZaZl_fgyxlj_Zebbb h\eZ^_\Zxl\he_c
<k_ ikbobq_kdb_ h[jZau ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb ijhgbdZxl \
Zjo_lbibq_kdhk Wlh ijhbkoh^bl ihlhfm qlh kgu bf_xl kbevgh_
^moh\gh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ < fhf_glu djbabkZ dh]^Z W]h gZb[he__
mya\bfhdh]^Zh[uqgu_f_oZgbafudhgljheyg_^_ckl\mxlZjo_lbiu
kihkh[gu ihy\eylvky b fh]ml h\eZ^_\Zlv q_eh\_dhf :jo_lbiu g_
klZlbqgu b g_ nbdkbjh\Zgu dZ`^h_ gh\h_ ihdhe_gb_ ihihegy_l
aZiZk Zjo_lbih\ \ dhee_dlb\ghf [_kkhagZl_evghf < Ijbeh`_gbb
i_j_qbke_gug_dhlhju_ijbf_juZjo_lbih\
JZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb hk\h[h`^Z_l wg_j]bx deb_glZ ihlhfm qlh
[hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h fZl_jbZeZ ijb\yaZgh d Zjo_lbiZf b
dhee_dlb\ghfm [_kkhagZl_evghfm < ^hiheg_gb_ d wlhfm
\hh[jZ`_gb_ jZ[hlZ_l k kbf\heZfb Z kbf\heu ih^h[gh
kgh\b^_gbyf hljZ`Zxl khklhygb_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h DZd ex[mx
kihkh[ghklv \hh[jZ`_gb_ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv fm^jh beb
g_ijZ\bevgh ^ey ihablb\gh]h beb g_]Zlb\gh]h G_\_jgh_
bkihevah\Zgb_ \hh[jZ`_gby fh`_l ijb\_klb gZk d hljbpZl_evguf
qm\kl\Zf ih ih\h^m kZfbo k_[y L_jZi_\lbq_kdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_
\hh[jZ`_gbyaZgbfZ_lkybf_gghl_fqlhh[e_dZ_lqm\kl\Z\ h[jZauZ
wlhaZl_f^_eZ_l\hafh`ghcjZ[hlmk gbfb
GZah\_f q_luj_ hkgh\gu_ nmgdpbb ikbobdb bglmbpby
hsms_gby fure_gb_ b qm\kl\Z DZ`^Zy ba gbo ih^oh^bl d
j_Zevghklb kh k\h_c lhqdhc aj_gby b kh k\hbf \hijhkhf DZ`^Zy
hk\Zb\Z_l k\hx qZklv j_Zevghklb Qlh[u ijh^\bgmlvky d bamq_gbx
l\hjq_kl\Z b _]h mf_klghklb \ h[jZaZo k_cqZk wlb q_luj_ nmgdpbb
jZkkfZljb\Zxlky k g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gvx ]em[bgu b aZdexqbl_evguc
hlju\hdi_j\h]himl_r_kl\by^he`_gbkke_^h\Zlvl hqlh]h\hjblh[
bg^b\b^mZevghklbXg]
L_hjby Xg]Zh[bg^b\b^mZevghklblbiZ
R\_cpZjkdbc ikbobZlj DZje =mklZ\ Xg] ²
jZajZ[hlZe k\hx l_hjbx ikboheh]bq_kdbo lbih\ qlh[u ihfhqv
ex^yfjZkihagZ\Zlvb ihgbfZlvhkgh\gu_ebqghklgu_jZaebqby
Ljbxg]h\kdboiZjZf_ljZ
WdkljZ\_jkbybgljh\kjkby
Hsms_gb_bglmbpby
Fure_gb_qm\kl\h
< wlhc dgb]_ [m^ml jZkkfhlj_gu lhevdh q_luj_ nmgdpbb
hsms_gbybglmbpbbfure_gbyqm\kl\Z
GZqbgZy khagZ\Zlv wlb hkgh\gu_ jZaebqby fu fh`_f emqr_
ihgylv fhlb\Zpbx b ih\_^_gb_ k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_ b ^jm]bo ex^_c
l_jibf__ b m\Z`bl_evg__ hlghkblvky d l_f q_c klbev hlebqZ_lky hl
gZr_]h Xg] ijbagZe qlh gZqbgZy k jZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z ex^b ^_eZxl
hq_\b^guc\u[hjihih\h^mlh]hdZdbkihevah\Zlvk\hcjZamfOhly
m dZ`^h]h q_eh\_dZ _klv qlhlh hl dZ`^h]h \b^Z hjb_glZpbb hg
h[uqgh hl^Zkl ij_^ihql_gb_ h^ghfm lbim i_j_^ ^jm]bf Ih
\b^bfhfm lbiu jZkij_^_eyxlky kemqZcguf h[jZahf g_aZ\bkbfh hl
iheZdeZkkh\hcijbgZ^e_`ghklbmjh\gyh[jZah\Zgbyb l^
DjZldh_hibkZgb_q_luj_ohkgh\guoij_^ihql_gbcih Xg]m
Hsms_gb_ \hkijbgbfZ_lq_j_aiylvhj]Zgh\qm\kl\jZ[hlZ_lk
nZdlZfb b khh[sZ_l gZf qlh g_qlh kms_kl\m_l Hgh k\yaZgh k
kbxfbgmlghc j_Zevghklvx ² k_cqZk Hgh bgnhjfbjm_l gZk h
kms_kl\h\Zgbb h[t_dlZ dhlhjuc klZedb\Z_lky k hj]ZgZfb qm\kl\ \
gZklhysbcfhf_glFuhkhagZ_fqlhg_qlhgZoh^blkya^_kv\ gZr_f
g_ihkj_^kl\_gghfhdjm`_gbb
Ex^b hl^Zxsb_ ij_^ihql_gb_ hsms_gbx i_j_^ bglmbpb_c
\u[bjZxl dhgdj_lgh_ j_Zevgh_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zggh_
hkyaZ_fh_ a^_kv b k_cqZk Hgb klZgh\ylky g_l_jibfufb d l_hjbb b
Z[kljZdpbb g_ ^h\_jyxl bglmbpbb HsmsZxsb_ ex^b fukeyl
lsZl_evgh gk mimkdZy ^_lZe_c ihfgyl j_Zevgu_ nZdlu kh\_jrZxl
fZeh nZdlbq_kdbo hrb[hd gh ih\b^bfhfm mimkdZxl ihgbfZgb_
dZjlbgu\ p_ehf
Bglmbpby \hkijbgbfZ_l q_j_a ij_^qm\kl\by jZ[hlZ_l k
\_jhylghklyfbaZgbfZ_lkyihl_gpbZehfl_fqlh[m^_ljZa\b\Zlvky
Wlh nmgdpby dhlhjZy bf__l ^_eh k we_f_glhf \j_f_gb b
ijhkljZgkl\Z HgZg_dZkZ_lkylh]hqlh_klv ghlh]hqlh[m^_l beb
ijhbahreh Wlh ij_^qm\kl\b_ k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h fu hp_gb\Z_f
\_jhylghklb^ZgghckblmZpbb
Ex^b [he__ bglmblb\gu_ q_f hsmsZxsb_ ij_^ihqblZxl
\_jhylghklb l_hjbb fh^_eb p_eh_ bah[j_l_gby b gh\h_
Bglmblb\gu_ex^bkdehggug_iheZ]ZlvkygZmklhy\rb_kyihgylby
Bglmblb\gu_ ex^b jZafureyxl b jZkkm`^Zxl kihglZggufb
kdZqdZfb bglmbpbb dhlhjZy fh`_l hklZ\eylv ^_lZeb \ klhjhg_ beb
ij_g_[j_]Zlv bfb Wlhfm lbim bg^b\b^mmfZ e_]dh ^Z_lky j_r_gb_
aZ^Zqb ohly \ lh `_ \j_fy fh`_l kms_kl\h\Zlv b l_g^_gpby
kh\_jrZlvnZdlbq_kdb_hrb[db
Fure_gb_ ^_eZ_l\_^msbfkm`^_gby^Z_lq_fmeb[hgZa\Zgb_
b h[s__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ Hgh khh[sZ_l gZf qlh lZdh_ g_qlh Wlh
ijhp_kk ihgbfZgby k _]h ihfhsvx fu hkhagZ_f ijbjh^m \_sb k
dhlhjhc bf__f ^_eh Ex^b kdhj__ fukeysb_ q_f qm\kl\mxsb_
khklZ\eyxlkm`^_gbyh `bagbex^yokh[ulbyob \_sZohkgh\Zggu_
gZ eh]bd_ ZgZeba_ b ^hdZaZl_evkl\_ Hgb kqblZxl g_jZpbhgZevguf
ijbgbfZlv j_r_gb_ hkgh\Zggh_ gZ qm\kl\Zo b p_gghklyo <
j_amevlZl_ fukeysb_ ex^b [hevr_ bgl_j_kmxlky eh]bdhc ZgZebahf
b ijh\_jy_fufb \u\h^Zfb q_f khqm\kl\b_f p_gghklyfb b ebqguf
l_iehfFukeysb_ex^bfh]mlihibjZlvqm\kl\Zb gm`^u^jm]bog_
ihgbfZy wlh]h g_ kqblZy gm`guf ijbgbfZlv \h \gbfZgb_ p_gghklb
^jm]boex^_c
Qm\kl\h \ughkbl k_j^_qgu_ km`^_gby b ^Z_l gZf hsms_gb_
p_gghkl_c Hgh khh[sZ_l gZf ijb_fe_fZ \_sv beb g_ijb_fe_fZ
Qm\kl\h ihfh]Z_l gZf j_rblv ijbgbfZlv beb hl\_j]Zlv g_qlh
hij_^_eyy ^ey gZk _]h p_gghklv Ex^b kdhj__ qm\kl\mxsb_ q_f
fukeysb_khklZ\eyxlkm`^_gbyh `bagbex^yokh[ulbyob \_sZo
hkgh\Zggu_gZkhqm\kl\bbl_ie_b ebqguop_gghklyoDZdke_^kl\b_
qm\kl\mxsb_ ex^b [hevr_ bgl_j_kmxlky ex^vfb b qm\kl\Zfb q_f
[_aebqghceh]bdhcZgZebahfb \_sZfbbo[hevr_\hegmxlkh]eZkb_
b ]Zjfhgby q_f \ukhdh_ iheh`_gb_ beb ^hklb`_gb_ [_aebqguo
p_e_cQm\kl\mxsb_ex^bh[uqgheZ^ylk ex^vfbDhg_qghgb h^bg
bawlbolbih\g_ke_^m_ljZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdemqrbcihhlghr_gbxd
ex[hfmbahklZevguoHgbijhklhjZagu_
J_axf_
< wlhfi_j\hfiml_r_kl\bbfuaZ]eygmeb\i_j_^\ kljmdlmjm
dgb]b b dhkgmebkv lh]h dZd fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv h[jZau qlh[u wlh
reh gZ ihevam dZd dhgkmevlZglm lZd b deb_glm Fu m\b^_eb qlh
h[jZau[hevr_k\yaZguk fbnhfq_fk jZkkm^dhfb eh]bdhc
m[_^bebkvqlhhlkmlkl\b_kljmdlmjufh`_lhdZaZlvkydZfg_f
ij_ldgh\_gby ^ey ex^_c bf_xsbo ljm^ghklb ijb ^\b`_gbb \
h[eZklyo[_aykghhq_jq_gguo]jZgbp
;ueb \\_^_gu g_dhlhju_ \Z`gu_ ihgylby khagZgb_
[_kkhagZl_evgh_b dhee_dlb\gh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_Dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_
ohly hgh bf__l ^_eh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf k khagZl_evguf jZamfhf g_
fh`_l b]ghjbjh\Zlv lh qlh e_`bl ih^ gbf \ [_kkhagZl_evghf
JZ[hlZy k h[jZaZfb q_eh\_d ^\b`_lky \ dhee_dlb\gh_
[_kkhagZl_evgh_b bag_]hdh]^Zh[jZau\ua\Zggu_badhee_dlb\gh]h
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h \u\h^ylky gZ ih\_joghklv aZjy`_ggu_ kbevgufb
qm\kl\Zfb
< i_j\hf iml_r_kl\bb fu \klj_lbebkv k ikbobdhc b
Zjo_lbiZfb ^\mfy \Z`gufb ihgylbyfb \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb
j_rZxsbfbdh]^Zb^_ljZ[hlZk h[jZaZfbIj_^klZ\e_gb_h ikbobd_
dZd h [Z[hqd_ beexkljbjm_l lhl nZdl gZkdhevdh ^_ebdZlgh k g_c
ke_^m_l h[jZsZlvky dZd e_]dh __ ih\j_^blv :jo_lbiu gZklhevdh
l_kgh k\yaZgu k dhee_dlb\guf [_kkhagZl_evguf qlh bkke_^h\Zlv
h^gh hagZqZ_l jZafureylv h ^jm]hf Bamq_gb_ Zjo_lbih\
ij_^hklZ\beh[ujZ[hlmgZfgh]he_l\i_j_^
Fu \b^_eb qlh \hh[jZ`_gb_ b h[jZau gk ijboh^yl d
g_dhlhjufex^yf[_aljm^ZlZdqlhg_dhlhjh_\j_fy[uehihljZq_gh
gZ bkke_^h\Zgb_ q_luj_o nmgdpbc ih Xg]m hsms_gby bglmbpbb
fure_gby b qm\kl\Z H[h[s_gby kqblZxlky ihjhqgufb b ijb
jZkkfhlj_gbb bkihevah\Zgby h[jZah\ bf__lky fgh]h nZdlhjh\
gZijbf_j hiul dhlhju_ fh]ml dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv beb h]jZgbqb\Zlv
bkihevah\Zgb_ nmgdpbc [eZ]hijbylkl\mxsbo h[jZaZf bglmbpby b
qm\kl\hL_fg_f_g__^\_^jm]b_nmgdpbb²hsms_gb_b fure_gb_
² lZd `_ kms_kl\_ggu ihkdhevdm hgb ih^Zxl jZagu_ kb]gZeu
Lhqgh lZd`_ fu \h \j_^ k_[_ b]ghjbjm_f gk^hfbgbjmxsmx jmdm
Fu g_ ^he`gu b]ghjbjh\Zlv nmgdpbb dhlhju_ aZklZ\eyxl gZk
qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[yf_g__dhfnhjlgh
< ke_^mxs_fiml_r_kl\bbfubkke_^m_fijbgpbiujZ[hluk
h[jZaZfb dZd j_amevlZl lh]h qlh fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv \ oh^_
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby \ ex[h_ \j_fy qlh qZklh \uau\Z_lky keh\Zfb
kha^ZxsbfbdZjlbgu
<lhjh_iml_r_kl\b_
BKKE?>H<:GB? IJBGPBIH< J:;HLU K
H;J:A:FB
H[jZau fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv gZ k_Zgk_ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby \
ex[h_ \j_fy H^gZdh wnn_dlb\ghklv bkihevah\Zgby aZ\bkbl hl
ikboheh]bq_kdh]h ihgbfZgby dhgkmevlZglZ Ih^h[gh_ ihgbfZgb_ ²
j_amevlZl ebqghc l_jZibb lj_gbg]Z b hiulZ Y gZ^_xkv qlh wlZ
dgb]Zdh_qlh^h[Z\bld \Zr_fmebqghfmjZa\blbxb \Zr_fmhiulm
?keb \u ohlbl_ jZa\blv gZ\udb \ bkihevah\Zgbb h[jZah\ y [u
gZklhyl_evgh j_dhf_g^h\Ze \Zf ijhclb dmjk ebqghc l_jZibb k
dhgkmevlZglhfdhlhjuc[m^_lkhkj_^hlhqb\Zlv\gbfZgb_gZh[jZaZo
bebgZclb]jmiimdhlhjZyjZ[hlZ_lihwlbfgZijZ\e_gbyf
Hij_^_e_ggu_ keh\Z \uau\Zxl h[jZau Ke_^h\Zl_evgh
ihe_agh h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ keh\Z dhlhju_ deb_gl bkihevam_l
qlh[u\ujZablvqm\kl\Zb kdZaZlvqlhgb[m^v\jh^_G_fh]eb[u\u
bkihevah\Zlv\hh[jZ`_gb_qlh[u\klZ\blvwlhkeh\h\ dZjlbgmdh]^Z
\uhibku\Z_l_lhqlhqm\kl\m_l_"
H^bg q_eh\_d fh`_l kdZaZlv h keh\_ ihcfZgguc H y
ij_^klZ\eyxk_[y\ ljykbg_Dlhlh^jm]hcaZf_lblY \b`mk_[y\
l_fghc ih^a_fghc lxjvf_ DZ`^uc ba wlbo hl\_lh\ ^Z_l dZd
dhgkmevlZglmlZdb deb_glmg_fgh]h [hevr_ ihgbfZgby G_dhlhju_
keh\Zy\eyxlkykbevguflheqdhf^eyiZfylb
Bamq_gb_kemqZy ²:ggZ
<h \j_fy ^_fhgkljZpbb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby gZ k_fbgZj_ :ggZ
deb_gldZkdZaZeZK_cqZky qm\kl\mxk_[yhq_gvg_gZ^_`ghDh]^Z
__ ihijhkbeb \ujZablv wlh khklhygb_ q_j_a h[jZa hgZ bah[jZabeZ
k_[y klhys_c i_j_^ iylvx aZdjulufb ^\_jyfb ij_[u\Zxs_c \
khfg_gbyoihih\h^mlh]hqlhgZoh^blkyaZdZdhceb[hbagbo
Dh]^Z __ kijhkbeb AgZqbl \u \ dhfgZl_ Z wlb ^\_jb ²
\hdjm]\Zk"²hgZihgyeZqlh^\_jbgZoh^ylkygZhldjulhf\ha^mo_
b h[jZamxl ihemdjm] Bkihevamy ijbgpbi jZkrbj_gby aZ^Zgb_
q_l\_jlh_ ² kf \hkvfh_ iml_r_kl\b_ bkke_^mxs__ ^\_gZ^pZlv
aZ^Zgbc=_jZdeZy ihijhkbe:ggmih\_jgmlvkyb hl\_jgmlvebphhl
^\_j_cWlZbgkljmdpbyhkgh\u\ZeZkvgZlhfijZ\be_qlh_keb^\_jb
ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc [m^ms__ ih\_jgm\rbkv hgZ kfhlj_eZ [u \
ijhreh_ Dh]^Z hgZ k^_eZeZ wlh gZ __ ebp_ hljZabebkv iheghk
m^h\hevkl\b_ b gZkeZ`^_gb_ HgZ \hkdebdgmeZ I_caZ` ij_djZk_g
hgk\_leucb a_e_gucDZdhcqm^_kgucdjZc
IhdZ:ggZ\hkobsZeZkvdZjlbghcb ihij_`g_fmgZoh^beZkv\
k\h_f\hh[jZ`Z_fhffbj___ ih[m^bebb^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv^\_jbqlh
hgZb k^_eZeZH^gmba^\_j_cdeb_gldZaZohl_eZijbhldjulvkh\k_f
g_fgh`dh gh \ lhl fhf_gl g_ ohl_eZ i_j_klmiZlv ihjh] AZl_f hgZ
j_rbeZij_djZlblvk_Zgk
<h \j_fy h[km`^_gby k ]jmiihc :ggZ ijhdhff_glbjh\ZeZ
hldjh\_gb_ ih\hjhlZ b h[jZs_gby \ k\h_ ijhreh_ HgZ ^mfZeZ h
k\h_fijhrehfdZdh l_fghfljm^ghfb ljZ\fZlbq_kdhfIhkfhlj_\
gZg_]hk i_j_dj_kldh\k\h_c`bagbhgZ\i_j\u_ihgyeZqlhohlygZ
f_klghklbb [uebrjZfu\ p_ehfk_ qm\kl\ZhklZ\Zebkvohjhrbfbb
dhfnhjlgufb Z rjZfu aZ`beb HkhagZ\ wlh h[klhylkevklh hgZ
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh h[eZ^Z_l [hevr_c k\h[h^hc b fh`_l gZqZlv
bkke_^h\Zgb_lh]hqlhgZoh^blkyaZ^\_jyfb[m^ms_]h
Ihoh`_ g_dhlhju_ ex^b h[eZ^Zxl ijbjh^guf ^Zjhf
kha^Z\Zlv\gmlj_ggb_h[jZau?keb\uijbgZ^e_`bl_d lZdbfex^yf
bkihevah\Zgb_ h[jZah\ ih\b^bfhfm hdZ`_lky hq_gv klhysbf ^ey
\Zkb \Zrbo deb_glh\ M fgh]bo ba gZk \hh[jZ`_gb_ k dhlhjuf fu
jh^bebkv i_j_djulh ^_yl_evghklvx e_\h]h ihemrZjby fha]Z
AZ[hleb\h_ \ajZsb\Zgbk b bkihevah\Zgb_ ihfh`_l _fm kgh\Z
hdZaZlvkygZih\_joghklb
L_jZi_\lbq_kdZyjZ[hlZk h[jZaZfbbf__lg_kdhevdhgZa\Zgbc
gZijZ\e_ggh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ kbf\heh^jZfZ Zdlb\gh_
\hh[jZ`_gb_ \bamZebaZpby Gh dZdbf [u gb [ueh gZa\Zgb_ hgh
hagZqZ_l jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb ]^_ \hh[jZ`_gbx kh^_ckl\m_l l_jZi_\l
dhlhjuc ih[m`^Z_l ihhsjy_l jZa\b\Z_l b ^h\h^bl nZglZabx ^h
dhgpZ AZl_f fZl_jbZe fh`gh ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv \ l_jfbgZo _]h
agZq_gby b kbf\hebdb ² ih^h[gh ZgZebam kgh\b^_gbc A^_kv
g_h[oh^bfh k^_eZlv ij_^mij_`^_gb_ lhedh\Zgby kbf\heh\ \k_]^Z
^he`gu [ulv wdki_jbf_glZevgufb Z gk ihemq_ggufb k qbklh
l_hj_lbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gbyOhlyijZ\^Zqlhhij_^_e_ggu_kbf\heu
hagZqZxlhij_^_e_ggu_\_sb²gZijbf_jdjZkguch[uqghhagZqZ_l
hiZkghklv ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_gyxl bo agZq_gb_ >ey ^ZevlhgbdZ
djZkguc g_ hagZqZ_l gbq_]h agZqbl ijbgbfZy wlh dZd ZgZeh]bx
bgl_jij_lZpbyf ke_^m_l [ulv lZdh\ufb Qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h[ wlhf
agZq_gbb" beb Dgb]b ij_^eZ]Zxl gZf lZdmx bgl_jij_lZpbx qlh
\u h[ wlhf ^mfZ_l_" beb Qlh wlhl h[jZa kbf\he hagZqZ_l ^ey
\Zk"Wlh\ukhdhf_jb_²ijbgbfZlvgZk_[y\k_agZgb_b^_lZywlh
b]ghjbjh\ZlvihgbfZgb_deb_glZ
Kbf\heu dhlhju_ fh]ml ijylZlvky beb h[gZjm`b\Zlvky
\k_]^Z [_jml k\h_ gZqZeh ba Zjo_lbih\ Nmg^Zf_glZevgZy bklbgZ
l_jZi_\lbq_kdhc jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh ikbobdZ
\k_]^Z [m^_l klZjZlvky ij_^klZ\blv k_[y \ nZglZabb ijb
bkihevah\Zgbbh[jZah\H[jZau\_^mlgZk\ pZjkl\hlZdh]h[h]Zlkl\Z
]^_ ikbobd_ ^ZgZ k\h[h^Z bkke_^h\Zlv ]^_ _c g_ f_rZ_l
khagZl_evgucjZamf]h\hjysbcgZyaud_jZkkm^dZb eh]bdb
Y j_^dh gZf_j_\Zxkv jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb ihlhfm qlh wlh
hagZqZeh[uqlhdeb_glmijb^_lkyijbghjZ\eb\Zlvkyd fhbfaZjZg__
aZ^mfZgguf ij_^klZ\e_gbyf DZd y m`_ mdZau\Ze jZgvr_ y kdhj__
\\_^m b^_x h[jZah\ dh]^Z deb_gl h[gZjm`bl g_dhlhju_ ijbagZdb
lh]hqlhhgm`_jZa]h\Zjb\Z_lgZy aud_dZjlbg
=e_g [ue lhih]jZnhf h[jZlb\rbfky dh fg_ baaZ ijbklmih\
iZgbdb dhlhju_ f_rZeb _fm \ jZ[hl_ b \ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb GZ
h^ghf ba wlZih\ gZr_c jZ[hlu hg kdZaZe Dh]^Z y ^mfZx qlh [ue
ihoh` >ey f_gy wlh hagZqZeh qlh hg kfhljbl gZ qlhlh k\hbf
mfkl\_gguf aj_gb_f ihwlhfm y kijhkbe ?keb [u \u [ueb
om^h`gbdhfb jbkh\Zebij_`^_b l_i_jvqlh[u\ugZjbkh\Zeb"
KljZggh²hl\_lbehg²y ^_ckl\bl_evghex[exjbkh\Zlvb qZklh
moh`m \gba ih j_d_ AZl_f hg ij_^eh`be ih]h\hjblv h ^\mo
dZjlbgZo h^gZ bah[jZ`ZeZ _]h dZd kqZkleb\h]h fZeh]h yjdbfb
djZkdZfbgZohekl_gZ\lhjhcdZjlbg_hg[uebah[jZ`_gZ[khexlgh
aZ`Zluf\u]ey^_ebafh`^_ggufZ nhg[ueh[eZqgufb fjZqgufD
dhgpm r_klb f_kyp_\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby =e_g kgh\Z ihkfhlj_e gZ
dZjlbgu \lhjZy baf_gbeZkv yjdb_ p\_lZ aZf_gbeb lmkdeu_ b hg
klhye ih^g_ky jmdm d ]eZaZf b ]ey^y \ [m^ms__ H[jZa dhlhjuc
kha^Ze fhb deb_gl ykgh bah[jZ`Ze j_rbl_evgmx i_j_f_gm \ _]h
lhqd_aj_gbyb qm\kl\Zo
H^gZbaqZjmxsbooZjZdl_jguohkh[_gghkl_ciml_r_kl\byih
h[jZaZf khklhbl \ lhf qlh deb_gl y\ey_lky \k_fb ^_ckl\mxsbfb
ebpZfb \h \gmlj_gg_f l_Zlj_ ² Z\lhjhf iv_ku j_`bkk_jhf
ijh^xk_jhfb bkihegbl_eyfbQZklhm^b\ey_lqlhdeb_glukha^Zxl
keh`gu_h[jZaugkbf_yij_^klZ\e_gbyqlhdh]^Zeb[h\b^_ebbob
hgb \uiheg_gu \ iheghf \_ebdhe_ibb l_oghdhehjZ k lhgdbfb
hll_gdZfb Bgh]^Z kp_gZ [_j_lky ba j_Zevghc iZfylb b wlh lh`_
Z[khexlghijb_fe_fh_keblZdh\h`_eZgb_deb_glZagZqblbf_ggh
a^_kvdeb_glohq_lgZoh^blvkybf_ggh\ wlhlfhf_gl>jm]b_kha^Zxl
kp_gu dhlhju_ \iheg_ fh]eb [u ih^hclb ^ey dZdh]heb[h gZmqgh
nZglZklbq_kdh]h dbghnbevfZ <Z`gh ihfgblv qlh deb_gl kha^Z_l \
k\h_f\hh[jZ`_gbblhqlb\ dZdhflhhlghr_gbb^eyg_]hagZqbfh
DZl_]hjbbkbf\heh\
LZd dZd h[jZau jZ[hlZxl k kbf\heZfb l_i_jv ih^oh^ys__
\j_fy \\_klb g_dmx kljmdlmjm \ lh dZd fu kfhljbf gZ kbf\heu
Kms_kl\m_lfgh]hdeZkkbnbdZpbcghy \u[jZe\hk_fv]jmii
Ijbjh^Z
@b\hlgh_
Q_eh\_d
K^_eZggh_q_eh\_dhf
J_eb]by
Fbnheh]bq_kdh_ [h]Zf b [h]bgyf ^Zxlky bo ]j_q_kdb_
bf_gZ ih`ZemcklZ h[jZlbl_kv d khhl\_lkl\mxsbf kijZ\hqgbdZf
qlh[ugZclbbowd\b\Ze_glgu_jbfkdb_bf_gZ
:[kljZdlgh_
Bg^b\b^mZevgh_kihglZggh_
G_l g_h[oh^bfhklb dZl_]hjbabjh\Zlv hkh[u_ kbf\heu
kha^Zggu_ \hh[jZ`_gb_f deb_glZ \ lh `_ \j_fy gZ dZdhflh wlZi_
ihe_agh mf_lv ihf_klblv bo \ dZl_]hjbx Wlh fh`_l ijbf_gylvky
gZijbf_j lZf ]^_ deb_gl kha^Ze hij_^_e_gguc h[jZa Z aZl_f
ihqm\kl\h\Ze k_[y haZ^Zq_gguf bkke_^my _]h ^Zevr_ A^_kv
dhgkmevlZgl fh`_l ij_^eh`blv k\yau\Zxsbc kbf\he GZijbf_j
deb_glm dhlhjuc kha^Z_l h[jZa ^hbklhjbq_kdh]h ZelZjgh]h dZfgy b
g_fh`_lijh^\bgmlv_]h^Zevr_fh`ghih^kdZaZlvWlha\mqbllZd
dZd[m^lhhgbf__ldZdh_lhhlghr_gb_d `_jl\_
AgZdhfkl\h k \hk_fvx dZl_]hjbyfb ² wlh lZd`_ kihkh[ ^ey
\Zk kZfbo ijh^he`Zlv jZ[hlZlv gZ^ hij_^_e_ggufb ]jmiiZfb
kbf\heh\
;he__ ih^jh[gh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ kf Keh\Zjv h[jZah\ b
kbf\heh\\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb
KlxZj]
Wlh ^hfZrg__ aZ^Zgb_ bf__l j_rZxs__ agZq_gb_ \
jZajZ[hld_j_i_jlmZjZbkke_^m_fuokbf\heh\d dhlhjuf\ufh`_l_
qm\kl\h\Zlv ^h\_jb_ jZ[hlZy k gbfb < ex[hc nhjf_
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby kms_kl\_ggu kZfhihagZgb_ b ikboheh]bq_kdZy
hkhagZgghklv Fu gbdh]^Z g_ ^he`gu hklZgZ\eb\Zlvky gZ lhf qlh
kh\_jrbeb \k_]^Z kms_kl\m_l g_qlh [hevr__ jZkrbjyxs__ gZrm
kn_jmihgbfZgbyY kqblZxqlh\ gZrbobgl_j_kZojZkrbjylvk\hx
jZ[hqmx [Zam kbf\heZfb dh]^Z fu ijb\e_dZ_f dZ`^uc gh\uc
kbf\he b jZkrbjy_f _]h ihgbfZgb_ gZfb qlh fu \b^_eb \
ij_^u^ms_f iml_r_kl\bb hlghkys_fky d hk\h[h`^_gbx gZrZ
bglmbpby m]em[blky b fu klZg_f [he__ \hkijbbfqb\ufb b
hlau\qb\ufbd kbf\hebq_kdbfkeh\Zfdhlhju_bkihevam_ldeb_gl
WlhkZfhh[mq_gb_bebkZfhbkke_^h\Zgb_fh`_lijb\_klbgZk
\ g_h`b^Zggu_ b jZg__ g_ bkke_^h\Zggu_ h[eZklb gZr_]h \gmlj_g
g_]h fbjZ Fh`_l [ulv gZf ihgZ^h[blky ijhlb\hklhylv ^vy\hem
\gmljbgZkbdZdwlhk^_eZe>Zgl_ijhclbq_j_aZ^ij_`^_q_ffu
kfh`_f^hklbqvohly[uhij_^_e_gghckl_i_gbp_ehklghklb_kebg_
jZy ?keb fu g_ kfh`_f ^\b]Zlvky ih ^lbf ^hjh]Zf lh h[fZg_f
gZ^_`^u gZrbo deb_glh\ dh]^Z ihiulZ_fky ^\bgmlvky k gbfb \ bo
iml_r_kl\by
R_klv\_^msboijbgpbih\jZ[hluk h[jZaZfb
IjbgpbidhgnjhglZpbb
Deb_glZ ih[m`^Zxl [ulv kf_euf b ijhlb\hklhylv h[jZaZf
dhlhju_ ihjh`^Zxl lj_\h]m Mki_rgh_ ijhlb\hklhygb_ ihjh`^Z_l
ljZgknhjfZpbx b mkljZg_gb_ lj_\h]b Im]ZxsZy kbf\hebq_kdZy
nb]mjZ h[uqgh y\ey_lky qZklvx kZfh]h k_[y b ijhlb\hklhygb_
lj_[m_l kf_ehklb >`_cg h dhlhjhc reZ j_qv \ Ij_^bkeh\bb
ijbrehkviheZ]ZlvkygZk\hxkf_ehklvqlh[ukmf_lvijhlb\hklhylv
^_j_\m Hq_gv qZklh ijhlb\hklhygb_ ijhbkoh^bl k im]Zxsbfb
kha^Zgbyfb ² k ^jZdhghf dhlhjuc ihy\ey_lky ba i_s_ju [hehlZ
beb fhjy k juqZsbf `b\hlguf dhlhjh_ fqblky ba e_kZ H[h \k_f
wlhf ² [hehl_ ljykbg_ fhj_ b e_kk ² fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh hgb
ij_^klZ\eyxl[_kkhagZl_evgh_
Dh]^Z im]Z_rvky ijbjh^guc bgklbgdl ih^kdZau\Z_l qlh[u
fu aZf_jbeb beb ih\_jgmebkv b m[_`Zeb H^bg ba ex[hiulguo
Zki_dlh\ h[jZah\ khklhbl \ ke_^mxs_f ohly deb_gl agZ_l qlh wlh
\hh[jZ`_gb_ _]h j_Zdpby l_f g_ f_g__ hq_gv j_ZevgZ Y \b^_e dZd
deb_glu [e_^g_xl hl kljZoZ ^jh`Zl \kiuob\Zxl hl ]g_\Z
\`bfZxlky \ dj_keh b ijhy\eyxl \k_ ijbagZdb iZgbdb Ohly y
gbdh]^Z g_ baf_jye imevk beb djh\ygh_ ^Z\e_gb_ k\hbo deb_glh\ y
Z[khexlghm\_j_gqlhkms_kl\mxlb ikboheh]bq_kdb_ijbagZdblh]h
qlh hgb bkiulu\Zxl Y \b^_e dZd k deb_glh\ \ dhgp_ k_ZgkZ dZiZ_l
ihl \b^_e dZd hgb ieZdZeb b jZkdZqb\Zebkv \ k\hbo dj_keZo dZd
^_eZe [u j_[_ghd _keb hg jZkkljh_g Dhg_qgh h[jZau gbdh]^Z g_
[u\Zxle_]dbf\u[hjhf
Qlh ^he`_g ^_eZlv dhgkmevlZgl dh]^Z deb_glm ijhlb\hklhbl
g_qlh m`ZkZxs__" <hi_j\uo `bag_ggh \Z`gh ihfgblv \ ^Zgguc
fhf_gl lh qlh deb_gl \hh[jZ`Z_l lZd `_ j_Zevgh dZd dj_keh gZ
dhlhjhfhgkb^bllhqghlZd`_dh]^Zfu\b^bfkhgdjZcijhiZklb
gZ dhlhjhf fu [ZeZgkbjm_f j_Ze_g dZd b __ klhnmlh\Zy ]em[bgZ
Ke_^m_l eb gZf ihkh\_lh\Zlv deb_gld_ [_`Zlv ^jZlvky m[blv
kms_kl\h \eh`b\ f_q \ __ jmdm" Ijhlb\hklhygb_ ² wlh gk
gZiZ^_gb_Z ijhy\e_gb_l\_j^hklbiheghcj_rbfhklbjmdh\h^blvb
hl dhgkmevlZglZ fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky [hevrZy ih^^_j`dZ H^gZdh
wlh gk lZd ijhklh dZd kdZaZlv Ijhy\eycl_ l\_j^hklv ihkfhljbl_
kx^Z mijZ\eycl_ Lh qlh \hh[jZ`Z_l deb_gl ij_^klZ\ey_l
g_dhlhjuc Zki_dl [_kkhagZl_evgh]h g_qlh bf_xs__ g_dhlhjmx
\eZklv gZ^ gbf Hgh ih^Z_lky \ lZdhc kljZrghc nhjf_ qlh[u
^hklbqvfZdkbfZevgh]hwnn_dlZ
Bgh]^Z dhgkmevlZglm g_h[oh^bfh \aylv jmdh\h^kl\h gZ k_[y
gh fg_ j_^dh ijboh^behkv wlh ^_eZlv b y ihklmibe [u lZd lhevdh
_keb[u[uebijbagZdblh]hqlhdeb_glkebrdhfbkim]Zgqlh[uqlh
lhij_^ijbgylv< h[uqghckblmZpbby kijhkbe[ugZijbf_jQlh\u
ohlbl_^_eZlv"Deb_glhklZ_lkyl\_j^hjmdh\h^ysbfb y^mfZxwlh
kms_kl\_ggh ?keb deb_gl ]h\hjbl Y ohqm m[_`Zlv fh_c
ke_^mxs_cj_iebdhcfh]ml[ulvkeh\ZDm^Z\uohlbl_[_`ZlvWlh
ihfh`_l deb_glm \gh\v jmdh\h^blv <hafh`gh ^Ze__ y [u kijhkbe
Qlh kemqbehkv [u _keb [u \u g_ m[_`Zeb ?keb deb_gl ]h\hjbl
qlhlh \jh^_ Y ohqm m[blv _]h y [u \ukdZaZeky ijhlb\ hl\_lb\
Qlh kemqbehkv [u _keb [u \u m[beb _]h" Wlhl lbi ahg^bjmxs_c
j_iebdb ih[m`^Z_l deb_glZ bkke_^h\Zlv kbf\he ^Zevr_ Z g_
ijbgbfZlv_]hihghfbgZevghcklhbfhklb
Ba fh_]h agZdhfkl\Z k kbf\heZfb b g_dhlhjuo jZ[hl ih
[_kkhagZl_evghfmy fZxqlhkjZ`Zlvkyk kms_kl\hfb m[blv_]h²g_
hl\_l lZd dZd wlh [ueh [u ebrv jZajmr_gb_f `bag_ggh
\Z`ghc qZklb kZfh]h deb_glZ <hafh`gh y kijhkbe [u DZdh_ bfy
\u ^Zeb [u wlhfm kms_kl\m" Dh]^Z gZau\Z_rv g_qlh ih bf_gb wlh
qZklh\ agZqbl_evghcf_j_mkljZgy_lk\yaZgguck gbfkljZo
Ij_`^_q_faZgylvkyh[jZaZfbqlhihl_gpbZevghhiZkghohly
hiZkghklv fh`_l ihy\blvky k kZfuo g_h`b^Zgguo klhjhg y [u
ij_^eh`be deb_glm ihbkdZlv dZdhceb[h lZebkfZg qlh[u
ihijh[h\Zlv aZsblblvky <u[hj lZebkfZgZ hiylv `_ bgl_j_k_g b
ihdZaZl_e_gBlZddh]^Zdeb_glmgm`ghijhlb\hklhylvy ijb\e_d[u
\gbfZgb_d lZebkfZgmghlZd`_kijhkbe[u?klveblhlk d_f\Zf
[u ohl_ehkv [ulv bf_ggh k_cqZk dh]^Z \Zf gZ^h ijhlb\hklhylv
>bkihevamy bfy ^Zggh_ _fm deb_glhf@" Bgl_j_kgh lZd`_ dh]h
q_eh\_d ijb\h^bl gZ kp_gm \ dZq_kl\_ lZebkfZgZ Bgh]^Z y
ij_^iheZ]Zx qlh ijb[eb`Z_lky fm^jZy ebqghklv lhl dlh ijhklh
[m^_llZfAZl_fy fh]mij_^eh`blvqlh[udeb_gl\klmibek fm^jhc
ebqghklvx\ jZa]h\hjh lhfqlh^_eZlv
?keb g_l fm^jh]h q_eh\_dZ b _keb deb_gl kdhj__ `_eZ_l
ijhlb\hklhylv q_f kiZkZlvky [_]kl\hf lh y ij_^eh`be [u qlh[u
deb_gl \gbfZl_evgh hq_gv ih^jh[gh bamqbe kms_kl\h Dh]^Z
ijbf_gy_lky djblbq_kdbc ZgZeba qlh[u ijb\_klb kms_kl\h d
g_dhlhjhc j_Zevghklb wlh qZklh ijb\h^bl d baf_g_gbx \ qm\kl\Zo
deb_glZ <_^v qZklh kemqZ_lky lZd qlh kms_kl\h mf_gvrZ_lky \
jZaf_jZo b klZgh\blky f_g__ ]jhaguf hgh fh`_l kihglZggh
ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky\hqlhlh[he__ijb_fe_fh_b f_g__im]Zxs__
IjbgpbiljZgknhjfZpbb
Ohly ljZgkjhjfZpby fh`_l ijhbahclb b ijb dhgnjhglZpbb
dZd fu m\b^bf gZ ijbf_j_ k FZj]Zj_l b ^jZdhghf bgh]^Z
ljZgknhjfZpby^he`gZ[ulv[he__ykghgZijZ\e_gghcIj_\jZs_gb_
im]Zxs_]h h[t_dlZ \ g_qlh [he__ ijb_fe_fh_ ² wlh g_ ijhklh
kihkh[ \uklhylv gh\uc h[t_dl qZklh ihdZau\Z_l agZqbl_evguc
ikboheh]bq_kdbcjhkl
FZj]Zj_l ijhlb\hklhyeZ ^jZdhgm gZ iheyg_ \ e_km HgZ
ijhy\eyeZ \k_ ijbagZdb m`ZkZ <u ohlbl_ qlh[u y qlhgb[m^v
k^_eZe" ² kijhkbe y g_ `_eZy \uoh^blv gZ kp_gm Ih`ZemcklZ
^_j`bl_f_gyaZjmdmIjhkv[Z^_j`ZlvaZjmdmg_h[yaZl_evgh
bf__l hlghr_gb_ d \hajZklm gh qZklh hgZ mdZau\Z_l gZ
\hajZklghc j_]j_kk Dh]^Z FZj]Zj_l ijhy\beZ l\_j^hklv mdZaZ\ gZ
dj_kl gZ k\h_c r__ ^jZdhg kihglZggh ij_\jZlbeky \ hjeZ dhlhjuc
ihij_`g_fm im]Ze __ aZl_f \ q_jgh]h dhlZ Dh]^Z hgZ ijhlygmeZ
jmdm qlh[u ih]eZ^blv dhlZ hg ij_\jZlbeky \ __ fZq_om ^_j`Zsmx
jha]mdhlhjhchgZdh]^Zlh[beZFZj]Zj_l=h^ZfbFZj]Zj_lfmqbeb
ghqgu_ dhrfZju \ dhlhjuo hgZ \b^_eZ ^jZdhgZ ]gZ\r_]hky aZ g_c
ba e_kZ Ijhlb\hklhygb_ ^jZdhgm lZdbf h[jZahf ihdZaZeh _c dZd __
[_kkhagZl_evgh_ khojZgyeh gZ^ g_c dhgljhev lhqgh lZd `_ dZd
^_eZeZ__ fZq_oZL_i_jvdh]^Zk ^jZdhgZ[ueZkhj\ZgZfZkdZkljZo
mr_ehgg_kem`begbdZdhcihe_aghcp_eb
Ijbgpbidhjfe_gby
LZf ]^_ dhgnjhglZpby gk ih^oh^bl beb g_ijb_fe_fZ ²
ijh[e_fZ fh`_l [ulv kebrdhf k_jv_aghc ² dhgkmevlZgl fh`_l
ij_^eh`blv qlh[u deb_gl gZdhjfbe im]Zxsmx nb]mjm b lZ
k^_eZeZkv e_gb\hc b khgghc >ey deb_glZ dhjfe_gb_ ² qZklh [he__
fy]dbckihkh[h[oh^blvkyk hiZkgufkms_kl\hf^eydhgkmevlZglZhg
lZd`_ e_]q_ < lh `_ \j_fy wlh hagZqZ_l qlh deb_glm ijboh^blky
[jZlv gZ k_[y dhgljhev b b^lb gZ jbkd QZklh dhjfe_gb_ ² wlh lh
^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh_ mf_klgh ij_^ijbgylv K\bj_ih_ `b\hlgh_
\g_aZigh \ur_^r__ ba i_s_ju k g_ihdhe_[bfuf gZf_j_gb_f
kh`jZlvdeb_glZgm`ghgZdhjfblv
A^_kv fh`gh hij_^_eblv h[sbc ijbgpbi LZf ]^_ kms_kl\h
dZ`_lkyg_bklh\ufh]g_^urZsbfdZd^jZdhgdhgnjhglZpbyfh`_l
[ulv [he__ ih^oh^ys_c q_f dhjfe_gb_ ohly kljZo dhlhjuc hgh
\gmrZ_l kh\_jr_ggh j_Ze_g LZf ]^_ kms_kl\h ijhbkoh^bl ba
j_ZevghklbdZde_\beb f_^\_^v]jbaebb \u]ey^bl]heh^guf y [u
ij_^iheh`beqlhij_^ijbgylvdhjfe_gb_[he__mf_klghDhjfe_gb_
]jbaeb_]hex[bfhcibs_c²f_^hf²[ueh[uohjhrbfgZqZehf
F_^\_^b lZd`_ ex[yl ju[m [hevrmx ju[m lZdmx dZd ehkhkv <
ih^h[ghckp_g_y [uij_^eh`be< \Zr_cijZ\hcjmd_dZdjZa_klv
h]jhfgucdm\rbgf_^Z[jhkvl__]hd gh]Zff_^\_^yb ihdZhg_kl
ihc^bl_b ihcfZcl_ehkhky\ lhcj_d_<ugZc^_l_m^hqdmgZ[_j_]m
<_jgbl_kv k \Zr_c ^h[uq_c b hl^Zcl_ __ f_^\_^x Dh]^Z f_^\_^v
ih_klhgklZg_lf_g__aeufZ dh]^Zh[t_klkyey`_lb mkg_l
Ijbgpbiijbfbj_gby
Deb_gl klZgh\blky ^jm]hf \jZ`^_[ghc kbf\hebq_kdhc
nb]mjuh[jZsZykvd g_cijbdZkZykvd g_c\klmiZyk g_c\ ^jm`[m
Wlh lh qlh [ueZ ]hlh\Z k^_eZlv >`_cg \ ij_^bkeh\bb >jm`[Z k
wlhc kbf\hebq_kdhc nb]mjhc hagZqZ_l Zkkbfbeypbx qZklb dhlhjZy
hl\_j]ZeZkv b hl^_eyeZkv lZd qlh hgZ [hevr_ gk ij_^klZ\ey_l
g_]Zlb\ghckbeu\ ikbobd_deb_glZ
>`bfoh^bedhfg_^eyjZ[hlugZ^ebqgufjhklhf\ l_q_gb_
^\mo e_l b aZ wlh \j_fy jZ[hlZe kh fgh]bfb jZaebqgufb l_fZfb b
h[jZaZfb H^ghc l_fhc dhlhjZy ihklhyggh \ha\jZsZeZkv [ueh lh
dZd k _]h lhqdb aj_gby \hkijbgbfZxl _]h ^jm]b_ ex^b Hg [ue
\ukhdbc\g_rg_ijb\e_dZl_evgucdjZcg_^h[jh^mrgucq_eh\_de_l
^\Z^pZlb iylb \uimkdgbd fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ kf_gb\rbc
kn_jm ^_yl_evghklb ² hg klZe f_^[jZlhf ?]h kZfh\hkijbylbk b
kZfhhp_gdZ [ueb gbadbfb b wlh [ueZ h[eZklv gZ dhlhjhc hg qZklh
khkj_^hlhqb\Zeky
GZh^ghfk_Zgk_d dhgpmgZr_]hh[s_gbyhgkdZaZeM f_gy
ij_^qm\kl\b_dZd[m^lhy ih^hr_ed j_rZxs_fmfhf_glmb yagZx
qlh wlh dZdlh k\yaZgh k bgl_]jZpb_c Hg [ue q_eh\_dhf dhlhjuc
fgh]h qblZe b ]h\hjbe h ikboheh]bq_kdbo ihgylbyo k [hevrhc
lhqghklvx b ijhgbpZl_evghklvx Fgh]b_ f_kypu >`bf hp_gb\Ze
\_jhylghklvijhy\e_gbyg_dhlhjhcqZklbkZfh]hk_[yk dhlhjhchggk
gZoh^beky \ gZklhys_f dhglZdl_ b y bgklbgdlb\gh qm\kl\h\Ze fu
[ebadb d lhfm qlh[u ijhlb\hklhylv _c q_f [u hgZ gb [ueZ ?keb
deb_gl qm\kl\m_l k_[y \ g_iheghf dhglZdl_ lh ihe_agh ^Zlv _fm
h[jZaa_jdZeZbf_gghwlhy bk^_eZe
Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u b^_l_ ih [hevrhfm mgb\_jfZ]m b
\^jm] hdZau\Z_l_kvebphfd ebpmk kZfbf kh[hc \ a_jdZe_ \ iheguc
jhkl Qlh\u\b^bl_"?]hebphf_^e_gghkfhjsbehkvb hgaZju^Ze
Kd\havke_au>`bfijhbag_kY \b`mwlh]hm`Zkgh]hq_eh\_dZ\k_]h
ihdjulh]h ]ghysbfbky ya\Zfb dZd ijhdZahc beb gZju\Zfb
[_ah[jZagh]h jZajmr_ggh]h [he_agvx b ij_g_[j_`_gb_f b k lZdbf
aeuf\ujZ`_gb_fg_gZ\bklbb hl\jZs_gbyG_fh`_l[ulvqlhwlhy
ijZ\^Z"
>Z`_ l_i_jv ^\Z ]h^Z kimkly dh]^Z y ibrm wlb keh\Z f_gy
hiylvho\Zlu\Z_l]hj_>`bfZY \b^_eieZqmsbodeb_glh\ b ieZdZe
\f_kl_ k gbfb y \b^_e bo jZa]g_\Zggufb bkim]Zggufb b
kehfe_ggufb gh gbdh]^Z y g_ \b^_e q_eh\_dZ gZklhevdh
ihljyk_ggh]hdZdbf[ue>`bfdh]^Zhgijhlb\hklhyeij_abjZ_fhc
qZklbkZfh]hk_[yJ_Zevghklvg_ijhgbdZeZkx^Zb [_kihe_agh[ueh
[u]h\hjblvqlhgb[m^v\jh^_GhgZkZfhf^_e_\ug_lZdhcHglh
qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y bf_ggh lZd Y kijhkbe <u fh`_l_ bgl_]jbjh\Zlv
wlh]h^jm]h]h>`bfZ"Y ihijh[mx²hl\_lbehg
H[uqgh y ijhrm >_j`bl_ f_gy \ dmjk_ lh]h qlh
ijhbkoh^bl²\ ^ZgghfkemqZ_ijhrehfgh]h\j_f_gbij_`^_q_f
>`bfaZ]h\hjbegh\ wlhfg_[uehgZ^h[ghklbihlhfmqlh_]hebph
b h[uqguc yaud _]h l_eZ khh[sZeb fg_ qlh ijhbkoh^bl dh]^Z hg
gZqZejZkkeZ[eylvky<hlqlhhg\ dhgp_dhgph\kdZaZeBf_gghlhl
^jm]hc>`bf\ur_ebaa_jdZeZb wlh[ueh^_ckl\bl_evgh`mldhhg
klhyegZjZkklhygbb\ulygmlhcjmdbhlf_gyY g_[uem\_j_gohq_l
ebhgbgl_]jbjh\Zlvkyghy agZeqlhhg^he`_gY \klmibe\ jZa]h\hj
k gbfb h[gZjm`beqlhohly fu ]h\hjbf gZ h^ghf yaud_ hg hq_gv
]jm[b fgh]hjm]Z_lkyY agZeqlhhgfhyl_gvagZelZd`_qlh\bgx
_]h\hfgh]boiehobo\_sZodhlhju_qm\kl\mxihwlhfmy kdZaZe_fm
<k_ \ ihjy^d_ lu gk ^he`_g [ue agZlv gh qlh lu gZf_j_g k wlbf
^_eZlv"L_i_jvlug_fh`_rvf_gyb]ghjbjh\ZlvY ih^hr_ed g_fm
ih[eb`_ b ijhlygme jmdm qlh[u dhkgmlvky _]h wlh ihlj_[h\Zeh
[hevrhc kf_ehklb ihlhfm qlh y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh hg aZjZabl f_gy
BlZdy kmf_eke_]dZdhkgmlvky_]hjmdbqlh[uehg_lZdm`iehohb
dh]^Z dhkgmeky lh dZd [m^lh ijbdhkgmeky d fbjZ`m b dh`Z gZ _]h
jmd_ gZqZeZ aZ`b\Zlv Y _s_ ijb[ebabeky d g_fm h[o\Zlbe _]h
jmdZfb g_ agZy q_]h h`b^Zlv gh dhg_qgh h`b^Zy g_ lh]h qlh
ijhbahreh>_ckl\bl_evghkljZgghk_[yqm\kl\m_rv]h\hjyh[wlhf
dZd _keb [u y gZ[ex^Ze aZ ijhbkoh^ysbf gh wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ijhbkoh^beh kh fghc <u agZ_l_ dZd wlh [u\Z_l dh]^Z ^\Z h[jZaZ
k\h^ylky \f_kl_ qlh[u ihemqbeky h^bg Wlh [ueh \iheg_ ihoh`_
Fu k[eb`Zebkv Z ihlhf fu [hevr_ g_ [ueb ^\mfy Fu
bgl_]jbjh\Zebkv
Y g_ ijbghrm ba\bg_gbc aZ lh qlh ijb\_e klhev ih^jh[guc
jZkkdZa ihlhfm qlh wlh h^bg ba kZfuo ykguo jZkkdZah\ h
ijbfbj_gbb dhlhjuc y keurZe Y agZx qlh ^ey >`bfZ wlh [ueh
ih\hjhlguf imgdlhf \ _]h hiul_ lZd dZd hg klZe ijbgbfZlv wlm
^jm]mx qZklv kZfh]h k_[y <k_ \j_fy ihdZ \lhjhc >`bf hl^_eyeky
>`bfg_fh]qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[yp_ehklguf?fmfh]g_gjZ\blvkylhl
dlhijhlb\hklhye_fm\ a_jdZe_gh_kebhgohl_e^h[blvkymki_oZhg
^he`_g[ueijbgylvlh]hdlh_fmg_gjZ\bekyb hgfh]k^_eZlvwlh
lhevdhlZdb lhevdhlh]^Zdh]^Z[ue]hlh\d ijbfbj_gbx
IjbgpbifZ]bq_kdhc`b^dhklb
J_dhcfu[m^_faZgbfZlvkyiha`_Z ihdZkdZ`mqlhjmq_cbeb
j_dZ ij_^klZ\ey_l ihlhd ikbobq_kdhc wg_j]bb b ihl_gpbZe
wfhpbhgZevgh]h jZa\blby BkdmiZlvky \ j_d_ beb iblv ba g__ qZklh
hdZau\Z_lky l_jZi_\lbq_kdb [eZ]hl\hjguf DmiZgb__ \ j_d_
ihdZaZl_evgh b l_f dZd hgh \hkijbgbfZ_lky b l_f qlh fh`gh
h[gZjm`blv\ ]em[bg_
KlhblmdZaZlvqlhg_dhlhju_deb_glug_fh]mlijhke_^blvaZ
j_dhc ^h hd_ZgZ b wlh hagZqZ_l agZqbl_evgh_ [ehdbjh\Zgb_ gZ^
dhlhjufgZ^hjZ[hlZlv< ijbjh^ghffbj_j_dZfh`_lkdjulvkyih^
a_fe_c qlh[u iha`_ ihy\blvky kgh\Z lZd qlh \Z`gh ijhke_^blv __
imlv>jm]hc\ZjbZgl[ehdbjh\Zgby²lhqlhj_dZbkkydZ_lkbf\he
k_jv_aghc g_o\Zldb ikbobq_kdhc wg_j]bb beb \ughkeb\hklb Wlh
fh`_l [ulv ih^oh^ys_c lhqdhc k dhlhjhc fh`gh ijhke_^blv aZ
j_dhc^hbklhdZ\_jgmlvkyd bklhqgbdmikbobq_kdhcwg_j]bb
Ijbgpbibagmj_gbyb m[bckl\Z
?]h ke_^m_l ijbf_gylv lhevdh hiulguf dhgkmevlZglZf
ihlhfmqlhhq_gvqZklhwlhgZiZ^_gb_gZkZfh]hdeb_glZgZ_]hkmlv
Ohlywlhlijbgpbi\dexq_gkx^Z^eyiheghluwlhg_lhq_fy dh]^Z
eb[h Zdlb\gh aZgbfZeky Kh\k_f ^jm]h_ ^_eh _keb kf_jlv kbf\heZ
ijhbkoh^bl kihglZggh ?keb gZijbf_j \ ih]hg_ kms_kl\h
bafZlu\Z_lky gZklhevdh qlh mfbjZ_l b wlh ijhbkoh^bl [_a \kydh]h
ij_^eh`_gby kh klhjhgu dhgkmevlZglZ lh]^Z wlh ih\b^bfhfm
kihkh[dhlhjufikbobdZaZ\_jrZ_lh[jZa
Jmdh\h^kl\hb gZijZ\e_gb_
Ih fh_fm hiulm dhgkmevlZgl ijbkmlkl\m_l a^_kv dZd
ijh\h^gbdZ gb\ dh_fkemqZ_g_dZddhgljhe_jij_^eh`_gbyke_^m_l
^_eZlv f_lh^hf ijh[ b g_ ke_^m_l gZ\yau\Zlv ;ulv g_gZ\yaqb\uf
]b^hfhagZqZ_l\oh^blv\ h[jZaudeb_glZWlh\k_]^Zijh[e_fZlbqgh
ihlhfm qlh ^\h_ ex^_c ]ey^y \ h^gh b lh `_ hdgh \b^yl \_sb
g_fgh]h ihjZaghfm Ijhbkoh^bl wlh lZd lh qlh y kha^Zx \ k\h_f
\hh[jZ`_gbbhkgh\ZghgZh[jZlghck\yabdhlhjmx^Z_ldeb_glhgh
^hklZ\ey_lf_gydm^Zlh\hae_q_]hjZ[hlZ_l\hh[jZ`_gb_deb_glZb
fh_\hkijbylb_\k_]^Zfh`ghijh\_jblvDh]^Zdeb_gl]h\hjblFg_
\b^gZ ]hjZ y fh]m kdZaZlv =^_ bf_ggh" KijZ\Z hl \Zk" Ke_\Z"
<i_j_^b"KaZ^b"GZdZdhfjZkklhygbb"Ihkdhevdmwlhihfh]Z_lfg_
ijba_feblvh[jZadhlhjuc_klvm f_gyZ lZd`_ihfh]Z_lihemqblv
\hafh`ghklv khhlg_klb wlh k h[sbf ihgylb_f h gZijZ\e_gbyo ²
k_\_j x] \hklhd beb aZiZ^ dZ`^h_ ba dhlhjuo bf__l
ikboheh]bq_kdh_agZq_gb_
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh \hagbdZ_l h[sbc ijbgpbi q_f f_gvr_
lhqgh]hjmdh\h^kl\Z^Z_ldhgkmevlZgll_f[hevr_mijZ\ey_likbobdZ
deb_glZ b l_f [hevr_ hgZ fh`_l ijhdeZ^u\Zlv k\hc kh[kl\_gguc
dmjk R_klv ijbgpbih\ bkke_^h\Zgguo \ur_ bkihevamxlky lhevdh
lh]^Zdh]^Zwlh]hlj_[m_lkblmZpbyG_kms_kl\m_lgbdZdbol\_j^uo
b klhcdbo ijZ\be hkgh\gufb ijbgpbiZfb ^he`gu [ulv hiul b
bglmbpby DZd ij_^klZ\e_gh \ur_ ]b^hf fh`_l [ulv fm^j_p
Fm^j_p g_j_^dh \uklmiZ_l \ h[jZa_ \her_[gh]h dhgy beb ^jm]h]h
`b\hlgh]hDh]^Zdeb_gldZ\u[bjZ_lijh\h^gbdZfm`kdh]hiheZwlh
kem`bl ijhy\e_gb_f k_ :gbfmkZ Z dh]^Z deb_gl \u[bjZ_l
ijh\h^gbdZ`_gkdh]hiheZwlhij_^klZ\ey_l_]h:gbfmWlhl\u[hj
fh`_l[ulvZ fh`_lb g_[ulv\Z`gufqlh[u]h\hjblvh g_fihke_
k_ZgkZ jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb AgZq_gb_ bf__l lh qlh `_gsbgZ ]hlh\Z
^h\_jylvkh[kl\_gghfmfm`kdhfmgZqZemZ fm`qbgZ²kh[kl\_gghfm
`_gkdhfm gZqZem DZ`^uc fh`_l q_jiZlv kbem ba h[jZaZ
ijhlb\hiheh`gh]hiheZ
Ke_^mxs__ Iml_r_kl\b_ ijb\_^_l gZk d bkke_^h\Zgbx
g_dhlhjuo klZg^Zjlguo l_f bkihevam_fuo \ h[jZaZo Lh qlh [ueh
hibkZgh^hkboihjfh`ghgZa\Zlvk\h[h^gufbh[jZaZfblhq_fm
ihk\ys_gh ke_^mxs__ Iml_r_kl\b_ wlh l_fu dhlhju_ fh`gh
bkihevah\Zlv qlh[u ^Zlv deb_glm klZjl beb qlh[u jZ[hlZlv k gbfb
dh]^ZhgbkihglZggh\hagbdZxl\h\j_fyiml_r_kl\bydeb_glZ
J_axf_
JZ[hlZk h[jZaZfb²wlhg_e_]dbc\u[hjhgZlj_[m_l\ukhdhc
kl_i_gb fZkl_jkl\Z hiulZ \hkijbbfqb\hklb b jZa\blhc bglmbpbb
;ueh[u\ukhdhf_jghb [_kkfuke_gghiheZ]Zlvqlh^jm]b_ih^oh^u
\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbbg_lj_[mxlwlh]hHgbdhg_qghlj_[mxlh^gZdh
lZd`_ kijZ\_^eb\h aZf_lblv qlh jZagu_ ih^oh^u lj_[mxl jZaguo
dZq_kl\b gZ\udh\<hafh`ghh^ghba\Z`guo
hlebqbb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc bkihevah\Zgb_ kbf\heh\ fgh]b_
badhlhjuoZ[kljZdlgubebijhbkoh^ylbafbnheh]bb
L_jZi_\lbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb bf__l g_qlh h[s__ kh
fgh]bfb ^jm]bfb \b^Zfb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby bgl_jij_lZpby
kbf\heh\ dh]^Z hgZ ij_^eZ]Z_lky ^he`gZ [ulv wdki_jbf_glZevghc
Kms_kl\m_l [md\ZevgZy bgl_jij_lZpby dhlhjZy hq_\b^gZ ² dexq
hldju\Z_l^\_jv>eydhgkmevlZglZdexqfh`_lkem`blvk_dkmZevguf
kbf\hehf^eydeb_glZhgfh`_lij_^klZ\eylvk\h[h^mijb[eb`_gb_
klZjhklb jZkklZ\Zgb_ k wfhpbhgZevghc xghklvx b \klmie_gb_ \
wfhpbhgZevgmx\ajhkehklvLZdqlhdhgkmevlZglmke_^m_lg_]h\hjblv
k deb_glhf k Z\lhjblZjguo ihabpbb Z kdhj__ kijZrb\Zlv Qlh ih
\Zr_fmfg_gbxwlhlkbf\hehagZqZ_l^ey\Zk"
DjZldh_baeh`_gb_r_klb\_^msboijbgpbih\
IjbgpbidhgnjhglZpbbdeb_glZih[m`^Zxl[ulvkf_eufb
ijhlb\hklhylv h[jZaZf dhlhju_ \uau\Zxl lj_\h]m Mki_rgh_
ijhlb\hklhygb_ \_^_l d ljZgknhjfZpbb b mkljZg_gbx lj_\h]b
Im]ZxsZy kbf\hebq_kdZy nb]mjZ h[uqgh y\ey_lky qZklvx kZfh]h
k_[y
IjbgpbiljZgknhjfZpbbij_\jZs_gb_im]Zxs_]hh[t_dlZ\
g_qlh [he__ ijb_fe_fh_ g_ y\ey_lky ijhklh kihkh[hf kijZ\blvky k
gbf gh\uc h[t_dl qZklh ^_fhgkljbjm_l agZqbl_evguc ikboh
eh]bq_kdbcjhkl
Ijbgpbi dhjfe_gby lZf ]^_ dhgnjhglZpby g_ ih^oh^bl
beb g_ijb_fe_fZ l_jZi_\l fh`_l ij_^eh`blv deb_glm gZdhjfblv
im]Zxsmxnb]mjmqlh[ulZk^_eZeZkve_gb\hcb khgghc
Ijbgpbi ijbfbj_gby deb_gl klZgh\blky ^jm]hf
\jZ`^_[ghckbf\hebq_kdhcnb]mjuh[jZsZykvd g_cb ijbdZkZykvd
g_c
Ijbgpbi fZ]bq_kdhc `b^dhklb jmq_c beb j_dZ
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ihlhd ikbobq_kdhc wg_j]bb b ihl_gpbZe
wfhpbhgZevgh]h jZa\blby DmiZgb_ \ j_d_ beb iblv_ ba g__ qZklh
hdZau\Z_lkyp_e_[gufDmiZgb_\ fhj_fh`_lihdZaZlvhq_gvfgh]h_
Ijbgpbi bagmj_gby b m[bckl\Z _]h ke_^m_l ijbf_gylv
lhevdhhiulghfml_jZi_\lmihlhfmqlhhq_gvqZklhhghij_^klZ\ey_l
kh[hcgZiZ^_gb_gZkZfhklvdeb_glZ
L_jZi_\lbq_kdZyjZ[hlZk h[jZaZfb²wlh\hafh`ghh^bgba
gZbf_g__^bj_dlb\guof_lh^h\l_jZibbh^gZdhhgmqblu\Z_l^h
klb`_gbyfgh]bo^jm]boih^oh^h\b bkihevam_lbo<hafh`gh
wlhih^oh^]^_dhgkmevlZglgZb[he__ihegh\h\e_q_g\h\gmlj_ggbc
fbj deb_glZ Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ l_ dlh _]h ijbf_gy_l \ugm`^_gu
ijh^_eu\Zlv[hevrmxjZ[hlmgZ^kh[kl\_gguf\gmlj_ggbffbjhf
Bf_ggh wlh Iml_r_kl\b_ ]hlh\bl imlv ^ey ke_^mxs_]h
Iml_r_kl\by b [he__ ih^jh[gh]h \a]ey^Z gZ ]eZ\gu_ l_fu beb
e_clfhlb\u\ jZ[hl_k h[jZaZfb
Lj_lv_ iml_r_kl\b_ BKKE?>H<:GB? L?F I?J<H=H
MJH<GY
< ^\mo ij_^u^msbo iml_r_kl\byo ]h\hjbehkv h[ h[jZaZo b
kbf\heZo \ h[s_f \b^_ lj_lv_ q_l\_jlh_ b iylh_ Iml_r_kl\by
hebp_l\hjyxlkljmdlmjmba\hk_fgZ^pZlbl_fijhbeexkljbjh\Zggmx
bamq_gb_fkemqZ_\
Y ]h\hjx h lj_o mjh\gyo l_f ihlhfm qlh g_dhlhju_ l_fu
lZdb_ dZd i_s_jZ e_k beb KiysZy DjZkZ\bpZ bf_xl ^_eh k [he__
]em[hdbfb h[eZklyfb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h b qlh[u bkke_^h\Zlv wlb
kbf\heu lj_[m_lky hiul b ihgbfZgb_ kh klhjhgu deb_glZ dh]^Z
deb_glbkke_^h\Zefgh]b_we_f_glugZ^jm]bo^\momjh\gyoH^gZdh
wlh h[s__ ml\_j`^_gb_ Z g_ [_ah]h\hjhqgh_ ijZ\beh dhlhjh_
gbdh]^Z g_ ke_^m_l gZjmrZlv Hiul b ihgbfZgb_ dhgkmevlZglZ
ijbgbfZxlky dZd ^Zggh_ Y [u ohl_e ih^q_jdgmlv qlh wlb l_fu
g_hjb]bgZevgu hgb bkihevamxlky fgh]bfb ^jm]bfb Z\lhjZfb
Fh`_l[ulvy bkihevamxbobgZq_
<hk_fgZ^pZlvhkgh\guol_f\ gZijZ\e_gghf\hh[jZ`_gbb
Dgb]Z I_s_jZ <f_klbebs_
>hf >jZdhg E_\
Em] =hjZ Jhah\ucdmkl
Km[eb KiysZyDjZkZ\bpZ J_dZ
qghklb F_q <medZg
Imklugy F_glhj E_k
<_^vf
Zdhe^mg
I_j\uc
mjh\_gv
Em]
J_dZ
=hjZ
>hf
E_k
Jhah\
ucdmkl
<lhjh
c mjh\_gv
Dgb]Z
I_s_j
Z
<f_kl
bebs_
F_q
>jZdh
g
F_glh
j
Lj_lbc
mjh\_gv
E_\
Km[ebqg
hklb
KiysZy
DjZkZ\bpZ
<medZg
Imklugy
<_^vfZ
dhe^mg
<j_fymoh^blb ij_`^_q_f
\u ihdbg_l_ em] hdbgvl_ _]h \a]ey^hf b hibrbl_ qlh \b^bl_ Y
\hkkha^Zf qZklv i_j\h]h k_ZgkZ k >`bfhf k dhlhjuf fu
ihagZdhfbebkv jZgvr_ Dh]^Z hg ^_eZe wlh \\h^gh_ mijZ`g_gb_ lh
ijhr_e ih djZx em]Z b hq_gv ih^jh[gh hibkZe ba]hjh^b aZ[hju b
jZagu_ ^_j_\vy gZ wlhf em]m F_klZfb ]jZgbpu [ueb jZajmr_gu
iha\heyy `b\hlguf \oh^blv gZ em] b \uoh^blv k g_]h f_klZfb hgb
[uebp_ebdhfi_j_ie_l_gudhexq_cijh\hehdhcmkljZrZxs_]h\b^Z
bebp_iyfb=jZgbpu>`bfZ[uebh[hagZq_gu^h[jhlgufaZ[hjhfb
wlh [ueZ oZjZdl_jgZy q_jlZ >`bfZ ZddmjZlgh]h b mihjy^hq_ggh]h
q_eh\_dZ
<bevyf GZem]m`b\hlgu_bebex^b"
>`r @b\hlguog_lghfg_\b^gu\hglZf^\_nb]mju^Hg
rZ]gmed +,,$, b gb_]hebp_ihy\behkv]jmklgh_v ujZ`_gb_ Wlhfhb
jh^bl_ebghhgbg_gZklhysb_wlhklZlmb
<bevyf : qlh \u qm\kl\m_l_ ]ey^y gZ gbo" <u \u]ey^bl_
^h\hevgh]jmklguf
>`bf LZd b _klv y kh\k_f wlh]h g_ ihgbfZx ?keb [u hgb
[ueb f_jl\u y fh] [u ihgylv gh wlh g_ lZd Hgb ² oheh^guc
dZf_gv
<bevyf Fh`_l[ulvhgbdZ`mlky\Zff_j]\ufb"
>`bf Wlh hq_gv \_jgh Hgb fg_ g_ gjZ\ylky Ih`ZemcklZ
fh`ghfuihc^_f^Zevr_"
H[km`^_gb_kemqZy>`bfZ
G_ \k_]^Z mf_klgh bkke_^h\Zlv lZf `_ b lh]^Z `_ lh qlh
h[gZjm`b\Z_ldeb_glb q_f]em[`_ikboheh]bq_kdZyijh[e_fZl_f
6
f_g__ mf_klgh bkke_^h\Zlv wlh Fh_ hsms_gb_ lZdh\h qlh
h[jZam lj_[m_lky \j_fy qlh[u jZ[hlZlv \gmljb ikbobdb deb_glZ
<j_fydZdfu_]hagZ_fwlhg_lhqlhihgbfZ_likbobdZm ikbobdb
g_l qZkh\ hlf_jyxsbo \j_fy dmkdZfb ih ^\Z^pZlv q_luj_ qZkZ Y
iheZ]Zx ikbobdZ ih^h[gZ \_qghklb ]^_ \j_fy g_ bf__l agZq_gby
Dh]^Zqlhlh]hlh\hkemqblvkyhghkemqblky
GZijbf_j dh]^Z >`bf e_] gZ ljZ\m hg ij_^klZ\be __ k_[_
lZdhc\ukhdhcqlhhdZaZekyiheghklvxkdjuluf_xGZ^ZgghfwlZi_
[ueh [u g_mf_klgh qlh[u y ^_eZe ij_^iheh`_gby ih ih\h^m
\_jhylgh]h agZq_gby ^Zggh]h h[klhyl_evkl\Z H^gZdh kimkly
g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ dh]^Z fu h[km`^Zeb kbf\heu \hh[s_ >`bf
aZf_lbeLZ^ebggZyljZ\Z hgZ ^he`gZ [ueZ [ulv \ukhdhc ihlhfm
qlhy g_ohl_eqlh[uf_gy\b^_ebhgb ohlyb g_agZeqlhhgblZf
Wlbkeh\Zbeexkljbjmxlb^_xij_^u^ms_]hZ[aZpZDZdZylh
qZklv >`bfZ \hafh`gh _]h \gmlj_ggbc j_[_ghd ohl_eZ khojZgblv
k\h_ ijbkmlkl\b_ \ lZcg_ hl _]h jh^bl_e_c ohly m g_]h g_ [ueh
ijbqbgu ^_eZlv wlh AZl_f dh]^Z hg gZr_e k\hbo jh^bl_e_c l_
[ueb [_a`bag_ggu b oheh^gu Fu ijh\_eb fgh]h k_Zgkh\ ]h\hjy h
_]h \aZbfhhlghr_gbyo k jh^bl_eyfb b h lhf gZkdhevdh ^Ze_dbf hl
gbohgk_[yqm\kl\h\ZeBlZdgZi_j\hfk_Zgk_fu\b^bfihk_yggu_
k_f_gZlh]hqlh^he`gh[ueh\ahclb
Bgh]^Z deb_gl fh`_l ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ em] lhqgh lZdbf `_
dZdbf hg [ue gZ ij_^u^ms_f k_Zgk_ \h \k_o ih^jh[ghklyo ^jm]b_
deb_glu \ghkyl baf_g_gby ² h[eZdZ ^h`^v `b\hlguo ex^_c
DZ`^h_ baf_g_gb_ mdZau\Z_l gZ g_qlh ijhbkoh^ys__ \ wfhpbyo
H[eZdZ dhlhju_ aZdju\Zy khegp_ [jhkZxl l_gb gZ eZg^rZnl ²
h[jZa mdZau\Zxsbc gZ ljm^ghklb < gZqZe_ [ue kheg_qguc ^_gv
ihke_^mxsbc h[jZa fh`_l bah[jZ`Zlv ^jm]h_ \j_fy ]h^Z gZfgh]h
f_g__ ijb\e_dZl_evgh_ beb aZkg_`_ggmx dZjlbgm kh \k_fb
khimlkl\mxsbfb h[jZaZfb Ih]h^Z ² ^hklh\_jguc ihdZaZl_ev
gZkljh_gby
GZ jZggbo wlZiZo y mklZgZ\eb\Zx ^_dhjZpbx hibku\Zy
ih]h^m gh gZ wlhf \k_ KemqZ_lky deb_gl kdZ`_l qlhgb[m^v \jh^_
Y gkfh]mgbdZdij_^klZ\blvdZjlbgmem]Z< wlhfkemqZ_y hl\_qm
Ij_djZkgh \k_ qlh \u ij_^klZ\ey_l_" Dlhlh ij_^klZ\ey_l k_[_
fhjkdhc [_j_] k h]jhfgufb ijhkljZgk l\Zfb i_kdZ [_j_]
hfu\Z_fucfhj_fdlhlh²imklugguchkljh\[_kieh^gucb kmohc
DZ`^ZybawlbodZjlbghdihdZau\Z_]qZklv\gmlj_gg_]h
fbjZ deb_glZ Ihke_^gyy dZjlbgdZ fh`_l [ulv
bgl_jij_lbjh\ZgZdZdbah[jZ`ZxsZywfhpbhgZevgmxoheh^ghklv
Keh\h em] \uau\Z_l m fgh]bo ex^_c h[jZau ^_lkl\Z
\ha\jZs_gby d ijbjh^_ ijhklhb djZkhlu >ey g_dhlhjuo a^_kv
kh^_j`ZlkygZf_dbgZjZc^hfZrgbchiehl DKRQLHEDVH Bf_gghih
wlhc ijbqbg_ fgh]b_ ex^b dhlhju_ jZ[hlZxl k h[jZaZfb
ij_^ihqblZxlgZqZlv\gmlj_gg__bkke_^h\Zgb_k em]ZY ih\lhjyxg_
\k_]^Z dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ gZqbgZ_lky lZd qZs_ hgh gZqbgZ_lky
ko\Zlu\Zgb_f h[jZagh]h keh\Z beb qm\kl\Z dhlhjh_ \uau\Z_l h[jZa
\h fg_ Lh]^Z y iheZ]Zx mf_klgh kijhkblv ?keb [u \u [ueb
om^h`gbdhf beb ijhklh bkihevah\Zeb k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ dZdmx
dZjlbgm \u gZjbkh\Zeb [u qlh[u hibkZlv wlh qm\kl\h" Ih^h[gh_
ij_^eh`_gb_ ^Zkl ihe_aguc dexq d lhfm dZd deb_gl fh`_l
bkihevah\Zlvh[jZau
Ihgylb_^hfZrg_]hhiehlZ\_kvfZ\Z`ghihlhfmqlhdh]^Z
fu [m^_f aZgbfZlvky hij_^_e_ggufb iml_r_kl\byfb \ h[jZau Z g_
l_fqlhfh`ghgZa\ZlvhibkZgb_fiyl_gfu\k_]^Z[m^_fgZqbgZlv
khkp_guem]ZWlh\ha\jZs_gb_d agZdhfhchkgh\_\Z`ghqlh[u^Zlv
qm\kl\h [_ahiZkghklb ?klv _s_ h^gZ ijbqbgZ ^ey g_h[oh^bfhklb
^hfZrg_]hhiehlZDh]^Zfu^h[_j_fky^hdhgpZkp_guem]Zy kdZ`m
qlhlh\jh^_I_j_^l_fdZd\uihdbg_l_em]hdbgvl__]h\a]ey^hf
ihagZdhfvl_kv k gbf ihkemrZcl_ a\mdb \^hogbl_ aZiZo l_iehc
a_febp\_lh\\kemrZcl_kv\ ]hehkZilbpIhkfhljbl_kgh\ZgZj_dm
]hjm e_k b ^hf ihlhfm qlh \u [m^_l_ \ha\jZsZlvky kx^Z fh`_l
[ulv fgh]h jZa B _s_ wlh \Zr_ lZcgh_ f_klh gbdlh g_ fh`_l
\lhj]gmlvky kx^Z gbdlh g_ fh`_l ijbclb [_a ijb]eZr_gby <u
ijb]eZkbeb f_gy b y \Zf [eZ]h^Zj_g <h \j_f_gZ klj_kkZ beb
aZljm^g_gbb \u q_j_a f]gh\_gb_ fh`_l_ hdZaZlvky a^_kv b
ihqm\kl\m_l_ k_[y \ [_ahiZkghklb L_i_jv q_j_a k\h_ kh[kl\_ggh_
\j_fy dh]^Z [m^_l_ ]hlh\u \_jgbl_kv \ wlm dhfgZlm ^himklbf \h
\lhjgbd k_^vfh]h fZy ] \ ljb qZkZ Gk ke_^m_l ij_g_[j_]Zlv
wlhcihke_^g_cqZkqvxlZddZd\Z`ghqlh[udeb_glbf_ehihjmgZ
j_Zevghklv<hafh`ghdeb_glgZoh^bekyaZfbeebhgfbevhlkx^Z\
kh\_jr_gghbghffZkrlZ[_\j_f_gbb _keb_]h\g_aZigh\_jgmlvgZ
L&0
LLR hgfh`_l[ulvkbevgh^_ahjb_glbjh\Zgguf
Qlh[uih^\_klbwlml_fmd aZ\_jr_gbx^hklZlhqgh\kihfgblv
h^bgwibah^Fhbdeb_glFZjd^h[juoiheqZkZgZoh^beky\ h[jZaZo
b [ue]em[hdhih]ehs_gijhdeZ^u\Zgbkfimlbq_j_alhivdh]^Z_]h
i_c^`_j\g_aZighaZkb]gZebebkim]Z\gZkh[hboH[uq
ghhghklZ\eyefZrbgdm\ ijb_fghc ghgZk_cjZaaZ[uewlh
k^_eZlv GZrZ j_Zdpby [ueZ lZdhc dZd _keb [u gZk g_h`b^Zggh
jZa[m^bebY iheZ]ZxqlhwlZbklhjbyij_^mij_^bl\Zkh[hiZkghklyo
kh\j_f_gghcl_ogbdb
AZdexqbl_evgucimgdlgZl_fmem]ZY h[gZjm`beqlhex^b
dhlhju_g_fh]mljZ[hlZlvk wlbfh[jZahfbkiulu\Zxlljm^ghklbk
h[jZaZfb \hh[s_ b ke_^h\Zl_evgh wlhl f_]h^ jZ[hlu ^ey gbo
fh`_l [ulv g_ ih^oh^bl Wlh g_ hagZqZ_l qx hgb g_ kihkh[gu
kha^Z\Zlv h[jZau f_klZ gh bo kbevgu_ klhjhgu \_jhylgh
gZoh^ylky\ ^jm]bokn_jZo
L_fZ\lhjZy²J_dZ
Eb[h gZ i_j\hf k_Zgk_ _keb _klv \j_fy eb[h gZ \lhjhf y
kijZrb\ZxDhlhjucba^jm]bo h[jZah\²j_dZ]hjZe_kb ^hf²
\u ohl_eb [u bkke_^h\Zlv kgZqZeZ" Wlh ij_^hklZ\ey_l ikbobd_
\hafh`ghklvmijZ\e_gbyGh[m^mijb^_j`b\ZlvkyieZgZ
Ihe_agh ^hklZlhqgh jZgh ih[m^blv deb_glZ k^_eZlv gZ[jhkhd
em]Z k ^jm]bfb kbf\heZfb wlh ihfh]Z_l aZdj_iblv bo \ mf_
GZijbf_j j_dZ hldm^Zlh gZqbgZ_lky b dm^Zlh l_q_] Hq_\b^gh_
ml\_j`^_gb_ gh _]h gm`gh bkke_^h\Zlv Kbf\hebq_kdb j_dZ bf__l
gZqZehb dhg_p\g_dhlhjuogZoh^blkydeb_glb kj_^gxxqZklv]^_
deb_gl gZoh^blky k_cqZk J_dZ dhlhjZy l_q_l ke_\Z gZijZ\h ih
hlghr_gbx d deb_glm ^\b`_lky hl `_gkdh]h d fm`kdhfm hl
l\hjq_kdhc klhjhgu fha]Z d fukeys_c hl Bgv d Yg Ihq_fm wlh
\Z`gh" Wlh gZ\h^bl gZ fukev qlh _keb deb_gl ohq_l bkke_^h\Zlv
bklhd j_db iml_r_kl\b_ ih\_^_l _]h \ bglmblb\gmx klhjhgm ?keb
deb_gl ohq_l gZijZ\blv bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ijZ\h d fhjx wlh [m^_l
bkke_^h\Zgb_eh]bq_kdhcklhjhguK ^jm]hcklhjhgu_kebj_dZl_q_l
kijZ\Z gZe_\h hgZ l_q_l hl fm`kdh]h d `_gkdhfm hl fukeys_c
eh]bq_kdhcklhjhgud bglmblb\ghch@ Ygd BgvGZijZ\e_gb_ihlhdZ
² \hafh`guc ihdZaZl_ev lh]h dm^Z ikbobdZ gZijZ\ey_l
bkke_^h\Zgb_
Ke_^mxsbf \hijhkhf [m^_l ?keb [u \Zf gZ^h [ueh
bkke_^h\Zlvwlmj_dmihdZdhfmimlb \u ihreb [u" Imlv \\_jo ih
l_q_gbx qZklh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd [he__ e_]dbc \u[hj b
ijbjZ\gb\Z_lky d ih^t_fm imlv \gba ih l_q_gbx ijbjZ\gb\Z_lky d
kimkdm\ [_kkhagZl_evgh_
Dh]^Zwlhl\hijhk[ueaZ^ZgJhg_lZhl\_lbeZY gkohqm__
bkke_^h\Zlv y ohqm ijhklh re_iZlv ih \h^_ d ihemqZlv
m^h\hevkl\b_Re_iZyih\h^_hgZaZ]h\hjbeZh ^\moZ[hjlZoq_j_a
dhlhju_ijhreZh [hebb klu^_Qlhlh\ k_b]j_\ \h^_gZihfgbeh
fg_h dj_s_gbbb hlhfnZdl_qlh__ ^\h_^_l_cg_[uebdj_s_gu
Ihoh`_ qlh \u fh`_l [ulv ohl_eb [u \ha^\b]gmlv dZdhclh
iZfylgbd ^\mf \Zrbf ^_lyf b fh`_l [u]v dj_klblv bo ²
ij_^iheh`beyY fh]eZ[u"Wlhg_[ueh[u]j_ohf"²kijhkbeZ
hgZ E_]dh [ueh [u aZ\_jblv __ qlh wlh ghjfZevgh h^gZdh JhgZ
dhe_[ZeZkv Dlh ]h\hjbl \Zf qlh wlh ]j_rgh
² kijhkbe y HgZ
g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy fheqZeZ ihlhf kdZaZeZ Y [hevr_ gbdlh Lh]^Z y
k^_eZx wlh JhgZ \u[jZeZ \ jmke_ j_db ^\Z dZfgy \ulZsbeZ bo Z
ihlhf ih^_j`ZeZ bo ih^ \h^hc Qlh \u ohqbl_ k^_eZlv k gbfb
l_i_jv"²kijhkbeyY \havfmbok kh[hc
>h kbo ihj JhgZ hljbpZeZ dZdmxeb[h [hev k\yaZggmx k
Z[hjlZfb H[jZa j_db iha\hebe [heb hfulv __ \ kbf\hebq_kdhf
hqbs_gbb <ihke_^kl\bb Jhg_ fgh]h jZa gm`gh [ueh \_jgmlvky d
wlhckp_g_Ih^h[gh_bkp_e_gb_j_^dhkh\_jrZ_lkyaZh^bgk_Zgk
JhgZgkohl_eZbkke_^h\Zlvl_q_gb_j_dbZ Dwjheohl_eZHgZ
g_ dhe_[ZeZkv dh]^Z y aZ^Ze \hijhk ?_ a\Ze d k_[_ bklhd hg
gZoh^beky ke_\Z hl g_k < bkke_^h\Zgbb bklhd L _klv hij_^_e_ggh_
j_]j_kkb\gh_ k\hckl\h wlh ^\b`_gb_ gZaZ^ d gZqZem bf_xs_fm
hll_gdb \aZbfhhlghr_gbc fZlv²^bly \ha\jZs_gb_ LV fZl_jbgkdh_
ehgh
>ey Dwjhe \ha\jZs_gb_ d bklhdm ijhbahreh kljZgguf
h[jZahf hgh \u^\bgmeh gZ i_j\uc ieZg _s_ h^gm meh\dm ikbobdb
<h \k_c jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb _klv \_jhylghklv qlh deb_l k^_eZ_l
hij_^_e_ggh_iml_r_kl\b_b^beebq_kdbf]^_\k_yjdhb k\_lehohly
y j_^dh \klj_qZe lZdh_ QZs_ [u\Z_l gZh[hjhl ijboh^blky
ij_h^he_\Zlv]b]Zglkdb_kdZeu\h^hiZ^ubeb^Z`_ihjh]b
M Dwjhe wlh [ue ohef \hagbdrbc gZ imlb Z j_dZ bkq_aeZ aZ
djmluf h[ju\hf b _keb [u Dwjhe ijh^he`ZeZ _c ijbrehkv [u gZ
\j_fy ij_djZlblv k\yav k j_dhc Dh]^Z hgZ k ljm^hf ijh^\b]ZeZkv
\\_jo ih ohefm q_j_a e_k y kdZaZe Ihoh`_ wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ly`_eZy jZ[hlZ <hl lZdZy y <bevyf Y \k_]^Z ba \k_]h ^_eZx
ly`_emx jZ[hlm Bgl_j_kgh ihq_fm" Wlh ijb\_eh d ieh^hl\hjghc
^bkdmkkbbh ljm^ghklyodhlhju_hgZbkiulu\ZeZdh]^Z__ jh^bl_eb
jZa\_ebkvHgZm_oZeZ`blvd k\h_c^_kihlbqghc[Z[mrd_kljh]hcb
gZklZb\Zxs_cgZ^bkpbiebg_qlhhklZ\eyehDwjhefZehk\h[h^u^ey
jZa\blbybglmblb\ghcklhjhguk\h_c
ebqghklb <hafh`gh ihwlhfm hgZ ij_^ihqeZ iml_r_kl\b_ d
bklhdm
H^gZ ba \hegmxsbo hkh[_gghkl_c jZ[hlu W h[jZaZfb
aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh g_l gbq_]h ij_^kdZam_fh]h J_dZ \dexq_gZ \
l_fugZqZevgh]hmjh\gyihlhfmqlhkqblZ_lky[_hiZkghc< kemqZ_
k Jhghcfum`_\b^_ebdZdl_fZfh`_lijhj\Zlvky\ hq_gv]em[hdb_
qm\kl\Z lZd `_ [ueh b k Dwjhe < dZq_kl\_ ijh\h^gbdZ Dwjhe \ayeZ
dhd_jkiZgbweyhgijb\_ek_ d\_jrbg_ohefZ]^_hgZh[gZjm`beZ
iheygm k [hevrbf ^_j_\hf b kdZfvx k \uj_aZgguf gZ g_c bf_g_f
dhlhjh_ hgZ g_ kfh]eZ jZkrbnjh\Zlv Wlh gZ\h^beh gZ fukev qlh
bfy[ueheb[hbaijhreh]hb lh]^Z wlh [ueh g_\Z`gh eb[h _s_ gk
[ueh]hlh\hd lhfmqlh[u_]hjZkrbnjh\Zeb
M hkgh\Zgby ^_j_\Z Dwjhe gZreZ ^\_jv \_^msmx \ lmgg_ev
GZwlhfwlZi_bf_ebkv\_kijbagZdblh]hqlhhgijb\_^_lih^a_fex
b y^h]Z^u\Zekyqlhwlhijhoh^\ i_s_jmL_jZi_\lugZijZ\e_ggh]h
\hh[jZ`_gby jZ[hlZeb [u k wlbf bgZq_ \h \kydhf kemqZ_ gk gZ
iylhf k_Zgk_ deb_glZ <hagbd h[jZa \lhjh]h mjh\gy gh [ueh [u \
\ukr_c kl_i_gb g_mf_klguf hklZgZ\eb\Zlv ijhp_kk ihwlhfm y
ihke_^h\Ze aZ gbf Lmgg_ev [ue l_fguf lZd qlh Dwjhe gZreZ gZ
ihed_nhgZjvhk\_lb\rbcklmi_gvdbdhlhju_ih\_eb__ \gbaq_j_a
^\_jv\ h]jhfgmxi_s_jmIhk_j_^bg_hdZaZeky[hevrhcijm^bklhd
j_db<h^Z[ueZk_jhcb g_ijb\e_dZl_evghcghl_iehcgZhsmiv?_
fZgbeZ^jm]Zy^\_jvdhlhjZy\u\_eZ__ kgh\ZgZjm`mgZohef
Y kijhkbegkjZa^jZ`Z_lebk_ hlkmlkl\b_p\_lZ\ i_s_j_HgZ
ijh[beZ \ kdZe_ ^ujm qlh iha\hebeh emqm k\_lZ miZklv ijyfh gZ
bklhd dhlhjuc l_i_jv \u]ey^_e ]hem[uf DZd [u \u
ijhbgl_jij_lbjh\Zeb wlh" ² kijhkbe y I_s_jZ ² w]h fhy
wfhpbhgZevgZy`bagv[_kp\_lgZyb h[rbjgZyghy hldjueZk_qlh[u
\imklblvk\_l
H[km`^_gb_kemqZyDwjhe
Wlh [ue lhevdh iyluc k_Zgk Dwjhe b bgl_jij_lbjmy
ijhbkoh^ys__ hgZ ^_fhgkljbjh\ZeZ hq_gv lhqgh_ ihgbfZgb_
Dhff_glZjbb ih ih\h^m __ wfhpbhgZevghc `bagb [ue
ih\lhjyxs_ckyl_fhchgZ qm\kl\h\ZeZ g_ij_h^hebfmx ihlj_[ghklv
dhgljhebjh\ZlvkblmZpbxb gbdh]^Zg_ieZdZlvHgZqm\kl\h\ZeZqlh
\ j_
amevlZlk ihemq_ggh]h \hkiblZgby __ wfhpbhgZevgZy `bagv
[ueZ \_kvfZ keZ[hjZa\blhc hgZ h[eZ^ZeZ ohjhrbfb mfkl\_ggufb
kihkh[ghklyfb]hj^beZkvbfbghhlqZyggh`_eZeZ\ujZ`Zlvlhqlh
qm\kl\m_l
Bgl_j_kgh qlh ohly wlh [ue lhevdh iyluc k_Zgk b fu
ijh^_eZeb hq_gv g_[hevrmx jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb __ ikbobdZ j_rbeZ
qlhkihkh[gZmijZ\eylviml_r_kl\b_f\ i_s_jmqlh[ugZclbgZqZeh
< lh`_\j_fy[uehhq_\b^ghqlhh[gZjm`b\bklhdDwjhegkohq_l
hklZ\Zlvky b bkke_^h\Zlv i_s_jm b wlh [ueh ij_djZkgh HgZ
kh\_jrbeZrZ]\i_j_^g_h[oh^bfuc \ lh \j_fy Dwjhe ijh^he`ZeZ
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_hdheh\hk_fgZ^pZlbf_kyp_\
<_jg_fkyd h[jZamj_dbwlhfh`_l [ulv kljmcdZ l_dmsZy ih
kdZeZfb ]Zevd_f_edZyb qbklZy]em[hdZyb [ukljZydhjbqg_\Zyhl
lhjnZ\ g_cfh`_l\h^blvkyju[Z<_kwlbkihglZggu_h[jZaubf_xl
k\h_ agZq_gb_ b ohly \hafh`gh g_mf_klgh bkke_^h\Zlv dZ`^uc gZ
gbo ke_^m_l h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ <hijhk <Z`gu eb ^ey \Zk dZdb_
eb[hbawlbo\_s_c"fh`_l^ZlvlheqhdiZfylb
O_bfbrjh^bekygZAZiZ^guoHkljh\Zob _]hj_dZgZqbgZeZkv
gZohefZo\ha\urZ\rbokygZ^_]hjh^ghcn_jfhc<h^Z[ueZl_fgh
dhjbqg_\hc dh]^Z j_dZ [_`ZeZ ih mklmiZf ohefZ ij_\jZsZykv \
\h^hiZ^ \ g_c imaujbeky b e_gbeky lhjnyghc hkZ^hd Qlhlh
ih[m^beh f_gy kijhkblv DZdh\Z \h^Z gZ vdmk" Ebph O_bfbrZ
kfhjsbehkv hl hl\jZs_gby gh \hijhk \ua\Ze \hkihfbgZgb_ h lhf
dZd hg lhgme \ \h^hiZ^_ LZd qlh ^ey O_bfbrZ j_dZ ihqlb
\iZ^ZxsZy\ fhj_hagZqZeZqlhm g_]h_kqvdZdh_lhg_aZdhgq_ggh_
^_ehhlghkys__kyd wlhfmbgpb^_glm
G_dhlhju_ deb_glu ohlyl kgylv h^_`^m b ihieZ\Zlv Wlh
gZ\h^blgZfukevh k[jZku\Zgbbh]jZgbq_gbb< h[jZaZo^himklbfh
\k_lZddZd\ h[jZaZoex^bfh]ml^_eZlvlhqlh\ j_Zevghffbj_g_
ihkf_eb [u I_j_ijZ\Z q_j_a j_dm kZfZ ih k_[_ gZ\h^bl gZ fukev h
ijbdexq_gbbImlvihj_d_d fhjxfh`_ldZaZlvky^ebggufb bgh]^Z
lZdh\ufb y\ey_lkyghhgg_h[yaZl_evghlZdhc?kebp_evxy\ey_lky
fhj_ wlh iml_r_kl\b_ hq_gv \Z`gh ^hjh]Z ih dhlhjhc b^ml ex^b
dhlhjuo \klj_qZxl kh[ulby ij_^f_lu ^_j_\vy b jZkl_gby
GZijbf_j dZd \u]ey^bl ijhlb\hiheh`guc [_j_]" >hjh]Z \g_aZigh
dhgqZ_lky"=^_hgZijh^he`Z_lky"?klvebfhklu"Qlhdeb_gl\b^bl
\ \h^_dhlhjZyl_q_lih^fhklhf"?kebklhylvgZk_j_^bg_fhklZqlh
gZoh^blkykaZ^bqlh\i_j_^b"
Bgh]^Z j_dZ klZgh\blky aZijm`_gghc b lh]^Z \Z`gh
bkke_^h\Zlv ijbqbgm b p_ev wlh]h h[klhyl_evkl\Z < ijbjh^guo
mkeh\b
yo gZ jmqvyo b j_dZo klZ\yl aZijm^u b kha^Zdwl ha_jZ beb
j_a_j\mZju qlh[u ^hklZ\blv \h^m dm^Zlh _s_ K ^jm]hc klhjhgu
_keb deb_gl g_ fh`_l h[gZjm`blv dm^Z \uoh^bl \h^Z ke_^m_l
hkfZljb\Zlv\kxf_klghklv\hdjm]aZijm`_ggh]hmqZkldZihdZ\uoh^
gk[m^_lgZc^_g
Hq_gvqZklhj_dZ\ \hh[jZ`_gbbl_q_llZdbf`_iml_fdZdbf
l_deZ [u \ _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byo ohly _c \hafh`gh ijboh^blky
ij_h^he_\Zlv ij_iylkl\by Bgh]^Z hgZ ^_eZ_l kljZggu_ \_sb
ih^gbfZ_lkygZ]hjmbeb^\b`_lkydjm]ZfblZdqlhdeb_glihklhyggh
\ha\jZsZ_lky gZ lh `_ f_klh Wlh gZ\h^bl gZ fukev qlh bf__lky
g_aZdhgq_ggh_^_ehdhlhjufgZ^haZgylvky^hlh]hdZdfh`gh[m^_l
b^lb^Zevr_
Qlh ijhbkoh^bl dh]^Z j_dZ kh_^bgy_lky k ^jm]hc j_dhc" Qlh
qm\kl\m_ldeb_gl"Wlhkbf\heihl_jbb^_glbqghklbq_eh\_dZ\ [he__
rbjhdhc b^_glbqghklb <k_e_gghc \_ebdhf [_kkhagZl_evghf Wlh
`mldh gh kx^Z fh`_l [ulv \kljh_gZ b^_y h lhf qlh ^Z`_ _keb
hklZeZkv lhevdh h^gZ dZiey wlZ dZiey hebp_l\hjy_l qZklv p_eh]h
bklhqgbdZ b ohly __ fh`gh baf_gblv hgZ gbdh]^Z g_ l_jy_lky
gbdh]^ZgkjZajmrZ_lky
Fhj_ ² wlh _kl_kl\_ggh_ jZkrbj_gb_ j_db beb jmqvy gh \
[he__ rbjhdhf [he__ ]em[hdhf fZkrlZ[_ Fhjk ² wlh [_kdjZcgbc
j_a_j\mZj \h^u k g_baf_jbfhc ]em[bghc kbf\he [_kkhagZl_evgh]h
Ohly ]jZgbpu fhjy g_ lZd `_kldh hij_^_e_gu dZd ]jZgbpu ha_jZ
jmqvy beb j_db fhj_ \k_ `_ bf__l ]jZgbpu Kbevgu_ eb\gb qZklh
[u\Zxl ijbqbghc lh]h jmqvb b j_db jZajmrZxl k\hb ]jZgbpu b
aZlhieyxl hdjm`Zxsb_ a_feb Fhjy qZklh \uoh^yl ba k\hbo
ij_^_eh\ dh]^Z yjhklgu_ \_lju beb kbevgu_ ijbeb\u ih^]hgyxl
\h^u Fhj_ fh`_l [ulv ^jm`_kl\_gguf f_klhf kh kdhie_gb_f
dmiZxsbokyb hl^uoZxsboex^_chghfh`_l[ulvhiZkguff_klhf
]^_dmiZgb_[ueh[u[_ajZkkm^ghckf_ehklvx
Dh]^Zdeb_gl^h[bjZ_lky^hfhjyy ]h\hjxqlhgb[m^v\jh^_
Qlh \u ohlbl_ ^_eZlv jZa m` \u a^_kv" G_l ]ZjZglbb qlh _keb
deb_gl \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb gk mf__l ieZ\Zlv hg bkim]Z_lky \h^u b
gZh[hjhl <_^v ikbobdZ ihgbfZ_l qlh fhj_ wlh [_kkhagZl_evgh_
G_dhlhju_ deb_glu ^Z`_ _s_ \ kZfhf gZqZe_ ijhp_kkZ jZ[hlu k
h[jZaZfb bf_xl ^hklZlhqgh ikboheh]bq_kdh]h ihgbfZgby qlh[u
kmf_lvkijZ\blvkyk l_fqlhfh`_lgZ\h^blvky\ fhjkdbo\h^Zo
Dhg_qghy j_dhf_g^h\Ze[u\oh^blv\ fhj_ihkl_i_gghZ gk
gujylvihdZdeb_glg_[m^_l^hklZlhqghk\_^msbf\ ikboheh]bb
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h Gujygb_ \ \h^m ² wlh kbf\hebdZ
ijhgbdgh\_gby beb \lhj`_gby \ ^jm]mx klbobx k_ bkke_^h\Zgby b
gujyevsbdm fh]ml ijhlb\hklhylv im]Zxsb_ h[jZau b kbf\heu
dhlhju_ hebp_l\hjyxl [_ah[jZagu_ ZjoZbq_kdb_ nb]mju eb[h ba
ebqgh]h[_kkhagZl_evgh]heb[hbadhee_dlb\gh]h[_kkhagZl_evgh]h
H^gZdhwlhfh`_lhdZaZlvkyieh^hl\hjguf
Nbe [ue ^hklZlhqgh k\_^ms \ jZ[hl_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h b
ijbr_e k hij_^_e_gghc p_evx ² gZmqblvky jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb Y
\\_e l_fm fhjy b hg g_ ih[hyeky gujgmlv ] g_]h GZ [hevrhc
]em[bg_NbegZr_ei_s_jm>ghi_s_ju[uehaZg_k_ghi_kdhfb ba
g_]h \ukh\u\ZeZkv gh]Z kd_e_lZ Khkdh[eb\ i_khd hg gZr_e p_euc
kd_e_l Dh]^Z y kijhkbe qlh wlh hagZqZ_l ^ey g_]h hg g_f_^e_ggh
k\yaZedZjlbgmk hlghr_gbyfbjZahj\Zggufbfgh]he_llhfmgZaZ^\
:\kljZebbHgiulZekyihohjhgblvwlm[hevghl_i_jv_fmijbrehkv
ijhlb\hklhylvkb
L_fZlj_lvy²=hjZ
Ohly hkgh\gZy l_fZ ² wlh ]hjZ y ohqm jZkrbjblv __ b
\dexqblv eZg^rZnl \hh[s_ =hjZ gk klhbl \ baheypbb hgZ qZklv
eZg^rZnlZ b \k_ qlh deb_gl k_[_ ij_^klZ\ey_l ^Z_l dexqb d _]h
wfhpbhgZevghfmkhklhygbxbebgZkljh_gbx
EZg^rZnl
EZg^rZnlu g_baf_ggh k\yaZgu k iml_r_kl\byfb b
agZqbfhklv jZaebqguo hkh[_gghkl_c eZg^rZnlZ k\yaZgZ k bo
wfhpbhgZevguf kh^_j`Zgb_f JZaebqgu_ eZg^rZnlu ² kZ^u
nhglZgu ha_jZ j_db ohefu b kdZeu ² wlh f_klZ dhlhju_ qZklh
ihk_sZxl ex^b ex[ysb_ ijbjh^m < h[jZaZo kh\k_f dZd \ `bagb
fukdhj__h[gZjm`b\Z_ff_klhq_f\u[bjZ_f_]hfug_kha^Z_f
hij_^_e_gguceZg^rZnlh[^mfZgghhgijhklh\hagbdZ_l
EZg^rZnl fh`_l [ulv a_e_guf p\_lmsbf b ieh^hl\hjguf
hg fh`_l [ulv kmobf b hiZe_gguf dZd imklugy hg fh`_l [ulv
dZf_gbkluf ebrv k j_^dhc jZklbl_evghklvx hg fh`_l [ulv
h]jZgbq_gj_dZfbbebfhj_fbeb ]hjZfbWlhfh`_l [ulvdZdh_lh
aZf_jar__g_h[blZ_fh_f_klhbebhkljh\bag_fh]Zxsbchlaghyih^
ljhibq_kdbfkhegp_fG_[hfh`_l[ulvkbyxsbfl_fguf
hl lmq beb hk\_s_gguf lhevdh emghc beb [_a \kydh]h k\_lZ
\hh[s_ Wlh fh`_l [ulv iZjd ihkj_^b ]hjh^Z hdjm`_gguc
g_[hkdj_[Zfb h]jZ^Zfb b ljZgkihjlhf EZg^rZnl fh`_l [ulv
[_kp\_lguf b gZiheg_gguf _kl_kl\_ggufb beb ij_m\_ebq_ggufb
djZkdZfbHgfh`_l[ulvaZlhie_g^h`^_fbebkg_]hf<k_wlhbf__l
k\hbhkh[u_agZq_gbyb h[uqgh^Z_ldexqd gZkljh_gbxdeb_glZbeb
_]h \a]ey^Zf gZ `bagv gug_rgbf beb [m^msbf Lhevdh dhgl_dkl \
dhlhjuc ihf_s_g kbf\he fh`_l ihfhqv hij_^_eblv _]h \_jhylgh_
agZq_gb_
>hebgu qZklh y\eyxlky \Z`gufb kbf\heZfb \ eZg^rZnl_
>hebgZ²wlhgbadh_f_klh[he__bebf_g__h]hjh`_ggh_ohefZfbb
h[uqgh k l_dms_c ih g_c j_dhc >hebgZ \ hlebqb_ hl hdjm`Zxsbo
ohefh\ ieh^hjh^gh_ f_klh hgh gZoh^blky \ ijyfhf dhgljZkl_ k
ijbjh^hc imklugb LZdbf h[jZahf ^hebgZ kbf\hebabjm_l `bagv b
ieh^hjh^b_ >hebgZ Zkkhpbbjm_lky kh kf_jlvx ?keb y ihc^m b
^hebghxkf_jlghcl_gbg_m[hxkvaeZihlhfmqlhLukhfghxL\hb
`_aeb L\hcihkho²hgbmkihdZb\Zxlf_gyIkZehf
>hebgZ kf_jlb bkihevam_lky qlh[u kbf\hebabjh\Zlv
djh\hijheblb_ \ GZiZ^_gbb [jb]Z^u k\_lZ LkggbkhgZ <
Iml_r_kl\bbibeb]jbfZ >`hg;Zgvyg]h\hjblLy`_eh_^_eh^ey
q_eh\_dZ ² kimkdZlvky \ ^hebgm Mgb`_gby b g_ ihkdhevagmlvky ih
^hjh]_
;_a hdjm`Zxsbo ohefh\ b ]hj ^hebgu gk [ueh [u lZd qlh
]hjub ^hebgu²wlhk\yaZggu_h[jZauBf_gghk ohefh\kljmblky\
^hebgm \h^Z G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh gZ ]hj_ _klv jZklbl_evghklv wlh
h[uqgh ]heh_ f_klh f_klh gZijy`_gby b ly`_euo bkiulZgbb
H^gZdh wlh lZd`_ f_klh ih[_^u q_klhex[b\uo klj_fe_gbb b
kbevgh]h \heg_gby ]^_ fu fh`_f \b^_lv i_caZ`b kdjulu_ hl gZk
dh]^Z gZoh^bfky \ ^hebg_ H^gZdh jZ[hlm g_h[oh^bfh kh\_jrblv
bf_ggh \gbam \ ^hebg_ Wlh g_ hagZqZ_l qlh ^ey ebqgh]h ihbkdZ
jZ[hlZ\ ^hebg_\ q_flhf_g__beb[he__\Z`gZq_fjZ[hlZgZ]hj_
WlhhagZqZ_lebrvlhqlh^hebgmgkke_^m_lb]ghjbjh\Zlv< h[jZaZo
\hkoh`^_gb_ b kimkd ² \Z`gu_ k\yaZggu_ kbf\heu dhlhju_ [m^ml
jZkkfZljb\Zlvky \ \hkvfhf iml_r_kl\bb Bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ukhl b
]em[bg
Bgh]^Zfu]h\hjbfh[hiul_^hebgua_fghfih\k_^g_\ghf
hiul_ dh]^Z gZ gZk ^Z\bl `bag_ggZy jmlbgZ dh]^Z fu klj_fbfky d
hiulm]hjguo\_jrbg<j_fyhl\j_f_gbgZfgm`ghkgh\Zih^gylvky
gZ]hjmb \a]eygmlvgZlhqlhgZoh^blky\gbamb \^Zeb
gh qlh[u ^h[jZlvky lm^Z fu ^he`gu kimklblvky FZjlbg
Exl_j
Dbg]² ]h\hjbeY ijhklh ohl_e\uihegblv\hex
;h]Z: Hgiha\hebefg_ih^gylvkygZ]hjmB yhkfhlj_ekyb m\b^_e
a_fex h[_lh\Zggmx Ihwlhfm k_]h^gy y kqZkleb\ Y gb h q_f g_
[_kihdhxkvY g_[hxkvq_eh\_dZ
H[uqgh dh]^Z deb_gl \i_j\u_ \klj_qZ_lky k dZjlbghc em]Z
]hjZ gZoh^blky \ hl^Ze_gbb wlbf ih^jZamf_\Z_lky qlh ijb^_lky
kh\_jrblviml_r_kl\b_ ij_`^_ q_f ]hjZ [m^_l ^hklb]gmlZ GZ wlhf
jZgg_f wlZi_ ihe_agh ihijhkblv deb_glZ hibkZlv ]hjm k jZkklhygby
ihkdhevdm dZ`^uc ba k\yaZgguo k g_c kbf\heh\ bf__l hlghr_gb_ d
\hafh`ghfm iml_r_kl\bx =hjZ fh`_l [ulv xehc beb ihjhkr_c
e_khf ljZ\ygbklhc beb fhgheblguf dZfg_f kdjulhc kg_]hf beb
aZeblhc kheg_qguf k\_lhf Wlh g_ ijhklh `b\hibkgu_ kbf\heu gh
hgb g_ gm`^Zxlky \ ]em[hdhc bgl_jij_lZpbb hkh[_ggh dh]^Z
hlghkylkyd [m^ms_fm
K wlbf k\yaZgh lZdh_ mijZ`g_gb_ ihijhkbl_ deb_glZ
ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ dZd \u]ey^_eZ [u dZjlbgZ dh]^Z ijhc^_gZ
iheh\bgZ imlb gZ\_jo Z aZl_f ² k \_jrbgu ]hju Hq_gv qZklh ^\_
iZghjZfu \_kvfZ jZaebqgu dh]^Z deb_gl gZ kZfhf ^_e_ [m^_l
ih^gbfZlvky gZ ]hjm b jZaebqby \h fgh]hf [m^ml aZ\bk_]v hl lh]h
kdhevdh \gmlj_gg_c jZ[hlu ijh^_eZgh K jZkklhygby qZklh dZ`_lky
qlh\_jrbgZhq_gv^Ze_dhb gbdZdboljhibghdg_\b^gh
Dh]^Z deb_glZ ijhkyl \uihegblv wlh mijZ`g_gb_ hg fh`_l
ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ dZdmxlh h[klZgh\dm beb hsms_gb_ baemqZ_fh_
]hjhchgZ^hklmigZyg_jh\gZygZ^f_ggZyb l^ Ih^h[gu_ wibl_lu
fu qZklh ijbf_gy_f d ex^yf beb ex^b ijbf_gyxl bo d gZf
Bgl_j_kgh kijhkblv deb_glZ qlh hg k\yge\Zkl k wlhc ]hjhc QZklh
^Z_lkyl_jfbgq_eh\_d]hjZZ aZl_fhgk\yau\Z_lkyk g_dbf]_jh_f
beb]_jhbg_cohlyqZs_\k_]hwlhZkkhpbZpbyk fm`kdbfbnb]mjZfb
Jh^kl\_gguc\hijhkDZdb_`b\hlgu_bebilbpu`b\mllZf"Hl\_l
gZ g_]h ² ihdZaZl_ev gjZ\Z kms_kl\ >jm`_ex[gu hgb beb g_l"
;m^mlhgb^_bkl\h\Z]vdZdlh\ZjbsbbebdZd\jZ]b"
Dh]^Z >`bf kfhlj_e gZ ]hjm hg qm\kl\h\Ze kljZo ]hjZ
dZaZeZkv m]jh`Zxs_c b kljZgghc Hg hibkZe __ lZd M]eh\ZlZy b
hkljZyhgZihklhygghf_gy_lky< g_cg_lgbq_]hklZ[bevgh]hY g_
bgl_jij_lbjh\Ze wlhl h[jZa hg lh`_ ^h lh]h \j_f_gb dh]^Z fgh]h
k_Zgkh\kimklyj_rbekyijb[ebablvkyd ]hj_
J_qv \ F_fnbk_ Zij_ey gZdZgmg_ _]h m[bckl\Z
bjhpb]bjh\ZggZy\ GvxChjdLZcf_
Zij_ly
Dh]^Z ^mfZ_rv h[ wlhf k_cqZk dZ`_lky qlh \ lh \j_fy dZd
g_dhlhju_ ex^b ]h\hjyl h ihljyk_gbb k\hbo mklh_\ >`bf
^_ckl\bl_evgh bkiulu\Ze lZdb_ qm\kl\Z K ihfhsvx k\h_]h
[e_klys_]hmfZhgkha^Ze[hevrhcj_a_j\dhlhjufg_dbqbekyb g_
o\ZklZekyhgijhklhijbgye_]hdZdnZdlIjb^ygZdhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_
b j_rb\ [hevrmx qZklv \j_f_gb jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb hg ^h
ba\_klghc kl_i_gb bglmblb\gh qm\kl\h\Ze qlh _]h kbevgh_ f_klh ²
_]h ]hjZ ² g_ ^h\_^_l ^h dhgpZ wlhl hiul gk ih^\_j]gm\rbkv
k_jv_aguf ihljyk_gbyf H[jZa ]hju [he__ fm`kdhc q_f `_gkdbc
[he__fukeysbbq_fbglmblb\gucb >`bfmijbrehkvi_j_hp_gblv
wlbklhjhgukZfh]hk_[yLZdqlh]hjZdhlhjZydh]^Zlh[ueZl\_j^hc
b gZ^_`ghcl_i_jvljykeZkvdZdijba_fe_ljyk_gbb
<hkoh`^_gb_ gZ ]hjm ² wlh kbf\he bkke_^h\Zgby b ih[_^Z
klj_fe_gbb Bg^bcpu kqblZeb \_jrbgu =bfZeZ_\ ^hfhf [h]h\
lhqgh lZd `_ ]j_db jZkkfZljb\Zeb ]hjm Hebfi dZd q_klh ]^_ `b\ml
bo [h`_kl\Z >ey yihgp_\ ]hjZ Nm^abyfZ gZiheg_gZ k\ys_gguf
kfukehf B dhg_qgh agZqbfh lh qlh Fhbk_c ihemqbe ^_kylv
aZih\_^_c gZ ]hj_ KbgZb AgZqbl lh qlh \ jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb
\hkoh`^_gb_ gZ ]hjm hebp_l\hjy_l klj_fe_gb_ d \ukrbf beb
^moh\gufp_gghklyfwlhg_kh\iZ^_gb_
Bgh]^Z \_jrbgZ ]hju kdjulZ h[eZdZfb wlh kbf\hebabjm_l
lZcgmg_qlh[hevrh_qlhgZ^hh[gZjm`blvDh@^Z=e_gih^gbfZeky
gZ k\hx ]hjm \hkoh`^_gb_ [ueh g_e_]dbf ihlhfm qlh \ j_Zevghc
`bagbhgg_ex[be\ukhlm?]hikbobdZk^_eZeZ\hkoh`^_gb_hq_gv
ljm^guf^eyg_]hb gZh^ghfwlZi_ihklZ\beZ_]hgZ^ijhiZklvx]^_
_]h kiZk g_dlh k[jhkb\rbc _fm \gba \_j_\dm b \ulZsb\rbc _]h
gZ\_jo=e_g^h[jZeky^hieZlhqlhg_j_^dhklv\ wlhcl_f_k g_]hhg
ihkfhlj_e gZaZ^ gZ ljhibgdm ih dhlhjhc k ljm^hf ih^gyeky b
ij_h^he_\g_kdhevdhij_iylkl\bb^h[jZekykx^Z
IeZlh²wlhf_klh]^_fh`ghhl^hogmlvkh[jZlvkyk kbeZfb
Wlhg_\_jrbgZwlhf_klhqlh[uk^_eZlvdjblbq_kdmxhp_gdmDh]^Z
=e_gihkfhlj_egZ\_jrbgmhgZhdZaZeZkvihdjulhcf]ehcHg_l
Gbq_]h [hevr_ g_ k^_eZlv Ihq_fm \_sb g_ fh]ml [ulv ijhklufb"
² [md\Zevgh ijhklhgZe hg <_jrbgZ ]hju =e_gZ [vrZ ^hklb]gmlZ
lhevdh ihke_ _s_ h^gh]h ljm^ghx \hkoh`^_gby gh dh]^Z hg
ih^gbfZeky f]eZ ihj_^_eZ b d fhf_glm dh]^Z =e_g ^h[jZeky ^h
\_jrbgu iheghklvx bkq_aeZ Q]h y ^_eZx k_cqZk <bevyf" Y
ij_^iheh`beqlhhgbs_li_s_jmFhy^h]Z^dZkhklhyeZ\ lhfqlh
_fmgm`gZgZ]jZ^ZaZljm^gh_\hkoh`^_gb_Z ]^_
bkdZlv __ dZd g_ \ i_s_j_ Lh qlh hg gZr_e [ueh dgb]hc
ihk_lbl_e_c \ dhlhjhc gZ^h [ueh jZkibkZlvky ?]h bfy klhyeh
i_j\uf b hg k ]hj^hklvx gZibkZe Y k^_eZe wlh Qlh \u ohl_eb
[u \aylv k kh[hc" ² kijhkbe y Y \havfm k kh[hc wlhl
jZamdjZr_gguc k\blhd m^hklh\_jyxsbc qlh y [ue gZ]jZ`^_g bf
lZddZdkh\_jrbeljm^gh_\hkoh`^_gb_
H[km`^_gb_
Ljm^gh_ \hkoh`^_gb_ hljZ`Zeh aZgylby =e_gZ dhlhju_ [ueb
g_e_]dbfb b _s_ [hevr_ hkeh`gyebkv hlghr_gb_f _]h jh^bl_e_c
Hgb g_h^h[jyeb_]h\u[hjk\yaZgguck g_h[oh^bfhklvxi_j_k^Zlv
qZklv wdaZf_gh\ gZ kl_i_gv Y [u m^b\beky _keb [u ih^t_f [ue
e_]dbf kebrdhf e_]dh_ iml_r_kl\b_ beb iml_r_kl\b_ aZdhgq_ggh_
kebrdhf[ukljhwlhijbagZdg_`_eZgbydeb_glZ[ulvebphfd ebpmk
\gmlj_ggbf fbjhf < j_Zevghklb \hkoh`^_gb_ gZ ]hjm lj_[m_l
\j_f_gbb mkbebc\ h[jZaZolhqghlZd`_?keb[ug_[uehmkbebc
g_ [ueh [hjv[u y fh] [u ihbgl_j_kh\Zlvky aZq_f deb_glm gm`gh
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_
< ih^h[ghf kemqZ_ kms_kl\m_l \_jhylghklv lh]h qlh
\hkoh`^_gb_ gZ ]hjm kh\_jrZ_lky g_ \h\j_fy gm`gh ijh\_klb
bkke_^h\Zgb_ j_db Z \hafh`gh \_jgmlvky d ij_^u^ms_fm
iml_r_kl\bx LZd`_ bgl_j_kgh qlh q_f ljm^g__ \hkoh`^_gb_ d
\_jrbg_ l_f [he__ \_jhylgh qlh q_eh\_dhf mijZ\ey_l
lj_[h\Zl_evgZyb ijb^bjqb\ZyebqghklvLZd[uehdhg_qgh\ kemqZ_
=e_gZ dhlhjuf mijZ\eyeb jh^bl_eb mklZgZ\eb\Zxsb_
g_\uihegbfu_klZg^Zjlu
Bgh]^Z deb_gl fh`_l aZ[em^blvky \ ]hjZo ljhibgdZ bkq_aZ_l
beb __ ij_]jZ`^Z_l kl_gZ ba kdZe < lZdhc fhf_gl fh`_l
ihgZ^h[blvky ihfhsv \f_rb\Z_lky dhgkmevlZgl ohly b g_ kjZam
?keb \u h]ey^bl_kv m\b^bl_ lh qlh \ulZsbl \Zk ba wlh]h
aZljm^gbl_evgh]hiheh`_gbyWlh]hqZklh[u\Z_l^hklZlhqghqlh[u
q_eh\_d kh\_jrZxsbc \hkoh`^_gb_ h[gZjm`be \_j_\dm e_klgbpm
bebqlhlh_s_qlhihfh`_l_fm\u[jZlvky>Z`_`b\hlgh_fh`gh
bkihevah\Zlv dZd mqZklgbdZ kiZk_gby Bgh]^Z iml_r_kl\b_ ke_^m_l
aZdhgqblvlZfb lh]^ZKeh\ZFh`_l[ulvgZk_]h^gy^hklZlhqgh"
^Zxldeb_glm\hafh`ghklvg_qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[yih^^Z\e_gb_fZ wlh
\Z`gh=e_gZkgyek \_jrbgu]hju\_jlhe_ldhlhjuc^hklZ\be_]hgZ
ex[bfuc iey` Qlh [u gb ijhbkoh^beh dZdmx [u nhjfm gb
ijbgbfZeZ]hjZkms_kl\_gghqlhdeb_glkh\_j
rZy i_j_oh^ gZaZ^ \h \g_rgbc fbj \ha\jZsZ_lky \
\u[jZggh_bff_klh
L_fZq_l\_jlZy²>hf
>hfkmg^mdkZ^hdjm`_gguckl_ghc²\k_wlhijb_fe_fu_
kbf\heu `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ >hf kqblZxl khdjh\bsgbp_c
ij_fm^jhklb >hf hebp_l\hjy_l jZagu_ kehb ikbobdb NZkZ^
hagZqZ_l \g_rgbc \b^ gZrm bg^b\b^mZevghklv \uklZ\e_ggh_
gZihdZa fZkdm dhlhjmx fu ghkbf DjurZ b \_jogbc wlZ`
hebp_l\hjyxl ]heh\m b jZamf Z lZd`_ khagZl_evgu_ \hex b jZamf
Ih^\Ze khhl\_lkl\m_l [_kkhagZl_evghfm b bgklbgdlZf Dmogy ² wlh
f_klh jZ[hlu f_klh ]^_ ljZgknhjfbjmxlky \_s_kl\Z Klmi_gb ²
wlhk\yavf_`^mjZaebqgufbmjh\gyfbb hkh[_ggh\Z`gh\_^mlhgb
gZ\_jobeb\gba
<_^msZy kbf\hebdZ hdgZ ² jZa^_e_gb_ \g_rg_]h b
\gmlj_gg_]h< wlhfhlghr_gbbhdghihoh`_gZ^\_jvbebkl_gmgh
]eZ\gh_jZaebqb_khklhbl\ lhfqlhhghijhajZqghlZddZd_]hp_ev
ijhimkdZlv k\_l \gmljv ?keb ^hf [_j_lky dZd hebp_l\hj_gb_
ebqghklb lh hdgh hebp_l\hjy_l ]eZa Z ]eZa dZd ]h\hjyl
hebp_l\hjy_l ^mrm q_eh\_dZ H >_\_ FZjbb ]h\hjyl dZd h[ hdg_
g_[_k Mhd_j Dh]^Z g_dlh gZoh^blky \h\g_ b kfhljbl q_j_a
hdgh wlh kbf\hebabjm_l `_eZgb_ \b^_lv \ [_kkhagZl_evghf
g_ba\_klghf
kfhlj_lv gZjm`m ² wlh kbf\he ^\b`_gby \ khagZgb_ b
ba\_klgh_ Hldjulh_ hdgh kbf\hebabjm_l ijb]eZr_gb_ aZdjulh_ ²
ebqgmxlZcgmJZa[blh_hdgh gZ\h^blgZfukevh gZkbebb jZa[blh_
ba\g_ hdgh hebp_l\hjy_l \lhj`_gb_ jZa[blh_ bagmljb gZ\h^bl gZ
fukevh [_]kl\_HdghaZgZ\_r_ggh_e_]dhcrlhjhckbf\hebabjm_l
kl_i_gv hldjulhklb aZgZ\_r_ggh_ ly`_ehc rlhjhc ² gZ\h^bl gZ
fukev h[ baheypbb Hk\_s_ggh_ hdgh ² kbf\he gZ^_`^u
aZl_fg_ggh_ hdgh gZ\h^bl gZ fukev h kf_jlb K\_l hk\_sZxsbc
hdgh²wlhkbf\hefZydZbebwf[e_fZ\ha\jZs_gby^hfhc
L_fZ ^hfZ ² jZkijhkljZg_gguc kihkh[ hebp_l\hj_gby
q_eh\_dZb ihwlhcijbqbg__keb[ur_klvl_fi_j\h]hmjh\gy[ueb
\aylu \ ihjy^d_ \hajZklZgby keh`ghklb hgb [u reb \ ihjy^d_
ij_^klZ\e_gghfa^_kvH^gZdhdZdy g_kdhevdhjZa]h\hjbeikbobdZ
g_ \k_]^Z ih^qbgy_lky gZr_fm ihjy^dm \_s_c LZd qlh gZoh^ykv gZ
em]m ohly h[uqgh g_ gZ i_j\hf k_Zgk_ jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb y
kijZrb\Zxdeb_glZQlh\ gbo\uohl_eb[ubkke_^h\Zlv
kgZqZeZ" Y ^he`_g [ulv ]hlh\ d \u[hjm dhlhjuc k^_eZ_l
ikbobdZbgh]^ZhgZ\u[bjZ_l^hf
?keb ^hf jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd kZfhklv hg lZd`_
kbf\hebabjm_l gZrm `_gkdmx klhjhgm beb kdhj__ `_gkdmx q_f
fm`kdmx Hq_gv qZklh kgZqZeZ wlh ^hf\hkihfbgZgb_ gh kimkly
dZdh_lh \j_fy ikbobdZ \b^bfh \klmiZ_l \ k\hb ijZ\Z b \_^_l
deb_glZ \ f_klZ dhlhjuo bagZqZevgh \ ^hf_ g_ kms_kl\h\Zeh H^bg
ba hkgh\guo ijbgpbih\ jZ[hlu k ikbobdhc aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh
gm`gh [ulv ]hlh\uf b^lb lm^Z dm^Z \_^_l ikbobdZ jZ[hlZlv k l_f
qlh hldju\Z_l ikbobdZ >ey dhgkmevlZglZ wlh fh`_l [ulv m`Zkguf
ihlhfm qlh g_\hafh`gh ieZgbjh\Zlv ?keb \u g_ qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y
dhfnhjlghk g_ieZgbjm_fufk\h[h^ghieZ\Zxsbf\hh[jZ`_gb_f
ihiulZcl_kv jZ[hlZlv k gZijZ\e_gguf \hh[jZ`_gb_f ]^_ \u ^Z_l_
deb_glm mdZaZgb_ kfhlj_lv gZ hij_^_e_ggu_ kbf\heu beb qZklb
dZjlbgu
Y kqblZxqlhdeb_glmg_[eZ]hjZamfgh\oh^blv\ ^hfj_adh\h
fgh]hflZd`_dZdg_j_dhf_g^m_lky\g_aZighgujylv\ fhj_Lhqlh
ij_^eZ]Z_lky gb`_ [ueh [u lbibqguf kp_gZjb_f ^\b`msbfky hl
em]ZY kdZaZe[uqlhlh\jh^_Fubkke_^h\Zebem]j_dmb ]hjm_s_
m gZk _klv ^hf b e_k qlh ba gbo \u ohl_eb [u bkke_^h\Zlv l_i_jv"
Ohlyjhah\ucdmkl\dexq_g\ i_j\ucmjh\_gvwlml_fmy \\_e[udZd
k\yamxsmxkhke_^mxsbfmjh\g_f
Ij_^iheh`bfqlhdeb_glj_rbebkke_^h\Zlv^hfDZd[u\u
hibkZeb^hfk lh]hf_klZ]^_gZoh^bl_kv">Ze_dhebhghl\Zk"DZdb_
qm\kl\Z\ubkiulu\Z_l_]ey^ygZg_]h"Wlb\hijhkuihoh`bgZl_
dhlhju_aZ^Zxlkyihih\h^m]hjuY [u\gbfZl_evghkemrZehl\_lu
gh gZ wlhf wlZi_ j_^dh bgl_jij_lbjh\Ze bo beb kijZrb\Ze h[ bo
bgl_jij_lZpbb Bgl_jij_lZpby \uau\Z_l hij_^_e_ggh_ dhebq_kl\h
jZafure_gbbb ZgZeba Z wlh fh]eh [u kebrdhf kbevgh ihf_rZlv
ihlhdm \hh[jZ`_gby b bglmbpbb AZl_f y [u kdZaZe qlhlh \jh^_
L_i_jvb^bl_ihgZijZ\e_gbxd ^hfmb khh[sZcl_fg__kebqlhlh
baf_gblky
<uihegyywlhmijZ`g_gb_;_\_jebij_^klZ\beZk_[_[hevrhc
dbjibqguc ^hf k ^h\hevgh \ukhdhc kl_ghc \hdjm] g_]h >hjh`dZ
ihkuiZggZy ]jZ\b_f \_eZ d ihdjZr_gguf \ [_euc p\_l \hjhlZf \
Zjd_ihkj_^bkl_guWlhl^hfhgZ\b^_eZ\ BjeZg^bbghgbdh]^Zg_
[ueZ\gmljbHgZkfhlj_eZgZg_]hbaaZ\hjhl\hlb \k_<hjhlZbeb
^\_jvqZklhy\eyxlkyi_j\hcij_]jZ^hcbeb[Zjv_jhfdhlhjucgZ^h
ij_h^he_lvhkh[_ggh_kebhgbaZdjuludZd
wlb \hjhlZ DZd jZa \ lZdb_ fhf_glu fu ^he`gu [ulv
l_ji_eb\ufbb g_lhjhiblvdeb_glZ
Deb_gl fh`_l j_rblv bkke_^h\Zlv kgZqZeZ kZ^ b wlh
ijb_fe_fh ihlhfm qlh kZ^ fh`_l fgh]h_ jZkkdZaZlv h \gmlj_gg_f
fbj_ deb_glZ KZ^u [u\Zxl lbibqgh Zg]ebckdbfb k ZddmjZlgufb
moh`_ggufb demf[Zfb k [_amij_qgufb ]ZahgZfb k lsZl_evgh
ih^kljb`_ggufb [hj^xjZfb hgb [u\Zxl aZ]jhfh`^_ggufb b
Zeyih\Zlufbhgbfh]ml[ulv^bdbfb]^_\eZkl\m_lijbjh^Z;u\Zxl
njmdlh\u_ kZ^u ^_j_\vy b dmklu fh]ml [ulv ihdjulu p\_lZfb
\ha\_sZxsbfb h ieh^hjh^bb beb m`_ mkuiZgu ieh^ZYLQ Fh`_l
klhylv abfZ lh]^Z ^_j_\vy klhyl [_a ebkl\u G_j_^dh deb_gl
ij_^klZ\ey_l k_[_ nhglZg ijm^ beb ha_jh ?keb wlh ha_jh lh
hlkmlkl\b_ ^bdhc `bagb kem`bl ihdZaZl_e_f [_kieh^ghklb
\gmlj_gg_c `bagb deb_glZ LZd dZd ^hf b kZ^ g_jZa^_ebfu ihegh_
bkke_^h\Zgb_kZ^Zb _]h hdj_klghkl_c ihe_agh h^gZdh aZlygm\r__ky
bkke_^h\Zgb_ kZ^Z i_j_^ bkke_^h\Zgb_f ^hfZ \hafh`gh y\ey_lky
kj_^kl\hfhleh`blvwlmqZklvmijZ`g_gby< lZdhfkemqZ_aZf_qZgb_
\jh^_ Fu m`_ ^he]h jZkkfZljb\Z_f kZ^ b \u \k_]^Z fh`_l_
\_jgmlvky d g_fm qlh \u qm\kl\m_l_ ih ih\h^m lh]h qlh[u k_cqZk
bkke_^h\Zlv^hf"ih^^_j`b\Z_l^\b`_gb_\i_j_^
;_\_jeb [ueZ \ajhkehc `_gsbghc h^gZdh hgZ i_j_g_keZkv
gZaZ^\ k\h_^_lkl\hb l_i_jv_c[uehdZdhgZkdZaZeZhdheh\hkvfb
e_l HgZ ]jmklgh kfhlj_eZ kd\hav \hjhlZ g_ kf_y ^Z`_ gZ`Zlv gZ
a\hghd Wlh oZjZdl_jgZy q_jlZ h[jZah\ b ijboh^blky klmiZlv
hklhjh`gh ihklhyggh ihfgy qlh gm`gh ijh\_jylv ]^_ gZoh^blky
deb_gl b \ dZdhf hg \hajZkl_ <ajhkeuc iha\hgbe [u \ a\hghd beb
\hr_e\ kZ^b ihklmqZeky[u\ ^\_jv
Y kijhkbe Qlh ohq_l k^_eZlv j_[_ghd" gZ qlh hgZ
hl\_lbeZ Y ohqm \hclb gh fZfZ fh`_l jZkk_j^blvky gZ f_gy
Iha`_ \ ^bkdmkkbb \uykgbehkv qlh __ fZlv [ueZ q_eh\_dhf
ih^^_j`b\Zxsbf^bkpbiebgm\ k_fv_b ^_lbbkiulu\Zebi_j_^g_c
[eZ]h]h\_cguckljZoLh_klv\Zfgm`ghjZaj_r_gb_^Z`_^eylh]h
qlh[u iha\hgblv \ a\hghd ^Z" Ihke_ \gmlj_gg_c [hjv[u hgZ
kdZaZeZ G_l \uau\Zxs_ \a^_jgm\ ih^[hjh^hd Hl\_lZ gZ a\hghd
g_ ihke_^h\Zeh lZd qlh ;_\_jeb hldjueZ \hjhlZ b dh]^Z ijhreZ
agZqbl_evgh_ jZkklhygb_ hibkZeZ kZ^ dhlhjuc [ue ijbylgh
g_[j_`guf
<k_]^Z j_dhf_g^m_lky [ulv mqlb\uf dh]^Z bf__rv ^_eh k
ikbobdhclZdqlhy ihkh\_lh\Ze;_\_jebihklmqZlvky\ ^\_jvhgZlZd
b k^_eZeZghgbdlhg_ihy\bekyIjh\_jvl_jmqdm²ihkh\_
lh\Ze y HgZ lZd b k^_eZeZ ^\_jv hldjueZkv aZ g_c hdZaZeky
aZl_fg_gguc aZe A^_kv \h^ylky ijb\b^_gby ² kdZaZeZ ;_\_jeb
h]ey^_\rbkv \hdjm] Y ij_^eh`be gZ f]gh\_gb_ ij_j\Zlvky qlh[u
ih^mfZlvgZdZdmxqZklv^hfZ_cohq_lky\a]eygmlvkgZqZeZ
G_dhlhju_ dhgkmevlZglu fh]eb [u gZijZ\blv deb_glZ gZ
hij_^_e_ggu_ mjh\gb Wlh hkgh\Zgh gZ lhc l_hjbb qlh ih^\Ze
hlghkblky\ [hevr_ckl_i_gbd [_kkhagZl_evghfmb qm\kl\Zfgb`gbc
wlZ` ² d khagZl_evghfm beb W]h Z q_j^Zd ² d Kmi_jW]h beb
kh\_klb d bgl_ee_dlm b fure_gbx DZ`^Zy dhfgZlZ bf__l
kh[kl\_ggmx kbf\brdm ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh ]hklbgZy
kbf\hebabjm_ldhfnhjlb ^hkm]kiZevgykbf\hebabjm_l bglbfghklv
b hl^uo dmogy ² ljZgknhjfZpbx kujuo dhfihg_glh\ b jZ[hlm
dZ[bg_l kbf\hebabjm_l bgl_ee_dlmZevgmx jZ[hlm b \hkklZgh\e_gb_
kbe klheh\Zy kbf\hebabjm_l hldebd gZ nbabq_kdb_ ihlj_[ghklb
ih^\Zehebp_l\hjy_lhkgh\ubg^b\b^mZevghklbq_j^Zdhebp_]\hjy_l
hleh`_ggh_ agZgb_ Khdjh\bs_ fh`gh h[gZjm`blv ]^_ m]h^gh gh
qZklh_]hgZoh^yl\ ih^\Ze_b gZq_j^Zd_
GZfhc \hijhk
L^_ \u ohl_eb [u gZqZlv bkke_^h\Zgb_"
;_\_jebhl\_lbeZ: fh`gh"Wlhg_fhb^hfY hl\_lbe?keb[u
ohaybg ^Ze \Zf jZaj_r_gb_ ]^_ [u \u ohl_eb gZqZlv" A^_kv
kh^_j`blky gZf_d gZ lh qlh ohaybg ^Ze jZaj_r_gb_ ohly wlh b g_
ml\_j`^Z_lky Qlh dZkZ_lky f_gy y kqblZx qlh lZdhc
wdki_jbf_glZevgucih^oh^^_ckl\bl_evghohjhrhkjZ[Zlu\Z_l?keb
[u ;_\_jeb kdZaZeZ Fg_ \k_lZdb gm`gh jZaj_r_gb_ y fh] [u
ij_^eh`blv kb gZclb ]^_gb[m^v \ ^hf_ beb \g_ _]h q_eh\_dZ ?
dhlhjh]h hgZ fh]eZ [u kijhkblv jZaj_r_gby Y [u klZe ]h\hjblv h
lhfqlh^hfhebp_l\hjy_lkZfh]hdeb_glZg_jZgvr_q_f^hf[ue[u
bkke_^h\Zg \ i_j\uc jZa gh b lh]^Z h[uqgh \ lZdhc nhjf_ <u
ijh\_eb\ ^hf_g_dhlhjh_\j_fy_klvebm \Zkkhh[jZ`_gbyh lhfqlh
hg hebp_l\hjy_l" AZl_f [ueh [u DZd [u \u k_[y ihqm\kl\h\Zeb
k_eb[uy kdZaZeqlhhghebp_l\hjy_l\Zk"Emqr_qlh[udeb_glih
\hafh`ghklbkZfh[gZjm`beqlh_klvqlhZ g_magZeh[wlhfhldh]h
lh
;_\_jeb \i_j\u_ ihemqbeZ j_Zevguc dexq d lhfm dZd
b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv ^hf ihk_lb\ [b[ebhl_dm ]^_ hgZ gZreZ
^g_\gbd haZ]eZ\e_gguc Ebqguc ^g_\gbd ;_\_jeb Dh]^Z hgZ
ijhqblZeZ g_dhlhju_ kljZgbpu lh gZqZeZ ieZdZlv gZ^ ^Z\gh
aZ[ulufb\hkihfbgZgbyfbh fukeyoaZibkZgguo^\Z^pZlve_lgZaZ^
G_\Z`gh [ueb eb wlh j_Zevgu_ \hkihfbgZgby \Z`gh qlh hgb
hk\h[h^bebfgh]hwfhpbck\yaZgguok __^_lkl\hf
Dh]^ZNbeh[ke_^h\Zek\hb^hfki_j_^bb kaZ^b^hf\u]ey^_e
ihjZaghfm NZkZ^ [ue ohjhrh moh`_g ^h\hevgh ljZ^bpbhg_g b
ijbyl_g^eyNbeZDh]^Zy ijb]eZkbe_]hhkfhlj_lvaZ^gbc^\hjhg
[uelZdkfms_g_]h\_lobf\b^hfqlhgZqZeieZdZlvK nZkZ^Zhg
\jZq [ue dhgnhjfbklhf Nbe ijbagZe qlh kms_kl\m_l l_g_\Zy
klhjhgZohjhrhkdjulZyhl]eZa
Bkke_^my ^hf hg hklZgh\beky m ^\_jb ihljh]Ze jmqdm b
h[gZjm`beqlh^\_jvaZi_jlZL_fZaZdjulhc^\_jbqZklh\\h^blky
\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_iha`__kebhgZg_\hagbdZ_lkihglZgghdZdwlh
ijhbahreh k Nbehf DhfgZlZ k aZdjulhc ^\_jvx ² wlh kbf\he
ebqghc lZcgu ebqguo fuke_c AZdjulZy dhfgZlZ kbf\hebabjm_l
k_dj_lghklv l_fgu_ lZcgu lsZl_evgh kdju\Z_fu_ hl ihklhjhggbo
DhfgZlZk hdgZfb\imkdZ_lk\_l\gmljvb iha\hey_lq_eh\_dm\b^_lv
lh qlh kgZjm`b HdgZ g_^hklZlhqgh qbklu_ qlh[u q_j_a gbo [ueh
\b^gh]h\hjylh [_kihe_aghklb
Qlh \u ohlbl_ ^_eZlv k wlhc ^\_jvx" ² kijhkbe y NbeZ
Qlhlh \h fg_ ohq_l \uehfZlv __ gh wlh [ueh [u g_ijZ\bevgh Y
agZxwlhlZdqlhg_h[oh^bfhgZclbdexq<ujZ`_gb_gZclbdexq
fh`_l hlghkblvky d j_Zevghfm dexqm beb kbf\hebq_kdhfm dexqm
lZdhfm dZd K_aZf hldjhcky beb dZdhfmlh bghfm \her_[ghfm
dexqm Gh a^_kv bf_eky aZfhd lZd qlh fh`gh [ueh ^himklblv qlh
Nbem gZ^h gZclb j_Zevguc dexq Y kdZaZe Qlh dZd \u ^mfZ_l_
fh`_l gZoh^blvky \ wlhc dhfgZl_" Beb dlh" Hg g_ bf_e
ij_^klZ\e_gby ohly m g_dhlhjuo deb_glh\ [u\Zxl keZ[u_
ih^haj_gby
K_dkmZevgmxkbf\hebdmaZi_jlhcdhfgZlufh`ghijbgylv[_a
^hdZaZl_evkl\hkh[_gghmqblu\ZyqlhaZfhd²wlh`_gkdbch[jZaih
hlghr_gbx d fm`kdhfm dexqm Nbe ^he`_g [ue h[gZjm`blv g_qlh
dZkZxs__ky _]h k_dkmZevghklb" =^_ [ue dexq" Hsms_gb_ qlh wlh
bf__lhlghr_gb_d k_dkmZevghklbmkbebehkvdh]^ZNbegZr_edexq
\ [hevrhc dblZckdhc mjg_ klhys_c \ ohee_ < kbf\hebaf_ h[uqgh
kqblZ_lkyqlh\f_klbebsZhebp_l\hjyxl`_gkdh_gZqZeh
Nbe kdZaZe Y ^_j`m wlhl ahehlhc dexq b \hkobsZxkv
ijbqm^eb\v mahjhf gZ g_f wlh gk h[uqguc dexq b g_ h[uqgZy
^\_jvY qm\kl\mxf_gyke_]dZim]Z_llhqlhy fh]mgZclbGZqg_f
DhfgZlZ[ueZaZgZ\_r_gZb lhevdhlmkdehhk\_s_gZb a^_kviZog_l
ie_k_gvx ?_ g_ hldju\Zeb hq_gvhq_gv ^Z\gh Qlh \u \b^bl_ \
g_c" ² kijhkbe y Hg hlh^\bgme aZgZ\_kdb b hldjue hdgh aZl_f
kdZaZeKmg^mdkhkeh\hfNbegZibkZgguf[hevrbfb
[md\ZfbQ_jlwlhkljZgghWlhhagZqZ_lqlhhg²y bebqlhhg
ijbgZ^e_`blfg_"Fh`_l[ulvb lhb ^jm]h_"²ij_^iheh`bey
?keb wlhl kmg^md ² y lh]^Z y hldju\Zx k_[y qlh[u m\b^_lv qlh
gZoh^blky\gmljbGhbf_gghwlhy b^_eZx
Nbehldjuekmg^mdb h[gZjm`belhevdhh^bgij_^f_ljmqgh_
q_jdZeh gh g_ h[uqgh_ a_jdZeh hgh dZd b dexq [ueh ahehluf
ij_djZkguf b y\gh ^jZ]hp_ggvr Dlh fh`_l ijhlb\blvky `_eZgbx
ihkfhlj_lvky\ a_jdZeh"G_NbeHgih^gyea_jdZehghhghhljZ`Zeh
g_ebphNbeZZ _]hebphdZdebph`_gsbgu IkbobdZih^rmqb\ZeZ
gZ^ gbf" Hg k_e gZ klme \k_ _r_ ]ey^y \ a_jdZeh b kdZaZe Hgh
]h\hjblfg_qlhy ]hem[hc"Dhg_qghh^gZbabgl_jij_lZpbbfh]eZ
[ulv lZdhc gh hiul gZmqbe f_gy gk o\ZlZlvky aZ i_j\h_ `_
lhedh\Zgb_ <_jhylgh gh qlh _r_ wlh fh]eh [u hagZqZlv" ²
kijhkbe y ihgbfZy qlh Nbe \_kvfZ rhdbjh\Zg l_f qlh _]h
k_dkmZevghklv k lZdhc klhjhgu ij_^klZeZ i_j_^ gbf G_ agZx
<bevyf Y haZ^Zq_g Hl\_lu j_^dh [u\Zxl baysgh miZdh\Zggufb
]hlh\ufb d lhfm qlh[u bo kgyeb k ihedb b \jmqbeb ke_^mxs_fm
ihdmiZl_ex hl\_l jZa\b\Z_lky ohly dh]^Z y ibrm h[ wlhf k_cqZk
dZdZylhlZcgZlj_i_lkh\f_klgh]hhldjulbyhlqZklbl_jyxlky
A_jdZehhljZ`Z_l\Zkfm`qbgmNbe"kijhkbey +/_\ g_f
hljZ`Z_lkydlhlhhq_gvihoh`bcgZf_gyfh`_l[ulvfhb^\hcgbd
gh wlh `_gsbgZ ² AgZqbl fm`qbgm b `_gsbgm GZ dZdmx fukev
wlh \Zk gZ\h^bl" ² >\h_ iZjlg_ju :^Zf b ?\Z
ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb Dh]^Z hg ijhbag_k ihke_^g__ keh\h fu h[Z
agZeb qlh wlh hl\_l Dh]^Z ihy\ey_lky lZdhc hl\_l q_eh\_d qZklh
m^b\ey_lky ihq_fm lj_[m_lky lZd fgh]h \j_f_gb qlh[u bklbgZ
ijbreZ \ ]heh\m Fhy `_gkdZy klhjhgZ `_gkdh_ gZqZeh" ²
kijhkbeNbeY ijylZefhx`_gkdmxklhjhgm\k_wlb]h^uaZibjZe
__ \ dhfgZl_ h^gZdh hgZ ijboh^bl dh fg_ k ahehluf dexqhf b
ahehlufa_jdZehfA^hjh\h
H^gZdh iml_r_kl\b_ NbeZ \ bgl_]jZpbb _]h `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ
wlbf g_ dhgqbehkv dh]^Z hg gZmqbeky ba\e_dZlv ihevam ba lh]h qlh
ijylZelZdfgh]he_lhgklZe]hjZa^h[he__kbevguf\jZqhf
Bgh]^Z deb_gl \klj_qZ_l \ ^hf_ ex^_c b wlh g_m^b\bl_evgh
;he__ih^jh[ghy aZcfmkvagZqbfufbex^vfb\ l_f_q_lujgZ^pZlhc
AgZqbfu_ ex^b kdehggu aZgbfZlv hkh[u_ dhfgZlu \ ^hf_ b qZklh
hebp_l\hjyxlkdhj__Zjo_lbiu q_f j_Zevguo ex^_c ohly j_Zevgu_
ex^b \k_ `_ qZklh ihy\eyxlky Dh]^Z hgb ihy\eyxlky lh ih
\b^bfhfmhebp_l\hjyxlg_qlh\ g_ihkj_^kl\_gghc`ba
gb deb_glZ lh]^Z dZd Zjo_lbibq_kdb_ nb]mju hebp_l\hjyxl
g_qlh[he__]em[bggh_
Dh]^Z >`_ggb ihklmqZeZ \ ^\_jv k\h_]h ^hfZ _c hldjueZ
dhe^mgvy Wlh ih\_j]eh \ m^b\e_gb_ b >`_ggb b f_gy Dh]^Z
dhe^mgvy ijhgabl_evgh aZdjbqZeZ Moh^b ijhqv m`Zkguc j_[_ghd
j_fbgbkp_gpby \her_[ghc kdZadb y ih[m^be >`_ggb klhylv gZ
k\h_f]h\hjblv\_`eb\hghl\_j^hb kdZaZlvdhe^mgv_qlhm >`_ggb
_klv ijZ\h \hclb Ohly ihlj_[h\ZeZkv [hevrZy kf_ehklv >`_ggb
k^_eZeZ wlh b dhe^mgvy ij_\jZlbeZkv \ furv dhlhjZy ihki_rgh
kdjueZkvba\b^m
>jm]b_ Zjo_lbibq_kdb_ nb]mju FZlv b Hl_p [Z[mrdb b
^_^mrdb fZq_oZ b hlqbf hkh[_ggh fZq_oZ \_ebdZgu j_eb]bhagu_
nb]mju ^vy\he Kibkhd fh`gh ijh^he`blv Ijhkfhlj Keh\Zjy
h[jZah\ b kbf\heh\ \ ikboheh]bq_kdhf dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb KlxZjl
fh`_l hdZaZlvky ieh^hl\hjguf lZd dZd fgh]b_ _]h klZlvb
khijh\h`^Zxlky \hafh`gufb ikboheh]bq_kdbfb bgl_jij_lZpbyfb
Ij_`^_ q_f aZ\_jrblv l_fm ^hfZ ke_^m_l k^_eZlv h^gh ihke_^g__
aZf_qZgb_ Ijb ih\lhjghf ihk_s_gbb ^hfZ qlh qZklh [u\Z_l
ihe_aguf hkh[_ggh ijb agZqbl_evghf ebqghklghf jZa\blbb hg
fh`_lkbevghbaf_gblvkyihkjZ\g_gbxk i_j\ufjZahf
;_\_jeboh^beZgZdhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_fgh]hf_kyp_\b ddhgpm
\_jgmeZkv \ ^hf <h \j_fy k\h_]h i_j\h]h \bablZ hgZ \klj_lbeZ
dhe^mgvx gZ wlhl jZa ih^hc^y d ^hfm hgZ kdZaZeZ Ba ljm[u b^_l
^uf b \hjhlZ hldjulu gZ __ klmd \ureZ ^h[jZy klZjZy ^ZfZ
dhlhjZy meu[Zykv ijb\_lkl\h\ZeZ __ b gZa\ZeZ ih bf_gb Ohly
V_\_jeb g_ magZeZ ^Zfm m gbo mklZgh\behkv ohjhr__
\aZbfhihgbfZgb_ b ;_\_jeb ihemqbeZ ijb]eZr_gb_ gZ ^g_\ghc
qZb Dh]^Z ;k\kjeb moh^beZ klZjZy ^ZfZ \jmqbeZ _c djZkgmx
dh`Zgmx dgb]m \ dhlhjhc ;_\_jeb magZeZ k\hb ^Z\gbc ^g_\gbd
KlZjZy^ZfZijhebklZeZkljZgbpuaZl_f^hklZeZjmqdmb gZibkZeZgZ
qbklhfebkl_Ijhreh_aZdhgq_ghZ gZi_j\hckljZgbp_;m^ms__
gZqbgZ_lky>mfZx^Zevg_crbodhff_glZjb_\g_lj_[m_lky
L_fZiylZy²E_k
Hdknhj^kdbc keh\Zjv Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ hij_^_ey_l e_k dZd
kh\hdmighklv^_j_\v_\jZklmsbo[he__bebf_g__iehlghhkh[_ggh
\ _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byo \ hlebqb_ hl ieZglZpbb gZ agZqbl_evghc
ijhly`_gghklbh[uqgh[hevrZyq_fjhsZbebih^
e_khd gh \dexqZxsbc bo \ k_[y mqZklhd a_feb ihdjuluc
^_j_\vyfbk ih^e_kdhf beb [_a g_]h E_k hij_^_e_g dZd h[rbjgZy
ihehkZa_febihdjulZy^_j_\vyfbb ih^e_kdhfbgh]^Zkf_rZggufb
k iZkl[bs_f b
HgZdb\gmeZG
k_fbgZj_ fu m`_ mklZgh\beb qlh hgZ fh`_l jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb
ihwlhfmy ij_^eh`beqlh[ufuhibjZebkvgZhiulk_fbgZjZYdZd
h[uqgh\\_e__ \]em[hdh_khklhygb_j_eZdkZpbb
aZl_fi_j_r_ed jZ[hl_k h[jZaZfbAZl_fy \\_el_fmem]Zb gZ
ijZ\beky \i_j_^ <hl ijbf_jgh qlh y ]h\hjbe <u j_rZ_l_ ijh
]meylvky ih em]m b ih^oh^bl_ d ij_djZkghfm kZ^m Ih`ZemcklZ
hibrbl_fg__]h>`mghibkZeZlbibqguckZ^m aZ]hjh^gh]h^hfZ
Z \j_fy]h^Z[uehdZdb \j_Zevghklb²klhyebxevIjhc^bl_kvih
kZ^mb hibrbl_qlh\uk_[_ij_^klZ\ey_l_L?Z [hevrbfdZrlZghf
>`mg gZreZ kdZfvx hgZ fh]eZ keurZlv `m``Zgb_ iq_e bsmsbo
g_dlZj \ dmklZo eZ\Zg^u \hae_ g__ <k_ _A ih\_^_gb_ baf_gbehkv
dh]^ZhgZjZkkeZ[beZkvih]jmab\rbkv Lh[jZauY ihqm\kl\h\Zeqlh
l_i_jvijbreh\j_fy\\_klbhij_^_e_gguch[jZaFhchiul]h\hjbe
qlhjhaukha^Zxlbkp_eyxsmxZmjmbofZkehbkihevam_lky\ kZfuo
^hjh]bo^moZoZ wkk_gpbyijbf_gy_lky\ ZjhfZl_jZibb
<bevyf Y ohl_e[uqlh[u\uij_^klZ\bebk_[_\ kZ^mjy^hf
k \Zfb_klvij_djZkgZyjhaZFh`_l_\u \hh[jZablv wlh" Dh]^Z hl
db\gmeZy ijh^he`be
<bevyf DZdh]hhgZp\_lZ"
>`mg HgZdjZkb\Zyl_fghdjZkgZyk g_a_fgufZjhfZlhfY
fh]mqm\kl\h\ZlvwlhlaZiZohllm^Z]^_kb`m
<bevyf Y [u ohl_e qlh[u \u ih^hreb ih[eb`_ d jhah\hf?
dmklm b ihkfhlj_eb _klv eb \ g_f qlhgb[m^v bf_xs__ ^ey \Zk
hkh[uckfuke
Q_j_ag_kdhevdhk_dmg^hgZ\ul_jeZ]eZaZiZevpZfb
>`mg ?klvkehfZggZy\_ldZb p\_lhdgZg_caZ\yeHfg_lZd
]jmklgh
<bevyfH q_fdZd\ZfdZ`_lkywlh]h\hjbl\Zf"
>`mg Wlhfhc[jZdkehfZggucm\y^rbc
<bevyf Qlhgb[m^v_s_"
Wlhl \hijhk hkgh\Zg gZ m[_`^_gbb qlh hq_gv qZklh k
kbf\hehf[u\Z_lk\yaZgh[hevr_h^gh]hagZq_gby
Ihke__s_h^ghciZmau>`mggZqZeZlbohieZdZlv
>`mg Wlhy\k_aehmihlj_[e_gbykehfbebf_gyb yqm\kl\mx
k_[ym\y^r_cb [_kihe_aghc
<bevyf <umljZlbeb\_kvk\hcZjhfZl"
>`mgdb\Z_lkd\havke_au
<bevyf >`mg y ohqm qlh[u \u \gbfZl_evgh ihkfhlj_eb gZ
jhah\ucdmklb kha^Zeb\ \hh[jZ`_gbb gh\uc [mlhg Ihkfhljbl_ gZ
g_]h \ kZfhf gZqZe_ _]h jZa\blby ijbdhkgbl_kv d g_fm hsmlbl_
dZdhc hg l\_j^uc Hg a_e_guc b \k_ `_ \u agZ_l_ qlh \ g_f
aZdexq_g p\_l b ZjhfZl _s_ g_ jZkdjuluc Ih _keb \u ihkfhljbl_
kgh\Zlhm\b^bl_qlhgZkZfhf_]h\_jom_klvkeZ[uchll_ghdp\_lZ
Ijh^he`Zcl_ \gbfZl_evgh kfhlj_lv dh]^Z [mlhg gZqg_l f_^e_ggh
jZkdju\Zlvkya_e_guc p\_l gZqg_l f_gylvky b djZkguc l_i_jv ykgh
\b^_g gh [mlhg \k_lZdb aZdjul L_i_jv h^bg aZ ^jm]bf gZqbgZxl
jZa\hjZqb\Zlvky e_i_kldb b lZf gZ g_ih\j_`^_gghc \_ld_
jZkimkdZ_lky [_amij_qgZy djZkgZy jhaZ Kgh\Z hsmsZ_lky
\hkoblbl_evguc ZjhfZl Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u b^_l_ [hkbdhf ih
ljhibgd_ mkuiZgghc e_i_kldZfb jha Ihqm\kl\mcl_ fy]dhklv
e_i_kldh\\^hogbl_boZjhfZldh]^Z\Zrbgh]be_]dhfgmle_i_kldb
L_i_jv \_jgbl_kv d jhah\hfm dmklm \havfbl_ jham \ eZ^hgb
gZdehgbl_kvb imklvjhaZdZkZ_lky\Zr_]hebpZ
>`mg lZd ohjhrh \hreZ \ h[jZau qlh __ ebph \ujZ`Zeh
ihegh_kihdhckl\b_
<bevyf L_i_jvy ohqmqlh[u\uij_^klZ\bebk_[_ZjhfZlgk
lhevdh \oh^bl \ \Zrb gha^jb gh klZgh\blky qZklvx \Zk kZfhc
Ij_^klZ\vl_ aZiZo ijhoh^ysbc d dZ`^hc qZklb \Zr_]h l_eZ d
e_]dbfaZl_fq_j_adjh\vd furpZfijyfh^hdhgqbdh\iZevp_\d
fha]md furpZf]heh\ub ebpZd \gmlj_ggbfhj]ZgZfB dh]^ZaZiZo
dZkZ_lky jZaguo qZkl_c l_eZ hg hfu\Z_l bo lZdbf `_ qm^_kguf
ZjhfZlhfL_i_jvy ohqmqlh[u\uij_^klZ\bebk_[_qlhZjhfZlb^_l
^Z`_ ]em[`_ ijyfh d \Zf \ ^mrm ijbghky bkp_e_gb_ lm^Z ]^_ hgh
gm`gh\Zf[hevr_\k_]hJZkkdZ`bl_fg_qlhijhbkoh^bl
>`mg Y fh]m hsmsZlv ZjhfZl \eb\Zxsbcky \ dZ`^mx fhx
qZklvhgl_ieucb mkihdZb\ZxsbcHgg_djZkgucdZdjhaZZ [_euc
b yijhklhagZxqlhhgbae_qb\Z_l\k_h[b^ub hkdhj[e_gbyHgdZd
[m^lhkdhgp_gljbjh\Zg]^_lh\ k_j_^bg_fh_]h`b\hlZb jZkoh^blky
hllm^ZemqZfb
H[km`^_gb_kemqZy>`mg
Fu k >`mg mqZkl\h\Zeb \ ]em[hdh ijhgbdZxs_f hiul_
dhlhjuc y \iheg_ m\_j_g hklZeky k g_c lZd `_ dZd b kh fghc
<hafh`gh \u ohl_eb [u aZ^Zlv \hijhku lZd qlh y ij_^mij_`m l_
dhlhju_dZdy ^mfZxfh]ml\hagbdgmlv
Y j_rbe bkihevah\Zlv h^gm wlm l_fm lZd dZd agZe qlh \j_fy
h]jZgbq_ghb fuk >`mg\hafh`gh[hevr_g_\klj_lbfkyAgZqbly
ohl_e ^h[blvky fZdkbfZevgh]h wnn_dlZ aZ bf_xs__ky \j_fy Y
bkihevah\Ze jham b jZgvr_ gh gbdh]^Z g_ ^_eZe wlh]h ih^h[guf
kihkh[hflZdqlhwlh[ue\hijhkkh]eZkh\Zgbyk 0RHLObglmbpb_c
>`mg \iblZeZ bgljh_pbjh\ZeZ ZjhfZl :kkZ^`bheb ª
]h\hjblh[bgljh_pbjh\Zgbbjhah\h]hdmklZfhcbgklbgdlih^kdZaZe
fg_ qlh wlh g_ [ueh [u mf_klguf hkh[_ggh _keb g_dZy _]h qZklv
hebp_l\hjyeZ __ jZajmr_gguc [jZd Y lZd`_ ^mfZx qlh
bgljh_pbjh\Zgb_ p_eh]h dmklZ lj_[m_l agZqbl_evgh]h kdZqdZ
\hh[jZ`_gby b g_ [ueh [u ih^oh^ysbf ^ey _^bgkl\_ggh]h k_ZgkZ
Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m qlh ZjhfZl b _klv jhaZ Z jhaZ ² wlh dmkl
AgZqblih]ehsZyZjhfZl>`mg\[bjZ_l\ k_[ydmklWlhijhbkoh^bl
ih^h[ghlhfmdZdh^gZdZiey\h^uhebp_l\hjy_l\kx\h^m
dZd h^gZ dZiey fhjy hebp_l\hjy_l hd_Zg >`mg \h[jZeZ
`bag_ggmxkmlvjhau
Fuk >`mg g_ h[km`^Zeb __ jZa[blmx k_f_cgmx `bagv beb
kh[ulby ijb\_^rb_ d jZa\h^m ?keb [u >`mg ijbreZ jZ^b
j_]meyjguo k_Zgkh\ lZdb_ h[km`^_gby [ueb [u mf_klgufb b
\hafh`ghg_h[oh^bfufb
Fh`_l[ulvg_h[oh^bfhmdZaZlvqlhl_fu^Zgug_^eylh]h
qlh[uboijbf_gyebdZdg_qlhhlj_aZggh_hlrZ[ehgZbebkhr_^r__
k e_gludhg\_c_jZWlhijh\h^gbdbdhlhjuogZ^hijbkihkZ[eb\Zlvd
kblmZpbbb deb_glmZ g_ijbf_gylv\ `_kldhfkhhl\_lkl\bbk dgb]hc
L_jZi_\lbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb bf__l k\hx kljmdlmjm gh hgZ
h[eZ^Z_l lZd`_ kihglZgghklvx Fu g_ fh`_f k\yaZlv ikbobdm
kfbjbl_evghcjm[ZrdhcaZjZg__aZ]hlh\e_gguoij_^klZ\e_gbc
J_axf_
< wlhf iml_r_kl\bb fu ihk_lbeb r_klv bgl_j_kguo b
aZklZ\eyxsbo aZ^mfZlvky l_f hgh lZd`_ \\_eh fgh]h k\yamxsbo
b^_cGZ^_xkvkemqbehkvlZdqlh\ulh`_bkke_^h\Zebwlbr_klvl_f
^ey k_[y qlh \u g_ hklZebkv jZ\gh^mrgufb d ijhqblZgghfm
GZ^_xkv wlh [ueh g_qlh [hevr__ q_f bgl_ee_dlmZevgh_
mijZ`g_gb_ L_jZi_\lbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb gZ fhc \a]ey^
aZgbfZ_lkyebqghklvx\ p_ehf<hafh`ghwlhg_[he__q_f[ZgZev
gZy njZaZ gh wlh ijZ\^Z b y gZ^_xkv qlh \k_ ijhqblZggh_
\Zfb^hkboihjgZoh^behhldebd]^_lh\gmljb\Zk
<h \k_o r_klb l_fZo kms_kl\m_l \hafh`ghklv ^Zlv lhevdh
h]jZgbq_ggmx bgnhjfZpbx ihlhfm qlh dZ`^Zy l_fZ kZfZ ih k_[_
fh`_laZihegblvk\hxdgb]mY ijhklhihiulZekyh`b\blvl_hjbx
jZkkdZau\Zyh deb_glZoh g_dhlhjuoh[jZaZodhlhju_m gbo[uebh
lhfdZdhgbbkke_^h\ZebjZaebqgu_l_fu
< i_j\hc l_f_ ² Em] ² fu \b^_eb qlh dhly wlh b \\h^gZy
l_fZ ^ey deb_glZ hgZ fh`_l [ulv gZiheg_gZ wfhpbhgZevguf
agZq_gb_f < dZq_kl\_ \\_^_gby l_fZ Em]Z y\ey_lky ij_djZkghc
ih^]hlh\dhc^ey^jm]bol_fwlh]hmjh\gyZ lZd`_^\moke_^mxsbo
<h \lhjhc l_f_ ² J_dZ ² fu bkke_^h\Zeb ijbgpbiu
ijhoh`^_gby\^hevj_db d __ bklhdm beb d f_klm \iZ^_gby \ fhj_ b
jZaebqgu_ ikboheh]bq_kdb_ agZq_gby wlbo ^\mo jZaguo fZjrjmlh\
Imlv d bklhdm h[uqgh \_^_l gZ \_jrbgm ohefZ b ^h\hevgh qZklh
iml_r_kl\b_ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y agZqbl_evgmx jZ[hlm ih ih^t_fm gZ
ohef Imlv d gZqZem fh`_l hdZaZlvky wfhpbhgZevgh b agmjyxs_c
jZ[hlhc b wlh g_h[oh^bfh ijbgbfZlv \ jZkq_l >_ckl\bl_evgh
ij_`^_ q_f p_ev [m^_l ^hklb]gmlZ fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky g_kdhevdh
k_Zgkh\
Imlvd fhjxohlyb kqblZ_lkykimkdhfk ohefZfh`_l[ulv\
jZ\ghc kl_i_gb mlhfbl_evguf b [he__ \hegmxsbf q_f imlv d
gZqZemH^ghy\ey_lky\a]ey^hfgZaZ^b g_dZ`^ucohq_lwlh^_eZlv
lh]^ZdZd^jm]h_² \a]ey^ \ [m^ms__ ?s_ h^gZ hkh[_gghklv imlb d
f_klm \iZ^_gby j_db aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh deb_gl bgklbgdlb\gh
gZijZ\ey_lky d ihdZ g_ \ukdZaZgghc fukeb h kebygbb k \_ebdbfb
\h^Zfbhd_ZgZb dkhdjh\bsZfdhlhju_qZklh`^mlqlh[ubogZreb
< lj_lv_c l_f_ ² =hjZ ² fu hij_^_ebeb l_fm \gmljb [he__
rbjhdhcl_fueZg^rZnlZFu\b^_ebqlhhll_fu]hju g_ ke_^m_l
hlju\Zlv k\yaZggmx k g_c l_fm ^hebgu >hebgu b ]hjZ ² wlh
h[jZagh_ij_^klZ\e_gb_h ih^t_fZob kimkdZo\ `bagbGZfgm`ghb
lh b ^jm]h_ ihlhfm qlh dZd [u fu hp_gbeb ]hjm _keb [u g_ [ueh
^hebg b gZh[hjhl >hebgu ² wlh f_klZ ieh^hjh^by gh bo qZklh
k\yau\Zxl kh kf_jlvx b k l_f qlh aZl_fg_gh lh]^Z dZd h ]hjZo
^mfZxl dZd h ij_^_evghc ijh[e_f_ Ijhoh^ q_j_a ^hebgm h[uqgh
ij_^\Zjy_l\hkoh`^_gb_gZ]hjmk dhlhjhcfufh`_fm\b^_lv^hjh]m
\i_j_^
< q_l\_jlhc l_f_ ² >hf ² fu \b^_eb qlh wlh kbf\he
ebqghklb DZd b ljb ij_^u^msb_ l_fu wlh ihdZaZl_ev lh]h qlh
ijhbkoh^bl\h\gmlj_gg_ffbj_deb_glZ>hf[ueihf_s_g\ [he__
rbjhdbcdhgl_dkllh]hqlhgZoh^blky\hdjm]g_]hb ohlyfu
lhevdhdhkgmebkvkZ^ZdZdih^l_fu wlh dhjhldh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ ^Z_l
^hklh\_jgh_ mdZaZgb_ gZ lh dZd fh`gh jZkrbjblv ^Zggmx b ^jm]b_
l_fu >hf fh`gh ihf_klblv \ rbjhdh_ hldjulh_ ijhkljZgkl\h \
eZg^rZnlghf iZjd_ ]^_ [_]Zxl klZ^Z he_g_c b bah[bem_l ^jm]Zy
^bdZy`bagvG_dhlhju_deb_gluh[gZjm`b\Zxl\ ij_^_eZo^hfZe_k
b \ wlhf kh^_j`blky _s_ h^gh bgl_j_kgh_ jZkrbj_gb_ g_
bkke_^h\Zggh_a^_kv
>hfaZdexqZ_l\ k_[_fgh]hjZaguodhfgZldZ`^mxkhk\hbf
kh[kl\_ggufgZagZq_gb_fb kbf\hebdhcDZdb \ex[hcbar_klbl_f
gZf fh`_l ihgZ^h[blvky bkke_^h\Zlv ^hf g_kdhevdh jZa < kZfhf
^_e_fh`gh[ueh[u[_a\kydh]hjbkdZkdZaZlvqlhkdhevdh [u jZa
_]hgb bkke_^h\ZeblZf\k_]^Zfh`gh[m^_lh[gZjm`blvg_qlhgh\h_
WlhZgZeh]bqghdhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx\hh[s_²
]^_b dh]^Zq_eh\_dhklZgZ\eb\Z_lky
Jhc Fg_ g_fgh]h ]jmklgh dZd [m^lh fhy `bagv g_ fgh]h
klhbl
<bevyf L_i_jvhldjhcl_b ijhqblZcl_lblmqvgucebkl
JhchimkdZ_l]heh\mgZjmdbb ieZq_lihlhfijhbaghkbl
Jhc GZa\Zgb_ ]eZkbl Jhb jZkkdZa h g_agZqbl_evghf
q_eh\_d_
<bevyf WlhkijZ\_^eb\h_hibkZgb_"
Jhc IheZ]Zx^ZG_d fh_cq_klb
<bevyf Qlh[u\Zfohl_ehkvijhqblZlv\ gZa\Zgbb"
Jhc G_kdhevdh f]gh\_gbc ih^mfZ\ Jhc q_eh\_d dhlhjuc
ih[_^be
<bevyf < \ZrbokbeZoi_j_ibkZlvwlmdgb]mihwlhfm^Z\Zcl_
ihkfhljbfgZlhqlhgZoh^blky\gmljbg__dZdb_ dZjlbgdb\u k_[_
ij_^klZ\ey_l_"
Jhb GZqbgZy hldju\Zlv dgb]m` I_j\Zy ]eZ\Z ]eZkbl DZd
wlh\k_gZqZehkvB \k_kljZgbpukde_bebkvQlhwlhagZqbl"
<bevyf <hafh`gh wlh ]h\hjbl \Zf qlh ]eZ\Z aZdjulZ DZd
gZkq_lke_^mxs_c]eZ\u"
Jhc HgZ haZ]eZ\e_gZ Hlghr_gby Gh a^_kv lhevdh h^gZ
kljZgbpZb fgh]himkluo
<bevyf Qlh \u qm\kl\m_l_ ]ey^y gZ ]eZ\m kh \k_fb wlbfb
imklufbkljZgbpZfb"
Jhc Hiylv q_jlh\kdb ]jmklgh <u agZ_l_ b y agZx qlh
hlghr_gbyb y
<bevyf Bgufb keh\Zfb wlh kn_jZ gZ dhlhjmx fu g_ fh]eb
[uihkfhlj_lv?klvdZdb_lh^jm]b_]eZ\uhldjulu_"
Jhc <hl h^gZ haZ]eZ\e_ggZy K_dkmZevghklv Wlh ^ebggZy
]eZ\ZHgqblZ_lg_kdhevdhkljZgbpb _]hebph[_e__l Y g_ohqm
qblZlvwlmq_imomwlhhl\jZlbl_evgh
<bevyf AgZqbl lh qlh lZf _klv ^_ckl\bl_evgh aZljZ]b\Z_l
\Zkg_lZdeb"B wlhg_ijZ\^Z"JhbkfhljblgZf_gyJZgvr_fug_
bkke_^h\Zeb_]hk_dkmZevghklv
Jhc < ^hklZlhqghckl_i_gbijZ\^Zghfg_\_^vwlhg_^he`gh
gjZ\blkylZd"
<bevyf IheZ]Zx lZd B \u gk h[yaZgu ]h\hjblv h[ wlhf
<u[hjaZ\ZfbGh_kebwlh_klv\ dgb]_b ]eZ\Z\k_`_hldjulZlh
_keb \u g_ ijhql_l_ __ k_cqZk \Zf dh]^Zgb[m^v ijb^_lky wlh
k^_eZlv
Jhb Y [uihklu^bekyjZkkdZaZlv\Zfqlh^_kv
<bevyf Ex^b dhlhjuf g_eh\dh qZklh hsmsZxl qlh h gbo
[m^mlkm^blvihlhfmqlhhgbohlylh[wlhf ]h\hjblvFh`_l [ulv
\ubkiulu\Z_l_g_qlhih^h[gh_"
Jhb >mfZx^ZY iheZ]Zxfg_dh]^Zgb[m^vijb^_lky
<bevyf ?s_ dZdh_gb[m^v g_aZdhgq_ggh_ ^_eh hldjulu_
]eZ\uA
Jhb :\hlwlZHl_pHg[uem[ex^hdy _]hg_gZ\b`mOhly
aZ[Z\gh a^_kv _]h nhlh]jZnby g_aZ^he]h ^h kf_jlb b hg h[gbfZ_l
f_gy aZ ie_qb DZd wlh kx^Z ihiZeh" Dhg_qgh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb
wlh]hg_[uehlZdh]hgbdh]^Zg_kemqZehkv
<bevyf < \Zr_f ]hehk_ Jhc a\mqbl kbevgh_ `_eZgb_ dZd
[m^lh\Zfohq_lkyqlh[ulZdh_fh]ehijhbahclb
Jhb <a^hjHgwlh]hg_ohl_eb ylh`_HgkfhljblgZf_gy
ih\b^bfhfm [hevr_ g_ bkihevamy k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ b m f_gy
\hagbdZ_l fuke_gguc h[jZa lh]h dZd hg k lj_kdhf aZoehiu\Z_l
dgb]m Y g_ agZx qlh \u iulZ_l_kv k^_eZlv kh fghc dh]^Z \hl lZd
ex[hiulkl\m_l_ B gbq_]h [hevr_ g_ ohqm ^_eZlv k wlhc h[jZaghc
q_imohcY ^mfZxqlhgZk_]h^gyihemqbe^hklZlhqgh
<bevyf Jhc g_ lZdZy m` ohjhrZy b^_y ² ih^\h^blv k_Zgk d
aZ\_jr_gbxbf_gghlZdb yqm\kl\mxk_[y^h\hevghiehohbaaZlh]h
qlh\ZfdZ`_lky[m^lhy ih^lhedgme\Zkkebrdhf^Ze_dh
Jhb Wlh g_ \u <bevyf wlh y Y ijhklh g_ fh]m \hclb \ wlm
dgb]m k_cqZk wlh kebrdhf [he_ag_ggh Fh`_l [ulv \ [m^ms_f y
\_jgmkvd g_cY [uij_^ihq_egZk_]h^gyaZdhgqblv
H[km`^_gb_kemqZyJhy
Wlh h^bg ba l_o kemqZ_\ dh]^Z y ijhkfZljb\Zy _]h
j_ljhki_dlb\gh ^mfZe qlh fh`_l [ulv ke_^h\Zeh [u jZ[hlZlv ih
^jm]hfm Fhy kZfhijh\_jdZ k_ZgkZ ijb\_eZ f_gy d ke_^mxs_fm
\hijh
km ihq_fm y j_rbe gZijZ\eylv \hh[jZ`_gb_ e g_ iha\hebe
h[jZaZf jZa\b\Zlvky" Y ^mfZe qlh Jhc fh`_l h[hcqbkv k ebqghc
dgb]hckdhj__lZddZdwlhk^_eZeZ;_\_jebIjZvbevghebwlh[m^_l"
Fh`_l [ulv wlh]h [ueh kebrdhf fgh]h kjZam ;ue eb Jhc ijZ\
kdZaZ\ qlh y ex[hiulkl\mx" Dhg_qgh bf_ggh wlh hg b qm\kl\h\Ze
Fh`_l[ulv wlh h[tykgyeh lh h[klhyl_evkl\h qlh dgb]Z kijylZgZ b
ihdjulZiuevxZ yaZklZ\be\uklZ\blv__ gZihdZa"
Fg_ [u ohl_ehkv kdZaZlv qlh Jhb \_jgmeky b jZ[hlZe
aZdZgqb\Zy dZ`^mx ]eZ\m gh wlh]h g_ kemqbehkv Hg hlf_gbe
^Zevg_cr__ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ : y" Y hklZeky k qm\k]\hf qlh
jZklhilZe bklhjbx qv_clh `bagb ]hjgufb [hlbgdZfb ^\_gZ^pZlh]h
jZaf_jZohlyb ihemqbep_ggucmjhd
<Z`guc \ZjbZgl dgb]b ² \b^_h beb Zm^bhaZibkv GZf lZd
qZklhdZ`_lkyqlhgZgZr_ih\_^_gb_\ebyxlk]Zju_aZibkbdhlhju_
\dexqZxlky \ fha]m H^bg ba kihkh[h\ dZdbf fu fh`_f ihfhqv
deb_glZf hkhagZlv kh^_j`Zgb_ wlbo aZibk_c khklhbl \ ke_^mxs_f
Dh]^Zdeb_glubkihevamxlh[jZauke_^m_lihijhkblvboij_^klZ\blv
k_[_ qlh hgb kb^yl b kemrZxl jZ^bh beb kfhljyl l_e_\bahj
<g_aZigh i_j_^ZqZ ij_ju\Z_lky hgb keurZl beb \b^yl g_qlh ba
kh[kl\_gghc `bagb Qlh \u keurbl_ \b^bl_" Fh`gh hldjulv
fgh]h_ hkh[_ggh _keb aZ^Zlv \hijhk Dlh wlh ]h\hjbl qlh hgb
^_eZxl"
Dh]^Z y ih[m^be >`_ggb k^_eZlv wlh hgZ kfh]eZ mkeurZlv
dZd __ fZlv djbqbl gZ g__ Lu [_kihe_agZ >`_ggb [_kihe_agZ lu
gbdh]^Z gbq_]h g_ k^_eZ_rv kZfZ ?keb [u lu [ueZ lZdhc dZd l\hy
k_kljZ hgZ kfure_gZy M g__ _klv fm`qbgZ gb h^bg fm`qbgZ
gbdh]^Z g_ aZohq_l l_[y >`_ggb klZjZeZkv k^_j`Zlv ke_au ]g_\Z
dh]^Zi_j_kdZau\ZeZfg_wlhFuk^_eZeblZdih[m^beb__ ijhb]jZlv
aZibkv kgh\Z Z aZl_f gZ`Zeb gZ dghidm klhi Wlh dZ`_lky lZdbf
e_]dbf <bevyf ihq_fm y gk ih^mfZeZ h[ wlhf jZgvr_ ?_ ebph
hk\_lbehkv dh]^Z hgZ kdZreZ Wlh ^Z_l fg_ kbem mijZ\eylv
kblmZpb_cg_lZdeb"
Lh `_ kZfh_ fu ijh^_eZeb k \b^_haZibkvx >`_ggb [ueZ \
]b[_evguohlghr_gbyok q_eh\_dhfdhlhjuciehohh[jZsZekyk gkb
[be\k_fbkihkh[Zfbmgb`Zeb l_fg_f_g__hgZg_fh]eZ\uj\Zlvky
hlg_]hgZk\h[h^mY ih[m^be__ ij_^klZ\blvk_[_qlhhgZ\u[bjZ_l
h^gm ba aZibk_c ^ey k\h_]h \b^_hie__jZ dZkk_lZ [ueZ ihf_q_gZ __
bf_g_f Qlh \u \b^bl_ dh]^Z ijhb]ju\Z_l_ k_" DZd b b
ij_^u^ms_f kemqZ_ wlh [ueZ iheghklvx ^_fhjZebamxsZy kp_gZ \
dhlhjhcfm`qbgZijbgb`Ze__gZau\Ze[_kihe_aghc[_
ah[jZaghc Z \ k_dkmZevghf ieZg_ ² oheh^ghc ju[hc Wlhl
k_Zgk ijhbahr_e \ dhgp_ i_jbh^Z \ \hk_fgZ^pZlv f_kyp_\ dh]^Z
>`_ggbiulZeZkvhklZ\blvwlh]hfm`qbgmb \ha\jZsZeZkvkh\_jrbeZ
ihiuldm kZfhm[bckl\Z b ihiZeZ \ [hevgbpm D lhfm fhf_glm hgZ
ijh^_eZeZ g_dhlhjuc imlv ih gZijZ\e_gbx d jZaju\m k gbf gh \k_
_s_ khojZgyebkv dmkhqdb dhlhju_ \hgabebkv \ g__ __ keh\Z Y
iheZ]Zx>`_ggbwlmaZibkvgm`ghmgbqlh`blvhgZg_aZkem`b\Z_l
lh]h qlh[u aZgbfZlv f_klh \ ^hf_ DZd [u \u ohl_eb __
mgbqlh`blv"HgZ^mfZeZg_kdhevdh fbgml aZl_f kdZaZeZ Y \uj\m
__ ba dZkk_lu b kh`]m ie_gdm Y gZ[ex^Ze dZd hgZ \ k\h_f
\hh[jZ`_gbbk^_eZeZwlhDh]^Z>`_ggbaZdhgqbeZlh\ul_jeZjmdm
h[ jmdm `_klhf hlkljZg_gby beb hqbs_gby hl g_`_eZl_evgh]h
\_s_kl\ZLZdemqr_L_i_jvy qm\kl\mxk_[yqbklhc
Ijhreh_s_g_kdhevdhf_kyp_\ij_`^_q_f>`_ggbgZdhg_p
\uj\ZeZkv hl fm`qbgu _^bgkl\_gghc p_evx dhlhjh]h kem`beh
ih^l\_j`^_gb_ ij_^kdZaZgby __ fZl_jb Hdheh ^\mo e_l kimkly fg_
ijbreh ibkvfh hl >`_ggb HgZ ihemqbeZ jZ[hlm \ KZm^h\kdhc
:jZ\bbb \k_m g__rehohjhrh
L_fZ\hkvfZy²I_s_jZ
I_s_ju kqblZebkv kbf\hehf ehgZ FZl_jbA_feb b ^j_\gb_
bf_gghihwlhfm ihdehgyebkv bf < kZfhf ^_e_ wlh [ueb f_klZ ]^_
^h lh]h dZd [ueb ihkljh_gu ojZfu kh\_jrZebkv \k_ j_eb]bhagu_
h[jy^u I_s_ju ^h kbo ihj bkihevamxlky \ j_eb]bhaguo p_eyo
I_s_juijbkmlkl\mxl\hfgh]boe_]_g^Zo]^_hgbaZsbsZxlex^_c
dhlhjuoij_ke_^mxl\jZ]b
< h[s_f kfuke_ agZq_gb_ i_s_ju k\yaZgh k kh^_j`Zgb_f \
k_[_ aZdjulh]h beb kijylZggh]h GZ kj_^g_\_dh\hf yaud_ i_s_jZ
hebp_l\hjy_lk_j^p_g_dbc^moh\gucp_gljHgZlZd`_hebp_l\hjy_l
[_ahiZkghklv [_kkhagZl_evgh]h < dZjlbgZo fbnh\ i_s_jZ ² wlh
f_klh \klj_qb [h`_kl\ ij_^dh\ b Zjo_lbih\ b dZd lZdh\Zy hgZ
y\ey_lky h[jZahf :b^Z Z lZd`_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h I_s_jZ
bkihevam_lkyb \ebl_jZlmj_< 9qZklbNmjbc WkobeZ:nbgZ\_^_l
ijhp_kkbx \gba \ I_s_jm Nmjbc ih^ :jahiZ] < OjZ[jhf
ihjlgy`d_[jZlv_\=jbff\_ebdZg]h\hjblojZ[jhfmihjlgy`d_
?keb lu lZdhc ojZ[juc fZeuc hlijZ\eycky kh fghc \ gZrm
i_s_jm b ijh\_^b ghqv k gZfb OjZ[j_p kh]eZrZ_lky b ke_^m_l aZ
gbfDh]^Zhgb\hreb\ i_s_jmlZfm h]gykb^_eb^jm]b_\_ebdZgu
dZ`^ucbagbo^_j`Ze LV jmd_`Zj_gh]h[ZjZgZb _e_]h
I_s_jZ k\yaZgZ k \gmlj_ggbf kljh_gb_f a_feb b h g_c
]h\hjylqlhhgZhebp_l\hjy_l`_gkdb_]_gblZebb\ g_c_klv\oh^b
kh[kl\_gghi_s_jZfZldZI_s_jZ²f_klh]^_`b\_lg_dbcfm^j_p
gZijbf_jF_jebgbae_]_g^h dhjhe_:jlmj_QZklh^hklbqvi_s_ju
fh`gh lhevdh ihke_ ljm^gh]h \hkoh`^_gby kbf\hebabjmxs_]h qlh
imlvd fm^jhklbg_e_]dhh^he_lv
< bkeZf_i_s_jmbah[jZ`ZxldZdf_klhlZcgu\hajh`^_gby
m_^bg_ggmx ihehklv \ dhlhjmx dh]hlh aZdexqZxl qlh[u
\ughkblv b h[gh\blv Ke_^h\Zl_evgh i_s_jZ klZgh\blky kbf\hehf
ljZgknhjfZpbbDh]^Zfu\oh^bf\ i_s_jm\gmljbgZkih]jm`Z_fky
\ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ fu hdZau\Z_fky mqZklgbdZfb ljZgknhjfZpbb
Hkf_eb\rbkv\hclb\ i_s_jmfugZqbgZ_fmklZgZ\eb\ZlvdhglZdlk
kh^_j`Zgb_f[_kkhagZl_evgh]h
< i_s_jZo h[uqgh [u\Z_l l_fgh h^gZdh wlZ l_fghlZ qZklh
kdju\Z_l \_ebdmx djZkhlm gZijbf_j klZeZ]fblu b klZeZdlblu
DjZkhlmdhlhjZy`^_lqlh[u__ h[gZjm`bebI_s_juqZklhkh^_j`Zl
ih^a_fgu_ ha_jZ b j_db bo kbf\hebq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ aZdexqZ_lky \
lhfqlhkms_kl\mxl^Zevg_crb_]em[bgudhlhju_h[gZjm`b\Zxlky
\ ijhp_kk_kimkdZ< fbnheh]bb\ e_]_g^Zoi_s_ju²wlhf_klh]^_
h[gZjm`b\Zxlky khdjh\bsZ _s_ h^bg gZf_d gZ khdjh\bs_
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h Bgh]^Z \oh^ \ i_s_jm gZoh^blky ih^ \h^hc qlh
kbf\hebabjm_l \oh`^_gb_ \ h^gm klbobx qlh[u ihemqblv ^hklmi d
^jm]hc b d kZfhc i_s_j_ L_fZ i_s_ju ih^h[gZ l_f_ e_kZ i_s_jm
fh`gh jZkkfhlj_lv k g_dhlhjh]h jZkklhygby Z ihlhf \hclb b
bkke_^h\Zlv __ LZd `_ dZd b k gujygb_f \ fhjk dh]^Z jZ[hlZ_rv k
kbf\hehf i_s_ju fm^jh ijbgbfZlv ^hihegbl_evgu_ f_ju
ij_^hklhjh`ghklb JZaebqgu_ kbf\hebq_kdb_ bgl_jij_lZpbb
hklhjh`ghklb dhg_qgh g_ _^bgkl\_ggu_ I_s_jZ lZd`_
Zkkhpbbjm_lkyk \f_klbebs_fgZr_cke_^mxs_cl_fhc
DZd b k kbf\hehf djZy e_kZ deb_glZ fh`gh
ijhbgkljmdlbjh\Zlv \ua\Zlv lh]h beb lh qlh gZoh^blky \ i_s_j_
G_j_^dh ihy\eyxlky i_jkhgZ`b e_]_g^ beb fbnh\ Wlh
Zjo_lbibq_kdb_ nb]mju Hgb qZklh hebp_l\hjyxl bkdZ`_ggu_
qm\kl\Zbebih^Z\e_ggu_dhgnebdluH[jZauh[uqghg_kml\ukhdmx
wfhpbhgZevgmx gZ]jmadm b kh^_j`Zgb_ bo \ i_s_j_ hlly]b\Z_l
[hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h wfhpbhgZevghc wg_j]bb LZd qlh \uah\ ² wlh
kihkh[\u\_klbbogZk\_lkhagZgby
Ij_`^_ q_f ih[m`^Zlv deb_glZ bkke_^h\Zlv i_s_jm \gmljb
ke_^m_l ijh\_klb khhl\_lkl\mxsmx ih^]hlh\dm kZfZy hq_\b^gZy
ihfhsv ² wlh k\_l \ dZdhceb[h nhjf_ K\_l lZd`_ hebp_l\hjy_l
^moohlyqZklhdZ`_lkyqlhk\_l^moZijboh^blgbhldm^Zb l_fg_
f_g__ hlh\kx^m < wlhf kemqZ_ ihkdhevdm deb_gl j_rZ_l
\aylv k\_l [he__ mf_klgh ^mfZlv qlh wlh khagZgb_ W]h Ih^]hlh\dZ
g_^he`gZ[ulv^he]hcbgZq_fh`ghihl_jylvwg_j]bxbfimevkZY
^mfZx emqr_ iha\heblv \_sZf kemqZlvky Z aZl_f ke_^m_l gZoh^blv
kihkh[uij_h^he_\Zlv\hagbdZxsb_[Zjv_jub hiZkghklb
H^bg ba kihkh[h\ ij_^klZ\blv l_fm ² ij_^iheh`blv qlh \
i_s_j_ gZoh^blky ^jZdhg hojZgyxsbc g_qlh Z aZl_f ij_^hklZ\blv
deb_glm\hafh`ghklv\hh[jZablvqlhlZdh_wlh g_qlh beb g_dlh
Wlh g_ fhc ih^oh^ Ke_^mxsbc njZ]f_gl ihdZau\Z_l dZd y
bkihevah\Ze ^Zggmx l_fm k Nbehf Kh\_jrZy iml_r_kl\b_ gZ ]hjm
Nbe hlf_lbe qlh \ hl^Ze_gbb \b^gZ i_s_jZ Y ohqm dh]^Zgb[m^v
bkke_^h\Zlv __ gh y lZd`_ ohqm ^h[jZlvky b ^h \_jrbgu Nbe
ih^gyeky d i_s_j_ ² g_e_]dh_ \hkoh`^_gb_ lZd dZd \oh^ \ i_s_jm
hldju\Zeky k madh]h \uklmiZ jZkiheh`_ggh]h \ukhdh gZ ]hj_ Wlh
_s_h^gZrmldZikbobdbHgZdZd[u]h\hjbl
?keb lu ohq_rv lh qlh lZf l_[_ ijb^_lky ^ey wlh]h
ihjZ[hlZlv
<bevyf M \Zk _klv ^\_ \hafh`ghklb \ua\Zlv lh qlh fh`_l
lZf[ulvbebkjZam\hclb
Nbe <uf_gyagZ_l_Y ohqmkjZam\hclb<bevyf Ohlbl_qlh
gb[m^v \aylv k kh[hc" Nbe : ^Z dZdhcgb[m^v k\_l Y gZ^_gm
rZol_jkdmx dZkdm <bevyf Dh]^Z hdZ`_l_kv \gmljb hklZgh\bl_kv
kfhljbl_ b kemrZcl_ Y &XPDLL qlh ih^h[gh_ ij_^mij_`^_gb_
fh`_l[ulvg_h[oh^bfuf\hafh`ghihlhfmqlhqm\kl\h\ZeNbe
fh`_l[ulvg_fgh]hbfimevkb\guf`
Nbe Y \gmljb y f_^e_ggh ih\hjZqb\Zx ]heh\hc b kbevguc
k\_lijhgbau\Z_li_s_jmHgZh]jhfgZyghimklZyWlhkxjijba
<bevyf <u dZ`_l_kv jZahqZjh\Zgguf dZd [m^lh h`b^Zeb
q_]hlh\hegmxs_]hDZdh\Zh[sZyZlfhkn_jZ"
Nbe AZ[Z\gh Y [ue a^_kv jZgvr_ hq_gvhq_gv ^Z\gh aZ
ij_^_eZfbfh_ciZfylb
<bevyf Nbe h q_f \u ^mfZ_l_ ij_`^_ \k_]h" Nbe Wlh
ihdZ`_lky [_amfguf H fZl_jbgkdhf ehg_ <bevyf G_ gZklhevdh
[_amfguf dZd fh`_l ihdZaZlvky <hl qlh y \Zf ij_^eh`m Nbe
ky^vl_ gZ ihe b ih]jmabl_kv \ hsms_gby >Y hkhagZ\Ze qlh \h fg_
gZjZklZ_l \heg_gb_ lZd dZd bglmbpby ih^kdZau\ZeZ fg_ qlh
k_cqZky klZgmk\b^_l_e_fgh\h]hjh`^_gby
Nbe Y kb`m gZ ihem \ iha_ ehlhkZ ]ey^y gZ \oh^ \ i_s_jm
<g_aZighf_gyih]gZeh\i_j_^b \gbaihlmgg_exgZq_flh\jh^_
lh[h]]ZgZ gh ih \h^_ Z kl_gu \ lmgg_e_ jhah\u_ b djZkgu_
F_gylhedZ_lbaklhjhgu\ klhjhgmZ \dhgp_y \b`mdZdb_lhjmdb
L_i_jvf_gyk`bfZ_lkh\k_oklhjhgy ohqmdjbqZlvghg_fh]mFg_
keurghdZd\hdjm]f_gyrmfbl\h^Zih^h[ghdZdhfmlhh]jhfghfm
\h^hiZ^m L_i_jv y gZ k\_`_f \ha^mo_ m ih^gh`by ]hju b y `Z^gh
^urm Y keurm djbdb `_gsbgu wlh fhy fZlv hgZ ^_j`bl f_gy gZ
jmdZob mdZqb\Z_l
LZdbfijhgbdgh\_gguf[uewlhlhiulqlhy [uem`_\ ke_aZo
Dh]^Z Nbe aZdhgqbe b dh]^Z hg ihgye agZqbl_evghklv wlh]h hiulZ
fu aZieZdZeb \f_kl_ Wlh h]jhfgZy j_^dhklv ² klZlv k\b^_l_e_f
qv_]heb[h gh\h]h jh`^_gby h]jhfgZy ijb\be_]by b kemqZc NbeZ
[uelhevdhh^gbfba^\mo\ dhlhjuofg_^h\h^behkvmqZkl\h\Zlv
H[km`^_gb_kemqZyNbeZ
Gb y gb Nbe g_ bf_eb gb fZe_cr_]h ij_^klZ\e_gby h lhf
dZdbf[m^_lj_amevlZlwlh]himl_r_kl\byH^gZdh\ ijhrehfbf_ebkv
g_dhlhju_mdZaZgbyNbe[ueZ\kljZebcp_fm g_]hkeh`bebkvhq_gv
gZlygmlu_ hlghr_gby k fZl_jvx HlqZklb ihlhfm qlh hgZ [ueZ k
h^ghc klhjhgu ^hfbgZglghc b \eZklghc K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hgZ
hllZedb\ZeZ _]h ihkdhevdm kug g_ khhl\_lkl\h\Ze __ h[jZam lh]h
dZdbf ^he`_g [ulv Z\kljZebckdbc fm`qbgZ Hg gbdh]^Z g_ ohl_e
[ulvgbd_fdjhf_\jZqZb wlhhlqm`^Zeh_]hhlh[hbo_]hjh^bl_e_c
?]h gh\h_ jh`^_gb_ kbf\hebabjh\Zeh wfhpbhgZevgh_
jZat_^bg_gb_ ihlhfm qlh ^Z`_ hl^_e_gguc hl gbo nbabq_kdb
^\_gZ^pZlvxlukyqZfbfbevhg\k_jZ\ghqm\kl\h\Zek_[yk\yaZgguf
k fZl_jvx
Ohlyi_s_jub \iZ^bguqZklhij_^klZxldZdaeh\_sb_f_klZ
]^_ `b\ml \_ebdZgu aeu_ ^mob b ^vy\he wlh lZd`_ f_klZ ]^_
h[gZjm`b\ZxlkykZfu_\_ebdhe_igu_khdjh\bsZ
Bklhjbyh i_s_j_
Wlh hlju\hd ba jZkkdZaZ <Zrbg]lhgZ Bj\bg]Z :ev]Zf[jZ
hqZjh\Zgguckhe^Zl
I_s_jZ K\ylh]h DbijbZgZ gZ KZeZfZgd_ ]^_ \ ij_`gb_
\j_f_gZl_fgu_b hl\jZlbl_evgu_kms_kl\ZlZcgh
h[mqZebkvm kZfh]h^vy\heZ[ueZaZfZkdbjh\ZgZih^p_jdh\v
I_s_jZ aZfmjh\ZgZ ^Z\gh b kZfh __ f_klhiheh`_gb_ aZ[ulh DZdlh
[jh^yqbc f_g_klj_ev hklZgh\beky m dj_klZ K\ylh]h DbijbZgZ ]^_
gZr_edhevphk kbf\hehfKhehfhgh\hci_qZlbgZg_fHgijbgye_]h
aZagZdihemq_gguchlk\ylh]hqlhhg[m^_lh[_ki_q_g
F_g_klj_ev \klj_lbe khe^ZlZ aZdhe^h\Zggh]h ljbklZ e_l
gZaZ^ Khe^Zl jZkkdZaZe _fm qlh jZa \ klh e_l \ ijZa^gbd K\ylh]h
>`hgZ dhe^h\kl\h l_jy_l k\hx kbem Lh]^Z khe^Zlm iha\hey_lky
oh^blvb klhylvgZfhklm>Zjjh]^_\klj_lbe_]hf_g_klj_evh`b^Zy
lh]h dlh fh`_l h[eZ^Zlv kbehc jZajmrblv fZ]bq_kdh_ aZdeylv_
>\Z`^u i_j_^ wlbf hg ls_lgh aZklmiZe \ dZjZme gZ fhklm Khe^Zl
oh^be ih fhklm dZd \ h[eZd_ kdjuluc hl q_eh\_q_kdh]h \a]ey^Z
F_g_klj_ev[uei_j\ufdlhih]h\hjbek khe^ZlhfaZljbklZe_lHg
ihkfhlj_egZiZe_pf_g_klj_eyb m\b^_edhevphk i_qZlvxKhehfhgZ
fm^jh]hH[wlhfdhevp_]h\hjbebqlhhghg_ijhgbpZ_fh^eyex[h]h
dhe^h\kl\Z Khe^Zl kdZaZe f_g_klj_ex qlh _keb lhl g_ kfh`_l
ba[Z\blv_]hhlaZdeylvyhghklZg_lkyaZdhe^h\Zgguf_s_gZklhe_l
Lh qlh khe^Zl hojZgye ljb klhe_lby [ueh khdjh\bs_f
fZ\jblZgkdh]h k\ys_ggbdZ kijylZgguf \ ihlZcghf kde_i_
>ev]Zf[j_ Bklhjbx h[ wlhf f_g_klj_ev g_ jZa keurZe Ih
ba\bebklufoh^Zff_g_klj_evb khe^Zlijbrebb kde_iF_g_klj_ev
qm\kl\h\ZeqlhlZebkfZghfKhehfhgh\hci_qZlbih^^_j`b\Z_l_]h
Khe^Zl ihdZaZe gZ [hevrhc `_e_aguc kmg^md aZsbs_gguf
aZfdZfb gZ dhlhjuo [ueb gZq_jlZgu ZjZ[kdb_ ibkvf_gZ Hg
jZkkdZaZef_g_klj_exqlhkmg^mdkh^_j`blg_kf_lgu_khdjh\bsZ²
ahehlh mdjZr_gby b ^jZ]hp_ggu_ dZfgb ?keb f_g_klj_ev kmf__l
jZajmrblv fZ]bq_kdh_ aZdeylv_ dhlhjuf aZdhe^h\Zg khe^Zl
iheh\bgZkhdjh\bsZ[m^_l_]h
F_g_klj_ex[ueh^ZghmdZaZgb_bkdZqvihfhsbk\ys_ggbdZb
ojbklbZgkdhc ^_\mrdb K\ys_ggbd ^he`_g ba]gZlv kbeu lvfu
^_\bpZ ² ijbdhkgm]tky d kmg^mdm i_qZlvx KhehfhgZ K^_eZlv wlh
gZ^h[uehghqvxb ij_`^_q_fbkl_dmlljb^gylZddZdebrvklhevdh
\j_f_gb[uehhlims_ghkhe^ZlmbgZq__fmijb^_lkyklhylvgZ
kljZ`_ _s_ klh e_l H^gh ba mkeh\bc aZdexqZehkv \ lhf qlh
k\ys_ggbd^he`_g[ulv^h[jh^_l_evguf
< ihke_^gbc qZk lj_lv_c ghqb f_g_klj_ev k\ys_ggbd b
^_\mrdZhsmivx^h[jZebkv^hkde_iZijb k\_l_nhgZjyK\ys_ggbd
g_k dhjabgm k ijh\bab_c qlh[u m^h\e_l\hjblv k\hb g_gZkulguc
Zii_lbl ihke_ lh]h dZd jZ[hlZ ih ba]gZgbx g_qbklhc kbeu [m^_l
aZdhgq_gZ
Hgb gZreb khe^ZlZ kb^ysbf gZ aZdhe^h\Zgghf kmg^md_ \
h`b^Zgbb bo ijboh^Z Ba]gZgb_ g_qbklhc kbeu [ueh \uiheg_gh
^_\mrdZ dhkgmeZkv aZf
h\ kmg^mdZ i_qZlvx KhehfhgZ DjurdZ
hle_l_eZ qlh[u hldjulv m^b\bl_evgu_ khdjh\bsZ ² ahehlh
mdjZr_gby b ^jZ]hp_ggu_ dZfgb IhdZ f_g_klj_ev b khe^Zl [ueb
hq_gv aZgylu jZa^mfu\Zy dZd \ug_klb khdjh\bsZ gZjm`m
k\ys_ggbd `Z^gh ih]ehsZe _^m b ibe < \b^_ [eZ]h^Zjghklb hg
ihp_eh\Ze ^_\mrdm dhlhjZy ih^hreZ d g_fm Ohly hg ihp_eh\Ze __
ihlbohgvdm \ m]em ]h\hjysb_ kl_gu \ha\_klbeb \k_fm fbjm h lhf
qlh ijhbahreh Gbdh]^Z m ihp_emy g_ [ueh lZdbo m`Zkguo
ihke_^kl\bbIjba\md_ihp_emykhe^Zlba^Ze]jhfdbcdjbdhlqZygby
kmg^mddhlhjuc[uegZiheh\bgmih^gylmiZegZk\h_f_klhb kgh\Z
aZdjueky K\ys_ggbd f_g_klj_ev b ^_\mrdZ hdZaZebkv kgZjm`b
\her_[gZykl_gZk h]emrbl_evguf]jhohlhfaZdjueZkvaZgbfb
< ki_rd_^_\mrdZmjhgbeZ\ kde_iKhehfhgh\mi_qZlvlZdqlh
khe^Zl[ueh[j_q_ghojZgylvkde_i\_qghZ khdjh\bs_hklZehkvlZf
]^_[uehHlq_hlq_²kdZaZef_g_klj_evi_qZevghdZqZy]heh\hc
[hxkv\ wlhfihp_em_[uehf_gvr_k\ylh]hq_f]j_oh\gh]h
KqblZ_lky qlh dZjfZgu f_g_klj_ey [ueb ^hklZlhqgh gZ[blu
khdjh\bsZfbqlh[u\ha\ukblvky\ fbj_Hgij_mki_e\ k\hbo^_eZo
\aye^_\mrdm\ `_gu>_\mrdZhdZaZexvh[jZaph\hc`_ghcb jh^beZ
k\h_fmfm`mfgh`_kl\h^_l_c
H[km`^_gb_
Y ijb\_ewlme_]_g^mbaaZh[beby\ g_ch[jZah\b kbf\heh\Z
lZd`_ihlhfmqlhhgZg_aZdZgqb\Z_lkygZZ[khexlghiheh`bl_evghc
ghl_]eZ\gufh[jZahfbaaZqv_]hlhij_]j_r_gbyE_]_g^m
klhbl ijhq_klv p_ebdhf ihlhfm qlh __ fh`gh wnn_dlb\gh
bkihev ah\Zlv dZd l_fm \ jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb H^gZ ba ih^l_f
aZdexqZ_lky\ h[_sZgbbihemqblvgZoh^ys__ky\ i_s_j_khdjh\bs_
dhlhjh_ fh`gh ^h[ulv lhevdh ijb i_j_k_q_gbb k\ys_ggh]h b
`_gkdh]h gZqZe Lhevdh `_gsbgZ fh`_l hli_j_lv khdjh\bs_
e_`Zs__ \ kmg^md_ Wlh kbf\heu k_j^pZ wfhpbc aZi_jluo ^h l_o
ihjihdZbogkhldjh_l^_\mrdZ
AZdeylv_ gZeh`_ggh_ gZ khe^ZlZ fh`gh [vuh jZajmrblv
lhevdh q_j_a Z[khexlgh_ ihkemrZgb_ b ijZ\^b\hklv b lhevdh dh]^Z
f_g_klj_ev [ue ]hlh\ \klj_lblvky k hiZkghklvx hg ihemqbe
\hafh`ghklv^h[jZlvky^hkhdjh\bsZIhp_emck\ys_ggbdZfh][ulv
g_\bgguf gh bklhjby ih\b^bfhfm ]h\hjbl qlh ikbobdZ qblZ_l
fhlb\uk_j^pZK\ys_ggbd^he`_g[ulvq_klgufb p_ehfm^j_gguf
b lhl nZdl qlh hg m^h\e_l\hjy_l k\hb Zii_lbl ^h gZqZeZ jZ[hlu
\vr\b]Z_l gZ i_j\uc ieZg lh qlh ikbobdZ g_ ex[bl dh]^Z k g_c
\_^mlk_[ye_]dhfuke_gghIhoh`_qlhk\ys_ggbdZh[\bgyxl\ ^\mo
ihjhdZo²h[`hjkl\_b ihohlbB ]hb ^jm]h_²iehlkdb_]j_ob
Khehfhg pZjv ^j_\g_]h BajZbey [ue \lhjuf kughf >Z\b^Z
pZjy Bm^_b b BajZbey < iha^g_c _\j_ckdhc b fmkmevfZgkdhc
ebl_jZlmj_ Khehfhg ihy\ey_lky gk lhevdh dZd fm^j_crbc ba
fm^j_ph\ gh b dZd q_eh\_d gZ^_e_gguc \eZklvx mijZ\eylv ^moZfb
g_\b^bfh]h fbjZ I_qZlv KhehfhgZ kbf\hebabjm_l ^\_ klbobb ²
h]hgvb \h^mK\_jolh]hI_qZlvhebp_l\hjy_]fm^jhklvKhehfhgZb
\eZklvgZ^kbeZfblvfu
F_g_klj_ev bkihevah\Ze i_qZlv dZd lZebkfZg b bf_ggh hgZ
hldjueZ kmg^md b h[gZjm`beZ khdjh\bs_ < \ukr_c kl_i_gb
khfgbl_evgh h[eZ^Z_l eb lZebkfZg g_hlt_fe_fhc kbehc kbeZ _]h
aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh \deZ^u\Z_l \ g_]h q_eh\_d <hl ihq_fm
lZebkfZguihe_agu^eylh]hqlh[uboghkbebdeb_glub \hlihq_fm
\k_]^Z ke_^m_l ih djZcg_c f_j_ ij_^eh`blv qlh[u deb_gl ihbkdZe
qlhgb[m^vqlhihfh`_l_fm\ iml_r_kl\bb
L_fZ^_\ylZy²Dm[hd
Kms_kl\m_l fgh]h kbf\heh\ dhlhju_ hlghkylky d l_f_
\f_klbebsZ < kbf\hebaf_ \f_klbebs_ \ p_ehf ihgbfZ_lky dZd
hebp_l\hj_gb_ `_gkl\_gghklb `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ I_j\bqgh_
\f_klbebs_²wlhdhg_qghfZl_jbgkdh_ehghbadhlhjh]hfu\k_
jh^bebkv ?keb ijbgylv qlh \ur_baeh`_ggh_ ^hims_gb_
\_jgh b \f_klbebs_ hebp_l\hjy_l `_gkdh_ gZqZeh lh fu fh`_f
jZkrbjblv wlh ihgylb_ b kdZaZlv qlh hgh hebp_l\hjy_l nmgdpbx
qm\kl\Z fm`kdmx beb `_gkdmx LZd dZd nmgdpby \f_klbebsZ ²
ojZg_gb_ fu fh]eb [u kdZaZlv qlh \f_klbebs_ ojZgbl \ k_[_
kh^_j`Zgb_ `bagb G_dhlhju_ \f_klbebsZ ojZgyl \ k_[_ khklZ\gu_
qZklbb ljZgknhjfbjmxlbo\ g_qlhbgh_dZkljxeb\ dmog_i_klbdb
klmidZ \ Zil_d_ Y\eyykv k_dkmZevgufb kbf\heZfb i_klbd b klmidZ
lZd`_ kbf\hebqgu _keb bf__l f_klh ljZgknhjfZpby b _^bgkl\h
ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c
?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv \f_klbebs_ gZ [he__ rbjhdhc hkgh\_
l_eh ² kZfh_ bamfbl_evgh_ \f_klbebs_ dhlhjh_ m^_j`b\Z_l
\_s_kl\Z \f_kl_ b ljZgknhjfbjm_l jZaebqgu_ we_f_glu \ p_eyo
ih^^_j`Zgby `bagb FZl_jbgkdh_ ehgh hebp_l\hjy_l ihablb\guc
Zki_dl \f_klbebsZ dhl_e dhe^mgvb ² g_]Zlb\guc Zki_dl
Kh^_j`Zgb_ q_]heb[h \h \f_klbebs_ hebp_l\hjy_l kh^_j`Zgb_
l_dmqbo kbe ijbjh^u ?keb gZ \f_klbebs_ iheh`_gZ djurdZ wlh
^Z_l ]ZjZglbx lh]h qlh gZoh^ys__ky \gmljb gZ^_`gh ojZgblky gh
lZd`_ lZf fh`_l gZoh^blvky eh\mrdZ Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ baysgmx
ij_djZkgh jZkdjZr_ggmx [Z[hqdm ijbk_\rmx gZ djZc \Zau HgZ
gZqbgZ_lbkke_^h\Zlv\gmlj_gghklb \Zau ^\b`bfZy ijbly]Zl_evguf
ZjhfZlhf hklZ\e_gguf \ukhorbfb e_i_kldZfb jha GZ wlhf wlZi_
[Z[hqdZ ² bkke_^h\Zl_ev L_i_jv ij_^_ ]Z\vlk k_[_ qlh g_dlh
ih^oh^bl b aZdju\Z_l \Zam djurdhc l_i_jv [Z[hqdZ ² ie_ggbd
ihcfZggucaZiZohfKgylb_djurdbkbf\hebabjm_l\uoh^k\h[h^m
hk\h[h`^_gb_ AZdjuluc dm[hd fh`_l lZd`_ hebp_l\hjylv
[_kkhagZl_evgh_b g_kihkh[ghklvbkke_^h\Zlv_]h
< [b[e_ckdhcbklhjbbh Gh_\hfdh\q_]_\f_klbebs_kiZkeh
q_eh\_q_kl\h Ihoh`Zy bklhjby _klv \ ]j_q_kdhc fbnheh]bb h
>_\dZebhg_ Kug lblZgZ Ijhf_l_y >_\dZebhg [ue pZj_f Nlbb \
N_kkZebb dh]^Z [h] A_\k baaZ ]j_rgh]h ih\_^_gby q_eh\_q_kdh]h
jh^Z mgbqlh`be ex^_c gZ\h^g_gb_f >_\ylv ^g_c b ghq_c A_\k
ihkueZe ihlhdb ^h`^y Lhevdh >_\dZebhg b _]h `_gZ IbjjZ
i_j_`bebihlhiHgbkiZkebkvihlhfmqlh[ueb_^bgkl\_ggufbdlh
\_e ^h[jh^_l_evgmx `bagv b hklZ\Zcky \_jguf aZdhgm [h]h\
Ij_^mij_`^_gguc k\hbf hlphf Ijhf_l__f >_\dZebhg ihkljhbe
km^ghdhlhjh_g_\j_^bfufb^hklZ\beh_]hb IbjjmgZ\_jrbgm]hju
IZjgZk>_evnbckdbchjZdme\_e_ebf[jhkblvdhklbbofZl_jbq_j_a
ie_qh IhgbfZy qlh lb dhklb hagZqZxl dZfgb a_feb hgb
ih\bgh\Zebkvb badZfg_c\u\_ekygh\ucq_eh\_q_kdbcjh^
<ur_baeh`_ggh_ ² wlh ihablb\gZy klhjhgZ kbf\heZ
\f_klbebsZ g_]Zlb\ghc [m^_l IZg^hjZ dhlhjZy \ ]j_q_kdbo fbnZo
aZ k\h_ g_ih\bgh\_gb_ [ueZ hl\_lkl\_ggZ aZ \k_ [he_agb fmqb\rb_
jh^q_eh\_q_kdbc
Wlh h[s__ \\_^_gb_ ijhdeZ^u\Z_l imlv ^ey bkke_^h\Zgby
h^gh]h kbf\heZ dm[dZ < e_]_g^Zo h Dhjhe_ :jlmj_ dm[hd
bah[jZ`Z_lky dZd K\ylhc =jZZev b bkihevam_lky \ lZbgkl\_ k\ylh]h
ijbqZklby < kj_^gb_ \_dZ klZeh h[uqguf ^_eZlv dm[db ba k_j_[jZ
beb ahehlZ Bo qZklh mdjZrZeb hjgZf_glhf ba ^jZ]hp_gguo dZfg_c
bkdmkghc j_av[hc b q_dZgdhc LZd`_ dm[db fh]eb [ulv k^_eZgu ba
ojmklZey _keb hgb [ueb k\yaZgu k ]b^jhfZglb_b ]Z^Zgb_f
ihkj_^kl\hfagZdh\ba\e_dZ_fuoba\h^u__ ijbeb\h\b hleb\h\beb
ih^^_evgh]hihy\e_gby__ ^moh\
Dm[hd k djurdhc hebp_l\hjy_l q_eh\_q_kdh_ k_j^p_ b lh]^Z
ih^h[_g ysbdm beb kmg^mdm dZd \f_klbebsm BaaZ k\hbo ^moh\guo
ZkkhpbZpbc dm[hd lZd`_ k\yaZg k fbklbq_kdbf P_gljhf b ^Zgghf
kemqZ_²Zee_]hjbq_kdbfp_gljhfA_febGZkbf\hebddm[dZ\eby_l
_]h kh^_j`bfh_ beb _]h gZagZq_gb_ Dm[hd bkihev am_fuc ^ey
ijbqZklby ohly b hebp_l\hjy_l ^moh\gmx h[sghklv K\ylmx
?\oZjbklbx lZd`_ hagZqZ_l LZcgmx \_q_jx b ijbqZklb_ k\yluo
Ohly dh_qlh ba wlbo kbf\heh\ lZbgkl\_ggh gh \k_ `_ hgh bf__l
g_dhlhjuca_fghckfukelh]^ZdZdK\ylhc=jZZevgZklhevdhkdjul
ihdjh\hflZcguqlhgZ^_e_gkh\_jr_gghbgufagZq_gb_f
<h njZgpmakdhf ex[h\ghf jhfZg_ h IZj_g nZe_ dhiv_
hebp_l\hjy_llhqlhijhgaZ_l [hd OjbklZ Z =jZZev beb qZrZ ² lh
\h qlh Bhkbn :jbfZn_ckdbb kh[jZe [h`_kl\_ggmx djh\v Qm^_kgZy
\ZaZ ^Zjm_l \k_ [eZ]Z g_[_k b a_feb hgZ bkp_ey_l jZgu b d
m^h\hevkl\bx \eZ^_evpZ gZihegy_lky kZfhc baukdZgghc ibs_c
Qlh[u^h[jZlvky^hg__q_eh\_d^he`_g[ulv\ khklhygbb[eZ]hklb
Lhevdh k\ys_ggbd fh`_l ih\_^Zlv h __ qm^_kZo D_evlkdZy
fbnheh]by jZkkdZau\Z_l h lZbgkl\_gghc \Za_ lZd`_ gZau\Z_fhc
dhlehf dhlhjZy \^hogh\ey_l ihwlbq_kdbc ]_gbc ^Z_l fm^jhklv
hldju\Z_l[m^ms__b jZkdju\Z_llZcgufbjZ
Dm[hd b h[jZau
H[gZjm`_gb_ dm[dZ fh`_l [ulv agZf_gZl_evguf wlZihf \
gZr_f ebqghf ihbkd_ G_dhlhju_ l_jZi_\lu iheZ]Zxl qlh ^ey
deb_glZkms_kl\_gghh[gZjm`blvdm[hdZ ^eydeb_gldb²k\hbf_q
ibdm beb dhiv_ qlh [m^_l h[km`^Zlvky ^Zevr_ Wlhl nZdl
\_jhylghhkgh\u\Z_lkygZ\ebyl_evghfbkke_^h\ZgbbXg]Z:gbfub
:gbfmkZ Ohly [_a khfg_gby [u\Z_l mf_k]gh hl^_eylv fm`kdh_ hl
`_gkdh]hy ij_^ihqblZxjZ[hlZlvb kl_fb ^jm]bfb ij_^hklZ\eylv
\u[hj deb_glm L_i_jv [m^_l ij_^klZ\e_gZ ke_^mxsZy l_fZ Z aZl_f
fuihkfhljbfgZdm[hdb f_q\f_kl_
L_fZ^_kylZy²F_q
Y gZ^_xkv qlh ijhjZ[Zlu\Zy wlb l_fu \u gZoh^bl_ h[jZau
ihjh`^_ggu_\ua\Zggu_l_fqlhqblZ_l_H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZwlb
h[hZau aZibrbl_ bo b ihiulZcl_kv ijhjZ[hlZlv qlh[u ih\ukblv
k\h_hkhagZgb_b ihgbfZgb_
Ohly l_fZ gZklhys_]h jZa^_eZ f_q y lZd`_
\\_^mk\yaZgguck gbfkbf\hedhivyF_qkhklhysbc
ba e_a\by b ij_^hojZgbl_evgh]h ijbkihkh[e_gby
kbf\hebabjm_l kh_^bg_gb_ hkh[_ggh _keb hg
ijbgbfZ_l nhjfm dj_klZ F_q kem`be h[t_dlhf
ihqblZgby
jbfeyg_ kqblZeb qlh hg h[eZ^Z_l kbehc
h[_j_]Zlvhlaeuo^moh\ihlhfmqlhk^_eZgba`_e_aZ
f_lZeeZFZjkZ[h]Z\hcgu
F_q h[eZ^Z_l \eZklvx jZgblv hg
kbf\hebabjm_l k\h[h^m b kbem Hg dhgljZklbjm_l k
ijyedhc dhlhjZy y\ey_lky `_gkdbf kbf\hehf
g_ij_ju\ghklb `bagb LZdbf h[jZahf f_q b ijyedZ
hebp_l\hjyxlkhhl\_lkl\_gghkf_jlvb ieh^hjh^b_<
p_j_fhgbyo f_q bkihevam_lky dZd kbf\he q_klb beb
\eZklb
F_q ² wlh bgkljmf_gl beb kbf\he dZjZxs_c
kijZ\_^eb\hklb²Zke_^h\Zl_evgh\eZklbijZ\bl_ey
bebkm^vbgZdZau\Zlvij_klmigbdh\[he__rbjhdh²kbf\he\eZklb
ijZ\bl_evkl\Zbkihegbl_evghc\eZklbZ\lhjbl_lZxklbpbbZ lZd`_
ZiiZjZlZbkihegbl_evgh]hijZ\bl_eybebkm^vb
< kdZg^bgZ\kdhc fbnheh]bb Nj_c beb Nj_bj ² [h]
ieh^hjh^byfbjZb ijhp\_lZ
Jbk
F_q
gby Hg [ue [jZlhf Nj_cb h^gbf ba <Zgh\ [h]h\ dhlhju_
hl\_qZxl aZ [eZ]h^_gkl\b_ Kj_^b _]h fZ]bq_kdh]h bfms_kl\Z
gZoh^beky f_q hl^Zgguc bf Kdbjgbjm dhlhjuc aZ wlh ^h[beky ^ey
g_]h=_j^kZfhcij_djZkghc`_gsbgu\ fbj_`_guNj_cy
< ]j_q_kdhc fbnheh]bb LZgZlhk ² [h] kf_jlb Hg `be kh
k\hbf [jZlhf =bighkhf =bighk ² Khg \ ih^a_fghf fbj_ ?]h
bah[jZ`Zxlk djuevyfbb [hjh^hck f_qhf\ jmd_H g_f]h\hjbeb
qlh wlh _^bgkl\_gguc [h] dhlhjuc ba[_]Ze `_jl\_gguo
ij_^eh`_gbc
< [b[e_ckdhf kbf\hebaf_ f_q kbghgbfbq_g ^moh\ghc \hcg_
Yaud²hkljucf_q²wlhiZ]m[gucjZa]h\hjeh`gh_h[\bg_gb_
de_\_lZb g_\_jgh_lhedh\Zgb_IkZehfFgh]b_iZebhle_a\by
f_qZghg_lZdfgh]hdZdhlyaudZ?dde_abZklKeh\h;h]Z
dhlhjh_ ^Zgh k [eZ]h\he_gb_f beb hkm`^_gb_f k\yau\Z_lky k
h[hx^hhkljuff_qhf
Dh]^Z f_q k\yaZg k h]g_f b ieZf_g_f hg kbf\hebabjm_l
hqbs_gb_ \ lh \j_fy dZd oeukl b ie_lv k\yaZgu k gZdZaZgb_f
Ahehlhcf_q²wlhkbf\he\ukr_c^moh\ghklbF_qaZiZ^gh]hlbiZ
\ke_^kl\b_ k\h_c nhjfu ² wlh fm`kdh_ lh]^Z dZd \hklhqguc
bkdjb\e_ggucf_q²emggh_b `_gkdh_
F_q jupZjy hebp_l\hjy_l khagZl_evguc bgl_ee_dl dhlhjuc
^h[beky]hkih^kl\ZgZ^`b\hlgufbkljZklyfb<udh\u\Zgb_f_qZ²
wlh kbf\he q_eh\_q_kdh]h ^moZ jZ[hlZxs_]h gZ^ ljZgknhjfZpb_c
bkoh^gh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ g_qlh klhys__ < bklhjbb h dhjhe_ :jlmj_ b
WdkdZeb[mj_ :jlmj \ulZkdb\Z_l f_q baih^ dZfgy b _]h ijbagZxl
dZd ^he]h`^Zggh]h dhjhey Wlh k_dkmZevguc kbf\he hk\h[h`^_gby
nZeehkZ hl `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ GZ ^moh\ghf mjh\g_ hg hebp_l\hjy_l
hk\h[h`^_gb_^moZhlh]jZgbq_gbcgbadhcijbjh^u
Dhiv_ kbf\hebabjm_l \hcgm b nZeehk < lh \j_fy dZd f_q
kbf\hebabjm_l ^mo dhiv_ gZijhlb\ kbf\hebabjm_l A_fex Dhiv_ b
dm[hd =jZZev qZklh khklZ\eyxl iZjm hebp_l\hjyy fm`kdh_ b
`_gkdh_gZqZeZ
< ;,\_d_klZejZkijhkljZg_gguf[h_\hcijb_f²ZlZdh\Zlvk
dhiv_f gZi_j_\_k lh _klv ^_j`Z _]h ih^furdhc kijZ\Z E_\Zy
aZsbs_ggZy sblhf klhjhgZ jupZjy \k_]^Z [ueZ h[jZs_gZ d \jZ]m
Ij_`gyy h\ZevgZy nhjfZ sblZ [ueZ ihwlhfm fh^bnbpbjh\ZgZ \
m^ebg_ggmxnhjfmk aZhklj_gghcgb`g_cklhjhghcqlh[uaZsbsZlv
dhggbdZhl]eZa^hdhe_gZ
Dm[hdb f_q
Bf_ggh deb_gl ^he`_g j_rblv qlh bkdZlv eb[h dm[hd eb[h
f_qeb[hb lhb ^jm]h_ihlhfmqlhb lhb ^jm]h_g_h[oh^bfhgZf
g_aZ\bkbfhhliheZ
KemqZc=e_ggZ
D dhgpm ijh\_^_ggh]h kh fghc \j_f_gb =e_gg \ ijhp_kk_
k\h_]h iml_r_kl\by gZr_e b dm[hd b f_q <g_rg_ =e_gg gk bf_e
aZljm^g_gbc k `_gkdhc klhjhghc kZfh]h k_[y wlh [ue
aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguc klm^_glf_^bd dhlhjuc ^Z\Ze \k_ hkgh\Zgby
^mfZlv qlh bgl_j_k ijh^he`blky ^Z`_ dh]^Z hg [m^_l jZ[hlZlv
\jZqhf <ijhq_f [ueZ \gmlj_ggyy [hjv[Z ih ih\h^m lh]h dZd
mjZ\gh\_kblvijhlb\hiheh`ghklbihlhfmqlhhg\hfgh]hf\b^_ebo
kdhj__ dZd ijhlb\hklhysb_ Z g_ ^hihegyxsb_ ^jm] ^jm]Z klhjhgu
kZfh]hk_[y
Hg hq_gv ohjhrh jZa\be k\hx fm`kdmx klhjhgm A^_kv hg
[ueeh]bqguffukebl_e_fh^gZdh\j_f_gZfb=e_ggqm\kl\h\ZedZd
^jm]ZyklhjhgZ_]hk_j^p_[hj_lkyaZijZ\hdhgljheyJ_r_gb_h lhf
dZdhckbf\hehg [m^_l bkdZlv kgZqZeZ gk ijbgbfZehkv khagZl_evgh
Dh]^Z hg jZkkeZ[beky lh hdZaZeky gZ ljhibgd_ \_^ms_c d p_jd\b
<ky dZjlbgZ baemqZeZ kihdhckl\b_ fbj b [_ahiZkghklv =e_gg fh]
keurZlv dZd b]jZ_l hj]Zg b \b^_e k\_jdZxsb_ \bljZ`b Hg gZr_e
fZe_gvdmx ^\_jpm k[hdm p_jd\b hgZ \_eZ \ dhfgZlm iZogmsmx
ZjhfZlbq_kdbfb fZkeZfb Y kijhkbe _]h [ueh eb m g_]h dZdh_lh
ij_^klZ\e_gb_h lhfqlhgZoh^blkyaZ^\_jvx=e_ghl\_lbeqlhhgZ
ijb\_^_l d k\_lm b ohl_e ijhclb q_j_a g__ Hg hdZaZeky \
k\_jdZxs_f f_kl_ k a_e_ghc ljZ\hc Y ij_^iheh`be qlh lZf _klv
ljhibgdZ b hg m\b^_e dZd hgZ [_`bl \ hl^Ze_gbb Hg g_ ohl_e
bkke_^h\ZlvqlhgZoh^blky\i_j_^bY ij_^iheh`beqlhihljhibgd_
ihc^_lfm^j_pdhlhjucih\_^_l_]haZkh[hc
Wlh [ue h^bg ba l_o j_^dbo fhf_glh\ dh^Z y qm\kl\h\Ze
aZ\bklv d ijhbkoh^ys_fm gh g_ kf_e \f_rZlvky <ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ
=e_ggZ ykgh ihdZau\Zeh qlh lhl dh]h hg \klj_lbe [ue d_flh
hkh[_gguf Y `^Ze b gZ[ex^Ze Gb`_ ijb\h^blky lh qlh jZkkdZaZe
fg_=e_ggdh]^Ziml_r_kl\b_aZ\_jrbehkv
KjZam ihke_ lh]h dZd \u ij_^eh`beb ihbkdZlv fm^j_pZ
dhlhjucklZe[ufhbfijh\h^gbdhfy m\b^_ewlm
nb]mjmijb[eb`Zxsmxkydhfg_Hgg_r_e²hgemqbekyb
k\_jdZe Z \ujZ`_gb_ _]h ebpZ [ueh lZdbf ^h[juf b djhldbf Hg
aZ]h\hjbeY g_kdZ`m\ZfqlhhgkdZaZeihdZg_kdZ`mghy agZeqlh
^he`_g ke_^h\Zlv aZ gbf Hg ijb\_e f_gy \ i_s_jm ]^_ y gZr_e
klZjuc dhjbqg_\uc ^_j_\ygguc kmg^md \_kv ihdjuluc iZmlbghc Y
g_ \b^_e gbdZdbo aZfdh\ Y agZe qlh ^he`_g _]h hldjulv AZ[Z\gh
i_s_j_ke_^h\Zeh[ulvl_fghcghhgZg_[ueZlZdhcHghk\_lbe__
Kmg^mdbgljb]h\Zef_gylZdqlhy ihiulZeky_]hhldjulvghi_leb
gZ\_jgh_[uebkebrdhflm]bfbiheZ]Zxhlj`Z\qbguY himklbeky
gZdhe_gb^mfZyqlhwlh^Zklfg_[hevrbcjuqZ]HdZdh_wlh[ueh
mkbeb_ gh djurdZ ih^gyeZkv Y [ue ihljyk_g fh]m \Zf kdZaZlv
ihlhfmqlh\k_qlhlZfhdZaZehkv²wlhdZdb_lhklZju_ljyidbWlh
dZ`_lkydZdhclhaehcrmldhcY ihkfhlj_egZfh_]hijh\h^gbdZhg
lhevdh meu[Zeky b y gZqZe qm\k]\h\Zlv jZa^jZ`_gb_ Ihlhf y
ih^mfZe qlh hagZqZ_l wlZ klZjZy h^_`^Z" HgZ hagZqZ_l lh ba q_]h
\ujhkeb qlh g_ bkihevamxl g_ ohlyl Lml f_gy ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ihjZabeh hgZ hagZqZeZ f_gy fhx klZjmx `bagv Z _keb lZd lh \
kmg^md_\_jhylgh_klvqlhlh_s_Y ihjuekyb gZkZfhf^g_gZr_e
² m]Z^Zcl_ qlh" Ij_djZkguc dm[hd ihoh`bc gZ dm[hd ^ey
ijbqZklby gh mdjZr_gguc ^jZ]hp_gghklyfb b bgdjmklbjh\Zgguc
ahehlhf
Y ih^gye _]h b bf_ggh lh]^Z gZqZe ieZdZlv Y agZe \u g_
[m^_l_ \hajZ`Zlv Hg [ue lZdhc djZkb\uc DZd [m^lh y gZr_e
K\ys_gguc =jZZev <k_ q_]h fg_ ohl_ehkv ² qlh[u kh fghc [ueb
ex^by gZihegbe[u dm[hd \bghf b fu mqZkl\h\Zeb [u \ ^moh\ghf
h[s_gbbWlh[uekZfucij_djZkgucfhf_gl\ fh_c`bagb
DZdjZa\ wlhlfhf_glemqk\_lZijhj\Zekyq_j_akl_gmi_s_ju
b hk\_lbem]hedhlhjh]hy g_aZf_lbeY ihklZ\bedm[hdgZkmg^mdb
gZijZ\beky lm^Z d dmq_ dZfg_c dhlhju_ \u]ey^_eb lZd dZd [m^lh
aZdju\Zeb hl\_jklb_ G_ agZx dZd y gZr_e kbeu hlh^\bgmlv bo gh
k^_eZe wlh b m\b^_e klmi_gb \_^msb_ gZ\_jo Y g_ ohl_e hklZ\eylv
dm[hdlZfihwlhfm\aye_]hb ih^gyekyihklmi_gyfAZl_fkemqbeZkv
^_ckl\bl_evghaZ[Z\gZy\_svIjh\h^gbd[uei_j_^hfghcohlyy b
g_\b^_edZdhgmr_e
L_i_jv \u ih^mfZ_l_ qlh wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh kljZggh gh
klmi_gbijb\_ebd \_jrbg_]hjugZdhlhjhcy [uejZgvr_ijyfh\
lm`_kZfmxi_s_jm]^_y gZr_ek\blhd
GZ kl_g_ \bk_e f_q h wlh [ueh wnn_dlguf aj_ebs_f
<hafh`gh f_q b dm[hd k^_eZe h^bg b lhl `_ q_eh\_d F_q [ue
mdjZr_g \ lhc `_ fZg_j_ qlh b dm[hd Hgb khklZ\eyeb ij_djZkgmx
iZjm b m^b\bl_evgh ^hihegyeb ^jm] ^jm]Z Y kgye f_q kh kl_gu
^_j`Z_]h\ ijZ\hcjmd_DZdbf`_kbevguf y k_[y ihqm\kl\h\Ze <
h^bg fb] \k_ baf_gbehkv Fhc ijh\h^gbd ih\_e f_gy \
wdaZf_gZpbhgguc aZe Bf_ggh hg ² lhl dlh [m^_l km^blv f_gy ih
fhbf ^_eZf Y gbdh]^Z g_ qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y \ lZdhc [_ahiZkghklb b
fbj_
H[km`^_gb_kemqZy=e_ggZ
>mfZx qlh lhedh\Zgb_ ^\mo gZoh^hd =e_ggZ g_ lj_[m_lky Y
iheZ]Zx klhbl h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ lhl nZdl qlh _fm kgZqZeZ
ijbrehkv kimklblvky \gba aZl_f ijbrehkv b^lb kd\hav
Ijh^\b`_gb_ kd\hav qZklh kbf\hebabjm_l ijh[b\Zgb_ hldm^Zlh
AZl_f_fmijbrehkvdhfmlh^h\_jblvkyZ wlhg_\k_]^Ze_]dh^Z`_\
jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb ?keb [u y gZijZ\eye =e_ggZ lh hq_\b^guf
f_klhf]^_fh`gh[uehgZclbdm[hdklZeZ[ui_s_jZb\hafh`gh\
dZdhflhkmg^md_ihlhfmqlhhghebp_l\hjy_lkhdjh\bs_Bgl_j_kgh
lZd`_qlhlhevdhdh]^Z=e_gggZr_edm[hd k\_lhaZjbe ke_^mxsbc
wlZiiml_r_kl\by
F_qdhiv_ibdmg_j_^dhgZoh^ylgZ\ukhlZob qZklhihke_
ljm^gh]h\hkoh`^_gby=e_gg\ dhgp_dhgph\ihgyeqlhdm[hdb f_q
`_gkdh_b fm`kdh_^hihegyxl^jm]^jm]ZDh]^Zfuh[km`^Zeb_]h
iml_r_kl\b_hgg_jZkkdZaZefg_qlhkdZaZe_fm_]hijh\h^gbd^Z
b \ihke_^kl\bbg_k^_eZewlh]h<hafh`ghkdZaZggh_[uehgZklhevdh
hkh[_ggufqlhih^_eblvkybfagZqbeh[uhkd\_jgblvg_qlh^hjh]h_
=e_gglZdb gkkdZaZed_fih_]hfg_gbx[ue_]hijh\h^gbdghm
f_gy LL ]heh\_ g_l khfg_gbb \ lhf qlh hg \ujZ`Ze ^moh\gmx
kmsghklv [hevrhc ]em[bgu =e_gg i_j_k^Ze k\hc wdaZf_g b
\u^_j`Ze _]h k [e_kdhf lZd qlh kgblhd _]h \hh[jZ`_gby klZe
j_Zevghklvx
L_fZh^bggZ^pZlZy²>jZdhg
Jbk>jZdhg
>jZdhgZkkhpbbjm_lkyk q_j\_f af__f djueZlufdjhdh^behf
k o\hklhfaf_blZdqlhkeh\Z^jZdhgb af_bqZklhhagZqZxlh^gh
b lh`_KqblZxlqlh^jZdhgh[eZ^Z_lhkljufaj_gb_f< k\ys_gguo
l_dklZo ^j_\gbo _\j__\ ^jZdhg qZklh hebp_l\hjy_l kf_jlv b aeh
OjbklbZgkl\hmgZke_^h\Zehij_^klZ\e_gb__\j__\h ^jZdhg_dhlhjuc
bah[jZ`Z_lky \h \k_c \Z`ghc ijhjhq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ ;b[ebb
hkh[_ggh \ Hldjh\_gbb B hg ko\Zlbe ^jZdhgZ af_y ^j_\g_]h
dhlhjuc _klv ^bZ\he b kZlZgZ b k\yaZe _]h gZ lukyqm e_l
Hldjh\_gb_ Hg lZd`_ \hagbdZ_l \ iha^g_c ojbklbZgkdhc
ljZ^bpbb < ojbklbZgkdhf bkdmkkl\_ ^jZdhg ² kbf\he ]j_ oZ Hg
qZklh bah[jZ`Z_lky ihijZgguf gh]Zfb k\yluo beb fmq_gbdh\
kbf\hebabjmyih[_^mojbklbZgkl\ZgZ^yauq_kl\hf
>j_\gb_]j_dbb jbfeyg_kqblZebqlh^jZdhguh[eZ^Zxlkih
kh[ghklvx ihgbfZlv b khh[sZlv kf_jlguf lZcgu a_feb HlqZklb \
j_amevlZl_ [eZ]h^Zjy keh`b\r_fmky ij_^klZ\e_gbx h fhgklj_ dZd h
fbehklb\hf aZsbsZxs_f nZdlhj_ Z hlqZklb baaZ _]h \gmrZxsbo
kljZo dZq_kl\ hg bkihevah\Zeky dZd \h_ggZy wf[e_fZ Jbfkdb_
e_]bhgui_j_gyeb_]h\ ,\_d_gZr_cwjubah[jZ`Zynb]mjm^jZdhgZ
gZagZf_gZodhlhju_dh]hjlug_keb\ [hb>j_\gb_
kdZg^bgZ\u mdjZrZeb ghk k\hbo km^h\ \uj_aZggufb
ih^h[byfb^jZdhgh\Kj_^bd_evlkdboaZ\h_\Zl_e_c;jblZgbb^jZdhg
[ue kbf\hehf g_aZ\bkbfhklb E_]_g^Zjgh_ qm^h\bs_ ]Zd`_
bah[jZ`ZehkvgZsblZol_\lhgkdboie_f_gdhlhju_iha`_\lhj]ebkv
\ ;jblZgbxb m`_\ ;9,\_d_^jZdhgihy\ey_lkygZ[h_\uoagZf_gZo
Zg]ebckdbo dhjhe_c K gZqZeZ ;; \_dZ hg bah[jZ`_g gZ
]_jZev^bq_kdbo^_\baZoijbgpZMwevkdh]h Dhjhev :jlmj b _]h hl_p
I_g^jZ]hg[uebdhjheyfbdjZkgh]h^jZdhgZ
< DblZ_ ^jZdhg kbf\hebabjm_l bfi_jZlhjkdmx \eZklv b
ij_h^he_gb_[_agjZ\kl\_gghklbHgZkkhpbbjm_lkyk jblfhf`bagb
b fhegb_c ^h`^_f b ieh^hjh^b_f ke_^h\Zl_evgh klZgh\blky
kh_^bgyxs_c k\yavx f_`^m <ukrbfb <h^Zfb g_[_kZfb b A_fe_c
H ^jZdhg_]h\hjylqlhhgkbe_gb [ukljdZddhgvg_kiblb h[eZ^Z_l
bkdexqbl_evgh hkljuf aj_gb_f < dblZckdhc kbf\hebd_ djZkguc
^jZdhg²wlhkljZ`\ukhlZ [_euc^jZdhghebp_l\hjy_lemgm
<hafh`gZyikboheh]bq_kdZybgl_jij_lZpby
>jZdhg²wlh\jZ]]_jhy< n_h^ZevguoaZfdZo^Zf^_j`Zeb\
kZfhc[_ahiZkghcqZklbhojZgy_fhc^jZdhghfbeb^jZdhgZfbA^_kv
kh^_j`blky k_dkmZevgZy kbf\hebdZ kl_gZ aZfdZ hebp_l\hjyxsZy
]bf_g ^jZdhg hojZgyxsbc khdjh\bs_ dhlhjh_ fh`_l ihemqblv
lhevdh^h[e_klgucjupZjv
< kj_^gb_ \_dZ ^jZdhgZ bah[jZ`Zeb k r__c b gh]Zfb hjeZ
l_ehf h]jhfghc af_b djuevyfb e_lmq_c furb b o\hklhf
aZdZgqb\Zxsbfky klj_ehc gZijZ\e_gghc \ kZfh]h k_[y Hj_e
hebp_l\hjy_l g_[_kguc ihl_gpbZe ^jZdhgZ af_b ² _]h lZcgu_ b
ih^a_fgu_ q_jlu djuevy ² bgl_ee_dlmZevguc ih^t_f Z o\hkl
k\yaZgguc k ah^bZdZevguf agZdhf Ev\Z ² ih^qbg_gb_ jZamfm
>jZdhgh\ Z lZd`_ [udh\ ih[_`^Zxl kheg_qgu_ ]_jhb lZdb_ dZd
FbljZAb]njb^=_jZdeYkhgOhj_:iheehg
>jZdhg `b\msbc \ i_s_j_ beb \ ]em[bgZo fhjy
kbf\hebabjm_l ih^a_fguc fbj b [_kkhagZl_evgh_ dhlhjh_ ]jhabl
jZajmrblv W]h _keb hgh ihkf__l [jhkblv _fm \uah\ < ;b[ebb
ihke_^gyy [bl\Z Hldjh\_gb_ ijhbkoh^bl f_`^m djZkguf
^jZdhghf kZlZghc b FboZbehf kZlZgZ b _]h Zg]_eu ih[_`^_gu
Kms_kl\m_l fgh]h bklhjbb h lhf dZd m[b\Zxl ^jZdhgZ :iheehg
DZ^f I_jk_c Ab]njb^ gh gZ\_jgh_ kZfZy ba\_klgZy ² bklhjby h
K\ylhf=_hj]bb
K\ylhc=_hj]bcb ^jZdhg
K\ylhc=_hj]bcojbklbZgkdbcfmq_gbdb k\ylhcihdjh\bl_ev
:g]ebb jh^beky \ DZiiZ^hdbb \hklhqgZy FZeZy :aby ?]h `bagv
aZl_fg_gZ e_]_g^hc gh _]h fmq_gbq_kl\h \ Eb^^_ IZe_klbgZ
kqblZ_lky bklhjbq_kdbf nZdlhf GZb[he__ ihimeyjgZy ba e_]_g^
\hagbdrbo \hdjm] _]h bf_gb hlghkblky d ko\Zld_ k ^jZdhghf
Yauq_kdbc ]hjh^ \ Eb\bb k^_eZe k\h_c `_jl\hc ^jZdhg dhlhjh]h
`bl_eb iulZebkv mfbjhl\hjblv kgZqZeZ ih`_jl\h\Zgbyfb h\_p Z
aZl_f ² jZaebqguo qe_gh\ k\h_c h[sbgu @j_[bc iZe gZ ^hqv
dhjheyb ^_\mrdm\u\_eb`^Zlvijboh^Zqm^h\bsZgh=_hj]bcm[be
^jZdhgZb h[jZlbeh[sbgm\ ojbklbZgkl\h
<hafh`gZyikboheh]bq_kdZybgl_jij_lZpby
E_]_g^Z ² wlh Zee_]hjby ih[_^u ^h[jZ gZ^ aehf >jZdhg
hebp_l\hjyxsbc^vy\heZK\ylhc=_hj]bchebp_l\hjyxsbcOjbklZ
^_\Z hebp_l\hjyxsZy P_jdh\v GZ [he__ ]em[bgghf mjh\g_ ^jZdhg
² wlh \jZ] g_ lhevdh ]_jhy gh lZd`_ ihbkdh\ ijZ\^u b k\h[h^u
>jZdhg `b\_l \ i_s_j_ beb ]em[bgZo fhjy hebp_l\hjyy lZdbf
h[jZahf ih^a_fguc fbj [_kkhagZl_evgh_ a_fex kf_jlb beb kgZ
[_kkhagZl_evgu_ fhlb\Zpbb b ijbgm`^_gby >jZdhg qZklh
Zkkhpbbjm_lkyk h^ghcbaq_luj_oklbobc²\h^hca_fe_c\ha^mohf
h]g_f dhlhju_ k\yaZgu k q_lujvfy nmgdpbyfb ² bglmbpb_c
qm\kl\hf fure_gb_f hsms_gb_f b lh ]^_ `b\_l ^jZdhg ^Z_l
\Z`guc dexq d ihgbfZgbx dZdZy ba nmgdpbc ih^\_j]Z_lky
gZiZ^_gbx < g_dhlhjuo e_]_g^Zo ^jZdhg hojZgy_l khdjh\bs_ b
qlh[u ^hklbqv khdjh\bsZ gZ^h ihdhjblv ^jZdhgZ eb[h m[b\ _]h
eb[hih^jm`b\rbkvk gbf
< qZklb ;;;9,,, ;_h\mevnZ
_klv bklhjby h ^\hjygbg_
ihke_^g_f \ k\h_f jh^m dhlhjuc ijyq_l \k_ k\h_ ^h[jh \gmljb
dmj]ZgZ^j_\g_]hfh]bevgh]hohefZb lZfih_lijhsZevgmxi_kgv
;_h\mevn ² Zg]ehkZdkhgkdZy wibq_kdZy ihwfZ h[uqgh
kqblZ_lky ijhba\_eh gb_f Zg]ebckdh]h ihwlZ 9,,, \_dZ dhlhjuc
kh_^bgbe kdZg^bgZ\kdmx bklhjbx b yauq_kdmx fbnheh]bx k
ojbklbZgkdbfb we_f_glZfb FjZqgZy bklhjby [h]ZlZ f_ lZnhjZfb
agZf_gblucijbf_j²dblh\Zy^hjh]Zh[hagZqZxsZyfhj_HgZjZk
kdZau\Z_l h ]_jh_ kdZg^bgZ\kdhf ijbgp_ ih bf_gb ;_h\mevn
dhlhjuc ba[Z\ey_ >Zgbx hl qm^h\bsZ =j_g^_ey ihemq_eh\_dZ
ihem^vy\heZ Iylv^_kyl l_l kimkly ;_h\mevnm m^Z_lky ih\lhjblv wlb
ih^\b]bb hk\h[h^blvk\hxkh[kl\_ggmxk ]jZgm RLjZahj_gby
\_ebdhe_ibx `bagb Ihke_ _]h kf_jlb ^h[jhf aZ\eZ^_\Z_l
^jZdhgb hojZgy_l_]hQ_eh\_dijb]h\hj_ggucd kf_jlb\ hlqZygbb
ijyq_lky \ dmj]Zg_ h[gZjm`b\Z_l khdjh\bs_ b ihdZ ^jZdhg kibl
m[_]Z_l k khdjh\bs_f b hlghkbl _]h k\h_fm ohaybgm dhlhjuc
ijhsZ_l _]h >jZdhg h[gZjm`b\Z_l ijhiZ`m b lj_[m_l kljZrgh]h
gZdZaZgby^eyex^_c\ hdjm]_< dhgp_dhgph\\hbgm[b\Z_l^jZdhgZ
f_qhf
Ijb\_^_ggZy \ur_ bklhjby ba ;_h\mevnZ ² ohjhrbc
ijbf_j h[gZjm`_gby khdjh\bsZ hojZgy_fh]h ^jZdhghf Dmj]Zg ²
ij_djZkguc h[jZa dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h gZfgh]h [he__
kbevguc q_f i_s_jZ gh ih^h[gh i_s_j_ e_km beb bghfm
hebp_l\hj_gbx [_kkhagZl_evgh]h d _]h bkihevah\Zgbx ke_^m_l
hlghkblvkyk [hevrhc\gbfZl_evghklvx
>j_\gb_ f_klZ aZohjhg_gbc hdjm`_gu fgh`_kl\hf e_]_g^ b
fbnh\ ih^h[guo l_f qlh k\yaZgu k _]bi_lkdbfb fh]beZfb KlZjh_
aZohjhg_gb_ Wc\[vxjb \ <belrbj_ :g]eby hq_gv [ebadh d
Klhmgo_g^` dh]^Zlh jZkkfZljb\Zehkv dZd k\ys_ggh_ f_klh ]^_ g_
fh]eb `blv gbdZdb_ ij_kfudZxsb_ky LZf _klv klZjuc ojZf Z hl
p_gljZ Wc\[vxjb l_dml iylv j_d Z \_kv jZchg mk_yg fh]bevgufb
ohefZfbb jhkbklufb ijm^Zfb?]h^\Zhkgh\guodmj]ZgZ lygmlky \
nhjf_af_bhlojZfZ
L_fZ^\_gZ^pZlZy²F_glhj
G_dhlhju_ l_jZi_\lu ]h\hjyl h fm^j_p_ fm`qbg_ beb
`_gsbg_
:gZeh]by ba Zkljhghfbb ihfh]Z_l aZdj_iblv b^_x
km[ebqghkl_c dZd Zjo_lbih\ P_gljhf gZr_c kheg_qghc kbkl_fu
y\ey_lky Khegp_ dhlhjh_ h[eZ^Z_l lj_fy ]eZ\gufb k\hckl\Zfb
wg_j]b_c l_iehf b k\_lhf <hdjm] KhegpZ gZoh^ykv \ Z[khexlghc
aZ\bkbfhklb hl g_]h b ih^ _]h \ebygb_f \jZsZ_lky jy^ [hevrbo b
fZeuo ieZg_l Ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb ikbobdb ZgZeh]by ijh^he`Z_lky
ke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
Khegp_ awlhikbobdZ
<jZsZxsb_ky ieZg_lu ² wlh jZaebqgu_ qZklb gZk kZfbo
gZrbkm[ebqghklb
DZ`^Zykm[ebqghklvkhklhblbalj_oqZkl_cl_eZwfhpbcb
jZamfZ
Kh\k_fdZdA_feyh^gZbaieZg_ldjmlblky\hdjm]k\h_chkbb
\ lh `_ \j_fy \jZsZ_lky \hdjm] KhegpZ lZd `_ dZ`^Zy ieZg_lZ
km[ebqghklb ihklhyggh djmlblky \hdjm] k\h_c kh[kl\_gghc hkb b
\jZsZ_lky \hdjm] ikbobdb Wlh \\h^bl hl^_evgh dZ`^mx ba lj_o
qZkl_c dZ`^hc km[ebqghklb \ nhdmk ikbobdb ]^_ ljb ]eZ\guo
dZq_kl\Z wg_j]bb hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ l_eh l_ieh ² gZ wfhpbb b
k\_l²gZjZamfD kh`Ze_gbxwlmij_djZkgmxdZjlbgmihjlblnZdl
dhlhjuc g_\hafh`gh hljbpZlv hq_gv qZklh km[ebqghklb kbevgh
khijhlb\eyxlky\ebygbxhdZau\Z_fhfmikbobdhcGh\ lh`_\j_fy
dZ`^uc ba gZk khklhbl ba fgh]bo km[ebqghkl_c Lhqgh lZd `_ gZ
dZ`^mx km[ebqghklv ikbobdZ ^_ckl\m_l ihjZaghfm H^gZdh gbqlh
gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l klZlbqguf Baf_g_gb_ ijhba\_^_ggh_ \ h^ghc
h[eZklb qZklh ^_eZ_l g_h[oh^bfuf baf_g_gb_ \ ^jm]hc G_ [u\Z_l
lZd qlh[u lhlZevguc dhgnebdl f]gh\_ggh kf_gyeky lhlZevghc
]Zjfhgb_c \k_]^Z kms_kl\m_l nZaZ ijh[e_kdh\ L_f g_ f_g__
ihkl_i_ggh b gZ wlh fh`_l mclb \ky `bagv dhgnebdlmxsb_ kn_ju
fh`gh ijb\_klb \ ]Zjfhgbx k ikbobdhc ijh^he`Zy ihbkd
p_ehklghklbb bgl_]jZpbb
Ikbobdm lZd`_ fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd fhsguc kimlgbd
k\yab ihemqZxsbc jZkrbnjh\u\Zxsbc b i_j_^Zxsbc kb]gZeu hl
\k_okm[ebqghkl_cb h[jZlghd gbf<_^vlhqghlZd`_dZdieZg_lu
kheg_qghc kbkl_fu \ebyxl ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z \aZbfhk\yaZgu b \k_
km[ebqghklb hgb b ^he`gu [ulv k\yaZgu ihlhfm qlh \f_kl_
h[jZamxl ebqghklv Ihwlhfm dZ`^hc ba gbo gm`gh agZlv qlh
ijhbkoh^bl k ^jm]bfb G_dhlhjuf fh`_l g_ gjZ\blvky lh qlh
ijhbkoh^bl k ^jm]hc hkh[_ggh _keb baf_g_gb_ kha^Z_l m]jham ^ey
gbo
²m^b\eyeZkv>`hZg
FhgZo >`hZg kdZaZeZ ?]h e_]dh h[tykgblv ² wlh fh_
dZlhebq_kdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ Hg ^h kbo ihj gm`_g fg_ gh y jZ^Z
qlh hg kfh] g_fgh]h hl[jhkblv qhihjghklv \ ih\_^_gbb k
Kh[eZagbl_evgbp_c Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ f_gy i_j_ihegy_l jZ^hklv
dh]^Zhgbihfbjbebkv>mfZxfg_ _klv _s_ qlh ^_eZlv b k g_c b k
fhbf^_^mrdhcWlhagZqblqlhy ihoh`ZgZg_k"
Y h[tykgbe<u
dZ`_lky \h[jZeb bgljh_pbjh\Zeb ^_^mrdbgu ij_^ibkZgby b
ij_^m[_`^_gby ijhlb\ `_gsbg dhlhju_ ihevamxlky dhkf_lbdhc b
h^_\Zxlky g_ lZd dZd ijbgylh Dh]^Z hg kdZaZe wlh \ lhl kZfuc
fhf_gl \u [ueb ijhklblmldhc kh[eZagbl_evgbp_c b hgZ ihemqbeZ
f_klh`bl_evkl\hb \Zr_f^hf_KdZ`bl_fg_^mfZyh g_ck_cqZkdZd
hgZaZy\beZh k_[_"
G_dhlhjh_ \j_fy >`hZg kb^_eZ ]em[hdh aZ^mfZ\rbkv ihlhf
ijhbag_keZDh]^Zy klZeZdZlhebqdhcdZdjZai_j_^l_fdZd\ureZ
aZfm`y gZqZeZh^_\Zlvkyhq_gvljZ^bpbhggh²dZdl_i_jvb ohlyy
ihevah\ZeZkv dhkf_lbdhc wlh \k_]^Z [ueh [eZ]hjZamfgh
g_^hklZlhqgh ^ey lh]h qlh[u hkdhj[blv fh_]h fm`Z Lhevdh
ihkemrZcl_ qlh y kdZaZeZ
Dh]^Z y qblZeZ h ijhklblmldZo
hkm`^_gguo aZ ijbklZ\Zgby d fm`qbgZf y ]h\hjbeZ fh_fm fm`m
LZdbfb gZ^hJZa\_y [ueZg_m`Zkghc"GhagZ_l_<bevyfwlhg_
FhgZoijbfbjbekyk g_cwlh[ueZyY j_rbeZbaf_gblv__ bfyFh_
\lhjh_bfyWebkb bf_gghlZdy [m^mfuke_gghgZau\Zlv__
Y gZ^_xkvwlb^\_beexkljZpbbkm[ebqghkl_bhldjhxlimlvd
bgl_j_kghc b ieh^hl\hjghc jZ[hl_ gZ^ \Zrbfb kh[kl\_ggvfb
km[ebqghklyfbb km[ebqghklyfb\Zrbodeb_glh\
L_fZiylgZ^pZlZy²KiysZydjZkZ\bpZbebRbih\gbd
Wlh h^gZ ba bklhjbb [jZlv_\ =jbff dhlhjmx fh`gh
bkihevah\Zlv\ jZ[hl_k h[jZaZfbkihglZgghbebqlh[he__\_jhylgh
dZdgZijZ\e_ggh_\hh[jZ`_gb_
AeZy n_y aZklZ\beZ DjZkZ\bpm mdhehl@ iZe_p \_j_l_ghf Gh
^h[jZy n_y ij_\jZlbeZ aeh_ aZdey]v_ \ khg gZ klh e_l <hdjm] aZfdZ
jZajhkeZkvh]jZ^Zbarbih\gbdZ<k_ex^b\ aZfd_aZkgmeb\f_kl_k
DjZkZ\bp_c _c g_ [m^_l h^bghdh dh]^Z hgZ ijh[m^blky hl kgZ
Fgh]b_ kf_evqZdb ih]b[eb iulZykv jZajmrblv aZdeylv_ b dmklu
rbih\gbdZ[uebm\_rZgu]bjeyg^Zfbbaboq_j_ih\Kugdhjhey[_a
mkbebc ijhr_e q_j_a h]jZ^m ba rbih\gbdZ b ihp_em_f jZa[m^be
DjZkZ\bpm
Dh]^Zdeb_gl\g_aZighij_^klZ\ey_lk_[_h]jZ^mhkh[_gghba
rbih\gbdZbeb \b^bl aZfhd aZ h]jZ^hc beb m g_]h \hagbdZ_l h[jZa
dh]hlh kiys_]h lh]^Z \hafh`gh gZk ]Zeh \j_fy bkihevah\Zlv
\her_[gmxbklhjbxb m\b^_lvdZdhgZkhhlghkblkyk iml_r_kl\b_f
deb_glZ < wlbo p_eyo y [m^m jZ[hlZlv k l_fhc gZijZ\e_ggh ²
kgZqZeZk deb_glhfZ ihlhfk deb_gldhc
KlhblmdZaZlvqlhwlZl_fZfh`_l[ulvijbf_gbfZg_dh\k_f
ihlhfm qlh \ g_c fgh]h_ k\yaZgh k k_dkmZevghklvx dhlhjZy g_
hkhagZ_lky beb ih^Z\ey_lky Y k\y`m i_j\mx qZklv k bklhjb_c
:glhgbh
KemqZc:glhgbh
:glhgbh[ueh^\Z^pZlv\hk_fve_lhg[ueg_`_gZlbih_]h
kh[kl\_gghfm ijbagZgbx \_kvfZ g_jZa[hjqb\ GZ
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ hg ijbr_e g_ ihwlhfm Z ihlhfm qlh ohl_e
ijhjZ[hlZlv k\hb hklju_ ijbklmiu iZgbdb Fu ijh\_eb g_dhlhjmx
ih\_^_gq_kdmx jZ[hlm ih kgb`_gbx mjh\gy _]h klj_kkZ dh]^Z hg
kdZaZeY jZkkdZau\Ze\Zfh[h\k_owlboilbqdZok dhlhjufb]meye
ghlZdb g_hkl_i_gbekyy ^mfZxwlh[uehg_m^Zqgh_\j_fy
<hl qlh y magZe GZ^ :glhgbh \eZkl\h\ZeZ fZlv blZevygkdZy
^ZfZ dhlhjZy h^gZ \hkiblu\ZeZ :glhgbh k\h_]h _^bgkl\_ggh]h
j_[_gdZlZddZd_]hhl_pmf_jdh]^Z fZevqbdm [ueh e_l Hgb g_
bkiulu\Zeb nbgZgkh\uo ijh[e_f _]h fZlv ijhbkoh^beZ ba
khklhyl_evghck_fvbb mgbo[uehfgh]hjh^kl\_ggbdh\`b\msbo\
gZr_c kljZg_ HgZ ihij_`g_fm jZkkqblu\ZeZ qlh :glhgbh [m^_l
`blv ^hfZ b dZ`^uc jZa dh]^Z hg iulZeky \uj\Zlvky ij_\jZsZeZ
_]h`bagv\ g_kqZklv_kZfZklZgh\ykv[hevghc
Y \\_e_]h\ kp_gmem]Zb dh]^Zih^mfZeqlhhg\ khklhygbb
kijZ\blvky kijhkbe agZ_l eb hg bklhjbx h Kiys_c djZkZ\bp_
:glhgbh g_ agZe b y ^Ze _fm h g_c h[s__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ AZl_f y
ij_^eh`be _fm klZlv jupZj_f gZ [_ehf dhg_ m dhlhjh]h \ jmdZo
dhiv_b sblZ gZ[hdm²f_qY ijhklhkdZaZe<umkeurZebijbau\
ijh^he`Zlviml_r_kl\b_qlh[ujZajmrblvwlhaZdeylv_<i_j_^
KgZqZeZ hg kdZdZe ]Zehihf \hdjm] em]Z ihdZ y g_ kdZaZe
DZ`_lky\u^\b`_l_kvihdjm]mb gbdm^Zg_^h[bjZ_l_kvdZd[m^lh
g_ m\_j_gu qlh ^_eZlv Ihbsbl_ ljhim dhlhjZy dm^Zgb[m^v \Zk
ijb\_^_l Hg gZr_e imlv dhlhjuc ih\_e _]h q_j_a ohefu b j_db
DZaZehkv em] hebp_l\hjy_l h]jZgbq_gby b ijbgm`^_gb_
gZeh`_ggu_ gZ g_]h fZl_jvx b qlh[u \uj\Zlvky _fm gm`gZ [ueZ
fhyih^^_j`dZ
Ijh^_eZ\ g_dhlhjuc imlv ih hq_gv djZkb\hfm djZx
:glhgbh kdZaZe Ihq_fm y gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_ ^_eZe wlh]h" Y
hl\_lbe< hl^Ze_gbb\ufh`_l_\b^_lvlhevdhdhgqbdneZ]rlhdZgZ
[Zrg_aZfdZghaZfhdhdjm`_giehlghcba]hjh^vxbarbih\gbdZ<
aZfd_ gZoh^blky ijbgp_kkZ dhlhjZy kibl \ dhfgZl_ gZ\_jom HgZ
aZdhe^h\ZgZ b ijhkiZeZ klh e_l L_i_jv hgZ `^_l \Zk qlh[u \u __
hk\h[h^beb<ZrZaZ^ZqZ²jZa[m^blvKiysmxdjZkZ\bpm
Dh]^Z :glhgbh ih^t_oZe d ba]hjh^b hg ijb]hlh\beky
\hkihevah\Zlvky k\hbf f_qhf gh wlh _fm g_ ihgZ^h[behkv ihlhfm
qlh h]jZ^Z jZkklmibeZkv i_j_^ gbf Hg gZr_e \k_! ijb^\hjguo b
kem]kiysbfbb y\_e_e_fmih^gylvkyihe_klgbp_b gZclbdhfgZlm
ijbgp_kku Y \_e_e :glhgbh [ulv \_`eb\uf b ex[_aguf dh]^Z hg
jZa[m^bl__b kdZaZeqlhhgZ`^ZeZwlh]hfhf_glZklhe_l:glhgbh
khh[sbe Y ihklmqZeky \ ^\_jv b hklhjh`gh \oh`m Fhc f_q
g_fgh]h a\ydZ_l lZd qlh y ijb^_j`b\Zx _]h qlh[u g_ ihlj_\h`blv
ijbgp_kkm HgZ ^_ckl\bl_evgh ij_djZkgZ Y gZdehgyxkv b g_`gh
p_emx__ \]m[uHgZkfhljblgZf_gy]eZaZfbyjdbfbdZda\_a^ub
k meu[dhc hl dhlhjhc lZ_l fh_ k_j^p_ Y [_jm __ aZ jmdm b
ijbih^gbfZx Y himkdZxkv i_j_^ g_c gZ dhe_gb Y \ex[e_g [_a
iZfylbHgZ[_j_lf_gyaZjmdmb \_^_lihaZfdm]^_\k_ijhkgmebkvb
qlhlh ^_eZxl Y ]h\hjx ijbgp_kk_ Y ohqm qlh[u \u ih_oZeb kh
fghc b ihagZdhfbebkv k fh_c fZl_jvx Y kdZ`m _c qlh fu
ih`_gbfky
Y kdZaZe:glhgbhIhijhkbl_m ijbgp_kkukbf\heex[\b^ey
\Zk:glhgbhhl\_lbeHgZ^Z_lfg_h^ghbak\hbodhe_pZ y
ij_^eZ]Zx _c fhc f_q ihlhfm qlh hg dZ`_lky kZfZy
^jZ]hp_ggZy\_svdhlhjZym f_gy_klv
Dh]^Z ijbreh \j_fy hklZ\blv wlm kp_gm y ij_^iheh`be qlh
wlh \hafh`gh _]h hkh[h_ f_klh dm^Z hg fh`_l \_jgmlvky b dm^Z
gbdlh g_ fh`_l \lhj]gmlvky Y g_ ohqm moh^blv <bevyf fg_ \k_
jZ\ghijb^_lkyklhedgmlvkyk fZl_jvx²kdZaZe:glhgbh
Ijh[m`^_gb_ DjZkZ\bpu hebp_l\hjy_l `_gkdh_ gZqZeh \
`bagb dhlhjh_ ihl_jygh \ [_kkhagZl_evghf b lh]^Z dZ`_lky qlh \
`bagb g_ kms_kl\m_l gbq_]h djhf_ rbih\ K h^ghc klhjhgu
DjZkZ\bpm fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd kbf\he :gbfu k ^jm]hc hgZ
kbf\hebabjm_l Zjo_lbibq_kdb_ h[jZau dhlhju_ ^j_fexl \
[_kkhagZl_evghf h`b^Zy qlh bo ih[m^yl d ^_ckl\bx Kiysb_
ijbgp_kku h[uqgh kbf\hebabjmxl iZkkb\guc beb g_jZa\bluc
ihl_gpbZe
Qlheb[h aZhklj_ggh_ \jh^_ rbih\ fh`_l hebp_l\hjylv
ijhgbdZxsbc i_gbkb kem`blv kbf\hehf fm`kdh]h gZqZeZ \ `bagb
G_]Zlb\guc:gbfmkDjZkZ\bpuaeZyn_yih]jmabeZDjZkZ\bpm\ khg
wnn_dlb\gh baty\ __ ba h[jZs_gby dZd jZa dh]^Z hgZ ^hklb]Z_l
im[kjlZlZh[_kdmjZ`b\fheh^uofm`qbg
Kiysbc aZfhd \ p_ehf hebp_l\hjy_l khklhygb_ klZ]gZpbb
kl_jbevghklb ihlhfm qlh fm`kdZy b `_gkdZy klhjhgu g_ fh]ml
mklZgh\blv k\yav WlZ \her_[gZy kdZadZ fh`_l [ulv
bgl_jij_lbjh\ZgZ\ [he__rbjhdhffZkrlZ[_\k_]hh[s_kl\Zqlh[u
[ulv ihgZklhys_fm iheghp_gguf h[s_kl\h ^he`gh khq_lZlv
fm`kdb_b `_gkdb_ih^oh^u
Ba[jZggbd ijh[m`^Zxsbc DjZkZ\bpm \Z ebqghklghf
mjh\g_ kbf\hebabjm_l hkms_kl\e_gb_ [jZdZ < [he__ rbjhdhf
fZkrlZ[_hghebp_l\hjy_lkbeu`bagbb kf_jlbfZehqlhfufh`_f
k^_eZlv qlh[u mijZ\eylv dZdhceb[h ba gbo <k_ [_kihdhckl\h
\hagbdeh \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ihlhfm qlh aemx n_x hklZ\beb \g_
ijZa^gbdZBf_gghlZklhjhgZgZr_]h[_kkhagZl_evgh]hdhlhjhcfu
ij_g_[j_]Z_f\k_]^Zijbqbgy_lgZfgZb[hevrb_kljZ^Zgby
H[km`^_gb_kemqZy:glhgbh
AZdhgqb\wlh\hh[jZ`Z_fh_iml_r_kl\b_fuh[km^beblhqlh
ijhbahrehKgZqZeZy kijhkbe:glhgbhijhem]b hghl\_lbe
Dh]^Z \u kdZaZeb qlh y \b^bfh ^\b]Zxkv ih djm]m wlh
ijha\mqZeh g_h`b^Zggh ihlhfm qlh y ^mfZe \k_ \ ihjy^d_ y
^_ckl\bl_evghijh^\b]ZxkvIhq_fmlZdihemqbehkv"
Ij_^ihqblZy g_ ^Z\Zlv k\h_c bgl_jij_lZpbb _]h fZl_jb y
kdZaZeH q_f\ZfgZihfgbehwlh^\b`_gb_gbdm^Z"²Qlhlhba
fh_c `bagb y iheZ]Zx wlh \k_ \_^v h g_c ijZ\^Z" ² hl\_lbe
deb_gl
Y kdZaZe GZ dZdmx qZklv \Zr_c `bagb wlh ihoh`_ ²
g_bklh\h kdZdZlv gh \k_]h ebrv ^\b]Zlvky ih djm]m" Hg k_j^blh
ijhbag_k
G_ agZx KdZ`bl_ kZfb ² Bgl_j_kgh [ueh eb wlh g_qlh
hlghkys__ky d jh^kl\_ggbdZf" ?klv m \Zk k d_fgb[m^v hlghr_gby
ihoh`b_gZwlb"²aZ^Zey \hijhkM f_gyg_lgbdZdbohlghr_gbc
lhevdh nebjl <u wlh agZ_l_ ² ihke_^h\Ze hl\_l GbdZdbo
hlghr_gbbg_fgh]hihoh`bogZwlh²y ihqm\kl\h\ZeqlhihiZ^Ze
\ p_ev m\b^_\ \ujZ`_gb_ _]h ebpZ Fhy fZlv" Ih]h^bl_ g_fgh]h
?kebwlhdZkZ_lky__wlZ_a^Zihdjm]m>ZwlhlZdb yg_fh]\b^_lv
wlhihlhfmqlhwlhhagZqZeh[uhklZ\blv__<hlqlh<u obljuc
²hgmkf_ogmeky: ijbgp_kkZdlhhgZ"
Ijbgylb_ ikboheh]bq_kdhc bgl_jij_lZpbb fh]eh [u
bkihjlblv ^_eh ^ey :glhgbh hg ^he`_g [ue hldjulv wlh kZf Y
kdZaZelZd
L_i_jv\umklZgh\bebk\yavf_`^miml_r_kl\b_f\her_[ghc
kdZadhcb \Zr_cfZl_jvxDZd\ufh`_l_jZajZ[hlZlvwlmkdZadm"
Hghl\_lbeY agZxh^gm\_sv<bevyf^eyf_gywlh[hevr_
q_f\her_[gZykdZadZEZ^ghfZlv]^_lhlZf\ g_cfg_gZ^hk g_c
jZah[jZlvky gh wlh hlghkbehkv lZd`_ b dh fg_ <u agZ_l_ dZd y
hlghrmkv d `_gsbgZf gh lhevdh m\b^_\ e_`Zsmx lZf ijbgp_kkm
lZdmx ij_djZkgmx b g_\bggmx y ihqm\kl\h\Ze qlh a^_kv ² hg
mdZaZe gZ h[eZklv k_j^pZ ² qlhlh ijhbkoh^bl b y agZe qlh ohqm
ex[blv b [ulv ex[bfuf A\mqbl ]emih g_ lZd eb" AZ[Z\gh gh y
ihqm\kl\h\Zek_[yk\h[h^gufhlq_]hlh
:glhgbh ihlj_[h\Zehkv fgh]h f_kyp_\ ij_`^_ q_f hg kfh]
hk\h[h^blvkyhlfZl_jbHg^h[bekyk\h_]hlhevdhdh]^Zi_j__oZe\
^jm]hc ]hjh^ ohly _fm ihij_`g_fm ijboh^behkv \ughkblv
l_e_nhggu_ a\hgdb \ukemrb\Zlv dZd hgZ [hevgZ b dZd i_qZevgZ b
imklZ`bagv[_ag_]h
Kms_kl\mxlb ^jm]b_kihkh[uijbf_g_gbywlhcbklhjbbHgZ
bkihevam_lky ijb jZ[hl_ k deb_gldhc ijb\yaZgghc d k\h_fm hlpm
Deb_gldZ ² DjZkZ\bpZ mdheh\rZy iZe_p b ijhkiZ\rZy klh e_l <h
\j_fywlh]h^he]h]hkgZdeb_gldZfh`_l\hh[jZablvqlhijhbkoh^bl
\ __ ]heh\_ Qlh hgZ qm\kl\m_l b ^mfZ_l dh]^Z keurbl qlh ^\_jv
hldjueb"Qlhohq_lqlh[uijhbahreh"
Deb_gl fm`qbgZ fh`_l ihf_gylvky f_klZfb b ij_^klZ\blv
k_[_dZdh\h[ulvijbgp_kkhcijbgp_kkZfh`_lihf_gylvkyf_klZfb
klZlv jupZj_f b ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ qlh lhl qm\kl\m_l DZd [u
gb bkihevah\ZeZkv bklhjby __ ke_^m_l i_j_djhblv qlh[u hgZ hl\_
qZeZ gm`^Zf hij_^_e_ggh]h deb_glZ lh]^Z hgZ klZgh\blky ebqguf
iml_r_kl\b_fZ g_ijhklhmijZ`g_gb_f
L_fZr_klgZ^pZlZy ² <medZg
Jbk<medZg
Keh\h \medZg ijhbkoh^bl hl bf_gb eZlbgkdh]h [h]Z
<medZgZ beb <medZgmkZ ?]h ]j_q_kdbc ^\hcgbd ² =_n_kl <
fbnheh]bb \medZg gZ^_e_g kbeZfb ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c k h^ghc
klhjhgu \medZgbq_kdZy a_fey g_\_jhylgh ieh^hjh^gZ k ^jm]hc
klhjhgujZajmrbl_evguch]hgv\medZgZk\yaZgk b^__caeZ
<hafh`gZyikboheh]bq_kdZybgl_jij_lZpby
Ikboheh]bq_kdbc kbf\he \medZgZ hebp_l\hjy_l kljZklb
dhlhju_ klZgh\ylky _^bgkl\_gguf bklhqgbdhf gZr_c ^moh\ghc
wg_j]bb dh]^Z fu mf__f mijZ\eylv bfb b ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlv bo <
kgh\b^_gbyo \medZg mdZau\Z_l gZ ih^a_fgu_ kbeu ih^Z\e_ggu_
kljZklbb bfimevku\uju\Zxsb_kygZih\_joghklv
?klv y\gh_ ikboheh]bq_kdh_ jZaebqb_ f_`^m h[jZahf
Zdlb\gh]h\medZgZb \medZgZdhlhjucbklhsbekyKms_kl\m_llZd`_
jZaebqb_f_`^ml_fqlhq_eh\_dih^gbfZ_lkyd djZxdjZl_jZklhbl
gZdjZx]ey^y\ djZl_jbeboh^blih^gmdjZ]_jZih]Zkr_]h\medZgZ
Wlh h^gh ba hkgh\Zgbb g_ hklZgZ\eb\Zlvky gZ i_j\hf h[jZa_ gh
bkke_^h\Zlv_]h\hfgh]boZki_dlZo
Ijbylguc h[jZa dZkZxsbcky \medZgh\ h dhlhjhf klhbl
ihfgblv wlh lh qlh \medZgu qZklh [u\Zxl
^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklyfb GZijbf_j GZpbhgZevguc iZjd
K_j_g]_lbhkljh\hd^bdhcijbjh^u\ k_\_jghcLZgaZgbb\hklhqgZy
:njbdZdh]^Zlh[ueh]jhfguf\medZghfijhklbjZxsbfkygZ
d\Z^jZlguo fbev L_i_jv a^_kv f_klh h[blZgby fgh]bo \b^h\
`b\hlguoWlhlh[jZakZfihk_[_aZkem`b\Z_lbkke_^h\Zgby
KemqZc=Zj_lZ
K =Zj_lhf fm`qbghc ijbf_jgh khjhdZ e_l y \ l_q_gb_
g_kdhevdbo k_Zgkh\ jZ[hlZe gZ^ _]h ijh[e_fZfb \ [jZd_ Hg
hibku\Ze k\hx j_Zdpbx gZ kihj dhlhjZy ih _]h keh\Zf \ureZ ba
ih^dhgljheyb \k__s_kbevgh^ufbeZkvY kdZaZª@DZ`_lky\uh[Z
`b\_l_dZdgZ\medZg_Hgihkfhlj_e\^ZevaZl_fijhbag_kLZdb
_klv <u dhkgmebkv kgZ dhlhjuc y \b^_e g_kdhevdh ^g_c gZaZ^ Wlh
[uehaZ[Z\ghY jZkkdZ`m\Zf
Y ih^gbfZekygZKghm^hgb g_kqlhlhhq_gvly`_eh_Dh]^Z
y ^h[jZeky ^h \_jrbgu \u \ayeb m f_gy ghrm Wlh [ue dhl_e
dhe^mgvb gZiheg_gguc ahehlhf >Z`_ \h kg_ y ih^mfZe qlh wlh
aZ[Z\gh <u jmdhc kj_aZeb \_jomrdm ]hju b ihklZ\beb dhl_e gZ lh
qlh l_i_jv klZeh \medZghf Dh]^Z ahehlh gZqZeh imaujblvky \u
kdZaZeb GZklZeh \j_fy hqbs_gby =Zj_l <u ih^gyeb f_gy b
^_j`ZebgZ^dbiysbfahehlhfY djbqZeb khijhlb\eyekygh\uoh^Z
g_ [ueh <u himklbeb f_gy \ dhl_e Gh y g_ ihqm\kl\h\Ze [heb Y
ijhkgmeky ihlguc b ^jh`Zsbc b ijhreb \_dZ ij_`^_ q_f y kfh]
kgh\ZaZkgmlvKhgijh^he`Zekygh[ueebwlh
khg" L_i_jv y gk m\_j_g y \b^_e yaudb ieZf_gb dhlhju_
ihlmrbe jh^gbd [vxsbc ba ]em[bgu \medZgZ b djZl_j gZihegbeky
djbklZevgh qbklhc \h^hc HgZ dZaZeZkv lZdhb ijbly]Zl_evghc b
hk\_`Zxs_c qlh y aZohl_e ihieZ\Zlv \ g_c H^bg ba hjeh\
Kghm^hgbbijhe_l_egZ^fhbfie_qhfb gujgme\ \h^ughdh]^Zhg
ihy\bekygZih\_joghklb_]hhi_j_gb_baf_gbehkvL_i_jvhghkbyeh
djZkgufb ahehlufb kbgbfb b a_e_gufb djZkdZfb Hldm^Zlh
ihkeurZebkvkehgZ
<h^uljZgknhjfZpbb^hklmigu^ey\k_oGhg_
\k_ [m^ml ljZgknhjfbjh\Zgu Y \aye i_jvy b dh]^Z ijhkgmeky lh
qm\kl\h\Zek_[yqbklufb bkiulu\Ze]em[hdh_qm\kl\hihdhyQlh\u
^mfZ_l_h[wlhf<bevyf"
Ihoh`_\Zrkhgijb\_e\Zkd hqbs_gbxdZdahehlhdhlhjh_
^he`gh ijhclb q_j_a h]hgv Fh`_l [ulv \ wlhf _klv qlhlh
hlghkys__ky d \Zr_fm [jZdm fh`_l [ulv \u b \Zr [jZd [ueb \
dhle_Fg_dZ`_lkyqlhwlhdZdlhk\yaZghk djZkhlhckdju\Zxs_c
lh qlh [_ah[jZagh k ihdh_f g_cljZebamxsbf kljZklv KljZklb
kem`Zl hij_^_e_gghc p_eb gh dh]^Z hgb \uoh^yl baih^ dhgljhey
dZd\medZgb baju]Zxlh]hgvb k_jmhgb^_kljmdlb\guFh`_l[ulv
p_ev \ lhf qlh[u ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlv \Zr \gmlj_ggbc fbj \ [he__
kihdhcgh_f_klhDhl_edhlhjuc\uk ljm^hfg_kebhdZaZekybf_ggh
l_fqlhijbg_keh\Zffbjohly\ulZdkbevghkhijhlb\eyebkvlhfm
qlh ijhbahreh Bgl_j_kgh [ue eb wlhl dhl_e k ahehlhf
khdjh\bs_f"
Wlhl jZkkdZa beexkljbjm_l \Z`guc ijbgpbi
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby \ p_ehf gh [hevr_ \k_]h ² ijbgpbi jZ[hlu k
h[jZaZfbQZklhlhqlhijhbkoh^bl\h\j_fyk_ZgkZijh^he`Z_lkyb
jZa\b\Z_lky \gmljb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h deb_glZ Bf_ggh ih wlhc
ijbqbg_ y qZklh jZ[hlZx kh kgh\b^_gbyfb hkh[_ggh dh]^Z deb_gl
]h\hjbl qlhlh \jh^_ Y g_^Z\gh \b^_e wlhl khg b hg [_kihdhbl
f_gyF_`^mkgZfbb h[jZaZfbgZklhevdh[ebadh_jh^kl\hqlhhgb
y m\_j_g \ebyxl ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z b b]ghjbjh\Zlv kgu deb_glZ agZqbl
b]ghjbjh\Zlvihl_gpbZevghieh^hl\hjgh_bkke_^h\Zgb_
L_fZk_fgZ^pZlZy²Imklugy
>bdh_ f_klh beb imklugy ² wlh h[jZa dhlhjuc \ ebqghf
ihbkd_qZklh\hagbdZ_lkihglZgghb y\\_e^bdh_f_klhimklugxb
au[mqbci_khdihlhfmqlhhgb\hfgh]hfk\yaZgu^jm]k ^jm]hf
>bdh_f_klh²wlh^bdbcg_hdmevlmj_ggucdjZcbebmqZklhd
a_febg_gZk_e_ggucbebgZk_e_gguclhevdh^bdbfb`b\hlgufb
f_klh h^bghq_kl\Z b `_klhdhklb g_\ha^_eZgguc beb
aZ[jhr_gguc djZc ]^_ q_eh\_d fh`_l kdblZlvky beb ihl_jylv k\hc
imlvImklugyh[hagZqZ_lg_gZk_ey_fucbebg_dmevlb\bjm_fucdjZc
b ihegh_hlkmlkl\b_jZklbl_evghklb
Fu gZ[ex^Zeb wlh \ kemqZ_ k >`bfhf dhlhjuc bah[jZabe
k\hx lxjvfm ihkj_^b i_kqZghc imklugb < fh_f kh[kl\_gghf
hiul_hgZ\hagbdeZkihglZgghdh]^Z\h\j_fylj_gbjh\hqgh]hk_ZgkZ
fhc ijh\h^gbd ij_^eh`be qlh[u y \bamZebabjh\Ze k\h_ jh`^_gb_
DZjlbgZ \hagbdrZy \iheg_ kihglZggh bah[jZ`ZeZ oheh^gmx
imklugx k \_ljyghc f_evgbp_c djuevy dhlhjhc gZoh^bebkv \
kh\_jr_gghfihdh_Wlh[ueZdZjlbgZihegh]haZimkl_gbyY ieZdZe
lh]^Zb kl_oihjfgh]hjZaklj_fbekyba\e_qvbawlh]hkfuke
WlZ kp_gZ gZqZeZ ijbh[j_lZlv kfuke kimkly ]h^u dh]^Z y
ibkZe h `bagb k\hbo jh^bl_e_c Y jh^beky \ :\kljZebb q_j_a
f_kyp_\ ihke_ lh]h dZd \lhjhc kug fhbo jh^bl_e_c ih]b[ \h \j_fy
ih`ZjZ\ ^hf_ Dh]^Z y ibkZe b \gh\v i_j_`b\Ze wlm bklhjbx f_gy
ih]ehlbeZi_qZevY f_^e_gghijbr_ed \u\h^mqlhimklug_c[ueb
qm\kl\Zdhlhju_y \uau\Zem k\hbojh^bl_e_c_s_ho\Zq_gguok\h_c
i_qZevx Ihqlb e_l kimkly y hlqZklb kgh\Z bkiulu\Ze i_qZev
dhlhjmxqm\kl\h\Zebhgbb dZdbflhh[jZahfk\yau\Zeb__ kh fghc
dh]^Zy gZoh^beky\ mljh[_b \ihke_^kl\bbGZlhqlh[uihgylvwlhm
f_gymreZihqlb\ky`bagv
< j_eb]bhaghf kbf\hebaf_ h[jZa imklugb khhlghkblky k
gug_rgbffbjhfbeb`bagvxdZdijhlb\hiheh`ghklvxg_[_kZfbeb
[m^ms_c `bagb < Imlb ibeb]jbfZ ;ZgvygZ fu qblZ_f Dh]^Z y
r_e q_j_a imklugx wlh]h fbjZ B \ ;b[ebb Hg ;h] gZr_q _]h
BZdh\Z` \ imklug_ \ kl_ib i_qZevghc b ^bdhc h]jZ`^Ze _]h
kfhlj_e aZ gbf ojZgbe _]h dZd a_gbpm hdZ K\h_]h <lhjhaZdhgb_
BhZgg Dj_klbl_ev [ue ]eZkhf \hibxs_]h \ imklug_
<lhjhaZdhgb_ `b\msbf gZ ^bdhf f_^_ b dmag_qbdZo
Imklugyk\yau\Z_lkyk bkdmr_gb_f Bbkmk ijh\_e \j_fy bkdmr_gby
h^bg \ imklug_ Z \ IkZef_ fu qblZ_f K_]h^gy _keb \u
mkeurbl__]h]hehkg_h`_klhqZcl_k\hbk_j^pZ
dZd \ ih^klj_dZl_evkl\_ b dZd \ ^_gv bkdmr_gby \ imklug_
Dha_e hlims_gby [ue hlims_g \ imklugx g_ky ]j_ob ^_l_c
BajZbe_puo\ [b[e_ckdhcijblq_h aZ[em^r_ch\p_Bbkmk]h\hjblh
lhfqlhgZ^hhklZ\blv^_\yghklh^_\ylv\ imklug_qlh[ugZclbh^gm
ijhiZ\rmxEmdZ
BafZbeb _]hfZlv:]Zjv[uebba]gZgu\ imklugx:\jZZfhf
dhlhjuc ihjh^be BafZbeZ BafZbe [ue ij_^dhf dhq_\uo ZjZ[kdbo
bafZbeblh\ hj]Zgbah\Zgguo dZd bajZweblu \ ^\_gZ^pZlv ie_f_g
Ihkdhevdm bkeZf ijhke_`b\Z_l k\hx jh^hkeh\gmx q_j_a BkZZdZ
fmkmevfZg_ _\j_b b ojbklbZg_ ² wlh ^moh\gu_ ^_lb :\jZZfZ
?\j_bb fmkmevfZg_²Zjo_lbiudhgnebdlZf_`^m[jZlvyfb
Imklugy²wlhf_klh]^_ihiZ^Zxl\ eh\mrdb< wlhclZdhc
h[rbjghc imklug_ iheghc aZkZ^ b hiZkghkl_c K\ylhc :\]mk lbg
>Zgl_ \ ;h`_kl\_gghc dhf_^bb ]h\hjbl h[ wlhc ^bdhc
imklug_ Kwj IZjkbnZev \ ihbkdZo K\ylh]h =jZZey hdZaZeky
kdblZxsbfky \ imklug_ b [hyeky qlh fh`_l mf_j_lv lZf
Ih^jZamf_\Z_lkyqlhimklugy²wlhf_klh]^_g_]gZijZ\e_gbylZf
e_]dhfh`ghaZ[em^blvky<hly ^_eZxgh\h_gug_`_hghy\blky
g_m`_eb\ub wlh]hg_ohlbl_agZlv"Y ijheh`m^hjh]m\ kl_ibj_db
\ imklug_BkZby
Imklugy²wlhf_klhkha_jpZgbyE_`Z\ imklug_b ]ey^ygZ
a\_a^u fg_ ijb\_ehkv jZafureylv h iheh`_gbb gZrbo ijZjh^b
l_e_b dh]^Z hgb [ueb ba]gZgu ba kZ^Z <k_fh]msbc ohly hgb ??
hkemrZebkvihij_`g_fm[uebfhlphfb ihdZau\Zebfqlh\_^_ld
bokqZklvxdZd jZamfguo kms_kl\ b ijb_fe_fh ^ey g_]h >g_\ gbd
>`hgZ<mefZgZ
H imklug_ fh`gh ]h\hjblv dZd h \h^_ LZd hdZaZ\rbkv ih
kj_^b\_ebqZcr_cimklugb \h^\ fbj_[_a ijh\babb fu khqeb qlh
aZ[em^bebkv b ijb]hlh\bebkv d kf_jlb Gh\Zy :leZglb^Z Kwj
Njwgkbk;wdhgBebdZdh aZf_jar_c\h^_iheyjgu_h[eZklb²
wlhh[rbjgu_aZf_jarb_imklugb
Imklugyhebp_l\hjy_l\k_aeh_
Gm^ZfZq_klb]^_l_i_jvl\hyq_klv"
Gbh^bgfm`qbgZg_fh`_lkhhl\_lkl\h\Zlv
l\hbfkdehgghklyfdjhf_ijbgpZ
Lu²iehohijbdjulZybkihjq_gghklvlu²dZjlbgZ
Kha^ZggZyom^h`gbdhfb Zil_dZj_f
Lu²[_kihdhcgh_fhj_ihohlblu²imklugy
GZk_e_ggZy^bdbfbfukeyfb
lu²ijh]ehq_ggh_h[eZdh
Bgn_dpbblu²ki_eZyrZolZ\k_o[he_ag_c
Lu²\hiehs_gb_]j_oZZ^Zb ^_fhgh\
Njwgkbk;hfhg
Imklugy lZd`_ kbf\he kf_jlb L_i_jv \ dhgp_ wlhc >hebgu
[ueZ _s_ h^gZ gZa\ZggZy >hebghc L_gb Kf_jlb b ojbklbZgbgm
gm`ghijhclb__ihlhfmqlhimlvd G_[_kghfm]hjh^me_`blq_j_a__
k_j_^bgm Gm Z wlZ >hebgZ ² m_^bg_ggh_ f_klh Ijhjhd B_j_fby
hibku\Z_l __ lZd ^bdh_ f_klh a_fey imklugv b eh\mr_d a_fey
aZkmob a_fey dhlhjmx g_ ijhc^_l gb h^bg q_eh\_d djhf_
ojbklbZgbgZb ]^_g_`b\_lgb h^bgq_eh\_d>`hg;ZgvygImlv
irb]jbfZ`
Imklugy²wlh`bebs_^vy\heZ
>_ckl\bl_evgh ohly \ imklug_ q_eh\_d gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l
h^bgg_lhevdhihlhfmqlhhg kZf k kh[hc b k\hbfb kh[kl\_ggufb
fukeyfb gh ih]hfm qlh hg k ^vy\hehf dhlhjuc \k_]^Z
khijh\h`^Z_l gZr_ h^bghq_kl\h b y\ey_lky fyl_`ghc
g_ihdhjghklvx dhlhjZy kh[bjZ_l [_kihjy^hqgu_ ^\b`_gby
khijh\h`xxsb_ bahebjh\Zggh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ Kwj LhfZk ;jZmg
QZklvx bgbpbZpbb xghr_c k_\_jhZf_jbdZgkdbo bg^_cp_\
y\ey_lky mqZklb_ \ ihbkd_ aj_gby dh]^Z xghrZ hlijZ\ey_lky \
imklugxh^bg[_a_^ub \h^u\ ihbkdZoebqgh]hh[_j_]Zxs_]h^moZ
h[uqghihdZaZggh]h_fm\hkg_Hq_gvqZklhihe_aghk\yau\Zlv^bdh_
f_klh k imklug_c ;em`^Zgb_ \ imklug_ beb aZ[jhr_gghf f_kl_ ²
wlh ]hjvdbc kbf\he q_eh\_q_kdh]h khklhygby \hijhrZxs_]h
hlqZygbyihbkdZkfukeZ\ fbj_dhlhjucdZ`_lkyebr_gguf`bagbb
qm\kl\ZHghkbf\hebabjm_lf_klhhldjh\_gbyb ih^]hlh\dbImklugy
² wlh f_klh khegpZ gh khegpZ \h \k_c k\h_c gZijy`_gghklb [_a
h[e_]q_gby h^gZdh dh]^Z khegp_ kZ^blky imklugy oheh^gZ Wlh
fh`ghk\yaZlvk [hxag_ggufhiulhfdh]^ZdZ`_lkyqlhimlv\i_j_^
[_kij_klZggh b^_l q_j_a \uau\Zxsbc h`h]b `Zj b oheh^gu_
h^bghdb_ ghqb OZjZdl_jgh qlh \h^Z kbf\he nbabq_kdh]h b
^moh\gh]h iblZgby hlkmlkl\m_l \ imklug_ dhlhjZy klZgh\blky
f_klhfwfhpbhgZevghcb ^moh\ghcimklhlub ]heh^Zlhkdbb i_qZeb
H^gZdh \gmljb wlh]h kh^_j`blky iZjZ^hdk ihlhfm qlh bgl_gkb\gh_
khegp_ lZd`_ hebp_l\hjy_l hqbs_gb_ q_j_a k`b]Zgb_
g_`_eZl_evgh]h Imklugy beb ^bdh_ f_klh wlh `bebs_ [h]bgb
:jl_fb^u b oh`^_gb_ \ ^bdh_ f_klh hagZqZ_l dhglZdl k `_gkdbf
gZqZehfEx^bdhlhju_h[^mfZggh\u[bjZxlimlvq_j_a^bdh_f_klh
dZd kj_^kl\h m\_ebq_gby kZfhkhagZgby h[gZjm`b\Zxl qlh klZeb
[he__fukeysbfbHgbh[gZjm`b\Zxl
qlh bo kgh\b^_gby klZgh\ylky yjq_ Z wlh m\_ebqb\Z_l
kihkh[ghklvkfhlj_lv\ k_[y
Hq_gv qZklh \ fbn_ b e_]_g^_ bsmsbc ]_jhc \ugm`^_g
ijhclbq_j_aimklugxqlh[ugZclblhqlhbs_lihkdhevdmh[uqgh\
^bdh_f_klhhlijZ\eyxlkyk hij_^_e_gghcp_evxH^gZdh\ imklug_
^h[b\Zxlky k\_jr_gbc <ky ]eZ\Z BkZcb ]h\hjbl h
ijhlb\hiheh`ghklyo Imklugy ^bdh_ f_klh jZkp\_l_l dZd jhaZ
`bl_eb \hajZ^mxlky lZf [m^_l jZ^hklv b i_gb_ \h^u b jmqvb
ijhj\mlky ;m^_l hZabk iheguc jZklbl_evghklb b gZklmibl fbj b
ihdhc =eZ\Z dhgqZ_lky Z i_qZev b \ha^uoZgb_ m^Zeylky WlZ
]eZ\Z [ueZ gZibkZgZ dZd ijhjhq_kl\h ^ey ba]gZgguo ^_l_c BajZbey
gh wlh lZd`_ kbf\hebq_kdbc l_dkl ^ey ebqgh]h ihbkdZ kh^_j`Zsbc
\_ebdh_h[_sZgb_dZkZxs__kyhiulZimklugb
H[jZa au[mq_]h i_kdZ fh`gh k ihevahc k\yaZlv k h[jZaZfb
imklugbb ^bdh]hf_klZAu[mqbci_khd²wlhkhklhygb_\ dhlhjhf
ih]ehsZxsbc i_khd l_jy_l k\hx kihkh[ghklv \u^_j`b\Zlv \_k b
ijbh[j_lZ_l oZjZdl_jgu_ k\hckl\Z `b^dhklb Ohly [hjv[Z fh`_l
ijb\_klbd lhfmqlhq_eh\_dihl_jy_ljZ\gh\_kb_b mlhg_l\hij_db
km_\_jbx au[mqbc i_khd g_ bf__l kihkh[ghklb aZkZku\Zlv
\ k_[y
ex^_c
G_kfhljy gZ ijZ\^m h au[mq_f i_kd_ ih fhsguc h[jZa
dhlhjuc]em[hdhaZi_qZle_g\ ikbobd_Au[mqbci_khd²wlhkbf\he
[_kkhagZl_evgh]hb mfure_ggh_ihiZ^Zgb_\ au[mqbci_khd]h\hjbl
h ]emihklb lZd mfure_ggh_ ih]jm`_gb_ \ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ fh`_l
kh^_j`Zlv m`Zk kf_jlb GZ khhl\_lkl\mxs_f mjh\gb au[mqbc i_khd
lZd`_ kbf\hebabjm_l ih]jm`_gb_ kZfh]h k_[ gbarmx nmgdpbx
gZijbf_j\ bglmbpbxbeb\ :gbfm L:gbfmkq_eh\_dZ=h\hjylqlh
m\b^_gguc \h kg_ au[mqbc i_k ij_^\_sZ_l khdjmrbl_evgh_
g_kqZklv_ Wlh fh`_l lZd`_ hagZqZlv qlh bf__lky kdjulh_ `_eZgb_
[ulvkiZk_gguf
KemqZbDwjhe
GZoh^ykv ijbf_jgh gZ iheimlb ba k\hbo khjhdZ k_Zgkh\
Dwjh ^hklb]eZ f_klZ ]^_ ^he`gZ [ueZ ijhlb\hklhylv imklug_ K
gZqZe
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby ^\_ klhjhgu __ ebqghklb \lygmeb __ \
dhgnebdl
;hevrbgkl\h ex^_c qm\kl\mxl k_[y [he__ dhfnhjlgh
jZ[hlZy k hsms_] beb bglmbpb_c qm\kl\Zfb beb jZafure_gbyfb
>hfbgbjmxsZy beb \ur_klk nmgdpby ba iZju qZklh bkihevam_lky \
ij_^ihql_gb_ejmlhbdhlhjZyhklZ_lkyjZa\blhcbebih^qbg_gghc
m g__ [ueZ hlqZyggZy ihlj_[ghklv q_]hlh ^h[blvky h^gZdh
dZd hgZ ]h\hjbeZ M f_gy \gmljb aZeh`_gZ ijh]jZffZ dhlhjZy
]h\hjblqlhy ijh\ZexkvHgZmqbeZkvqlh[uklZlvf_^k_kljhcGZ
wlhldhgnebdlmoh^beh fgh]hwg_j]bb b hgZeb[hg_fh]eZ\h\j_fy
mqZkl\h\Zlv \ k\hbo aZ^Zgbyo eb[h k^Z\ZeZ bo lZd iha^gh qlh g_
ihemqZeZhp_ghddhlhju_[u__ m^h\e_l\hjyeb
HgZ \bamZebabjh\ZeZ wlb ^\Z dhgnebdlmxsbo Zki_dlZ k\h_c
ebqghklbdZd]hjmk ^\mfy\_jrbgZfbdhlhju_gZa\ZeZG_ijbylb_
b AZ[jhr_gghklv gh f_`^m Dwjhe b gbfb [ueZ imklugy q_j_a
dhlhjmx hgZ ^he`gZ [ueZ ijhclb Y g_ kfhljx \i_j_^ gZ wlhl
_^bgkl\_ggucfZe_gvdbcdmkhq_dy ^_ckl\bl_evghkbevghbkim]ZgZ
AZl_fDwjhe\_jgmeZkvgZg_kdhevdhk_Zgkh\gZaZ^dh]^ZhgZ\hreZ\
ohef qlh[u gZclb bklhd j_db Lh]^Z fg_ ijbrehkv gZmqblvky
^h\_jylvfhbfqm\kl\Zfl_i_jv gZ^h k^_eZlv lh `_ kZfh_ Gh [he__
lh]hy ^mfZx\k_wlh\j_fymrehm f_gygZlhqlh[uihqm\kl\h\Zlv
qlh y fh]m ^h\_jylv \Zf <bevyf Y ih[eZ]h^Zjbe __ aZ lZdh_
qbklhk_j^_qb_
Dwjhe [hjheZkv \ qZklghklb k g_ijbylb_f dhlhjh_ hgZ
bkiulu\ZeZ kh klhjhgu h[hbo jh^bl_e_c jZkk]Z\rboky dh]^Z _c
[uehiylve_lIhwlhfm\_kvfZ\_jhylghqlhihfbfh^\moklhjhg__
ebqghklb ^\hcgZy \_jrbgZ ]hju hebp_l\hjyeZ __ jh^bl_e_c
hkh[_ggh\ k\yabk bf_gZfbdhlhju_hgZ^ZeZ\_jrbgZf
Bgl_j_kgh qlh jZa^\h_ggu_ ]hju hebp_l\hjyxl
^\hckl\_gghklv ihablb\gh_ b g_]Zlb\gh_ l_abk b Zglbl_abk jZc b
Z^ex[h\vb g_gZ\bklvfbjb \hcgmjh`^_gb_b kf_jlviho\Zemb
hkdhj[e_gb_ k\_l b lvfm hiZe_ggu_ kdZeu b [hehlZ =hjZ k ^\mfy
\_jrbgZfb ihy\ey_lky \h fgh]bo fbnZo b y\ey_lky k\ys_gguf
kbf\hehfdZdIZikukeh\h SDSV hagZqZ_l]jm^bxjkdh]hi_jbh^Z
gZ=_[jb^kdbohkljh\Zo
GZ ke_^mxs_f k_Zgk_ Dwjhe ^\bgmeZkv q_j_a imklugx HgZ
h[gZjm`beZ i_j_khor__ jmkeh j_db dhlhjh_ \_eh ih gZijZ\e_gbx d
]hj_HgZgZoh^beZimlvbagmjbl_evguf`Zjdbfb h^bghdbfDh]^Z
Dwjhe ijhreZ ijbf_jgh q_l\_jlv imlb q_j_a imklugx y ij_^eh`be
_cgZclbdh]hgb[m^vdlhiml_r_kl\h\Ze[uk g_cHgZij_^klZ\beZ
k_[_ <h`^y djZkghdh`bo bg^_cp_\ gZ ehrZ^b Hg kdZaZe _c >hqv
fhyluijhreZ^he]mxly`_emx^hjh]mqlh[u^h[jZlvkykx^ZgZ^h
ijhclb_s_[hevr_ghg_hlju\Zc\a]ey^hl\_jrbgZ y\klj_qml_[y
lZf<havfbk kh[hcwlh
DwjhekdZaZeZHg]h\hjblfg_qlh^_eZlvg_lZdeb";h`_
Wlh\hkijbgbfZ_lkyohjhrhHg^Zefg_dj_idbcihkhoY ^h]Z
^u
Y
E
:e
r_kl\b_
\kydh]hjZ ]Zr M L LL
< jmke_j_db[hevr OHLXLh[sbeZDwjheLh_klvm bx __gZ
\ g_f Qlh wlh ]h\hjbl \Zf" [_a`bag_gghc b kehfZxkv Beb kdhj__
bkdZeZhl\_lZq_f\_jbeZ\hijhkFg_dZ`_lky[m^lh\vjmkehj_db
ijhklh g_ fh`_l [he lj_sbgZ ² wlh g_qlh hlghkys__ ih^mfZeZ
aZl_fgZqZeZ]
`beZ gZ]jZ^m Fh`_l [ulv lj_sbgZ [ueZ __ ijbagZgZ
h[klhyl_evkl\ZqlhhgZk ljm^hf^h\_jyeZfg_
Y himkdZxjmdm\ lj_sbgmb gZoh`mfZe_gvdh]h[_eh]hfvr
dZY ex[exfur_cY gZah\m_]hFZeurHgfh`_liml_r_k\Zlvkh
fghc Y gZreZ djhrdb \ dZjfZg_ b hg _kl bo k f jmdb ²
jZkkdZau\ZeZ Dwjhe Wlh keZ\gh Dwjhe <u fheA g_fgh]h
jZkrbjblv wlh Dlh _kl k \Zr_c jmdb
² kijhkbe y
aZkf_yeZkv
Fhcfm`_kl_kl\_gghB \udhjfbl__]h\ky
fb ohjhrbfb \_sZfb" ² ihrmlbe y KlZjZxkv ² hgZ m
JbkWkdbajmkeZj_db
QlhdZkZ_lky[h[jh\y ^mfZxqlhihkljhxijbxlb ijhkied
lZf ghqv Fg_ [m^_l m^h[gh Ihlhf y ih^mfZx qlh ^_eZlv k aZ
ijm^hb²jZafureyeZDwjhe
Wlh [ueh \k_ qlh fu kfh]eb k^_eZlv gZ lhf k_Zgk_ Z dh]^Z
hg\_jgmeZkvgZke_^mxs_cg_^_e_hgZkdZaZeZK\_jrbehkvY \b
^_eZ ihgZklhys_fm qm^_kguc khg Y kiZeZ \ ijbxl_ dh]^Z dh fg_
ijbr_e<h`^v>hqvfhyl_[_g_lgm`^ub^lbd ]hj_ihlhf?qlhlu
gZreZa^_kv\k_qlhl_[_gm`ghB^_fkhfghcHg\ayef_gyaZjmdm
b ih\_e d [_j_]m ha_jZ < aZijm^_ [ueZ [hevrZy ^ujZ b \h^Z gZqZeZ
l_qv q_j_a g__ Y m\_j_gZ \h`^v fh] \b^_lv qlh y lj_\h`mkv baaZ
[h[jh\lZddZd\_e_efg_kfhlj_lvb mdZaZeq_jk LaZijm^mY m\b^_eZ
ij_djZkgmxehamk ]jha^vyfbq_jgh]h\bgh]jZ^Z
gZ g_c Y agZeZ qlh ehaZ b [h[ju dZdbflh h[jZahf [ueb
ljZgknhjfbjh\ZguY h[_jgmeZkvqlh[uih]h\hjblvk <h`^_fghhg
bkq_a Y aZibkZeZ \k_ \ ^g_\gbd y g_ ohl_eZ mljZlblv gbq_]h ba
wlh]h
Fuk DwjhejZ[hlZeb\f_kl__s_\ l_q_gb_ r_klb f_kyp_\ b
ohly\ aZijm^_[ueZijh[blZ[j_rvhgZ\k__s_k ljm^hfijhy\eyeZ
k\hbqm\kl\ZGhy mqmkvlhfmdZd^_eZlvwlhijZ\bevghwlh\Z`gh
G_kdhevdh jZa dh]^Z Dwjhe ]h\hjbeZ h[ hlkmlkl\bb qm\kl\ y
ih[m`^Ze__ kgh\Zihkfhlj_lvgZjmkehj_db
;m^vwlhg_h[oh^bfhZ bf_gghh[wlhfy ^mfZe\ lmg_^_ex
dhlhjZy ijhreZ f_`^m ^\mfy k_ZgkZfb y \hafh`gh ih[m^be [u
Dwjhe bkke_^h\Zlv \k_ ih^ aZijm^hc ihclb \ oZldm ih]h\hjblv k
[h[jZfbmagZlvihq_fmhgbj_rbebkljhblvlZfk\hc^hf< ^Zgghf
kemqZ_ljZgknhjfZpbyg_[ueZg_h[oh^bfhklvx
L_fZ\hk_fgZ^pZlZy² Dhe^mgvy
JbkDhe^mgvy
Dhe^mgvy ² Zjo_lbi aehc fZl_jb Wlh ^_kljmdlb\gZy
g_]Zlb\gZy klhjhgZ Zjo_lbiZ fZl_jb KljZo i_j_^ ^vy\hehf b
dhe^mgvyfb [_j_l gZqZeh ba ^j_\gbo \j_f_g Fgh]b_ km_\_jby
hdjm`Zxsb_
dhe^mgbc ijhbkoh^yl ba ojbklbZgkdh]h ij_ke_^h\Zgby l_o
dlh hldZau\Zeky hlj_qvky hl k\hbo yauq_kdbo \_jh\Zgbc hkh[_ggh
dmevlZ fZl_jbA_feb Dhe^mgvy ijbkmlkl\m_l \h fgh]bo \her_[guo
kdZadZob e_]_g^Zo
< kdZad_ [jZlv_\ =jbff =_ga_ev b =j_l_ev lZd ]h\hjblky h
dhe^mgv_ Dh]^Z j_[_ghd hdZaZeky \ __ \eZklb hgZ m[beZ _]h
ijb]hlh\beZb kt_eZb wlh[ue^eyg__ijZa^gbqgucibj< fbn_b
e_]_g^_m dhe^mgbcdjZkgu_]eZaZb hgbg_fh]ml\b^_lv^Ze_dhghm
gbo hkljuc gxo dZd m `b\hlguo hgb qm\kl\mxl dh]^Z ex^b
hdZau\Zxlky ih[ebahklb < H]gb\_ =Zgk OjbklbZg :g^_jk_g lZd
hibku\Z_l klZjmx dhe^mgvx HgZ [ueZ hl\jZlbl_evgZ b __ gb`gyy
]m[Z k\bkZeZ ^h ]jm^b < FZd[_l_ R_dkibjZ ljb dhe^mgvb
ij_^kdZau\Zxl\ha\ur_gb_FZd[_lZZ aZl_f_]hiZ^_gb_
< Dhjhe_ey]mrhgd_ [jZlv_\ =jbff ij_djZkgZy ijbgp_kkZ
b]jZeZ kh k\hbf ahehluf fyqhf b hg miZe \ dheh^_p ;_ah[jZaguc
ey]mrhghd ihh[_sZe ^hklZlv _c fyq _keb hgZ ihh[_sZ_l ex[blv
f_gy b iha\heblv fg_ [ulv l\hbf ^jm]hf b lh\Zjbs_f ih b]jZf
kb^_lv jy^hf k lh[hc aZ l\hbf fZe_gvdbf klhehf _klv k l\h_c
fZe_gvdhcahehlhclZj_edbiblvbal\h_cfZe_gvdhcqZrdbb kiZlv\
l\h_cfZe_gvdhcdjh\Zlb²_kebluihh[_sZ_rvfg_wlhy kimsmkv
\gba b ijbg_km l_[_ gZaZ^ l\hc ahehlhc fyq Ijbgp_kkZ hohlgh
kh]eZkbeZkv gh dh]^Z ey]mrhghd \_jgmeky hgZ m[_`ZeZ GZ
ke_^mxsbc^_gv\h\j_fyh[_^Zey]mrhghdihy\bekyb gZihfgbe_c
h __ h[_sZgbb G_kfhljy gZ g_`_eZgb_ dhjhev kdZaZe qlh hgZ
^he`gZ \uihegblv h[_sZgb_ LZd qlh ey@amrhghd _e k __ ahehlhc
lZj_edb b ibe ba __ qZrdb M g__ \uau\Zeh hl\jZs_gb_ lh qlh hg
[m^_l kiZlv \ __ djh\Zlb k r_edh\ufb ijhklugyfb HgZ r\ujgmeZ
ey]mrhgdZ\ kl_gmLhlh[_jgmekyijbgp_fdhlhjuc[ueij_\jZs_g
\ ey]mrdm dhe^mgv_c WlZ bklhjby kbf\hebabjm_l ljZgknhjfZpbx
kh^_j`Zgby [_kkhagZl_evgh]h iml_f mklZgh\e_gby ^jm`_kdbo
hlghr_gbcHgZlZd`_ijb\e_dZ_]\gbfZgb_d lhfmdZd\Z`gh[ulv
q_klguf\ kh]eZr_gbbk ikbobdhc
< ;b[ebb pZjv KZme bs_l ihfhsb m Dhe^mgvb Wg^hjZ
agZdhfuc^moHgohq_lmagZlvm ^moZf_jl\h]hKZfmbeZdZd_fm
\_jgmlv[eZ]h\he_gb_;h]Zdhlhjucihdbgme_]hb hl^Ze_]hpZjkl\h
>Z\b^mKZfmbeq_j_adhe^mgvxij_^kdZau\Z_liZ^_gb_KZmeZ
< Ihwabb d_evlkdbo khklyaZgbc Wjg_klZ J_gZgZ
ijb[ebabl_evghqblZ_f
H^gZ`^u dh]^Z ;jwg ;eZ]hkeh\_gguc hohlbeky \ BjeZg^bb
gZ [_j_]m ha_jZ hg m\b^_e \uoh^ys_]h ba g_]h q_jgh]h q_eh\_dZ
g_kms_]h gZ kibg_ h]jhfguc dhl_e AZ gbf ke_^h\Zeb dhe^mgvy b
]ghf Wlhl dhl_e [ue gZ^_e_g k\_jot_kl_kl\_gghc kbehc b
ijbgZ^e_`Ze k_fv_ \_ebdZgh\ Hg e_qbe \k_ [he_agb b \ha\jZsZe
`bagvf_jl\uf
< NZmkl_dhe^mgvyih]jm`Z_lk\hcq_jiZd\ dhl_eb [jhkZ_l
yaudbieZf_gb\ NZmklZF_nbklhn_eyb h[_avygH[_avyguoguqml
Dhe^mgvy g_h[uqZcguf `_klhf hibku\Z_l djm] b ihf_sZ_l \gmljb
g_]hkljZggu_\_sbGZdhg_phgZijbghkbl[hevrmxdgb]mb klZ\bl
h[_avyg\ djm]qlh[ul_kem`beb_cklhehfb ^_j`ZebnZd_euHgZ
db\Z_l ^_eZy NZmklm agZd ih^hclb b \jmqZ_l _fm hfheZ`b\Zxs__
a_ev_
Dhe^mgvy kbf\hebabjm_l khijhlb\e_gb_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h
fZl_jbZeZ\ug_k_ggh]hgZk\_lkhagZl_evgh]hW]hb jZamfghc \heb
Dhe^mgvb ij_^ihqblZxl ghqghc fbj ]em[bgu e_kh\ hgb gZk_eyxl
ih]jZgbqgu_ a_feb f_`^m khagZl_evguf b [_kkhagZl_evguf ihjh]
dhlhjuc \_^_l \ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ DZd Zjo_lbibq_kdZy IehoZy FZlv
hgbij_^klZ\eyxl:gbfmfm`qbgu
KemqZcLj_ckb
Lj_ckb ih^oh^beZ d dhgpm ihqlb lj_oe_lg_]h
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbybf_\r_]hk\h_cp_evxebqgh_jZa\blb_HgZ[ueZ
klZjr_c f_^k_kljhc b \ gZqZe_ gZr_c kh\f_klghc jZ[hlu
bkiulu\ZeZkbevguc klj_kkhl kebrdhf [hevrhc hl\_lkl\_gghklb b
g_^hklZlhqghcih^^_j`dbH^gZ__ iZpb_gldZmf_jeZb wlh\ua\Zeh
m g__ kbevgmx lj_\h]m \hagbd dhgnebdl hgZ qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh __
djblbdmxl
Bf_ggh \ k\yab k wlbf kemqZ_f l_fZ [ueZ ih^gylZ kgh\Z b
bkke_^h\ZgZgZ^jm]hfmjh\g_<hkihevah\Z\rbkvkeh\ZfbLj_ckbY
agZx y km`m k_[y kZfZ dZd ih^kdZadhc y kdZaZe <bamZebabjmcl_
kp_gmkm^ZdZdhg\u]ey^bl"<u\b^bl_kdZfvxih^km^bfuokm^vx
ijhdmjhjZaZsblgbdZDZdh\u\Zrbqm\kl\Z"
Y \\_e \ dZjlbgm kZfh]h k_[y b ijhq_e h[\bg_gb_ Lu
Lj_ckbG_[j_`gZygZklhysbfh[\bgy_rvky\ lhfqlh\ iylgZ^pZluc
>_gv ghy[jy ]h^Z mfure_ggh ij_g_[j_]eZ iZpb_gldhc
\\_j_gghcl\h_fmihi_q_gbxb g_kmf_eZij_^hklZ\blv_cgZ^e_`Z
sbc moh^ lZd qlh hgZ mf_jeZ DZdhc lu k_[y ijbagZ_rv
\bgh\ghcbebg_\bgh\ghc"
MqZklb_\ ^_ckl\bblZdbfh[jZahfjbkdh\Zgghb qlh[u^_eZlv
wlhgZ^h[ulvm\_j_gguf\ deb_gl_ihlhfmqlhwlh]em[hdbcf_lh^
jZ[hluLj_ckbgZqZeZieZdZlvihlhfmqlhyih\b^bfhfmaZ^_e__
wfhpbhgZevgmx kljmgm Y ih\lhjbe IjbagZ_rv eb lu k_[y
\bgh\ghc" Y ohl_e qlh[u Lj_ckb mkeurZeZ dZd hgZ kZfZ ]h\hjbl
Y g_\bgh\gZ²qlhhgZb k^_eZeZkd\havke_auAZl_fy ihijhkbe
__ ihkfhlj_lv[he__ijbklZevghgZk\h_]hkm^vxLj_ckbijhbag_keZ
Wlh m`ZkgZy dhe^mgvy h^gZ ba fhbo rdhevguo mqbl_evgbp klhbl
lZf kh k\hbf [_euf ebphf b ^ebgghc mdZadhc HgZ ihdZau\Z_l gZ
keh\ZgZibkZggu_gZ^hkd_dhlhju_]eZkyl
Lj_ckb\bgh\gZ\ aehgZf_j_gghcg_[j_`ghklb
: qlh\u]h\hjbl_"²kijhkbeyLj_ckbhl\_lbeZY djbqm
G_l \u dhe^mgvy Y ijh^he`Ze H q_f _s_ hgZ \Zf
gZihfbgZ_l" H kf_jlb Y ^mfZeZ h dhe^mgv_ b h k\ys_ggbd_ Hg
^Z\Ze fg_ gZklZ\e_gb_ i_j_^ DhgnbjfZpb_c \ g_f [ueh qlhlh
hl\jZlbl_evgh_²ihke_^h\Zehl\_l
:kkhpbZpby k km^v_c b dhe^mgv_c gm`^Z_lky \ g_[hevrhf
ihykg_gbbK\ys_ggbdhebp_l\hjy_lP_jdh\vP_jdh\vhebp_l\hjy_l
;h]ZZ ;h]²KljZrgucKm^Dhe^mgvxh[uqghbah[jZ`Zxlh^_lhc
\ q_jgh_kb^ys_cgZihf_e_beb^_j`Zs_c_]hAZibkvgZ^hkd_[ueZ
k^_eZgZ[_eufihq_jghfmqlh[u\k_\b^_eb
Y \gh\v gZqZe kijZrb\Zlv <u keurZeb h[\bg_gb_ Dlh
aZsblgbd"Qlh]h\hjblaZsblgbd"WlhfhyfZe_gvdZy^_\hqdZ²
Lj_ckbju^ZeZ< kZfhfgZqZe_gZrbohlghr_gbcLj_ckb\hh[jZabeZ
k_[y[_ah[jZaghcfZe_gvdhc^_\hqdhcdhlhjmxgbdlh\ lheqbke_b
kZfZ Lj_ckb g_ ohl_e agZlv K l_q_gb_f \j_f_gb wlhl h[jZ
baf_gbekyb ^_\hqdZklZeZihqlbohjhr_gvdhc AZl_fLj_ck^ZeZ
_c bfy q_]h hgZ ^h kbo ihj g_ fh]eZ aZklZ\blv k_[y k^_eZlv HgZ
gZa\ZeZ __ D\bggb L_i_jv D\bggb ijbreZ aZsbsZlv __ \ a!km^Z
Lj_ckbg_[uehgZ^h[ghklbkeurZlvqlhkdZaZeZD\bggbihlhfmqlh
dh]^ZhgZgZqZeZ]h\hjblvD\bggbijhreZq_j_adhfgZlm\klZeZ[hd
h [hd k Lj_ckb b hgb f_^e_ggh kebebkv qlh[u klZlv h^gbf p_euf
Wlh[uehdmevfbgZpb_c^eygZkh[hbo
J_axf_
Ihke_^gb_r_klvl_f\\_ebgZk\ bgu_h[jZaub eZg^rZnluy
gZ^_xkv qlh \Zf ihgjZ\bebkv iml_r_kl\by Y qm\kl\mx
g_h[oh^bfhklv _s_ jZa aZy\blv qlh gbqlh gk y\ey_lky Z[khexlhf
Wlh
hlghkblky dh \k_f l_fZf Y ijbe_`gh iulZeky mdehgblvky hl
kha^Zgby\i_qZle_gbyqlh^Z`_dh]^Z]h\hjylh ijbgpbiZohgbg_
\uk_q_gugZdZfg_²wlhl_dmqb_ijbgpbiu
L_fZ ev\Z \hagbdZ_l g_qZklh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb g_dhlhju_
^jm]b_ l_fu lZd`_ fh]ml g_ \hagbdgmlv \hh[s_ ohly bo fh`gh
wnn_dlb\ghbkihevah\Zlv\ gZijZ\e_gghf\hh[jZ`_gbb\ l_okemqZyo
dh]^Z wlh kqblZ_lky l_jZi_\lbqguf G_khfg_ggh qlh nb]mjZ ev\Z
\uau\Z_l \ \hh[jZ`_gbb dZjlbgm fh]ms_kl\Z kbeu \eZklb b
ij_\hkoh^kl\Z< wlhfkfuke_l_fZev\Zhq_gvihe_agZ
Kms_kl\Z dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\eyxl k_[_ jZagu_ ex^b g_j_^dh
y\eyxlky ^hklh\_jguf ihdZaZl_e_f kljZoh\ dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky
\gmljb gbo Ih^djZ^u\Zxsbcky e_\ ² wlh im]Zxsbc hiul lhqgh
lZd`_dZdb \h\gmlj_gg_f fbj_dh]^Zex^bqm\kl\mxlqlhd gbf
ih^djZ^u\Z_lkyih^h[gh_kms_kl\h bo kljZob Wlb kZfu_ m`Zkgu_
kljZob qZklh ^hklZlhqgh \u\_klb \ khagZgb_ qlh[u ebrblv bo
\eZklb
L_fZ km[ebqghkl_c l_kgh k\yaZgZ k dhee_dlb\guf
[_kkhagZl_evguf b k Zjo_lbiZfb Y ijh\_e wlm k\yav k b^__c
km[ebqghkl_c ihlhfm qlh ^ZggZy ZkkhpbZpby kebrdhf
gZijZrb\Z_lkyqlh[u__ b]ghjbjh\ZlvLhqghlZd`_dZdgZfbfh`_l
mijZ\eylv Zjo_lbi gZfb ijZ\bl lbjZgbq_kdZy km[ebqghklv dhlhjZy
^bdlm_l qlh ^_eZlv ^mfZlv b qm\kl\h\Zlv JZ[hlZy gZ^ gZrbfb
kh[kl\_ggufb Zjo_lbiZfb b km[ebqghklyfb fu kfh`_f ihfhqv
deb_glZf magZlv bo Zjo_lbiu b km[ebqghklb \_^v hgb g_ qlh bgh_
dZdnb]mjubaijhreh]hdhlhju_g_bf_xlgbdZdhc^hklh\_jghklb\
gZklhys_f
;ueZ ijh\_^_gZ ZgZeh]by f_`^m b^__c km[ebqghkl_c b
Zkljhghfb_c ]^_ jZaebqgu_ ieZg_lu \jZsZxlky \hdjm] KhegpZ
ikbobdb Y ijb\_e jZkkdZa h lhf dZd >`bf ihjZ[hlZe gZ^
g_dhlhjufb ba r_klb k\hbo km[ebqghkl_c Hkgh\guf mjhdhf
ba\e_q_gguf ba _]h hiulZ klZeh hk\h[h`^_gb_ `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ Z
ihlhf bgl_]jZpby ^\mo ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c hebp_l\hjy_fuo
IZeZqhfb >_pmrdhc
<lhjhc fhf_gl aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh jZagu_ km[ebqghklb
gkj_^dh hdZau\Zxl kbevgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_ i_j_f_g_ Y gbdh]^Z g_
i_j_klZgm m^b\eylvky lhfm gZkdhevdh lhqgZ ikbobdZ i_jkhgZ`_c
bah[jZ`Z_fuo\ h[jZaZo\ q_ffum[_^bebkv\ kemqZ_>`hZg>`hZg
[ueZ\ugm`^_gZijbagZlvqlh\ __^hf_gZoh^bekyihf_gvr_cf_j_
h^bg hl\jZlbl_evguc i_jkhgZ` b hg \_kvfZ h]hjqZe hklZevguo
dhlhjufg_gjZ\behkvlhqlhwlhli_jkhgZ`kbf\hebabjm_l
>`hZg lh`_ ijbrehkv ijh^_eZlv g_dhlhjmx jZ[hlm ih ijb?
j_gbx dh]^Z _c ijhlb\hklhye __ ^_^mrdZ dhlhjh]h hgZ ij_^_ \beZ
k_[_ \ \b^_ dZfgy DZf_gguc ]jb[ dhlhjuc hgZ \hh[jZ eZ [ue
qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`guf ij_^f_lhf gZ g_f klhyeZ kmrb ^ey of_ey b
djukug_fh]eb aZ[jZlvky \ Kjh_gb_ Gh >`ª ij_\jZlbeZ \ dZf_gv
qZklvk\h_]hk_j^pZ
<her_[gZy kdZadZ h Kiys_c djZkZ\bp_ ijbgbfZ_l ^jm]? d !
jZkdmwlhh^bgbaj_^dbokemqZ_\dh]^Zh[jZaugZijZ\eyxlq ?y [u
ihlhjhibeky mdZaZlv jZagbpm f_`^m gZijZ\eyxlky b d
ljhebjmxlky Bf_ggh wlZ l_fZ ihegZ k_dkmZevghc kbf\heb ohly
hiylvlZdb y ^mfZx g_h[oh^bfh kdZaZlv qlh kbf\heu lh bf_xl
[hevr_ h^gh]h \_jhylgh]h agZq_gby b g_ ke_^m_l g_? e_ggh
aZfudZlvkygZh^ghfbagbo\hafh`ghh]jZgbqb\Zybk^h\Zgb_
L_fZ \medZgZ dZkZ_lky jZagbpu f_`^m Zdlb\guf b ih]Zkb
\medZghf ?keb \medZg hebp_l\hjy_l kljZkqb lh]^Z Zdlb\b \medZg
ba\_j]Zxsbch]hgvb eZ\mij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcfhsbh[jZah]jhfghc
kbeub ihl_gpbZevgh]hjZajmr_gbyGhohly\_j`_gb_\medZgZb ^Z_l
\hexoZhkmhghlZd`_kha^Z_lieh^h
^bkLZdqlh\ jZ[hl_k h[jZaZfb
\k_]^ZjZamfghihbkdZlvihax Lgh_gZoh^ys__ky\gmljbg_]Zlb\gh]h
Wlhijbf_gbfhd ih]Zkb\medZgZflZdbfdZdK_j_g]_lb\ :njbd_
dhlhju_l_i_jvh[i_qb\ZxlgZkhlgbfbev[h]Zlucmjh`Zc
Fu ijhke_^beb l_fm imklugb ]eZaZfb Dwjhe dhlhjZy hl]_
\beZkv lm^Z qlh[u gZclb i_j_khor__ jmkeh j_db b k\h_ aZijm` gh_
ha_jh Ohly Dwjhe b g_ aZdhgqbeZ k\h_ iml_r_kl\b_ d ] gZ
ihke_^mxsbok_ZgkZohgZkfh]eZbkihevah\Zlvkbem ihemq gmx ijb
ljZgknhjfZpbb qlh[u ihfhqv ij_h^he_lv k\h_ qm\k g_ijbylby
aZgylvkyfZl_jvxb hlklZb\Zlvk\hxbg^b\b^mZevgh
< ihke_^g_c l_f_ dhe^mgvy fu \b^_eb dZd h[jZau qZklh L
gh\ylky jZafulufb beb kf_rZggufb b dh]^Z wlh kemqZ_lky L gh
gZclbh[smxgblv< kemqZ_Lj_ckbh[s_cgblvx[ueh
Lkl\hqlh__
hkm`^Zxl< aZdexqbl_evghckp_g_D\bggbdhlh
Lj_ckb km^beZ ]h^Zfb [ueZ gZdhg_p ijbgylZ dh]^Z hgZ FI
Z^\hdZlhf Lj_ckb IjhbahreZ bgl_]jZpby Wlb l_f \\_eb \h
fgh]b_ qm^_kgu_ h[eZklb \gmlj_gg_]h fbjZ AgZx y [ue \a@ gh\Zg
dh]^Z ih]jm`Zeky \ dgb]m aZibkb kemqZ_\ b \ k\h_ kh[kl gh_
dhee_dlb\gh_ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ dh]^Z y \klj_qZe g_dhlhju fhbo
kh[kl\_gguo Zjo_lbih\ b kgh\Z agZdhfbeky k g_dhlhjuf fhbo
km[ebqghkl_c
R_klh_ iml_r_kl\b_ BKKE?>H<:GB? L<HJQ?KDH=H
<HH;J:@?GBY
<\_^_gb_
Ihke_ lh]h dZd fu bkke_^h\Zeb g_dhlhju_ hkgh\u
bkihevah\Zgbyh[jZah\\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbbb jZkkfhlj_ebg_dhlhju_
l_jfbgu ijbgpbiu b l_fu ijbreh \j_fy ^\bgmlvky d bamq_gbx
\hh[jZ`_gbyb l\hjq_kl\Zb lh]hdZdbofh`ghjZa\blv
H^gh \j_fy l_jfbg \hh[jZ`_gb_ \dexqZe \ k_[y ijhp_kku
\hkdj_r_gby beb \hkihfbgZgby iZfylv Z lZd`_ ijhp_kk kha^Zgby
mfkl\_gguo h[jZah\ \hh[jZ`_gb_ Gug_rg__ [he__ kljh]h_
hij_^_e_gb_ \hh[jZ`_gby bkdexqZ_l lh qlh bkoh^bl hl iZfylb b
ijhlb\hihklZ\ey_lky_fmlZd`_dZddhgp_ipbynhjfbjh\Zgbyq_]h
eb[h gh\h]h ijhlb\hklhbl dhgp_ipbb \hkdj_r_gby q_]heb[h
klZjh]h
Kh[ulby b h[t_dlu ihklb]Z_fu_ \ kgZo y\eyxlky ijbf_jhf
\hh[jZ`Z_fuo i_j_`b\Zgbc dhlhju_ g_ ih^l\_j`^Zxlky b g_
ih\lhjyxlky GZ q_eh\_dZ k \hh[jZ`_gb_f
bgh]^Z kfhljyl k
ih^haj_gb_f b kd_ilbpbafhf b ^_l_c bgh]^Z djblbdmxl aZ
ij_m\_ebq_ggh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ \ j_amevlZl_ bkihevah\Zgb_
\hh[jZ`_gbykqblZxlh^gbfbagZbf_g__ihe_aguoijhp_kkh\
Ihq_fmbkihevamxl\hh[jZ`_gb_"
<hafh`gh ke_^m_l kijhkblv Ihq_fm g_ bkihevah\Zlv
\hh[jZ`_gb_" beb Fh`_f eb fu ba[_`Zlv bkihevah\Zgby
\hh[jZ`_gby" Y ihc^m gZklhevdh ^Ze_dh qlh kdZ`m fu g_ fh`_f
\hclb \ fbj ^jm]bo ex^_c k khqm\kl\b_f qlh[u ihgylv bo qm\kl\Z
beb iheh`_gb_ _keb gk [m^_l bkihevah\Zlv \hh[jZ`_gb_ LZd qlh
jZa\blb_\hh[jZ`_gby²p_ggh_ih^kihjv_^eyex[h]hdhgkmevlZglZ
Lhqlhdeb_glu]h\hjylijb[_]Zyd h[jZaZfb kbf\heZfqZklh
[eb`_d wfhpbhgZevghcbklbg_q_fkdZaZggh_q_j_aWlhKek
fh`_l \ua\Zlv h[jZa Z h[jZa ² ijh[m^blv keh\h b q_f [he__ FL
pbnbqgh keh\h l_f e_]q_ [m^_l \ua\Zg h[jZa :[kljZdlgu_ kek
g_e_]dh\uau\Zxlh[jZauohlywlhp_ebdhfaZ\bkblhlkeh\
hiulZ deb_glZ Fbj ² wlh Z[kljZdlgh_ keh\h b l_f g_ f_g
dh]^Z>`mebihijhkbebij_^klZ\blvk_[_h[jZahebp_l\hjyxllhqlh
hgZ bkiulu\Z_l lZ g_f_^e_ggh \hh[jZabeZ djZkgh_ k_ p_ k [_euf
]hem[_fiZjysbfgZ^gbfFuk^_eZebagZqbl_gucrZ]\i_j_^\ __
l_jZibb dh]^Z bkke_^h\Zeb qlh hagZqZxl ^ g__ wlb ^\Z kbf\heZ
JZa^_eb\k g_c__ qm\kl\ZfuklZeb[eb`_ihgbfZgbb^jm]^jm]Z
JZamf g_ fh`_l ihklbqv jZagbpm f_`^m j_Zevguf
i_j_`b\Zgb_f b i_j_`b\Zgb_f dhlhjh_ `b\h b ihklhyggh
ij_^klZ\ey_l k_[_ Wlh [eZ]hl\hjgh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ ihlhfm qlh _keb
fu [m^_f ihklhyggh ij_^klZ\eylv k_[_ g_]Zlb\gh_ gZr
[_kkhagZl_evguc jZamf \[_j_l wlh GZijhlb\ _keb fu ihklhyggh
\hh[jZ`Z_f g_qlh ihablb\gh_ gZr jZamf lZd`_ \[_j_l wlh AgZqbl
jZ[hlZ k \hh[jZ`_gb_f \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb ihfh]Z_l ij_\jZlblv
g_]Zlb\gh_ \ ihablb\gh_ Y g_ ijbghrm ba\bg_gbc aZ lZdh_
ml\_j`^_gb_ ihlhfm qlh kebrdhf qZklh \b^_e dZd hgh jZ[hlZ_l \
`bagb fgh]bo ex^_c qlh[u ijbibkZlv baf_g_gb_ kemqZx Ex^b
klZgh\ylky deb_glZfb h[uqgh ihlhfm qlh i_j_`b\Zxl dZdhceb[h
dhgnebdl b dhlhjhf gb h^gZ ba klhjhg g_ ]hlh\Z mklmiblv Jhev
dhgkmevlZglZ khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u ihfhqv deb_glm ijbfbjblv ^\_
klhjhguwlh]hdhgnebdlZqlh[udeb_glfh]^\b]Zlvky\i_j_^
=e_gg g_ kijZ\beky k ijZdlbq_kdhc qZklvx k\hbo \uimkd
f_^bpbgkdbo wdaZf_gh\ GZke_^mxsmx ihiuldm \haeZ]Zehkv h
fgh]h_ gh hg ij_[u\Ze \ ihklhygghf khklhygbb lj_\h]b ;k
^\_gZ^pZlbg_^_ev^hi_j_wdaZf_gh\dbfujZ[hlZebqlh[umAgh\blv
iheh`bl_evguc h[jZa _]h k^Zqb wdaZf_gZ b mki_oZ Hg emqbe
ke_^mxsmx bgkljmdpbx ijb \hagbdgh\_gbb kh[eZagZ fZlv
g_]Zlb\gh _fm gZ^h k^_eZlv r_klv ]em[hdbo \^hoh\ b kf_g
g_]Zlb\guc h[jZa gZ ihablb\guc LZdbf kihkh[hf \ ^_gv \HQ gh]h
wdaZf_gZhgkmf_e\aylvk\hxlj_\h]mih^dhgljhevKZg^jZgbdh]^Z\
`bagbg_k^Z\ZeZwdaZf_gh\b gZj_i_lb
\uimkdguowdaZf_gh\gZ[hevgbqgmx"
e__r_klbg_^_evhgZ
dhgkljmbjh\ZeZ] dZdhgZeh`blkykiZlv]em[hdhkibl Le_gb\hb^_l
d wdaZf_gZpbhgghfm
dZf\oh^bl\ dhfgZlmkh[bjZ_lkyA
guf ieZf_g_f jZamfZ < h`b^Zgbb gZqZeZ hgZ ^he`gZ [ueZ
aZdjulv ]eZaZ ]em[hdh ^urZlv b ih\lhjylv Y kihdhcgZ Y fh]m
wlhk^_eZlvKZg^jZk^ZeZwdaZf_g
Iha`_ y [he__ ih^jh[gh hibrm k_Zgku jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb
Djhf_ lh]h \ Ijbeh`_gbb \u gZc^_l_ ij_^eh`_gby dhlhju_
ihfh]ml\Zfmemqrblvk\h_\hh[jZ`_gb_
L\hjq_kdZyfukevb h[gh\eyxs__^_ckl\b_
<k_ fu jh^bebkv kh kihkh[ghklvx d l\hjq_kl\m h^gZdh g_
dZ`^uc bkihevam_l wlhl ihl_gpbZe Dhgnhjfbaf f_rZ_l jZa\blbx
l\hjq_kdh]h \ujZ`_gby j_[_gdZ BkdjZ l\hjq_kl\Z [m^_l ih]Zr_gZ
_keb _c g_ ^Z^ml \ujZablvky M\_ebq_gb_ ebqghc wnn_dlb\ghklb
lj_[m_ll\hjq_kl\Zb k\h[h^uhlgZ\udh\g_ijh^mdlb\gh]hih\_^_gby
kZfhaZsblu
OZjZdl_jgu_hkh[_gghklbl\hjq_kdboex^_c
L\hjq_kdb_ ex^b hldjulu ^ey hiulZ ]b[db \ fure_gbb b
kihkh[gu bf_lv ^_eh k ijhlb\hj_qb\hc bgnhjfZpb_c L\hjq_kl\h
jZa\b\Z_lky\gmljbikboheh]bq_kdb[_ahiZkghckj_^u\ dhlhjhc_klv
h^h[j_gb_ g_hkm`^Zxs__ hlghr_gb_ b k\h[h^Z ^mfZlv b
qm\kl\h\Zlv ]^_ gZ gZk gk hdZau\Zxl \ebygby qj_af_jgZy djblbdZ
bebiho\ZeZ
;Zjv_juf_rZxsb_l\hjq_kl\m
L\hjq_kdh_ kms_kl\h\Zgb_ l_jaZxl [Zjv_ju mfkl\_ggu_
lmfZgu dhlhju_ f_rZxl gZf ijZ\bevgh ihgbfZlv aZ^Zqm b
ij_^klZ\eylvk_[_\hafh`gu_j_r_gby
;Zjv_ju\hkijbylbyf_rZxsb_l\hjq_kl\m
dZdfu\b^bf\_sb
Fu g_ \k_]^Z mf__f bkihevah\Zlv \k_ hj]Zgu qm\kl\ \
gZ[ex^_gbb b g_ mf__f bkke_^h\Zlv hq_\b^gh_ AZqZklmx fu g_
kihkh[gu hij_^_eylv l_jfbgu beb bkiulu\Z_f ljm^ghklb \b^_gby
Z[kljZd
ª
lguohlghr_gbcG_j_^dhgZfg_m^Z_lkyijh\h^blvjZaebqb_
fk^mijbqbghcb ke_^kl\b_f>eygZkaZljm^gbl_evghbkihevah\
[_kkhagZl_evgh_ gZijbf_j g_ ijbf_gyy \bamZebaZpbx beb
nlZabx< lh`_\j_fy m gZk \hagbdZxl ljm^ghklb ijb bkihevahb
gbb khagZl_evgh]hjZamfZ^eylh]hqlh[uhj]Zgbah\Zlv^Zggu_
Dmevlmjgu_[Zjv_juf_rZxsb_l\hjq_kl\m
dZdfu^he`guihklmiZlv
GZrZ dmevlmjZ fh`_l ijb^Z\Zlv hkh[h_ agZq_gb_
g_h[oh^bfhklbih^qbgylvkyijZ\beZfh[yau\Zlvd dhgdmj_gpbbbeb
khljm^gbq_kl\m \ g_c fh`_l ^hfbgbjh\Zlv ih[m`^_gb_ [ulv
ijZdlbqgufb wdhghfgufex[hcp_ghc JZaebqgu_ dmevlmju bf_xl
jZaebqgu_lhqdbaj_gbyhlghkbl_evghnZglZabbh^gbjZkkfZljb\Zxl
__ dZdimklmxljZlm\j_f_gblh]^ZdZd^jm]b_bklh\h\_jyl\ jZamfb
eh]bdm Fgh]b_ dmevlmju hjb_glbjh\Zgu gZ ljm^ b ih^q_jdb\Zxl
g_h[oh^bfhklv\k_\j_fyiulZlvkykh\_jrZlvqlheb[hb [ulv\k_]^Z
]hlh\ufZ wlhg_e_]dhkhq_lZlvk bkihevah\Zgb_fh[jZah\
WfhpbhgZevgu_[Zjv_juf_rZxsb_l\hjq_kl\m
qlhfuqm\kl\m_fihih\h^mjZaebqguo\_s_c
KljZo kh\_jrblv hrb[dm ² wlh fhsguc Zglbh[jZaguc [Zj
lZd`_dZdkljZob g_^h\_jb_d b^_yf^jm]boex^_cWlhfhijb\_klb
d lhfmqlhfuo\ZlZ_fkyaZi_j\mxb^_xijboh^yv
\ ]heh\mEx^bdhlhjuf^hkZ`^Zxlebqgu_hsms_gbyg_m\_A
ghklb ² gbadZy kZfhhp_gdZ lj_\h]Z [hyagv djblbdb kljZo ]
\ZeZ
beb g_^hklZlhd ex[hiulkl\Z ² fh]ml gZoh^blv jZ[hlm k jZaZfb
kebrdhf m]jh`Zxsbfb ihlhfm qlh hgZ g_ ij_ ^hklZ\ kljmdlmju
Ihlj_[ghklv\ [_ahiZkghklbbaaZdhlhjhcq_e_fh`_l[hylvkyihclb
gZ jbkd beb bkiulZlv g_qlh gh\h_ lZ
klhbl gZ imlb bkihevah\Zgby
h[jZah\
QlhlZdh_l\hjq_kdZyfukev"
L\hjq_kl\h ² wlh khklhygb_ mfZ lZdhc _]h kdeZ^ \ dhlhjhf
kh^_j`blkybgl_j_kd bkke_^h\Zgbxb^_cZ lZd`_\eh`_gb_ LLlZdh_
bkke_^h\Zgb_WlhjZaju\k h[s_ijbgylufljZ^bpbhggufih^oh^hf
qlh[um\b^_lv\_sbk jZaguolhq_daj_gbyL_hjbbb
ZgZeh]bb ihhsjyxlky L\hjq_kdZy b]jZ aZklZ\ey_l ^_l_c
bkihevah\Zlv g_ih^h[Zxsb_ ij_^f_lu b ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlv bo \
ij_^f_lug_h[oh^bfu_^eynZglZabbL\hjq_kl\h²wlhkihkh[ghklv
keurZlvklZju_fukebihgh\hfmb gZoh^blvgh\u_k\yab^eyklZjuo
j_r_gbc
Fu\k_h[eZ^Z_fl\hjq_kdbfgZqZehfghgZkdhevdhiheghfu
bkihevam_f kh[kl\_gguc l\hjq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe" GZkdhevdh
kh^_ckl\m_f l\hjq_kdhfm ihl_gpbZem \ ^jm]bo" L\hjq_kdZy fukev
fh`_l b gk y\eylvky ijb\uqghc ^ey gZk fZg_jhc fure_gby gh lZf
_klv \k_ m`_ kha^Zggh_ b gZoh^ys__ky ih^ jmdhc <k_ qlh fu
^he`gu ^_eZlv ² wlh bkihevah\Zlv _]h ba[_]Zlv [ehdbjh\Zgby
l\hjq_kl\Z b kijZrb\Zlv qlh fh`gh \aylv ba wlhc b^_b dZdh\h
hkgh\gh_ agZq_gb_ wlhc b^_b dZd fh`gh ij_\jZlblv ljm^ghklb \
kj_^kl\h^hklb`_gbyp_eb
L\hjq_kdb_f_lh^u
Ba[_]Zgb_b ij_h^he_gb_h[uqguo[Zjv_jh\ij_iylkl\mxsbo
l\hjq_kl\memqr_\k_]h^hklb]Z_lkybaf_g_gb_flh]hdZdbfh[jZahf
fu ^mfZ_f qm\kl\m_f b \_^_f k_[y Fha]h\Zy ZlZdZ ]jmiih\Zy
^_yl_evghklv]^_ex^yfiha\he_ghe_lZlvk b^_yfbb \hafh`gufb
j_r_gbyfb g_ hklZgZ\eb\Zykv qlh[u hp_gblv bo ² \hl h^bg ba
kihkh[h\ [ulv l\hjq_kdhc gZlmjhc Wlhl kihkh[ lZd`_ e_]dh fh`gh
ijbf_gblv b \ h^bghqdm >jm]b_ kihkh[u mkbe_gby kh[kl\_gghc
ebqghklb ² bkihevah\Zgb_ ZgZeh]bb ZgZebaZ \hijhkh\ h[jZah\
nZglZabbf_lZnhjb kbf\heh\²[m^mljZkkfhlj_gugb`_
:gZeh]by Wlh ijhp_kk ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z b^msbc hl
dZdh]heb[hkoh^kl\Zk l_fqlhba\_klghd koh^kl\mbebdZ`ms_fmky
koh^kl\mk q_flhg_ba\_klgufBkihevah\Zgb_ZgZeh]bbhkgh\Zggh_
gZ ebqghf hiul_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h^bg ba kihkh[h\
ijhgbdgh\_gby \ ih^khagZgb_ GZijbf_j ieZgbjmy ihe_l gZ
kZfhe_l_\ :\kljZebxy fh]mhibjZlvkygZhiulij_^u^ms_]hihe_lZ
gZ Dbij b lZdbf h[jZahf gZqbgZx qm\kl\h\Zlv dZdbf hg fh`_l
[ulv K ^jm]hc klhjhgu _keb y gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_ e_lZe lh fh]m
bkihevah\Zlvk\h_\hh[jZ`_gb_qlh[uihqm\kl\h\ZlvdZdbffh`_l
[ulvihe_l
:gZeba < ZgZeba_ fu jZa[b\Z_f g_qlh keh`gh_ gZ
agZdhfu_ b magZ\Z_fu_ dhfihg_glu Fu i_j_qbkey_f klhevdh
Zevl_jgZlb\ kdhevdh \hafh`gh ^ey dZ`^h]h dhfihg_glZ AZl_f
kdeZ^u\Z_fg_dhlhju_bagbo\f_kl_qlh[ukha^Zlvg_qlhgh\h_
NZglZaby Wlh ^_yl_evghklv \hh[jZ`_gby dhlhjZy
ijhba\h^blky kihglZggh dZd \ ]j_aZo beb dZd ijyfhc hl\_l gZ
q_jgbevgu_iylgZbebg_ykgu_dZjlbguIhgbfZlvnZglZabxagZqbl
jZ[hlZlvk kbf\heZfb
H[jZau Wlh \gmlj_gg__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[t_dlh\ b
kh[ulbckha^Zggh_ij_^gZf_j_gghkhagZl_evgufjZamfhf
F_lZnhjZ F_lZnhjZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc nb]mjm j_qb
g_ijyfhc kihkh[ dhffmgbdZpbb k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h ^\Z y\gh
hl^_evguo we_f_glZ k\h^ylky \h_^bgh \ kjZ\g_gbb qlh[u
knhjfbjh\Zlv gh\h_ agZq_gb_ F_lZnhju \ [hevrhf dhebq_kl\_
\klj_qZxlkyb \ih\k_^g_\ghfjZa]h\hj_jmqdbdj_keZgh`dbklheZ
[e_klysZybg^b\b^mZevghklvj_dbdjh\bKihkh[ghklvbkihevah\Zlv
f_lZnhjuijbgZ^e_`bl^_yl_evghklbijZ\h]hihemrZjbyfha]Z
IZjZ^hdk IZjZ^hdk \ujZ`Z_l bklbgu h kms_kl\h\Zgbb
ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c \ hq_\b^gh g_eh]bqghc b ijhlb\hj_qZs_c
kZfhc k_[_ fZg_j_ P_ev iZjZ^hdkZ khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u ijb\e_qv
\gbfZgb_ b kijh\hpbjh\Zlv k\_`mx fukev IZjZ^hdkZevgu_
ml\_j`^_gby qZklh bkihevamxlky \ bjhgbq_kdbo beb kZlbjbq_kdbo
p_eyo < Kdhlghf ^\hj_ >`hj^`Z HjmweeZ i_j\Zy aZih\_^v
dhffmgu`b\hlguo²ij_h[jZah\Zgb_ij_^u^ms_]hiZjZ^hdkZ<k_
`b\hlgu_jZ\gughg_dhlhju_`b\hlgu_jZ\g__^jm]bo
IjbgbfZy iZjZ^hdk dZd _^bgkl\h ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c beb
^\mohq_\b^ghg_ijbfbjbfuob^_cml\_j`^_gbbbebijbgpbih\fu
fh`_f ^mfZlv h g_f dZd h _^bgkl\_ khagZl_evgh]h b
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h Bgl_ee_dlm g_ gjZ\blky iZjZ^hdk ihlhfm qlh _]h
g_evay h[hkgh\Zlv Z ihiuldZ h[tykgblv iZjZ^hdk ebrZ_l _]h
m^h\hevkl\by Q_f [hevr_ fu bgl_]jbjm_f [_kkhagZl_evgh_ l_f
[he__ kihkh[gu jZ[hlZlv k g_ba\_klguf l_f [he__ dhfnhjlgh gZf
[m^_lk iZjZ^hdkZfbihlhfmqlhhgbk\yaZguk lhcgZr_cklhjhghc
dhlhjhfg_gm`ghboh[tykgylvg_hlt_fe_fZybklbgZijbagZ_lky
A^hjh\v_ fh`_l jZkkfZljb\Zlvky dZd iZjZ^hdk hgh
^jZ]hp_ggh gh ^hklZlhqgh ^_r_\h qlh[u aZ[jhkblv _]h baaZ
aehmihlj_[e_gbb beb g_ijZ\bevgh]h bkihevah\Zgby ;b[e_ckdbc
iZjZ^hdkkhklhbl\ lhfqlhkha^Zggu_ihh[jZamb ih^h[bx;h`bx
fu l_f g_ f_g__ ih^h[gu ljZ\_ dhlhjZy \yg_l \ ihe_ Fu fh`_f
^hklbqv
k\_lZlhevdhq_j_alvfmkdjulmxqZklv[_kkhagZl_evgh_l_gv
Bbkmk fh] [ulv \hkkh_^bg_g k Kha^Zl_e_f lhevdh ijhc^y q_j_a
kf_jlv b lvfm fh]beu <_jmxsb_ ihemqZxl k\hx gZ]jZ^m lhevdh
ihke_ kf_jlb
< fbn_ b e_]_g^_ kbf\heu iZjZ^hdkZ fh`gh gZclb \ lhf
qlh\k_ij_\jZsZ_lky\ k\hxijhlb\hiheh`ghklvKugij_\jZsZ_lky
\ hlpZ ^hqv \ fZlv DjZkhlZ ij_\jZsZ_lky \ [_ah[jZab_ Z ba g_]h
ihy\ey_lkyijbgpkiZkbl_ev
<hijhku Bkke_^h\Zgb_ b ihklZgh\dZ \hijhkZ kha^Zxl
Zevl_jgZlb\u b \hafh`ghklv h[gZjm`_gby l\hjq_kdbo j_r_gbb
;hevrbgkl\hbagZkfh`_l\kihfgblv\j_fy\ k\h_c`bagbdh]^Zfu
hkZ`^Zeb jh^bl_e_c beb mqbl_e_c fgh]hqbke_ggufb \hijhkZfb gZ
g_dhlhju_ ba dhlhjuo [ueh lZd ljm^gh hl\_lblv GZf ]h\hjbeb
bgdm[Zpbb
JZkkfZljb\Z_l jZkoh^ysb_ky ^Z`_ ijhlb\hj_qZsb_ ^jm]
^jm]m b^_b kdhj__ k m\Z`_gb_f q_f kh kd_ilbpbafhf b
h[hjhgbl_evghcihabpb_c
KlZjZ_lkyg_b]ghjbjh\Zlv\gmlj_ggb_ij_^mij_`^_gbyqlh
qlhlhg_lZd
Ijh\_jy_l ex[hc jZpbhgZevguc kihkh[ j_r_gby aZ^Zqb
qlh[um\b^_lvhsmsZ_lkyebhgbglmblb\ghohjhrbf\ ijhp_kk_b \
hdhgqZl_evghfj_r_gbb
IulZ_lkyihklhygghhklZ\ZlvkykhagZxsbfk_[y
BgvYgb l\hjq_kdZyfukev
>j_\gb_dblZcpu\_jbebqlh`bag_ggZykbeZijhgbau\Z_l\k_
\_sb < gZk kZfbo hgZ l_q_l ih f_jb^bZgZf beb ljhiZf dhlhju_
bkihevamxlky \ Zdmimgdlmj_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbf jZaguf hj]ZgZf
l_eZ Wg_j]by dhlhjZy l_q_l f_`^m ^\mfy ijhlb\hiheh`gufb
ihexkZfb Bgv b Yg ba\_klgZ dZd rb Wlb ijhlb\hiheh`gu_
ihexkZ ]jm[h jZ\ghp_ggu fm`kdhfm`_gkdhfm b
ihablb\ghfmg_]Zlb\ghfm
Bgv b Yg ² ^\Z \aZbfh^hihegyxsbo gZqZeZ dhlhju_
khklZ\eyxl \k_ Zki_dlu `bagb Bgv ij_^klZ\eyxl k_[_ \ \b^_
l_fgh]hd\Z^jZlZbah[jZ`Zxs_]hA_fexb a_fgu_kbeu²`_gkdh_
iZkkb\gh_ ijhoeZ^gh_ \eZ`gh_ ijbh[j_lZxs__ b \[bjZxs__ Hgh
ijbkmlkl\m_l \ q_lguo qbkeZo \ ^hebgZo b j_dZo b hebp_l\hjy_lky
lb]jhf hjZg`_\uf p\_lhf b ehfZghc ebgb_c <gmljb gZr_]h l_eZ
hj]Zgu Bgv ² iheu_ b mqZkl\mxsb_ \ ih]ehs_gbb b \uimkdZgbb
`_em^hdb fhq_\hcimaujv
Yg ij_^klZ\eyxl dZd G_[h [_euc djm] bah[jZ`Zxsbc
G_[_kZ b g_[_kgu_ kbeu ² fm`kdh_ k\_leh_ ]hjyq__ kmoh_
Zdlb\gh_ jZkrbjyxs__ky b ijhgbdZxs__ Hgh ijbkmlkl\m_l \
g_q_lguo qbkeZo \ ]hjZo b hebp_l\hjy_lky ^jZdhghf ]hem[uf
p\_lhf
b g_ehfZghc ebgb_c Hj]Zgu Yg \ q_eh\_q_kdhf l_e_ ² wlh
iehlgu_gZiheg_ggu_djh\vxhj]Zguk_j^p_b e_]db_
<aZbfh^_ckl\b_ Bgv b Yg ij_^klZ\e_gh ba\_klguf kbf\hehf
djm]Z jZa^_e_ggh]h gZ ^\_ jZ\gu_ qZklb kb]fhb^ghc ebgb_c
ijhoh^ys_c q_j_a ^bZf_lj ;_eZy qZklv Yg bf__l q_jgh_ iylgh Z
q_jgZy Bgv ² [_eh_ iylgh kbf\hebabjmxsb_ qlh \k_ `b\ms__ b
\k_ qlh fu ^_eZ_f ^he`gh kh^_j`Zlv b k_[_ k_f_gZ k\h_c
ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb Kb]fhb^gZy ebgby ² wlh kbf\he ^\b`_gby
dhffmgbdZpbb Hg kem`bl p_eb \ujZ`_gby b^_b \jZs_gby beb
\_qgh]h ^\b`_gby f_lZfhjkjhau b p_ehklghklb kblmZpbb dhlhjZy
oZjZdl_jbam_lkyijhlb\hj_qb_fijbf_jhfy\eyxlky`bagvb kf_jlv
=h\hjylqlhwlb^\_kbeuijhbkoh^ylba<ukr_]hI_j\bqgh]h
LZc Rb b bo \aZbfgZy b]jZ ^jm] k ^jm]hf ² wlh hibkZgb_
ijhp_kkh\<k_e_gghcDh]^ZBgv\hajZklZ_lYgm[u\Z_lb gZh[hjhl
Dhgp_ipby BgvYg k\yaZgZ k iylvx klbobyfb h]g_f \h^hc
f_lZeehf A_fe_c b ^_j_\hf BgvYg b iylv klbobc ih^^_j`b\Zxl
\_jm dblZcp_\ \ pbdebq_kdmx l_hjbx klZgh\e_gby b jZkiZ^Z b
\aZbfhaZ\bkbfhklv f_`^m fbjhf ijbjh^u b kh[ulbyfb \ `bagb
q_eh\_dZ < q_eh\_q_kdhf l_e_ ijZ\bevguc [ZeZgk Bgv b Yg
ij_^klZ\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf ^ey ihegh]h a^hjh\vy ?keb h^gh beb
^jm]h_ [m^_l ij_h[eZ^Zlv \hagbdgml mfkl\_ggu_ beb nbabq_kdb_
ijh[e_fu<hafh`ghkZfh_djZkghj_qb\h_hibkZgb_\aZbfghcb]ju
wg_j]bb BgtYg kh^_j`blky \ ^j_\gbo l_dklZo v B Rbg beb
Dgb]bi_j_f_g Q_l\bg^ 6 LZfdhgp_ipbyi_j_f_gijbf_g_gZd
bg^b\b^mZevghc `bagb ]jmiiZf b hj]ZgbaZpbyf B Rbg
ij_^eZ]Z_lpbdebq_kdmxl_hjbxi_j_f_g²i_j_f_gudZd^\b`_gb_
dhlhjh_ \ha\jZsZ_lky d k\h_c gZqZevghc lhqd_ I_j_f_gZ
mihjy^hq_gZdZd\h\j_f_gZo]h^Zgh__ mihjy^hq_gghklvg_\k_]^Z
hsmlbfZI_j_f_gZ\ q_eh\_q_kdbo`bagyoqZklhhq_gvkeh`gZ
<hk_fviheyjghkl_cB Rbg
G_[h L\hjq_kdZy kbeZ k\yaZggZy k wg_j]b_c kbehc
[m`^_gb_f
A_fey Ijhba\h^ysZymklmiZxsZyihdhjgZy ;HK
qb\Zy
k\yaZggZy k fZl_jbgkdbf ehghf iblZgb_f [hevrhc e_]hc A_feb
dhlhjZy\_a_l\k_`b\h_
=jhf Ih^gbfZxsbcky b ijhlb\hklhysbc k\yaZgguc k
^\b`_gb_fkdhjhklvxjZkrbj_gb_fb ]g_\hf
Khegp_ Ih^^_j`dZ k\yaZgh k fy]dbf m[_`^_gb_f
kihdhcgufijbgylb_fj_r_gbyb j_r_gb_fijh[e_f
<h^Z L_eh b qm\kl\h k\yaZgZ k ly`_euf ljm^hf mihjghc
jZ[hlhchiZkghklvxgZklhcqb\hklvxb f_eZgoheb_c
H]hgv Bgl_ee_dl b fure_gb_ k\yaZg k aZ\bkbfhklvx gh
lZd`_b kqbklhlhcb ihgbfZgb_f
=hjZ JZafureyxs__ fheqZgb_ k\yaZgZ k \_jghklvx
f_^blZpb_cgZ[ex^Zl_evghklvx
Ha_jh JZ^hklgh_\aZbfh^_ckl\b_k\yaZghk m^h\hevkl\b_f
ihemqZ_fufhl_^ujZa]h\hjZi_gby
<hk_fv iheyjghkl_c hj]Zgbah\Zgu \ djm]
ijhlb\hiheh`ghkl_c ba\_klguc dZd i_j\bqgh_ mkljhckl\h beb
fZg^ZeZjZggboG_[_k
BgvYgb l\hjq_kl\h
Dhgp_ipbyBgvYg[ueZ\\_^_gZ^eylh]hqlh[uihdZaZlvqlh
kms_kl\m_l _s_ h^bg kihkh[ ihgbfZgby Ohly fgh]b_ ex^b \
aZiZ^guo dmevlmjZo agZdhfu k BgvYg ^ey ^jm]bo wlZ dhgp_ipby
fh`_l[ulv^h\hevgh gh\hcQlh[u[ulvl\hjq_kdhcebqghklvxfu
qZklh ^he`gu ijh^\b]Zlvky hl agZdhfh]h d g_ba\_klghfm >ey \Zk \
wlhf kemqZ_ BgvYg fh`_l hdZaZlvky dexqhf dhlhjuc hlibjZ_l
^\_jv l\hjq_kl\Z <lhjZy ijbqbgZ \\_^_gby BgvYg khklhbl \ lhf
qlh ^ZggZy dhgp_ipby dZkZ_lky kbf\heh\ b kbf\hebafZ IhiuldZ
ihgylv kbf\heu m\_^_l gZk hl _kl_kl\_ggh]h \ \hegmxsbc fbj
bglmbpbbb \hh[jZ`_gby
JZa\b\Zcl_k\hxbglmbpbx
Bglmbpby ² wlh ihgbfZgb_ lh]h qlh \hagbdZ_l bagmljb
khagZgbybebbaih^khagZgbykdhj__q_fbah[mq_gbyh[hkgh\Zgbyb
eh]bdb Bglmbpbx qZklh k\yau\Zxl k `_gkdbf gZqZehf \hklhqghª
ikboheh]bb Bgv L\hjq_kl\h ih[hqgh_ fure_gb_ dhgkljmbjh\Zgb_
kmlb b \gmlj_ggyy j_Zdpby hlghkylky d bglmbpbb Bglmbpby
mdZau\Z_lhldm^Zijbrehg_qlhb dm^Zhghb^_l
Ij_^eZ]Z_lky ^_kylv dexq_c qlh[u ihfhqv \Zf jZa\blv k\hx
bglmbpbxJh^kl\_ggu_mijZ`g_gbyke_^m_lbkdZlv\ Ijbeh`_gbyo
FZg^ZeZ
FZg^ZeZ bah[jZ`Z_l [Zah\u_ fh^_eb ikbobdb
dhlhjZy ijy^_l ba kZfhc k_[y iZmlbgm `bagb Djm] b d\Z^jZl
bah[jZ`Zxlkhhl\_lkl\_ggh\gmlj_ggbcb \g_rgbcZki_dlu`bagb
\h^guc ihlhd \gmlj_gg__ pZjkl\h ² wlh djm] a_fghc fbj
fZl_jbb²d\Z^jZl
FZg^ZeZ ² wlh bg^bckdbc l_jfbg h[hagZqZxsbc djm]
bgkljmf_gljblmZebebkbf\hefZg^ZeugZoh^ylih\k_fm<hklhdm
< nhjf_]_hf_ljbq_kdbo^bZ]jZffhgbbkihevamxlkyqlh[uihfhqv
kha_jpZgbx b dhgp_gljZpbb FZg^ZeZ fh`_l [ulv k^_eZgZ \ i_kd_
p\_lgufb gbldZfb beb iuevx gZjbkh\ZgZ gZ [mfZ]_ beb kha^ZgZ \
lj_o baf_j_gbyo FZg^ZeZ ² wlh f_glZevguc h[jZa ihkljh_gguc \
\hh[jZ`_gbb Gb h^gZ fZg^ZeZ g_ [u\Z_l lZdhc `_ dZd ^jm]Zy
ihlhfmqlhdZ`^Zy²wlhkijh_pbjh\Zgguc h[jZa\gmlj_gg_]hfbjZ
Kha^Zl_ey
Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu fZg^Zeu ² ]_hf_ljbq_kdb_ nb]mju
k[ZeZgkbjh\Zggu_ b dhgp_gljbq_kdb_ knhjfbjh\Zggu_ \hdjm]
p_gljZ dhlhjuc ij_^iheZ]Z_lky gh \bamZevgh g_ bah[jZ`Z_lky
Ih\k_^g_\gu_ijbf_jufZg^Zeu²kg_`bgdZb q_eh\_q_kdbc]eZakh
ajZqdhf hdjm`_gguf jZ^m`ghc h[hehqdhc >jm]b_ dhfihg_glu
fZg^Zeu
dhe_kh<k_e_gghc
f_dkbdZgkdbc<_ebdbcdZf_ggucdZe_g^Zjv
p\_lhdehlhkZ
fbnbq_kdbcp\_lhdbaahehlZ
jhaZ
eZ[bjbgl
ojZfub kh[hju
fhaZbqgu_iheu
Xg]iheZ]ZeqlhkihglZggh_ijhba\h^kl\hfZg^Zeu\ jZ[hl_
kgh\b^_gby ² agZqbl_evguc rZ] \ iml_r_kl\bb ebqghklb d
bg^b\b^mZpbb bgl_]jZpbb ij_`^_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h ebqgh]h b
Zjoklbibq_kdh]hfZl_jbZeZkZfbfkhagZgb_fFZg^Zeuihe_agu
hgb ihfh]Zxl \ua\Zlv j_eZdkZpbx b mklZgh\blv dhglZdl k
nmgdpbyfbijZ\h]hihemrZjbyfha]Z
Ijbf_ju fZg^Zeu b mijZ`g_gby ke_^m_l bkdZlv \
Ijbeh`_gbyo
;bheh]bq_kdZyh[jZlgZyk\yav ;md\ZevghwlhbgnhjfZpby
h l_e_kguonmgdpbyo\u^ZggZyh[jZlgh< hkgh\ghfh[jZlgZyk\yav
b^_l q_j_a k_gkhjgu_ dZgZeu H[jZlgZy k\yav ihfh]Z_l gZf
dhgljhebjh\Zlv k_j^_qguc jblf djh\ygh_ ^Z\e_gb_ b
djh\hh[jZs_gb_ \ dhg_qghklyo Ohly [bheh]bq_kdZy h[jZlgZy k\yav
qZklh iheZ]Z_lky gZ ki_pbZevgu_ ijb[hju \hafh`gh gZklhevdh
jZa\blv ihgbfZxsb_ kdZ`_f k_j^p_[b_gb_ qlh bkihevamy ^Zggh_
ihgbfZgb_iexk\hh[jZ`_gb_fh`ghaZf_^eblvjblf
H[jZau H[jZau ² wlh \bamZevgZy dZjlbgZ dhlhjmx \Zr
jZamf kha^Zkl \ f_qlZo b kgh\b^_gbyo H[jZau [he__ fhsgu q_f
f_qlub [hevr_ih^^Zxlkydhgljhexq_fkgh\b^_gby
Khdjh\_ggu_ h[t_dlu Fgh]b_ ^_lb bkiulu\Zxl
ijb\yaZgghklv d hij_^_e_gghc b]jmrd_ beb h^_yem <hkihfbgZgb_
hldju\Z_l ^\_jv d \hkdj_r_gbx ijhreuo kh[ulbc b k\yaZgguo k
gbfbqm\kl\
Ibkvfh ^jm]hc jmdhc Ihiuld_ \kihfgblv kh[ulby b
k\yaZggu_ k gbfb qm\kl\Z fh`_l ihfhqv ibkvfh g_^hfbgbjmxs_c
jmdhcWlhmf_gvrZ_ldhgljheve_\h]hihemrZjbyfha]Z
K_gkhjghklv Hsms_gby g_j_^dh y\eyxlky \hjhlZfb d
mkbe_gghfm l\hjq_kl\m Aj_gb_ kemo \dmk hkyaZgb_ b h[hgygb_
\uau\Zxlfhsgu_h[jZaub qm\kl\Z
Klbfmeypby nZglZabb Fgh]b_ ba gZk [hylky kh]eZkblvky
ihl\hjkl\h\Zlv nZglZabb ?keb fu hl[b\Z_f m q_eh\_dZ hohlm
f_qlZlvlhebrZ_fwlh]hq_eh\_dZq_]hlh^jZ]hp_ggh]h< nZglZabb
fu fh`_f hk\h[h^blvky hl [j_gghklb gZr_]h l_eZ b h]jZgbq_gbc
gZr_]hagZgby
Kgh\b^_gby <_^_gb_^g_\gbdZbeb`mjgZeZkgh\b^_gbc²
hq_gv wnn_dlb\guc kihkh[ jZa\blv \Zrm `bagv \h kg_ Wlh h^gZdh
hagZqZ_l qlh gZ^h [ulv hq_gv ^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgguf b aZibku\Zlv
khg kjZam dZd lhevdh \u ijhkgmebkv ij_`^_ q_f ^_eZlv qlheb[h
_s_ Kgh\b^_gby bf_xl h]hjqbl_evgmx ijb\uqdm khkdZevau\Zlv
gZaZ^ lm^Z hldm^Z hgb ijbreb \ lm kZfmx k_dmg^m dh]^Z fu
i_j_klmiZ_f ihjh] \ khagZl_evgh_ Gh bo fh`gh ijbjmqblv kha^Z\
ijb\uqdm f]gh\_gghc aZibkb ohly wlh hagZqZ_l qlh ke_^m_l
aZibku\Zlvbo\ \Zr`mjgZeih^h^_yehfijbk\_l_nhgZjbdZ
K\h[h^gh_ Zkkhpbbjh\Zgb_ K\h[h^gh_
ZkkhpbZpbbjh\Zgb_ jZajZ[hlZggh_ Xg]hf Z aZl_f Nj_c^hf
hlghkblky d ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb b^_c dhlhju_ ijboh^yl dZ`_lky
[_aeh]bq_kdhckgy
ab G_qlh \uau\Z_l qlhlh _s_ b fu fh`_f \lygmlvky \
^ebggmxp_ivkh[ulbcb i_j_`b\Zgbc
Ml\_j`^_gby Ml\_j`^_gby ijhlb\h^_ckl\mxl
g_]Zlb\ghfmjZa]h\hjmk kZfbfkh[hcIjbf_juml\_j`^_gbcfh`gh
gZclb\ Ijbeh`_gbb
J_axf_
L\hjq_kdZyfukevfh`_l[ulvl_fk q_ffujh^bebkv__ fh`
gh ihhsjylv jZggbf h[mq_gb_f b hiulhf ² gZijbf_j h[mq_gb_f
hldjulb_f < ^Zevg_cr_c `bagb hgZ fh`_l ihhsjylvky k\hckl\Zfb
\u[jZgghc gZfb jZ[hlu DZ`_lky qlh h^gb ex^b [he__ l\hjq_kdb_
q_f ^jm]b_ gh wlh g_ agZqbl qlh hklZevguf ke_^m_l ijylZlv k\h_
l\hjq_kl\h b gbdh]^Z g_ ihdZau\ZeZ _]h ijb k\_l_ ^gy L\hjq_kdh_
fure_gb_ fh`gh ih[m`^Zlv b g_dhlhju_ f_lh^u h[ km`^Zxlky
?keb qlhlh \u^_ey_lky ohly wlh fh`_l hdZaZlvky ijhklh ebqguf
ij_^ihql_gb_f ² wlh bkihevah\Zgb_ \hh[jZ`_gby gZmqblvky
jZ[hlZlvk l_fqlhfh]eh[u[ulvkdhj__q_fk l_fqlh_klv
=jmklgZy ohly b \_jgZy fukev lZd qZklh gZ l\hjq_kdb_ b^_b
\ueb\Zxl e_^ygmx \h^m ex^b dhlhju_ kZfb ^_ckl\mxl hllZedb
\Zykv hl g_l\hjq_kdhc hkgh\u LZd`_ ^hklhcgh kh`Ze_gby lh h[
klhyl_evkl\h qlh fgh]b_ ba wlbo ex^_c fh]ml aZgbfZlv hq_gv \eb
yl_evgh_ iheh`_gb_ ² jh^bl_eb mqbl_ey jmdh\h^bl_eb b ^jmavy
Dh]^Z wlh ijhbkoh^bl kh \ajhkeufb fu h[uqgh gZoh^bfky \ur_
aZf_qZgbc >_lb [he__ mya\bfu b bf_ggh gZ mya\bfhc klZ^bb jZa
\blbydh]^Zl\hjq_kl\hgZoh^blkygZ\ukhdhclhqd_lZdhc[hevrhc
l\hjq_kdbc ihl_gpbZe m[b\Z_lky h[uqgh g_h[^mfZggufb aZ
f_qZgbyfbb ih^Z\e_gb_f
<hegmxs__kh[ulb_ihke_^gboe_l²jZ[hlZijh^_eZggZyih
l\hjq_kl\m ijZ\h]he_\h]h ihemrZjby Fgh]bo ba gZk ^he]h
ijh]jZffbjh\Zeb gZ fure_gb_ e_\h]h ihemrZjby ² eh]bq_kdh_ b
ZgZeblbq_kdh_ Z lZd`_ ijbh[j_l_gb_ agZgby < j_amevlZl_ gZr_
ijZ\h_ ² l\hjq_kdh_ ² ihemrZjb_ [ueh hlhkeZgh \ q_l\_jluc
^b\babhg Ihe_agh qlh fgh]b_ ]_gbb k\b^_l_evkl\mxl hgb \ k\hbo
\_ebdbo jZ[hlZo bkihevah\Zeb h[Z ihemrZjby ?keb bf wlh [ueh
gm`ghlhfu^he`gu
Jhevkbf\heh\
Kbf\heuhdjm`ZxlgZkwlhqZklvgZr_cih\k_^g_\ghc`bagb
lZd qlh jZ[hlZ k kbf\heZfb ² wlh g_ qlhlh lZbgkl\_ggh_ ohly hgZ
g_fgh]h ihoh`Z gZ bamq_gb_ gh\h]h yaudZ q_f [hevr_ q_eh\_d
mijZ`gy_lky l_f [he__ bkdmkguf b mf_euf hg klZgh\blky <
ikbohZgZeblbq_kdhcl_hjbbkbf\hefh`_lkem`blv
;_kkhagZl_evguf hebp_l\hj_gb_f q_]heb[h g_ k\yaZggh]h
k gbfijyfh
Hebp_l\hj_gb_fdhgnebdlZ\gmljbikbobdb
<ujZ`_gb_fih^Z\e_ggh]hk_dkmZevgh]hfZl_jbZeZ
?^bgkl\_gguf kihkh[hf dhlhjuf fh`gh ^hklbqv
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h
J_Zevgh_agZq_gb_h[uqghg_ ^hklmighkhagZl_evghfmjZamfm
b klZgh\blky ba\_klguf lhevdh q_j_a kgh\b^_gby Kbf\hebdZ
kgh\b^_gbc \Z`gZ \ ijhp_kk_ khdjulby [_kkhagZl_evguo `_eZgbc
bebdhgnebdlh\q_j_aaZf_s_gb_b k]ms_gb_bebjZkdjulbyboq_j_a
bgl_jij_lZpbx
Bkihevah\Zgb_kbf\heh\b i_j_ghkbgl_j_kZk h^ghc\_sbgZ
^jm]mx ² \Z`guc rZ] \ jZa\blbb ^_l_c JZa\blb_ yaudZ b _]h
bkihevah\Zgb_ aZ\bkbl hl kihkh[ghklb jZ[hlZlv k kbf\heZfb Fu
bkihevam_f kbf\heu \ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb dh]^Z jZ[hlZ_f k
^bZ]jZffZfbdZjlZfbdZjlbgZfbb keh\Zfb
< ZgZeblbq_kdhcxg]h\kdhcikboheh]bbkbf\heuhagZqZxl
Kgh\b^_gbydhlhju_\ujZ`Zxlk_[ydZdh[jZau
AZo\Zlu\Zxsb_`b\hibkgu_ml\_j`^_gby
L_fgu_ f_lZnhjbq_kdb_ b lZbgkl\_ggu_ bah[jZ`_gby
\gmlj_gg_]hfbjZebqghklb
Bg^b\b^mZevgu_ij_^klZ\e_gbymgb\_jkZevguon_ghf_gh\
:jo_lbibq_kdh_dZq_kl\h
JZ[hlZ k kbf\heZfb ² wlh kihkh[ h[hclb dhgljhev W]h b
nbevljubgl_ee_dlZ b \hclb\ dhglZdl k ih[m`^_gbyfb`_eZgbyfb
fukeyfb b bfimevkZfb dhlhju_ [ueb [u g_ijb_fe_fu ^ey
khagZgby Kbf\heu fh]ml ihy\eylvky \ kgh\b^_gbyo \her_[guo
kdZadZo bdhgZo gZjh^guo kdZadZo fbnheh]bb e_]_g^Zo gZf_dZo b
ihkeh\bpZo
Kgh\b^_gby
Ij_`^_ q_f ijh^he`blv [he__ ijbklZevgh_ jZkkfhlj_gb_
fbnh\b e_]_g^b bof_klZ\ jZ[hl_k h[jZaZfbg_h[oh^bfhbamqblv
k\yaZggmx k gbfb l_fm ² l_fm kgh\b^_gbb Wlb ^bdb_
klbfmebjmxsb_ h[jZau aZimlZggu_ f_lZnhju b keh`gu_ kp_gZjbb
y\eyxlky ijh^mdlZfb jZ[hlu ijZ\h]h ihemrZjby fha]Z Ih]h\hjdZ
Z\kljZebckdboZ[hjb]_gh\]eZkblM dh]hg_lkgh\lhlijhiZe
JZaebqgu_\a]ey^u^\mo\_ebdbo\ wlhch[eZklb²Nj_c^Zb
Xg]Z²djZldhijb\h^ylkygb`_
IkbohZgZeblbq_kdZyl_hjbykgh\b^_gbc
Nj_c^ ]h\hjbe h kgh\b^_gbyo dZd h
dhjhe_\kdhc
^hjh]_[_kkhagZl_evgh]hHgkqblZeqlhkgh\b^_gbyhljZ`Zxlhiul
[h^jkl\h\Zgbyb jZajZ[hlZe\ukhdhkbkl_fZlbabjh\Zggucih^oh^
d bgl_jij_lZpbb b bkihevah\Zgbx kgh\b^_gbb \ l_jZibb Hg
^mfZe qlh fure_gb_ \h \j_fy kgZ ijbfblb\gh b ih]jm`Z_lky \
\ul_kg_ggucbakhagZgbyfZl_jbZeb qlhkgh\b^_gb_²wlhf_oZgbaf
^eyih^^_j`ZgbykgZb bkiheg_gby`_eZgbc
< kgh\b^_gbyo `_eZgby b klj_fe_gby i_j_h^_lu qlh[u
m^_j`Zlv gZk hl ijh[m`^_gby b ijhlb\hklhygby \ul_kg_ggh]h
fZl_jbZeZ dhlhjh_ hq_gv ljm^gh \u^_j`Zlv Wlh l_f [he__ \Z`gh
_kebbkdj_gg__\ujZ`_gb_wlbo`_eZgbcgZoh^behkv[u\ dhgnebdl_
k gZrbfb fhjZevgufb beb khpbZevgufb p_gghklyfb b ghjfZfb
BagZqZevgh_ `_eZgb_ beb klj_fe_gb_ gZijyfmx khhl\_lkl\m_l
kdjulhfm kh^_j`Zgbx kgh\b^_gby AgZq_gb_ ex[h]h kgh\b^_gby
gZoh^blky \ kdjulhf kh^_j`Zgbb LjZgknhjfZpby kdjulh]h
kh^_j`Zgby \ y\gh_ kh\_jrZ_lky jZ[hlhc kgh\b^_gby gZqZlhc
p_gahjhf kgh\b^_gby Kdjuluc fZl_jbZe ih^Z\ey_lky baaZ _]h
k_dkmZevghcZ]j_kkb\ghcbebihbgufijbqbgZfim]Zxs_cijbjh^u
Fubkihevam_fjZaebqgu_f_oZgbafukbf\hebq_kdboh[jZah\qlh[u
bf_lv^_ehk \ul_kg_gguffZl_jbZehf
K]ms_gb_ \ dhlhjhf fu kh_^bgy_f hij_^_e_ggu_
we_f_glu\gmljbkgh\b^_gby\ _^bguch[jZa
AZf_s_gb_ \ dhlhjhf fu i_j_ghkbf bfimevk k h^gh]h
h[t_dlZgZ^jm]hc
<lhjbqgZy h[jZ[hldZ \ dhlhjhc fu mklZgZ\eb\Z_f
kljmdlmjmqlh[um\_ebqblvk\yaghklvb eh]bdmkgh\b^_gby
< l_jZibb klj_fylky ijhke_^blv jZ[hlm kgZ ^h _]h gZqZeZ b
ihgylv __ k ihfhsvx bgl_jij_lZpbb :gZeblbd bgl_jij_lbjm_l g_
hibjZykv gZ khggbd dZd wlh ^_eZeb ^j_\gb_ gh ihgbfZy h[sb_
ijbgpbiu ljZgknhjfZpbb gZ dhlhjuo \k_ fu kha^Z_f k\hc
kh[kl\_gguc\ukhdhi_jkhgZebabjh\Zggucyaudkgh\b^_gbc
:gZeblbq_kdZyl_hjbykgh\b^_gbc
L_hjbb Xg]Z hlebqZxlky hl l_hjbc Nj_c^Z ^ey Xg]Z
kgh\b^_gby y\eyxlky ijh\b^ysbfb [m^ms__ l\hjq_kdbfb
ihmqbl_evgufb b ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb ijhjhq_kdbfb Hg kqblZe
qlh kgh\b^_gby hibjZxlky gZ dhee_dlb\gh_ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ qlh
Zjo_lbiu ² wlh h[sb_ kbf\heu ojZgysb_ mgb\_jkZevgu_ ^Z`_
fbklbq_kdb_ hsms_gby b h[jZau b qlh kgh\b^_gby kem`Zl
jZkrbj_gbxgZr_]h
ijhgbdgh\_gby \ kh[kl\_ggu_ j_kmjku b kh^_j`Zl gZf_db gZ
lhdZdj_rblvgZrbkh[kl\_ggu_ijh[e_fu
Ohly f_`^m ^\mfy l_hjbyfb bf_xlky b koh^kl\Z ² h[_
rbjhdh bkihevamxl kbf\heu ² ijbgpbibZevgu_ jZaebqby
aZdexqZxlky \ lhedh\Zgbb wlbo kbf\heh\ b \ p_gljZevguo
dhgkljmdlZo Ih Nj_c^m kgh\b^_gby ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc we_f_gl
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h ijhp_kkZ \ul_kg_gby g_`_eZl_evgh]h
g_ih^oh^ys_]h fZl_jbZeZ ba khagZl_evgh]h jZamfZ Ih Xg]m
kgh\b^_gb_ gZfgh]h rbj_ q_f bg^b\b^mZevgh_ b g_ y\ey_lky
`_kldbflhedh\Zgb_fkbf\heZOhly\k_kgh\b^_gbydhg_qghbf_xl
ebqguc we_f_gl xg]h\kdZy l_hjby \dexqZ_l we_f_gl dhee_dlb\gh]h
[_kkhagZl_evgh]h b bf__l gZfgh]h [he__ rbjhdh_ agZq_gb_ b
lhedh\Zgb_
IhgbfZgb_ kgh\b^_gbc b bo agZq_gby bf__l \Z`gmx
iZjZee_ev ijb jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb bamq_gb_ b nj_c^h\kdhc b
xg]h\kdhcl_hjbcieh^hl\hjgh
< jZ[hl_ kgh\b^_gbc b h[jZaZo [m^_l kms_kl\_gguf
jZkkfhlj_lv bg^b\b^mZevgh_ b g_ ih^]hgylv ebqghklv ih^ dZdmx
eb[h ij_^hij_^_e_ggmx fh^_ev < lh `_ \j_fy _keb Xg] ijZ\
kgh\b^_gby b h[jZau \uoh^yl ^Ze_dh aZ ij_^_eu agZgby b hiulZ
q_eh\_dZdh]^Zdeb_glijhju\Z_lky\ dhee_dlb\gh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_
H^gh \Z`gh_ koh^kl\h f_`^m kgh\b^_gbyfb b h[jZaZfb khklhbl \
lhf qlh q_eh\_d jZ[hlZ_l k qm\kl\Zfb \ua\Zggufb kh^_j`Zgb_f b
bf_ggh a^_kv \hagbdZ_l bg^b\b^mZevguc beb ebqguc we_f_gl M
h^ghc deb_gldb \hagbd h[jZa kh[Zd b hgZ bkim]ZeZkv ohly h[uqgh
kh[Zdb__ g_im]ZebIjbbkke_^h\ZgbbhgZhlg_keZbgpb^_gld lhfm
qlh [hyeZkv bklhjbb h DjZkghc rZihqd_ b k\yaZeZ wlh
\hkihfbgZgb_ k k_ [hyagvx l_fgh]h e_kZ HgZ gbdh]^Z g_ fh]eZ
ihgylvihq_fmlZd[hblkye_kZ
Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijhp_kkh\ kgZ b dh]gblb\guo nmgdpbc
ihdZau\Z_lqlh
Khgfh`_l[ulv [_akgh\b^_gbc beb khkgh\b^_gbyfb
Kgh\b^_gby ih\b^bfhfm ijhbkoh^yl \h \k_ jZkrbj_ggu_
i_jbh^u kgZ b bo nmgdpby khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u h[jZ[Zlu\Zlv
qm\kl\_ggu_kb]gZeudhlhju_ihemq_gu\ i_jbh^u[h^jkl\h\Zgby
Ex^yf k ijZ\hihemrZjghc hjb_glZpb_c qvy kbeZ ²
^b\_j]_gpby b l\hjq_kl\h qZklh e_]dh [u\Z_l \kihfgblv k\hb
kgh\b^_gby
Ex^b k e_\hihemrZjghc hjb_glZpb_c qvy kbeZ ²
\_j[Zevgh_b ZgZeblbq_kdh_\kihfbgZxlkgh\b^_gbyg_lZde_]dh
J_rZxsb_ ijh[e_fu b l\hjq_kdb_ kgh\b^_gby ihy\eyxlky
ihlhfm qlh ijb\uqgu_ fh^_eb fure_gby q_eh\_dZ \h kg_
jZkkeZ[e_gu Kgh\b^_gby fh]ml y\eylvky ihiuldhc jZkqbklblv imlb
b j_rblv dh]gblb\gu_ dhgnebdlu \hagbdrb_ baaZ [ehdbjh\hd b
jZaeZ^Z\ kbkl_f_
Fbnheh]b
Fbnheh]by x_gZa\gbybkihevamxlAqbZ
bamqZ b fgh`_kl\h fbnh\ hij_^_e_gghc dmevlmju 0L gh\hc
q_eh\_q_kdhcijbjh^uhgb\klj_qZxlkljZ^bpbcb khh[s_kl\Fbnu
ihfh]Zxl ba\e_q lhjuo hr_ehfeyxsbo Zki_dlh\ q_eh\_q_kdh]h km
\ujZ`Zxlk_jv_agmxghg_[md\Zevgmx BKLBGM kl\h\Zgbyb \ebyxl
gZih\_^_gb_ex^_cBklbgZ\ fbnZokdhj__ih^jZamf_\Z_lky
H[uqghfbn²wlhih\_kl\h\Zgb_d
Fbnb ikboheh]by
=em[bggu_ ikboheh]b lZdb_ dZd ikbohZgZeblbdb gZreb
fbnZo kihkh[ ihgbfZgby ^bgZfbdb nbabq_kdhc `bagb ex^_c b
dhee_dlb\gh]h [_kkhagZl_evgh]h h[s_kl\Z Ab]fmg^ Nj_c^
bkihevah\Ze l_fu klZjbgguo fbnheh]bq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc qlh[u
bah[jZablvdhgnebdlub ^bgZfbdm[_kkhagZl_evghc^mr_\ghc`bagb
gZijbf_j \ _]h W^bih\hf dhfie_dk_ b dhfie_dk_ We_dlju DZje
Xg]\ k\hboikboheh]bq_kdbobgl_jij_lZpbyo[hevrh]hjy^Zfbnh\
dhlhju_[uebgZ[jZgubadmevlmj\k_]hfbjZm\b^_ekqq^_l_evkl\h
kms_kl\h\Zgby Dhee_dlb\gh]h ;_kkhagZl_evgh]h h[ ]h ^ey \k_o Hg
jZajZ[hlZe l_hjbx Zjo_lbih\ ² fh^_e_c kbevv \ebygby
h^gh\j_f_ggh gZ qm\kl\Z b ij_^klZ\e_gby dhlhju_ jZ`Zxlky \
ih\_^_gbbb h[jZaZoB Xg]b Nj_c^jZkkfZljrkgudZd\ujZ`_gb_
kljmdlmjub ^bgZfbdb`bagb[_kkhagZl_eL]hKgh\b^_gb_hlf_qZeb
hgb \h fgh]bo k\hbo hkh[_ggh_ gZihfbgZ_l baeh`_gb_ fbnZ \
dmevlmjZo]^_fbn\k__s_ %LL`Z_l\kxkmffm`bagb
KZfh_ bkq_jiu\Zxs__ bamq_gb_ fbnh\ k lhqdb aj_gby ghc
ikboheh]bb[uehij_^ijbgylhZf_jbdZgkdbfmqkguenhfDwf
M]? 5RUL
A UR
OF
L
+L O? KIK
YB
L
\\_klbg_dhlhju_ihgylby\_kvfZkms_kl\_ggu_^eyq_eh\_dZ
dhlhjuc^he`_g^he`_gihgylvfbnu
Fbnbklhjbyb jZkkm^hd
F_`^m fbnhf bklhjb_c b jZkkm^dhf beb jZpbhgZevguf
\k_]^Zkms_kl\h\ZeZgZijy`_gghklvG_dhlhju_]j_q_kdb_nbehkhnu
\ha\_ebqb\Zeb jZamf b ya\bl_evgh djblbdh\Zeb fbnu dZd \_jguc
imlv ihagZgby j_Zevghklb bm^_ckdhojbklbZgkdZy ljZ^bpby lZd`_
[ueZijhlb\fbnh\
IeZlhg bkihevah\Ze fbnu dZd Zee_]hjbx Z lZd`_ dZd
ebl_jZlmjgu_ ijb_fu \ jZa\blbb Zj]mf_glZ Fbnu b bklhjby
qZklbqgh i_j_dju\Zxlky \ ijheh]_ ?\Zg]_eby hl BhZggZ \ Gh\hf
AZ\_l_ lZf Bbkmk Ojbklhk bah[jZ`_g dZd lhl dlh ijbr_e ba
\_qghklb\ bklhjbq_kdh_\j_fy
Kh\j_f_ggucbgl_j_kd fbnheh]bb
Fbn \k_]^Z y\eyeky qZklvx deZkkbq_kdbo b l_heh]bq_kdbo
bkke_^h\ZgbcgZaZiZ^_²gZijbf_j]j_q_kdb_fbnu[uebmk\h_gu
b Zkkbfbebjh\Zgu jbfeygZfb b klZeb bklhqgbdhf \^hogh\_gby \
lZdb_ [he__ iha^gb_ i_jbh^u dZd J_g_kkZgk b wjZ jhfZglbdh\ Gh
bgl_j_k d fbnm \hkdj_krbc k gh\hc bgl_gkb\ghklvx fh`gh
hlf_lblvihqlb\h\k_o[he__gh\uomgb\_jkbl_lkdbo^bkpbiebgZo²
Zgljhiheh]bb bklhjbb nbehkhnbb bklhjbb j_eb]bb iheblheh]bb
kljmdlmjghc ebg]\bklbd_ KZfu_ kh\j_f_ggu_ l_hjbb fbnZ
\hagbdeb\ [hevr_cbebf_gvr_ckl_i_gbbawlbo^bkpbiebg
<b^ufbnh\
Fbnu fh`gh deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k
^hfbgbjmxs_cl_fhcdhlhjmxhgbbah[jZ`Zxl
DZdgZqZebkv\_sb dhkfh]hgbq_kdb_fbnu
H[uqgh wlh kZfuc \Z`guc fbn \ dmevlmj_ fbn dhlhjuc
klZgh\blkyfh^_evx^ey\k_ohklZevguofbnh\Hgih\_kl\m_lh lhf
dZd gZqZe kms_kl\h\Zlv \_kv fbj < g_dhlhjuo ih\_kl\h\Zgbyo \
i_j\hc ]eZ\_ Dgb]b ;ulby khl\hj_gb_ fbjZ ijhbkoh^bl ba gbq_]h
Fbnu_]bilygZ\kljZebcp_\]j_dh\b fZcylZd`_]h\hjyl
h khl\hj_gbb ba gbq_]h <h fgh]bo kemqZyo [h`_kl\h \ wlbo
fbnZo\k_fh]ms_
Ihebg_abckdbc fbn khh[sZ_l h l\hj_gbb ijhbkr_^r_f ba
kdhjemiudhdhkh\h]hhj_oZ< :njbd_DblZ_Bg^bbx`ghfLbohf
Hd_Zg_ =j_pbb b Yihgbb khl\hj_gb_ fbjZ kbf\hebabjh\Zgh dZd
ijhju\ ba ieh^hjh^gh]h ycpZ fbjZ Ycph ² wlh ihl_gpbZe \k_c
`bagb b bgh]^Z dZd gZijbf_j \ fbn_ x`ghZnjbdZgkdh]h gZjh^Z
^h]hgg_f]h\hjblkydZdh ieZp_gl_fbjZ
?s_ h^bg \b^ dhkfh]hgbq_kdh]h fbnZ ² fbn h jh^bl_eyo
fbjZ < \Z\behgkdhc bklhjbb h l\hj_gbb WgmfZ webr jh^bl_eb
fbjZ:ikmb LbZfZljh`^Zxlihlhfkl\hdhlhjh_iha`_hdZau\Z_lky
ijhlb\hklhysbf kh[kl\_gguf jh^bl_eyf Ihlhfkl\h ih[_`^Z_l
jh^bl_e_c\ [bl\_b ba`_jl\_ggh]hl_eZkha^Z_lkyfbj
Dhg_p\k_o\_s_cwkoZlheh]bq_kdb_fbnuKms_kl\mxl
fbnu dhlhju_ hibku\Zxl dhg_p k\_lZ beb ijboh^ kf_jlb \ fbj
Fbnu h dhgp_ k\_lZ ij_^eZ]Zxl _]h khl\hj_gb_ gjZ\kl\_ggh
[h`_kl\_ggufkms_kl\hfdhlhjh_\ dhgp_jZajmrZ_lk\h_l\hj_gb_
< wlh \j_fy dZ`^h_ q_eh\_q_kdh_ kms_kl\h km^yl ih _]h ^_eZf b
]hlh\yl d kms_kl\h\Zgbx \ jZx beb d h^ghc ba \_qguo fmd LZdb_
fbnu ijbkmlkl\mxl kj_^b _\j_ckdbo ojbklbZgkdbo fmkmevfZgkdbo
b ahjhZkljbckdbo
<k_e_gkdbc ih`Zj b ihke_^gyy [bl\Z [h]h\ ² wlh qZklv
bg^h_\jhi_ckdhc fbnheh]bb gZb[he__ ihegh hibkZggu_ \
]_jfZgkdbo \_l\yo fbnheh]bb < fbnheh]bb Zpl_dh\ ^h khl\hj_gby
fbjZex^_c[h]Zfb[uehkha^Zghb jZajmr_ghg_kdhevdhfbjh\
Fbnuh ijhbkoh`^_gbbkf_jlbhibku\ZxldZdkf_jlv\hreZ
\ fbj< wlbofbnZokf_jlv^he]h_\j_fyg_ijbkmlkl\m_l\ fbj_gh
\oh^bl \ g_]h baaZ g_kqZklgh]h kemqZy beb baaZ lh]h qlh dlhlh
ijhklhaZ[u\Z_lihkeZgb_[h]h\dZkZxs__kyq_eh\_q_kdhc`bagb<
dgb]_ ;ulby kf_jlv ijboh^bl dh]^Z ex^b ij_klmiZxl gZ^e_`Zsb_
]jZgbpuk\h_]hagZgby
Fbnuh ]_jhyodmevlmju
LZdb_ fbnu hibku\Zxl ^_ckl\by b oZjZdl_j kms_kl\
hl\_lkl\_gguo aZ hldjulb_ hij_^_e_ggh]h dmevlmjgh]h h[t_dlZ beb
ijhp_kkZ< ]j_q_kdhcfbnheh]bbIjhf_l_cmdjZ\rbch]hgvm [h]h\
y\ey_lky ijhlhlbihf nb]mju lZdh]h jh^Z < dmevlmj_ ^h]hg
Ijhf_l_xih^h[_gdmag_pdhlhjucdjZ^_lba`blgbpu[h]h\k_f_gZ
^ey q_eh\_q_kdh]h khh[s_kl\Z < =_jZfk Bg^hg_aby lZd`_
ijbkmlkl\m_l lZdZy nb]mjZ ² OZbgm\_e_ HgZ kgZ[`Z_l khh[s_kl\h
fgh`_kl\hf g_h[oh^bfuo b jhkdhrguo \_s_c ba hl\_jklbc k\h_]h
l_eZ
Fbnuh jh`^_gbbb \hajh`^_gbb
H[uqghk\yaZggu_k jblmZeZfbbgbpbZpbbfbnuh jh`^_gbb
b \hajh`^_gbbjZkkdZau\Zxlh lhfdZd`bagvfh`_l[ulvh[gh\e_gZ
\j_fyih\_jgmlh\kiylvZ ex^bljZgknhjfbjh\Zgu\ gh\u_kms_kl\Z
²dZd\ j_bgdZjgZpbb
F_kkby
< fbnZoh ijboh^_b^_Zevgh]hh[s_kl\Zlukyq_e_lgb_fbnu
beb KiZkbl_ey f_kkbZgkdb_ fbnu wkoZlheh]bq_kdb_ l_fu
khq_lZxlky k l_fZfb \hajh`^_gby b h[gh\e_gby Lukyq_e_lgb_ b
f_kkbZgkdb_ fbnu h[gZjm`_gu \ ie_f_gguo dmevlmjZo :njbdb
X`ghc :f_jbdb b F_eZg_abb Z lZd`_ \ fbjh\uo j_eb]byo
bm^ZbafZojbklbZgkl\Zb bkeZfZ
Fbnu h F_kkbb IhfZaZggbd_ Ojbkl_ \klj_qZxlky \
l_heh]bb
\gbfZgb_hlp_ebbebijbgpbiZbebdhgnebdlh\Zlvk gbfb
klhcdhklbijhlb\ij_iylkl\bcb jZahqZjh\Zgbc\ ke_^h\Zgbb
p_ebbebijb\_j`_gghklbijbgpbiZf
Kj_^bh[uqguog_^hklZldh\dhlhju_fh]mlijb\_klbd hkeZ[
e_gbx\hebjZaebqZxlkyke_^mxsb_
hlkmlkl\b_p_e_c^hklhcguoklj_fe_gbybebb^_Zeh\b ghjf
ih\_^_gby^hklhcguom\Z`_gbydhe_[exs__ky\gbfZgb_
g_kihkh[ghklv khijhlb\eylvky bfimevkZf beb hldZau\Zlvky
hlijb\uq_d
g_kihkh[ghklv ^_eZlv \u[hj f_`^m Zevl_jgZlb\Zfb beb
ijb^_j`b\Zlvkyh^gZ`^uijbgylh]hj_r_gby
JZa\blb_fure_gby
<ukhlu hebp_l\hjyxlky \_jrbghc ]hju g_[hf beb gk fb
B^_b \_jrbggh]h hiulZ fu m`_ dZkZebkv \ur_ Bkkek gb_ \ukhl
fh`_lhagZqZlvahg^bjh\Zgb_jZaebqbcf_`^mhkghb
wfhpbyfbb \ukrbfbqm\kl\ZfbZ lZd`_ijbgylb_lh]hqlhb
l_ b ^jm]b_ nhjfbjmxl kms_kl\_ggmx qZklv gZr_c
bg^b\b^mZevghklb Hgh lZd`_ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y mjZ\gh\_rb\Zgb_
fure_gby f_`^m l_f qlh dhgdj_lgh b \ukrbf bgl_ee_dlmZevguf
jZkkm`^_gb_f Fure_gb_ ² wlh gZklhevdh `bag_ggh \Z`gZy
nmgdpby qlh ij_`^_ q_f b^lb ^Zevr_ gm`gh ihljZlblv gZ g_]h
g_dhlhjh_\j_fy
H^bgbaZki_dlh\fure_gbydhlhjucke_^m_ljZkkfhlj_lv²
lh qlh fu ^mfZ_f G_dhlhju_ ba gZrbo fuke_c \_kvfZ wnn_dlgu
^Z`_ ijbqm^eb\u Fukeb bf_xl ijb\uqdm \e_lZlv \ khagZgb_ b
\ue_lZlv ba g_]h k bamfeyxs_c kdhjhklvx Hgb fh]ml aZ^_j`Zlvky
bebaZk_klv\ gZr_fmf_gZklhevdhqlhklZgml^hdmqZlv_fmFukeb
fh]ml gZoh^blvky ih^ gZrbf dhgljhe_f beb \uoh^blv baih^ g_]h
hgbfh]ml[ulv[em`^Zxsbfh]hgvdhf\_^msbfgZk\_k_ehlZgpmy
\ hiZkgu_ f_klZ Hgb fh]ml [ulv fheqZeb\ufb dZd fh]beZ beb
rmfgufb dZd Z\lh[mk gZ[bluc [helZxsbfb ^_lvfb ih ^hjh]_ \
rdhemFukeblZdbaf_gqb\ub l_fg_f_g__hgbfh]ml[ulvlZdbfb
gZklhcqb\ufb hdZau\Zy kbevgh_ \ebygb_ gZ gZr_ ih\_^_gb_ Hgb
fh]ml ih^gbfZlv gZk d \_ebq_kl\_gguf \ukhlZf beb ih]jm`Zlv \
]em[bguhlqZygbyb mgb`_gbyFukebdhlhju_\ hkgh\ghfaZgbfZxl
jZamf q_eh\_dZ h[ty\eyxl hldjuluf l_dklhf qlh wlh aZ ebqghklv
AgZqbl \ k\h_f ihbkd_ kZfhkhagZgby gZf gm`gh \gbfZl_evgh
hagZdhfblvkyk gZr_cfukebl_evghc`bagvxb l_fdZdhgZ\eby_lgZ
gZr_ih\_^_gb_
Dh]^Z fu jZkkfZljb\Z_f gZijbf_j kbfiZlbx \ dZdhf
gZijZ\e_gbb \_^ml gZk gZrb fukeb" B dZdh\h gZijZ\e_gb_ dh]^Z
jZkkfZljb\Z_lky__ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvZglbiZlby"<_kvfZ\_jhylgh
qlh dh]^Z wlhl hiul [m^_l \uiheg_g hdZ`_lky ihqlb g_\hafh`guf
hl^_eblv fukev hl qm\kl\Z KblmZpbb b kh[ulby dhlhju_ fu
\kihfbgZ_fijbg_kmlk kh[hcqm\kl\ZghaZl_ffukebfh]mlm\_klb
gZk aZ ij_^_eu lh]h qlh fu ^_ckl\bl_evgh bkiulZeb Fukev fh`_l
[ulv b bklhjbq_kdhc b nmlmjbklbq_kdhc Nmlmjbklbq_kdZy fukev
]jZgbqbl k \hh[jZ`_gb_f DZd b wfhpbb fukeb fh`gh
deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv gZ ihablb\gu_ b g_]Zlb\gu_ gh a^_kv hiylvlZdb
\ghkblkywfhpbhgZevgh_kh^_j`Zgb_Lhqlhfu^mfZ_f²h k_[_h
^jm]bo ex^yo h kblmZpbyo b h[klhyl_evkl\Zo ² \eby_l gZ wfhpbb
dhlhju_\ k\hxhq_j_^v\ebyxlgZgZr_ih\_^_gb_
Fu fh`_f hijZ\^u\Zlvky Y gbq_]h g_ fh]m ih^_eZlv k
fukeyfb ijboh^ysbfb fg_ \ ]heh\m Wlh lZd gh ebrv ^h
g_dhlhjhfkl_i_gbFufh`_fij_^ijbgbfZlvZdlb\gu_rZ]bqlh[u
ihf_rZlvfukeyfaZk_klvm gZkb ]heh\_L_fgu_g_]Zlb\gu_
fukeb fh]ml [ulv jZkk_ygu k\_leufb ihablb\gufb FqZsb_ky
fukebfh]ml [ulvaZf_^e_guk ihfhsvxj_eZdkZpbb b f_^blZpbb a
mijZ`g_gby\heb²qlh_s_jZaih^q_jdb\Z_ljh^kl\hf_`^ml_ehf
wfhpbyfbb jZamfhfM fgh]boex^_clZylky\j_^gu_\hkihfbgZgby
^Ze_dh]h beb g_^Z\g_]h ijhbkoh`^_gby h kh[ulbyo beb ex^yo b
fukebqZklh\jZsZxlky\hdjm]wlbo\hkihfbgZgbc
<ua\Zggu_ \hkihfbgZgby qZklh ijbghkyl k kh[hc [hev
khhl\_lkl\mxs_]hfhf_glZgh\ jZ\ghckl_i_gb\Z`gub k\yaZggu_k
gbfb qm\kl\Z dhlhju_ \ughkylky gZ ih\_joghklv >\Z qm\kl\Z
h[uqgh hdZau\Zxsb_ky gZ ih\_joghklb wlh g_]h^h\Zgb_ b ]hj_qv
;hevrbgkl\h ba gZk \j_fy hl \j_f_gb ihl\hjkl\m_l g_]Zlb\ghfm
fure_gbx gh ex^b dhlhju_ ih^jh[gh b gZ^he]h hklZgZ\eb\Zxlky
gZ g_]Zlb\guo \_sZo bkiulu\Zxl lZd`_ qm\kl\Z gZoh^ysb_ky gZ
l_fghc klhjhg_ wfhpbhgZevgh]h ki_dljZ LZd `_ dZd fh`gh
aZf_^eblv fqZsb_ky fukeb j_eZdkZpb_c b f_^blZpb_c bkihevamy
\hh[jZ`_gb_ q_eh\_d bf__l \hafh`ghklv hlh^\bgmlvky hl
qj_a\uqZcghg_]Zlb\guoqm\kl\d ijhlb\hiheh`ghfmihexkm
I
JbkDhe_khwfhpbhgZevgh]hhkhagZgby
qm\kl\Zh[uqghihfh]ZxlgZfeZ^blvk ^jm]bfbex^vfblh]^Z
dZdg_]Zlb\gu_qm\kl\Zbf_xlijhlb\hiheh`gucj_amevlZl
Dhe_kh hkhagZgby fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv fgh]bfb kihkh[Zfb
gZijbf_j
gZ _]h [Zah\hf mjh\g_ kihkh[kl\mxs_f ijyfhfm
ihgbfZgbxkeh\
jZkkfZljb\Zy ih hq_j_^b dZ`^mx wfhpbx ² hl ex[\b ^h
wdklZaZ ² b jZafureyy h[ h[klhyl_evkl\Zo kblmZpbyo kh[ulbyo b
\j_f_gbdh]^Z\ubkiulu\Zebbo
jZkkfZljb\Zy keh\Z \ iZjZo b wfhpbhgZevgh_ \ha^_ckl\b_
dhlhjh_hgbhdZau\Zxl
iZj keh\ ijhgmf_jh\Zgu ^ey e_]dhklb kkuehd b hgb
hj]Zgbah\Zgu lZd qlh gZqbgZy k ghf_jZ h^bg ² ex[\b ²
ijhbkoh^bl ihkl_i_ggh_ kgb`_gb_ wfhpbhgZevgh]h lhgZ d
g_\bgghklb dhlhjZy hlf_qZ_l dhg_p i_j\hc q_l\_jlb <lhjZy
q_l\_jlv²ihkl_i_ggh_ih\ur_gb_l_fguowfhpbhgZevguolhgh\^h
kZfh]h kbevgh]h g_gZ\bklb Lj_lvy q_l\_jlv ² kgb`_gb_ lhgZ ^h
hilbfba
fZ Q_l\_jlZy q_l\_jlv ² wlh ih\ur_gb_ lhgZ hl
m^h\hevkl\by^hwdklZaZH i_j\hcq_l\_jlbfh`gh^mfZlvdZdh[
Hk_gb h \lhjhc ² dZd h Abf_ lj_lv_c ² dZd h <_kg_ b
q_l\_jlhc²dZdh E_l_Ij_^klZ\eyyex[mxfh^_evq_eh\_db^_l
gZ jbkd ihgylv qlheb[h ba gbo g_ kh\k_f \_jgh <hafh`gh
g_dhlhju_ iZju keh\ g_ y\eyxlky k_fZglbq_kdbfb ZglhgbfZfb
Bf_xlky \ \b^m bf_ggh wfhpbhgZevgu_ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb GZ
ijZdlbd_ f_`^m ex[ufb ^\mfy ihexkZfb kms_kl\m_l fgh]h
]jZ^Zpbc
JZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb ² wlh ihe_agZy ihfhsv qlh[u \hclb \
dhglZdl k wfhpbyfb ij_^klZ\eyy k_[_ dZjlbgm hebp_l\hjyxsmx
dZ`^mx wfhpbx <gmlj_ggyy dZjlbgZ kgZqZeZ fh`_l ihdZaZlvky
kljZgghc b g_ih^oh^ys_c h^gZdh _keb bkke_^h\Zlv dZ`^uc __
Zki_dl gZ\_jgydZ jZkdjh_lky __ [he__ ]em[hdbc kfuke DZ`^uc
q_eh\_dihqlbgZ\_jgydZbf__ljZaebqgu_\gmlj_ggb_ij_^klZ\e_gby
h^ghc b lhc `_ wfhpbb ihlhfm qlh dZ`^Zy wfhpby \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ
ex^_cihjZaghfmFh`_l[ulv^hklZlhqghijb\_klbijbf_j
M Wg^jxkeh\h[_afyl_`ghklv\uau\Z_ldZjlbgmkihdhcgh]h
ha_jZ g_ lh]h dhlhjh_ hg agZe ih ha_jm ieu\_l k_fvy e_[_^_c
Dh]^Z hg bkke_^m_l kp_gm lh ^mfZ_l h agZq_gbb \h^u b hsms_gbb
qlh l_[y ih^^_j`b\Zxl Dh]^Z hg ieu\_l ih \h^_ _]h qm\kl\Z
ih^gbfZxlky \\_jo d h[eZdZf lZgpmxsbf gZ g_[_ Wg^jx
klZgh\blky h^gbf ba h[eZdh\ lhevdh qlh[u ihgylv qlh hgh
hebp_l\hjy_lhkh[h_[_kihdhckl\hdhlhjh_g_dhlhjh_\j_fy\eZ^__l
_]h jZamfhf Hg ^mfZ_l _keb hg gZmqblky [hevr_ jZkkeZ[eylvky lh
kfh`_lih^gylvkygZ^k\hbfbljm^ghklyfb<ha\jZsZykvd ha_jmhg
^mfZ_l h \h^_ __ ]em[bg_ p\_l_ b `bagb kh^_j`Zs_cky \ g_c Hg
ihgbfZ_lqlh\h^ZhljZ`Z_l_]hjZaebqgu_gZkljh_gby
L _
l d LA Q QLO , @ H ! ,, LH DD
KLKj@BRKLKY :
LE6
gh gh \k_ `_ bf__l ]em[bgm dhlhjZy _keb __ bkke_^h\Zlv
hldjh_lhij_^_e_ggu_klhjhgu_]hebqghklbdhlhju_\hafh`ghg_
\k_]^Z _fm ijbylgu K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ba ]em[bg \ujZklZ_l g_qlh
[eZ]hl\hjgh_ Gh ih f_j_ lh]h dZd Wg^jx ijh^he`Z_l kfhlj_lv
ih\_joghklv ha_jZ klZgh\blky g_kihdhcghc \hegmxs_cky ?]h
\hh[jZ`_gb_ gZqZeh \_klb _]h q_j_a iZjZf_lju d \heg_gbx Fh`_l
[ulvdh]^ZAb[m^vWg^jxaZohq_lbkke_^h\Zlvb wlhkeh\h
Bkihevamy Dhe_kh hkhagZgby fh`gh h[gZjm`blv qlh m
q_eh\_dZ bf__lky \ukhdZy kdehgghklv d ihbkdm bkiulZgbc
fZdkbfZevguo qm\kl\ WdklZa b \hklhj] ² lhevdh ^\Z ijbf_jZ
HiZkghklv qZklh ijbghkbl k kh[hc qm\kl\h \hklhj]Z gh \ke_^ aZ
fZdkbfZevgufb i_j_`b\Zgbyfb qZklh ijboh^bl ijhlb\hiheh`gh_
qm\kl\h G_dhlhju_ ba gZk klj_fylky bkiulZlv fZdkbfZevgmx
wfhpbx qlh[u hlkjhqblv iZjgmx _c IulZykv \ua\Zlv kh[ulby b
kblmZpbb dh]^Z wlb qm\kl\Z [ueb bkiulZgu ij_`^_ fu fh`_f
ihgylv qlh hgb [u\Zxl qZs_ q_f fu ^mfZeb kgZqZeZ AZl_f gZf
gm`ghhij_^_eblvqlhfuqm\kl\m_fdh]^Zwlhhij_^_e_ggh_qm\kl\h
ijhrehb qlhfu^_eZ_fqlh[uhlj_]mebjh\Zlvk\h_wfhpbhgZevgh_
khklhygb_
Ohly g_dhlhju_ ex^b Zdlb\gh bsml fZdkbfZevguo
i_j_`b\Zgbc b qm\kl\ ^jm]b_ dZ`_lky `b\ml gZ g_]Zlb\guo
qm\kl\Zo b i_j_`b\Zgbyo Ihfhqv lZdhfm q_eh\_dm
b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv kblmZpbb b kh[ulby \ua\Z\rb_ g_]Zlb\gu_
qm\kl\Z fh`_l lZd`_ hagZqZlv ih[m`^Zlv _]h b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv
ex^_c ijh[m^b\rbo wlb qm\kl\Z Q_eh\_d fh`_l gm`^Zlvky \
ihfhsb qlh[u [ulv kihkh[guf ^\b]Zlvky hl hkljh g_]Zlb\gh]h
Zki_dlZ\^heviZjZf_ljh\d ihablb\ghfmFh`ghijh^\bgmlvky\k_]h
gZ g_kdhevdh ]jZ^Zpbc gh baf_g_gb_ k^_eZ_l _]h wfhpbhgZevgh_
jZ\gh\_kb_kh\k_fbguf=em[hdb_qm\kl\Zbkke_^h\Zggu_\ jZfdZo
[_ahiZkguo hlghr_gbc dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby bf_xl l_jZi_\lbq_kdbc
ihl_gpbZeh]jhfghc\Z`ghklbHq_gvqZklh^\b`_gb_d ihablb\guf
qm\kl\ZfaZljm^g_ghihlhfmqlhlZbebbgZybagZrbokm[ebqghkl_c
k\yau\Z_lgZkDhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_fh`_lklZlvdexqhfhldju\Zxsbf
aZfhd
AZ^Zgb_lj_lv_²bkke_^h\Zgb_]em[bg
Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ]em[bg beb kimkd [ueh ihklZ\e_gh ihke_
bkke_^h\Zgby \ukhl ih^t_fZ lZd dZd h[uqgh kqblZ_lky qlh
bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ukhl f_g__ m]jh`Zxs_ q_f bkke_^h\Zgb_ ]em[bg
[_kkha
\j_f_gZfbb g_eh]bqghd p_ehklgZ
Kimkd\dexqZ_l\ k_[y hkhagZg l_gb [he__ gbadhc klhjhgu
gZr_c bg^b\b^mZevghklb [_k_ gZl_evgh]h Bkke_^h\Zgb_
[_kkhagZl_evgh]hh[uqgh ijbgbfZ\dZdkimkd\gbaohly ^ey wlh]h
g_l j_Zevguo ijbqbg \h \kyd kemqZ_ g_ [he__ q_f ^ey fukeb qlh
G_[_kZ gZoh^ylky gZ\_jom Hgh ZgZeh]bqgh bkke_^h\Zgbx l_fguo
lZcgbdh\ ih^a_fgh]h fbjZ Ikbo__c Ijbf_ju ih^h[gh]h kimkdZ
fh`ghba\e_qvbaWg_b^u
<_j]beby]^_Wg_ckimkdZ_lky\ Z^E_]hd
imlv \gba \ ih^a_fguc fbj ghqvx b ^g_f ^\_jv l_fgh]h Z^Z
hldjulZ gh ijhclb gZaZ^ ih qvbfeb[h ke_^Zf b ijh^_eZlv imlv
hllm^Z gZ\_jo ² wlh aZ ^ZqZ wlh ljm^ Wg_b^Z dgb]Z
Fh`gh \kihfgblv hibkZgb_ iml_r_kl\by q_j_a Z^ \ jZc \
;h`_kl\_gghc dhf_^bb
>Zgl_ Ihwlu nbehkhnu b fbklbdb
]h\hjbebh imqbg_^mrbWlhg_kh\iZ^_gb_qlhfulZd`_]h\hjbf
h ]em[bg_ikboheh]bb
Qlh[u bkke_^h\Zlv ]em[bgu fu ^he`gu bf_lv fm`_kl\h \
k\h_f k_j^p_ b j_rbfhklv kh\k_f dZd bkke_^h\Zl_eb l_fghlu ih^
a_fguo i_s_j :gZeh]by k ih^a_fgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb mf_klgZ
ihlhfm qlh lZf iml_r_kl\_ggbd \klj_lbl fgh]h g_ba\_klgh]h
Fm^juc bkke_^h\Zl_ev [m^_l ih^kljZoh\Zg gZ^_`ghc \_j_\dhc
bkke_^my[_kkhagZl_evgh_fulZd`_^he`gu[ulvm\_j_gu qlh dlh
lhgZoh^blkygZ^jm]hfdhgp_gZ^_`ghc\_j_\db
Ba \k_o p_e_c ^Zggh]h bkke_^h\Zgby fh`gh \u^_eblv h^gm
]eZ\gmx Wlh ijhlb\hklhygb_ l_gb b __ ijbkh_^bg_gb_ d gZr_c kh
agZl_evghc bg^b\b^mZevghklb :jlmjZ lj_\h`beb qm\kl\Z ]g_\Z ik
hlghr_gbx d _]h hlpm Hg agZe qlh hg g_aZdhgghjh`^_gguc agZe
k\h_]hhlpZb h[klhyl_evkl\Zk\h_]hjh`^_gbyghwlhgkmf_gvrbeh
qm\kl\hg_gZ\bklbdhlhjh_qZklhh\eZ^_\Zehbfohlyhgqm\kl\h\Ze
qlh gbq_]h g_ ih^_eZ_rv lZd dZd _]h hl_p mf_j aZ^he]h ^h wlh]h
JZ[hlZyk h[jZaZfbhg\hh[jZabekZfh]hk_[yjupZj_fkdZqmsbfgZ
[_ehf dhg_ >hjh]Z ijb\_eZ _]h q_j_a e_k gZ iheygm ]^_ hg
ih\klj_qZe jupZjy h^_lh]h \ q_jgh_ gZ q_jghf dhg_ jupZjy
dhlhjuc\ua\Ze_]hgZih_^bghd
Dlh wlhl jupZjv" ² kijhkbe y :jlmjZ Hg g_ kdZ`_l fg_
Hg ]h\hjbl qlh y _]h agZx ² hl\_lbe :jlmj Hgb ZlZdh\Zeb ^jm]
^jm]Z b dhiv_ :jlmjZ ijhldgmeh jmdm \lhjh]h jupZjy :jlmj
ko\ZlbekyaZk\hxjmdmb kh^jh]gmekyWlhijhbahrehg_kdhevdhjZa
ihdZ :jlmj g_ kdZaZe Hg hklZgh\e_g b ]h\hjbl <k_ ls_lgh y ²
wlh lu Z lu ² wlh y Y l\hb hl_p l\hy l_gv K wlbfb keh\Zfb
Q_jgubjupZjvbkq_ahklZ\b\ihljyk_ggh]h:jlmjZ\ ke_aZo
Dh]^Z fu bkke_^h\Zeb wlhl kljZgguc kemqZb fu f_^e_ggh
ih^hreb d ihgbfZgbx qlh g_gZ\bklv dhlhjmx :jlmj qm\kl\h\Ze d
k\h_fmhlpmgkiha\heyeZ_fmbgl_]jbjh\Zlvkh[kl\_ggmxl_gvJZgu
hl dhivy ihemq_ggu_ Q_jguf jupZj_f gZ kZfhf ^_e_ [ueb
ih\j_`^_gbyfb dhlhju_ :jlmj gZghkbe kZf k_[_ Wlh [ueb
kha^Zggu_ Q_jguf jupZj_f qm\kl\Z dhlhju_ hg iblZe ih
hlghr_gbxd k\h_fmhlpmG_[uehhkh[hcgm`^udhiZlvky\ wlhf
:jlmj [ukljh mklZgh\be k\yab b agZe qlh i_j\uc rZ] d
bgl_]jZpbbkhklhbl\ lhfqlh[uijhlygmlvjmdm\ agZdijhs_gbyY
ohl_e[ukdZaZlvqlhi_j_f_gZijhbahreZf]gh\_gghghwlhg_lZd
Kimkly ^h\hevgh ^ebl_evguc i_jbh^ i_j_f_gZ `ak_ `_ ijhbahreZ
:jlmjbf_efm`_kl\hbkke_^h\Zlvih^a_fgucfbjg_agZyqlhb dh]h
hg \klj_lbl J_amevlZlhf klZeh hk\h[h`^_gb_ _]h ^moZ ^moh\gZy
ih[_^Z
AZ^Zgb_q_l\_jlh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_ijhly`_gghklb
KhagZgb_fh`ghm\_ebqblvbebjZkrbjblvlZdbfh[jZahfqlh
hgh kfh`_l ijbgbfZlv \k_ [hevr_ b [hevr_ \i_qZle_gbb b nZdlh\
Wlh ijhbkoh^bl dZd jZkrbj_gb_ djm]Z bagmljb ba p_gljZ \h\g_ \h
\k_ogZijZ\e_gbyoZ g_lhevdh\ h^ghfgZijZ\e_gbbM\_ebq_gb_beb
jZkrbj_gb_ khagZgby hl p_g]jZ fh`_l [ulv lj_\h`Zsbf lZd dZd
dZ`_lkyqlhl\_j^uo]jZgbp[hevr_g_lb q_eh\_d\oh^bl\ h[eZklv
khagZgby gZoh^ysmxky ^Ze_dh aZ ij_^_eZfb _]h g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h
\hkijbylby
G_beZ ijbkeZeb dh fg_ ihlhfm qlh ih fg_gbx _]h
ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c hg gk ^hklb]Ze k\h_]h ihl_gpbZeZ Bgljh\_jl G_be
\u]ey^_e aZkl_gqb\uf kZfhmgbqb`Zxrbfky hq_gv g_m\_j_gguf \
k_[_ ?]h bglmblb\gZy nmgdpby [ueZ ohjhrh jZa\blZ b hg
ij_^ihqblZe jZ[hlZlv \ hkgh\ghf k h[jZaZfb GZ h^ghf k_Zgk_ hg
ijh
KfG_be²FZyd\ QZkqb\xjhb
ke_^h\Zeihdhjb^hjmdhlhjuc ijb\_e _]hd lZdhch[rbjghc
i_s_j_ qlh \ k\h_f \hh[jZ`_gbb hg hklZgh\beky \ kljZo_ Hg
^_ckl\bl_evghhldjuejhlLZdhc]jhfZ^ghc[ueZwlZi_s_jZihegZy
yjdh]hk\_lZqlhhgihki_rghj_lbjh\Zekyb aZdhgqbek_ZgkjZ[hluk
h[jZaZfb G_ce kdZaZe <g_aZigh i_j_^h fghc ij_^klZeZ
]jhfZ^ghklv\k_c<k_e_gghcb yihqm\kl\h\Zeqlh_keby k^_eZxrZ]
\i_j_^ lh [m^m ijh]ehq_g b ihl_jyg \ Dhkfhk_ Wlh [ueh kebrdhf
im]Zxs_
< l_q_gb__s_lj_of_kyp_\dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbyfu]h\hjbebh[
wlhf hiul_ gh hg gb jZam g_ ih`_eZe \_jgm]vky b bkke_^h\Zlv qlh
lZf[ueh<g_aZigh_m^Ze_gb_]jZgbphldjueh\b^_gb_k dhlhjuf\
lh \j_fy hg g_ fh] kijZ\blvky K fh_c klhjhgu g_ kebrdhf fm^jh
[uehiulZlvky\ukljhblvkblmZpbxlZdqlh[uhgkfh]kijZ\blvkyk
g_c
AZ^Zgb_iylh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_ijh[m`^_gby
GZr_ _kl_kl\_ggh_ khagZl_evgh_ khklhygb_ ihoh`_ gZ lh
dh]^Zfukibf< wlhfih^h[ghfkgmkhklhygbbfu\b^bf\k_b \k_o
q_j_a iehlgmx aZ\_km djZkhd bkdZ`_gbc b beexabc dhlhju_
ijhbkoh^yl ba gZr_c wfhpbhgZevghc j_Zdpbb j_amevlZlZ ijhreu?
ikbobq_kdbo ljZ\f b \g_rgbo \ebygbc Kebrdhf ^he]Zy `bagv v
beexabyo ijb\h^bl q_eh\_dZ d mfkl\_gghfm g_a^hjh\vx agZqbl
ihbkdkhklhbl\ lhfqlh[uhldjulvqlhlZdh_j_Zevghklvb qlhlZdh_
beexabyIjh[m`^_gb_hlwlh]hkhklhygbylj_[m_lfm`_kl\Z
AZ^Zgb_r_klh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_ijhk\_le_gby
LZd `_ dZd _kl_kl\_ggh_ ijh[m`^_gb_ y\ey_lky i_j_oh^hf b
l_fghlu ghqb d k\_lm ^gy ijhk\_le_gb_ ² wlh imlv hl khagZgby
Lbglmblb\ghfm ihgbfZgbx < ebqghf kfuke_ k\_l kbf\hebq_kd]
ijhgbpZ_l l_fghlm [_kkhagZl_evgh]h emqhf nhgZjy ijhk\_le_g
Y ohl_e[uij_^iheh`blvqlhlxj_fsbd²wlhg_qlhbeb +/
dlhqlhklj_fblky^h\_klbbg^b\b^mmfZ^hbklhs_gby²dZjZl_bghk
khagZgb_ \bgZ q_klhex[b_ kljZo ijh\ZeZ beb ex[hc fgh`_kl\Z
kljZoh\ IulZykv ijbkihkh[blv q_eh\_dZ d l_hjb fh`gh ^hklbqv
f_gvr
A?
A?Ai A
rlvqlh LPL dlhq
--W2/XQ,LOOL+,. A A'.,,OLLO
fbgZgbkkZfbfk_[_qlhdZ`^vpbb bjZamfZb qlhgZwlbljb
qZ
bkoh^ysb_hlikbobdbG_\k_G_dhlhju_hdZau\Zxl[eZ]hl\h^
xl ijhlb\ dhgp_ipbb b Aolg ^_abgl_]jZpbx Z g_ eh]bq_kdZy 7>
\uau\Z_fu_k jkfsbdbwlk
^Z\e_gb_Hgbh
m`e khbf_gblvbodZjZl_evgh_Ljyxlhl^Z\
k\hx\eZklvKl^_laZf_g_gihdh_fb p_ehkl
km[ebqghklb Hgb \u`b\Zxl aZ kq_l \eZklb hkgh\Zgghc gZ
kljZo_ Dh]^Z wlhl kljZo aZf_gy_lky ihdh_f hgb l_jyxl k\h_ `Zeh
Q_eh\_di_j_klZ_l [_`Zlv Z aZl_f fh`_l klmiblv ge l\_j^mx a_fex
kdhj__mijZ\ey_fhcq_fiZlheh]bq_kdhclj_\h]b
lx exl
ba
al_]dZ
[m
[hylky
KemqZcKvxaZg
Y jZkkdZaZe dZd fh`gh mih^h[blv lj_\h]m gZoh`^_gbx gZ
lhiqZd_ ]^_ q_eh\_d qZklh qm\kl\m_l qlh _]h ij_ke_^m_l dZdhclh
kljZo KvxaZg \jZq khjhdZ e_l [ueZ bf_ggh lZdbf q_eh\_dhf K
g_^Z\gbo ihj hgZ klZeZ hq_gv [hylvky gZoh^blvky h^gZ \ ^hf_ b g_
fh]eZkiZlv[_ak\_lZKh\j_f_gbk\h_]hjZa\h^ZhgZ`beZh^gZb k
g_^Z\g_]h \j_f_gb ihemqZeZ g_ijbklhcgu_ l_e_nhggu_ a\hgdb
bgh]^Zkj_^bghqb Dh]^ZfujZa]h\Zjb\Zeb ihkl_i_ggh klZeh ykgh
qlh l_e_nhgguc bgpb^_gl \ua\Ze m g__ [he__ ]em[hdbc b [he__
^Z\gbckljZo
Dh]^Z hgZ ij_[u\ZeZ \ khklhygbb j_eZdkZpbb y ihijhkbe
iha\heblv \hh[jZ`_gbx m\_klb __ d lhfm fhf_glm dh]^Z hgZ \
ihke_^gbc jZa bkiulu\ZeZ kljZo Hg [ue k\yaZg kh kemqZ_f dh]^Z
dlhlh kehfZe __ iZjZ^gmx ^\_jv G_kdhevdh ^jm]bo bgpb^_glh\
m\_eb__ d\hajZklmq_luj_oe_l
KvxaZg Y klhx m iZjZ^ghc ^\_jb ^hfZ fhbo [Z[mrdb b
^_^mrdb \ Mwevk_ H^gZdh y g_ qm\kl\mx kljZoZ Y qm\kl\mx k_[y
\iheg_ kqZkleb\hc Ihq_fm dh fg_ ijbr_e wlhl h[jZa" <k_ `_ \
k\h_f\hh[jZ`_gbbhgZbkke_^h\ZeZ^hfgZqZ\k h[s_cdhfgZlu
GZ klhe_ fbkdZ k emdh\bpZfb JZgvr_ y g_ ihfgbeZ wlm dhfgZlm \
lZdboih^jh[ghklyo
HgZ ^\bgmeZkv ih kdjbimqbf klmi_gvdZf gZ\_jo d kiZevgyf
Dh]^Z hgZ ^h[jZeZkv ^h k\h_c dhfgZlu b rZ]gmeZ \gmljv lh
nbabq_kdb kh^jh]gmeZkv gh g_ kfh]eZ gZclb wlhfm gbdZdh]h
h[tykg_gbyAZl_fijbreh\j_fymkljZb\ZlvkykiZlv
>hjh]hc;h]y mdeZ^u\ZxkvkiZlvY fhexh ;h`_khojZgblv
fhx^mrm?keby mfjmij_`^_q_fijhkgmkvY fhexh ;h`_\aylv
fhx^mrm
;h`_fhcy ]h^Zfbg_^mfZeZh[wlhfDZdZym`ZkgZyfhebl\Z
qlh[umqblv_cj_[_gdZ?keby mfjmij_`^_q_fijhkgmkv
AZl_fkhklhyekyjZa]h\hjk __fZl_jvx
KvxaZg FZfZhklZ\vk\_l\dexq_gguf
FZlv Gmg_[m^v]emihcKvxaZg
KvxaZg FZfZhklZ\vk\_l\dexq_ggufih`ZemcklZijboh^y
\ \ha[m`^_gb_`
K\_l [ue hklZ\e_g \dexq_gguf < __ \hh[jZ`_gbb \hagbd
[_euc[e_klysbch[t_dldhlhjucim]ZeKvxaZgHgZ^_j`ZeZkvaZ
fhxjmdmwlhijb^Z\Zeh_cg_dhlhjmxm\_j_gghklv
<bevyf Hibrbl_wlhlij_^f_l
KvxaZg Hgijhklh[_eucb [e_klysbcDZ`_lkyhgg_bf__l
gbdZdhchij_^_e_gghcnhjfu
<bevyf <ufh`_l_^hg_]h^hljhgmlvky"
KvxaZg Y bkim]ZgZ gh ihklZjZxkv L_i_jv hg ij_\jZlbeky \
g_qlh[_eh_²dZdijhklugy\bkysZy\ \ha^mo_
<bevyf QlhwlZijhklugyohq_lk^_eZlv"
KvxaZg HgZ^\b`_lkydhfg_hgZohq_lh[_jgmlvf_gy
<bevyf Imklv
KvxaZg Y [hxkvGk\uimkdZcl_fhxjmdmHgZij_\jZlbeZkv
\ ^_j_\yggucdhfh^dhfh^dhlhjuc[ue\ fh_ckiZevg_
<bevyf Qlh\uohl_eb[uk^_eZlvk dhfh^hf"
KvxaZg Y hldjhx ysbdb M f_gy _klv wlh ?_ ]hehk
ih\ukbeky hl \ha[m`^_gby Wlh kZ\Zg ;Z[mrdZ ojZgbeZ \k_ k\hb
ih]j_[Zevgu_\_sb\ wlhfdhfh^_Y fh]m\kihfgblvqlh[ueZhq_gv
haZ^Zq_gZdh]^Z^_^mrdZbkq_aHgmf_jb yagZeZqlh_]haZ\_jgmeb
\ h^gmba[Z[mrdbguoijhklug_c
Dh]^Zfuijh]h\Zjb\ZebwlhKvxaZgk\yaZeZqm\kl\hkljZoZ
l_fghlukhkljhdhcfhebl\u?keby mfjmij_`^_q_fijhkgmkvb
k lZcghcbkq_agh\_gby__ ^_^mrdb
KvxaZg Hldm^Zy fh]eZagZlvjZagbpmf_`^meh`blvkykiZlv
b l_fqlh^_^mrdZe_]kiZlvb _]haZ\_jgmeb\ ijhklugx
R_ceZg_k^ZeZj_i_lbpbx\uimkdguowdaZf_gh\G_k^Zebk]
^\h_klm^_glh\b wlhihfh]ehih^^_j`Zlv__ fhjZevgh_khklhyvFu
^h]h\hjbebkv ijh^he`Zlv jZ[hlm ^h \uimkdguo wdaZf_g Lj_\h]Z
ijb\_eZ Rkcem d \jZqm h[s_c ijZdlbdb lhl ijhibkb e_dZjkl\h
dhlhjh_ ijb\_eh d \hagbdgh\_gbx ]heh\ghc [he] R_ceu [he_eZ
]heh\Z dh]^Z hgZ ijbreZ gZ ke_^mxsbc k_Zgk ij_^klZ\beZ k_[_
[hev dZd aZimlZgguc dem[hd \_j_\db Y ihi kbe jZaj_r_gby
bkihevah\Zlv ijbdhkgh\_gb_ b ihfh] _c khkjk lhqblvky gZ [heb
dhlhjZy ihkl_i_ggh klZeZ e_]q_ R_ceZ kd eZ Y \b`m dZd f_gy
^_j`Zl \ dhjbqg_\hf j`Z\hf ihoh`_
? kZjdhnZ] ysbd_ Y g_ fh]m
\uj\Zlvky iheghklvx Wlh k^_eZeh f_gy kebrdhf mya\bfhc Y
kebrdhf[hxkvqlhf_gykgh\Zgyl
Y kdZaZeIhkfhljbl_fh`_l_eb\uhk\h[h^blvqZklv__ HgZ
kfh]eZ \ukmgmlv k\hx ijZ\mx klhim gh wlh [ueh \k_ Y L aZe
Kijhkbl_ \Zrm klhim qlh hgZ qm\kl\m_l gZoh^ykv kgZjm` HgZ
]h\hjblqlhqm\kl\m_lk_[yohjhrh²hl\_lbeZR_ceZ
Dh]^Z R_ceZ e_`ZeZ \ wlhf ysbd_ g_hij_^_e_ggZy fm`kdZy
nb]mjZ ijbreZ ihfhqv _c Fm`qbgZ \aye __ jmdm b _]h jmdZ [ueb
l_iehc b mkihdZb\Zxs_c Gh y \k_ jZ\gh g_ fh]m \uj\Zlvky
]h\hjbeZR_ceZY [ueihljyk_gl_fgZkdhevdh__ jZkkdZa[ebahdd
lhfmdZdKiysmxDjZkZ\bpmjZa[m^beijbgpWlh__ `_g
kdh_ gZqZeh qm\kl\h\Zeh k_[y aZo\Zq_gguf ihkZ`_ggvr \
de_ldmmya\bfuf
H^gZ ba oZjZdl_jguo q_jl dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby aZdexqZ_lky \
lhfqlh\Z`gZybgnhjfZpbyqZklhg_jZkdju\Z_lkyihdZhlghr_gby
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby g_ mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky ^hklZlhqgh ijhqgh Wlh
^he`gh[ulvbf__lhlghr_gb_d ^h\_jbxGZ^_\ylhfk_Zgk_R_ceZ
ijbagZeZkv:g]ebckdbc²fhckZfuckeZ[ucij_^f_lb yg_fh]m
ykgh \ujZ`Zlv k\hb fukeb gZ [mfZ]_ AZl_f hgZ ijh^he`ZeZ hq_gv
kfms_ggh Y r_klv jZa k^Z\ZeZ gme_\hc mjh\_gv ih Zg]ebckdhfm b
m`Zkgh klu`mkv lh]h dZd ibrm Y k^_eZx \k_ qlh fh]m qlh[u
kdjulv wlh Hgb aZklZ\eyeb f_gy ibkZlv ijZ\hc jmdhc iulZykv
k^_eZlv ihoh`_c gZ dh]hlh ^jm]h]h Y agZx qlh ibrm kf_rgh b
^_\hqdb^Z`_k_cqZkihl_rZxlkygZ^hfghcbaaZwlh]h
Y ihijhkbe R_cem gZibkZlv qlhgb[m^v ^ey f_gy gh hgZ
kfh]eZgZibkZlvlhevdhg_kdhevdhkeh\AZl_ffuijbf_gbebjZ[hlm
k h[jZaZfbd lhfmdZdhgZkijZ\ey_lkykhk\hbkljZohfhkh[_gghgZ
wdaZf_g_ Fu khrebkv gZ lhf qlh djblbdZ gZkf_rdZ b gZdZaZgb_
[ueb lj_fy [hevrbfb kljZoZfb Qlh[u kijZ\eylvky k gbfb R_ceZ
jZajZ[hlZeZ k\hb kh[kl\_ggu_ f_lh^u jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb dhlhju_
\dexqZeb \ k_[y fgh]h ihablb\gh]h jZa]h\hjZ k kh[hc iho\Zeu b
ml\_j`^_gby
R_ceZhlijZ\beZkvgZwdaZf_ghsmsZyk_[yihqlbkihkh[ghc
ihemqblv m^h\hevkl\b_ HgZ ^mfZeZ qlh g_ ihemqZ_l [hevrh]h
m^h\hevkl\byghkdZaZeZqlhg_qm\kl\m_lk_[y\u\_^_gghcbakljhy
lj_\h]hcY \klj_lbe__ \dhee_^`_\ lhmljhdh]^Z[ueb\u\_r_gu
j_amevlZlu R_ceZ [ueZ kj_^b l_o dlh jZ^h\Zeky b ml_rZeZ ^\hbo
dlhjZ^g_[ue
J_axf_
< wlhf iml_r_kl\bb fu jZkkfhlj_eb lj_\h]m dZd ghjfZevgh_
i_j_`b\Zgb_ ohly ijb iZlheh]bq_kdhc lj_\h]_ q_eh\_dm h[uqgh
lj_[m_lky ikbobZljbq_kdZy ihfhsv >ey hibkZgby lj_\h]b [ueZ
bkihevah\ZgZZgZeh]byk lhiqZdhf]^_q_eh\_dZbkiulu\Zxs_]hwlh
khklhygb_qZklhih^lZedb\Zxld nbabq_kdhfmbgl_ee_dlmZevghfmb
wfhpbhgZevghfm bklhs_gbx Lhl nZdl qlh [hevrbgkl\h ex^_c
ijbagZxlqlhbkiulu\Zxlg_dhlhju_h[uqgu_
kbfilhfu lj_\h]b ij_^hklZ\ey_l h[smx hkgh\m ^ey
h[ke_^h\Zgby^hklZlhqghmgb\_jkZevgh]hn_ghf_gZ
< hlghr_gbb l_o ex^_c q_c hiul lj_\h]b ^\b`_lky hl
ghjfZevgh]h djZy rdZeu d iZlheh]bq_kdhfm [ueZ \u^\bgmlZ
ke_^mxsZy l_hjby hgb y\eyxlky `_jl\Zfb ZglZ]hgbklbq_kdbo
km[ebqghkl_b \hxxsbo ^jm] k ^jm]hf B^_glbnbdZpbb wlbo
km[ebqghkl_c fh`_l [ulv ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u ebrblv bo
^_kljmdlb\ghc\eZklbdhlhjmxhgb\ayebgZ^q_eh\_dhf
Ex^b dhlhju_ kljZ^Zxl hl \u\h^ys_c ba kljhy lj_\h]b
lZd`_ kljZ^Zxl hl jZajmr_gghc kZfhhp_gdb Ih^^_j`dZ hl
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby ihfh`_l \hkklZgh\blv kZfhhp_gdm klhev
kms_kl\_ggmx ^ey hilbfZevgh]h \ua^hjh\e_gby Dh]gblb\gZy
i_j_kljhbd L ihbkd bgnhjfZpbb b fbgbfbaZpby m]jhau qlh[u
ihfhqv qk A.9 kgbablv mjh\_gv lj_\h]b fh]ml hdZaZlvky mf_kl]
bkihevah\Zgby\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb
?keb fu ihfh`_f deb_glm b^_glbnbpbjh\Zg qZdZ lh ^Z^bf
_fm fhsgh_ hjm^b_ dhgljhebjh\Zg L b \ ex[hf dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb
fu bkihevam_f rbjhj gZ\udh\ h]jZgbq_gguc j_i_jlmZj fh`_l
hdZaZlvky^eyd kebrdhfk\yau\ZxsbfHij_^_e_ggucih^oh^fh`_l
&227%&,/ L\Zlvh^ghfmdeb_glmghg_khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv\k_fH^bgf_
fh`_l ih^oh^blv ebqghklb h^gh]h l_jZi_\lZ gh gk dZ`^hfm H ba
p_e_cdhgkmevlbjh\Zgby²kZfhihagZgb_hghijbf_gy_lkydeb_glZf
b d l_f dlh dhgkmevlbjm_l GZf dhgkmevlbjmx
ke_^m_l agZlv
ihq_fm fu ^_eZ_f wlh b ihq_fm ij_^ihqblZ_f ihevah\Zlv
hij_^_e_ggu_ih^oh^u?kebfuoh]bfqlh[udhgk?lbjh\Zgb_[ueh
^_ckl\bl_evghwnn_dlb\gufgZr^he] &2&72lhfqlh[ujZkrbjylv
ihgbfZgb_ kZfbo k_[y Z lZd`_ ih^oh^ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx dhlhju_
jZajZ[hlZeb^jm]b_ex^b
H^bggZ^pZlh_ iml_r_kl\b_ BKKE?>H<:GB?
>?IJ?KKBB
Ebf[^_ij_kkbb
DZd b ijb jZkkfhlj_gbb lj_\h]b ^_ij_kkby [m^_l
jZkkfZljb\Zlvky \ hkgh\ghf dZd khimlkl\mxs__ h[klhyl_evkl\h
[he_agb beb ih\j_`^_gby Z g_ dZd kh[kl\_ggh ikboheh]bq_kdh_
gZjmr_gb_ Gh qlh[u k^_eZlv wlh g_h[oh^bfh ij_`^_ \k_]h
bkke_^h\Zlvijbgpbiu^_ij_kkbbG_dhlhju_ihgylbydhlhju_[m^ml
\\_^_gu \ihke_^kl\bb \iheg_ ljZ^bpbhggu ^jm]b_ g_e_]dh
mdeZ^u\Zxlky \ h^gm ba rdhe ikbohiZlheh]bb Y mfvru_ggh
bkihevamx rbjhdbc ih^oh^ d wlhfm ijbqbgyxs_fm kljZ^Zgb_
khklhygbx ihlhfm qlh aZ g_]h gm`gh [jZlvky ih \hafh`ghklb gZ
rbjhdhf njhgl_ GZr_ agZgb_ h ^_ij_kkbb h[rbjgh gh ihgbfZgb_
wlh]hkhklhygbygbdh]^Zg_[m^_liheghklvxm^h\e_l\hjbl_evguf<
^Zgghf jZa^_e_ y iulZxkv ijhgbdgmlv \hafh`gh ^Zevr_ \ ]em[bgu
[_a^hgghcyfu^_ij_kkbb
< bkke_^h\Zgbb lj_\h]b y ij_^eh`be ZgZehrx k lhiqZdhf
LZfq_eh\_dZihklhygghih[m`^Zxld bagmjyxs_c ^_yl_evghklb<h
fgh]bo hlghr_gbyo ^_ij_kkby ijhlb\hiheh`gZ wlhfm khklhygbx
ex^bihcfZgu\ eh\mrdmdhlhjZyhlj_aZ_lbohlijb\uqghckj_^u
lZdbf h[jZahf f_rZy bf khhl\_lkl\_ggh j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ g__ b
\aZbfh^_ckl\h\Zlvk ^jm]bfbex^vfb
Bf_gghwlhqm\kl\hhlhj\Zgghklb²g_kihkh[ghklb\klmiZlv\
wfhpbhgZevgucdhglZdl²ijb\_ehf_gyd ZgZeh]bbebf[^_ij_kkbb
Ebf[ iheZlugb OLPEXV hagZqZ_l ]jZgbpZ beb djZc <
dZlhebq_kdhc l_heh]bb ebf[ ² wlh `bebs_ f_jl\uo qvb ^mrb
hlemq_gu hl G_[_k [_a dZdhceb[h bo \bgu ² l_o dlh mf_j ^h
jh`^_gby OjbklZ b dlh mf_j [_a KiZk_gby GZa\Zgb_ \hagbdeh ba
^j_\g_]h\_jh\Zgbyqlhwlhf_klhjZkiheh`_ghgZdjZxZ^Z
L_heh]b jZaebqZxl ^\Z \b^Z ebf[Z ebf[ h]ph\ ]^_ ^mrb
ijhklhgZoh^ylky\ aZlhq_gbb^hlh]hdZdOjbklhf[m^_lkh\_jr_gh
bo bkdmie_gb_ b ebf[ ^_l_c ]^_ ^mrb g_dj_s_guo ^_l_c b
^jm]b_ k\h[h^gu_ hl ebqgh]h ]j_oZ gZkeZ`^Zxlky _kl_kl\_gguf
[eZ`_gkl\hf gh bf hldZaZgh \ k\_jot_kl_kl\_gghf [eZ`_gkl\_
G_[_k Wlh lZd`_ f_klh g_dj_s_guo ^_l_c b ex^_c qv_ mfkl\_ggh_
khklhygb_g_iha\hey_lbfhlebqZlvohjhr__hl^mjgh]hG_dhlhju_
l_heh]b m[_`^_gu qlh ^_lb \ ebf[_ ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb
ih^\_j`_gui_qZebihlhfmqlhhgbqm\kl\mxlebr_gb_
Ex^bdhlhju_m]g_l_gu`ZemxlkygZihl_jxjZ^hklb`bagb
i_qZev \bgm b gbdq_fghklv Hgb bkiulu\Zxl iZjZghb^Zevgu_
qm\kl\Z ihl_jx wg_j]bb b bgl_j_kZ gZjmr_gb_ kgZ gZjmr_gb_
Zii_lblZ b \_kZ gZjmr_ggh_ qm\kl\h \j_f_gb M gbo gZ[ex^Zxlky
kmbpb^Zevgu_ l_g^_gpbb lj_\h]Z b gZ\yaqb\u_ b^_b gZjmr_gb_
k_dkmZevghcnmgdpbbaZf_^e_gb_l_e_kguonmgdpbcb \ha[m`^_gb_
>Ze__[m^mljZkkfhlj_gulhevdhg_dhlhju_bawlbokbfilhfh\
I_qZev
I_qZev
GEXLQL
[heb ² [heb g_ nbabq_kdhc Z mfkl\_gghc ?keb i_qZev ²
wlhikbobq_kdZy[hevkihkh[gZebikbobdZ\ul_ji_lv\ h^bghqdmlZd
fgh]h [heb" <hafh`gh eb qlh ij_\ur_gb_ ikbobq_kdhc [heb
ljZgknhjfbjm_lky \ ^jm]b_ qm\kl\Z ² lj_\h]m ]g_\ yjhklv b
ikbohkhfZlbq_kdb_ijhy\e_gby"
I_qZev hkh[_ggh _keb hgZ ke_^m_l aZ hij_^_e_gguf
kh[ulb_f lZdbf dZd kf_jlv ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc g_dbc \b^
dhfi_gkZpbbohlyh[gh\e_gb_fh`_laZgylv^he]h_\j_fy< ex^yo
dhlhju_i_j_oh^ylhlghjfZevghci_qZebd ^_ij_kkbbih\b^bfhfm
g_ijhbkoh^bl\haf_sZxs_cjZ[hlu]hjyhgbg_fh]mlijh^_eu\Zlv
jZ[hlm i_qZeb <hafh`gh lZdb_ ex^b ikboheh]bq_kdb iehoh
wdbibjh\Zguihlhfmqlh`bag_gguchiulg_ih^]hlh\beboqlh[u
jZaj_rblvk\h_]hj_bebi_qZev
I_qZev ² oZjZdl_jgZy q_jlZ ih^Z\e_ggh]h khklhygby b
ih^Z\e_ggu_ ex^b d dZdhc [u dmevlmj_ hgb gb ijbgZ^e_`Zeb
\iheg_kh]eZkh\ZgguihfZg_j_\ dhlhjhchgbbkihevamxlh[jZaguc
yaudqlh[uhibkZlvk\hbqm\kl\Zbok_j^p_fh`_l[ulvly`_euf
l_fguf klygmluf ih]jm`_gguf Deb_gl fh`_l qm\kl\h\Zlv
k_[ylZddZd[m^lhm g_]hdZf_gvgZk_j^p_l_fgZylmqZgZ\bkZ_l
gZ^ ]heh\hc I_qZev \ha]eZ\ey_l kibkhd fgh]bo bkke_^h\Zgbb
^_ij_kkbb
Ihl_jyjZ^hklb
KjZam aZ i_qZevx ke_^mxl ihl_jy jZ^hklb g_kihkh[ghklv
gZkeZ`^Zlvky hlkmlkl\b_ m^h\hevkl\by Bf_ggh wlb qm\kl\Z lZd
[ebadhkhhlghkylkyk i_qZevxqlhboihe_aghjZkkfZljb\Zlv\f_kl_
M ih^Z\e_gguo ex^_c gZjZklZ_l g_kihkh[ghklv gZkeZ`^Zlvky Wlh
hljZ`Z_lky gZ bo hlghr_gbyo k jh^kl\_ggbdZfb m\e_q_gby
klZgh\ylkykdmqgufb\hkijbylb_bkdmkkl\Zb fmaudbdhlhjufbhgb
ij_`^_ gZkeZ`^Zebkv l_jy_l k\hx ijb\e_dZl_evghklv fbj ijbjh^u
b a\mdh\ebrZ_lkyjZaghh[jZabydjZkhdLhlnZdlqlh`bagvlmkdeZb
fjZqgZijbqbgy_lbf[_kihdhckl\hHgbagZxlqlhjZ^hklvmreZgh
g_fh]mlihgylvhldm^Zb dZd\_jgmlv__ h[jZlghG_\k_ih^Z\e_ggu_
ex^b kihkh[gu \ujZablv lZdh_ hsms_gb_ kihglZggh gh dh]^Z bf
ihfh]Zxl wlh k^_eZlv klZgh\blky hq_\b^guf qlh hgb i_j_`b\Zxl
wlmihl_jx
Lhqlhq_eh\_dg_gZoh^bl m^h\hevkl\by \ \_sZo beb ex^yo
ijb\h^bl_]hbeb__ dwfhpbhgZevghfmhlqm`^_gbxhl^_yl_evghklb
b ex^_c dhlhju_ h[uqgh klbfmebjh\Zeb [u __ Bf_ggh
^Zggh_ qm\kl\h [_ajZ^hklghklb ihjh`^Z_l ijh[e_fu qlh
g_m^b\bl_evghDh]^ZdZdh_eb[hgZkljh_gb_hl^_ey_lfm`Zhl`_gu
jh^bl_e_chl^_l_cdhee_]mhlkhkem`b\p_\khk_^Zhlkhk_^Zb dh]^Z
wlb hlghr_gby ihjZ`Zxlky \k_ jZahf gZr wfhpbhgZevguc fbj
gZklhevdhkm`Z_lkyqlhfukZfbij_\jZsZ_fky\ gbqlhBf_gghlZd
ex^b \ujZ`Zxl ]em[bgm qm\kl\Z baheypbb dhlhjh_ ijbghkbl
^_ij_kkbyIh^Z\e_ggu_ex^bhdZau\Zxlkyh^bghdbfbhl^_e_ggufb
hl \k_o q_eh\_q_kdbo dhglZdlh\ \ fbj_ dhlhjuc ijbgbfZ_l
\jZ`^_[gh_ h[ebqv_ DZ`^uc q_eh\_d fh`_l hibkZlv k\hc hiul k
ihfhsvx h[jZaZ b \k_ wlb h[jZau bf_xl h^bg h[sbc ijbagZd ²
ih^Z\e_gguc q_eh\_d \b^bl k_[y aZdexq_gguf \ baheypbb ba
dhlhjhcg_l\uoh^Z
H^gZ ba oZjZdl_jguo q_jl ^_ij_kkbb khklhbl \ lhf qlh hgZ
aZjZabl_evgZ DhgkmevlZglu \iheg_ fh]ml h[gZjm`blv qlh
ih^[bjZy i_qZev b j_Z]bjmy gZ g__ hgb kZfb klZgh\ylky
i_qZevgufb b l_jyxl k\hx kh[kl\_ggmx jZ^hklv <ha^_ckl\b_
dhlhjh_ih^Z\e_ggu_ex^bhdZau\ZxlgZ^jm]bo ²\Z`guc nZdlhj
bo jZklms_c baheypbb K h^ghc klhjhgu ih^Z\e_ggu_ ex^b \k_ `_
hlqZyggh gm`^Zxlky \ q_eh\_q_kdhf dhglZdl_ k ^jm]hc ² hklZ_lky
hq_gv fZeh l_o dhfm hgb fh]ml ij_^eh`blv mklZgh\blv beb
ih^^_j`b\Zlv ^jm`_kdb_ hlghr_gby <hafh`gh qlh ijb ^_ij_kkbb
ih\j_`^Z_lky kihkh[ghklv q_eh\_dZ ex[blv b [ulv ex[bfuf F_jZ
wlh]h khklhygby mkbeb\ZxsZy qm\kl\h baheypbb ² kgb`_gb_
eb[b^h Kgb`_gb_ fh`_l jZg`bjh\Zlvky hl fZeh]h `_eZgby ^h
iheghc g_kihkh[ghklb b bfihl_gpbb M iZj dhlhju_ ij_`^_ \
iheghcf_j_gZkeZ`^Zebkvm^h\e_l\hjyxsbfk_dkhfihl_jy`_eZgby
beb g_kihkh[ghklv d k_dkm fh`_l ih^\_j]gmlv hlghr_gby k_jv_aghc
^_nhjfZpbb
?s_h^gZ klhjhgZ hlghr_gbb ijb\yaZgghklb ² wlh h[s_gb_
H^gZdh ]em[hdh_ qm\kl\h baheypbb h[uqgh aZljm^gy_l h[s_gb_
H[s_gb_ klZgh\blky [j_f_g_f H^gZ ba ljm^ghkl_c h dhlhjuo
]h\hjyl ih^Z\e_ggu_ ex^b khklhbl \ lhf qlh jZa]h\hju ^jm]bo
ex^_c^_ckl\mxlgZg_j\uboghjfZevguckf_odZ`_lkyZ[khexlgh
g_mf_klguf bo ihiuldb ihfhqv ^_em klZgh\ylky bklhqgbdhf
jZa^jZ`_gby<heguh[s_gbybkdZ`Zxlkyih^Z\e_ggufb qm\kl\Zfb
H[s_gb_²\ ex[hfkfuke_²nZdlbq_kdbij_djZsZ_lkyWlhfh`_l
k^_eZlv dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ ljm^guf hkh[_ggh lZf ]^_ ijhp_kk
kbevghaZ\bkblhljZa]h\hjZ
<bgZb gbdq_fghklv
< kemqZ_ ly`_ehc ^_ij_kkbb q_eh\_dZ ih]ehsZxl qm\kl\Z
\bgu b gbdq_fghklb Y gbq_]h g_ klhx fbj [_kkfuke_g
[m^ms__ [_agZ^_`gh >jm]b_ ijbgbfZxl hlghkbl_evgh
h[gZ^_`b\Zxsbc \a]ey^ gZ [m^ms__ b \_jyl qlh m gbo \k_ [m^_l
ohjhrh GZ wlh hq_\b^gh ^h g_dhlhjhc kl_i_gb \eby_l hkgh\Z bo
ebqghklb b lZ ih^^_j`dZ dhlhjmx hgb ihemqZxl Ex^b dhlhju_
\k_]^Z[uebg_]Zlb\ghb i_kkbfbklbqghgZkljh_gufh]ml[ulv[he__
kdehggud ijbgylbxi_kkbfbklbq_kdh]h\a]ey^ZgZk\hx^_ij_kkbx
Lhlm dh]h_klvih^^_j`dZex[ys_cb aZ[hleb\hck_fvbbf__l[he__
iheh`bl_evguc \a]ey^ q_f lhl dlh `b\_l h^bg Ex^b dhlhju_
^mfZxl qlh hgb hijZ\ylky qm\kl\mxl k_[y emqr_ q_f l_ dlh
qm\kl\m_l qlh fh]eb [u hijZ\blvky Fh`_l [ulv gZ wlhf klhbl
knhdmkbjh\Zlvky\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbbkdhj__bkihevamydh]gblb\guc
ih^oh^kbevgh]hml\_j`^_gbyq_fihklhygghbkke_^myqm\kl\Z
< kZfuo ly`_euo kemqZyo ^_ij_kkbb wlb qm\kl\Z \bgu b
gbdq_fghklb ijbgbfZxl jZa^mlu_ beexahjgu_ jZaf_ju < lZdbo
kemqZyo \_jm g_evay hijhdbgmlv ^hdZau\Zy ijhlb\hiheh`gh_
g_kfhljygZlhqlhwlZ\_jZfh`_lg_kh]eZkh\u\Zlvkyk khpbZevguf
bebh[jZah\Zl_evgufnhghfebqghklb<lhjhkl_i_ggu_ijhklmidbb
mims_gby fh]ml [ulv jZa^mlu ^h ]jhfZ^guo gZjmr_gbb fhjZevguo
ghjf Beexahjgu_ hl\_lu g_j_^dh \dexqZxl \ k_[y klhcdh_
m[_`^_gb_ qlh q_eh\_d y\ey_lky om^rbf ba \hafh`guo ]j_rgbdh\
hgkh\_jrbe]j_odhlhjhfmg_lijhs_gby\bgh\Zl\ khklhygbb\
dhlhjhfgZoh^blkyfbjb lZd^Ze__DZ`_lkyqlhijbih^Z\e_gghklb
gZrb h[uqgu_ qm\kl\Z khfg_gby klZgh\ylky gZklhevdh
ij_m\_ebq_ggufb qlh aZo\Zlu\Zxl \eZklv b \ul_kgyxl jZamfgu_
fukebb qm\kl\Z
KZfhhp_gdZ
KZfhhp_gdZ²wlhkl_i_gv^hdhlhjhcq_eh\_dqm\kl\m_lk_[y
p_gguf ^hklhcguf beb dhfi_l_glguf Hq_gv gbadZy kZfhhp_gdZ
jZ\gZ hsms_gbx gbdq_fghklb ;he_agv beb bg\Zeb^ghklv baf_gy_l
kZfhhp_gdmq_eh\_dZghq_eh\_dZh[eZ^Zxs_]hgbadhckZfhhp_gdhc
hgZfh`_lih]jmablv\ khklhygb_^_ij_kkbb
Kgb`_ggZy kZfhhp_gdZ ih\b^bfhfm [m^_l khijh\h`^Zlvky
qm\kl\Zfb g_kqZklvy ]g_\Z hsms_gbyfb m]jhau mlhfe_gby moh^Z
gZijy`_gby jZkkljhckl\Z qm\kl\hf ijbgm`^_gby dhgnebdlZ b
lhjfh`_gby <ukhdZy kZfhhp_gdZ jZ\gZ hsms_gbyf bgl_]jZpbb
k\h[h^u iheh`bl_evguf wfhpbyf b ^hklmighklb wg_j]bb I_j\uc
kibkhd gZijyfmx mjZ\gb\Z_lky kh kibkdhf kbfilhfh\ ^_ij_kkbb b
ihfhqv g_evay gbq_f hklZ_lky lhevdh jZafureylv gZ^ f_klhf
kZfhhp_gdb\ gZqZe_b oh^_^_ij_kkbb
Kms_kl\m_l l_kgZy k\yav f_`^m jh^bl_evkdbf l_iehf
ijbgylb_fm\Z`_gb_fb ykghhij_^_e_ggufgZ[hjhfh]jZgbq_gbcb
iheh`bl_evghckZfhhp_gdhcm ^_l_c>_lbh]dhlhjuoh`b^Zxlqlh
hgb [m^ml khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv khfgbl_evguf h]jZgbqb\Zxsbf ghjfZf
kdehggu hklZ\Zlvky aZ\bkbfufb beb kdehggufb d moh^m J_[_ghd
\ujZs_gguc \hh[s_ [_a h]jZgbq_gbc \k_]^Z [m^_l klj_fblvky
m[_`Zlvhl^bdhklbrbjhdh]hfbjZ\ dhlhjhfhgaZ[em^blkylZddZd
_s_g_]hlh\d wlhfmhiulm
Fh`ghkdZaZlvqlhex^bk \ukhdhckZfhhp_gdhckhojZgyxl\
k_[_ ex[ysbo jh^bl_e_c Z ex^b k gbadhc kZfhhp_gdhc ²
g_ex[ysbo?kebwlhlZdlZdb_ex^b\_jhylgh klZgml ebqghklyfb
mya\bfufb\ `bagbkdehggufbihiZ^Zlv\ au[mqbci_khd^_ij_kkbb
<_jghb lhqlhhp_gdZ^jm]boex^_clZd`_g_h[oh^bfZdZdb hp_gdZ
kZfh]hk_[yEx^bm dhlhjuog_^hklZlhqgZykZfhhp_gdZbebhp_gdZ
^jm]bo m`_ aZijh]jZffbjh\Zgu qm\kl\h\Zlv [_kihfhsghklv beb
[_agZ^_`ghklv i_j_^ ebphf ihl_jb KZfhhp_gdZ \eby_l gZ kihkh[
dhlhjuf q_eh\_d h[oh^blky k ihl_j_c gbadZy kZfhhp_gdZ \_^_l d
\k_h[s_c[_agZ^_`ghklb
Lj_\h]Zb ^_ij_kkby
Kbfilhfu lj_\h]b b kbfilhfu ^_ij_kkbb h[uqgh
khimlkl\mxl ^jm] ^jm]m Hlebqbl_evgu_ ijbagZdb lj_\h`guo
ih^Z\e_gguo ex^_c lZdh\u hgb kdehggu [ulv gZijy`_ggufb
g_j\hagufb jZa^jZ`bl_evgufb b [hyaeb\ufb [_kihdhysbfbky h
ljb\bZevguo \hijhkZo b fmqZxsbfbky gZ^ j_r_gbyfb Ih
\b^bfhfm [hevrbgkl\h lj_\h`guo ex^_c dhlhju_ klZgh\ylky
iZpb_glZfb lZd`_ ih^Z\e_gu Ih\lhjbf lj_\h]Z ² wlh
wfhpbhgZevgZy j_Zdpby gZ h`b^Zgb_ hiZkghklb beb \j_^Z Dh]^Z
kh[ulb_ ijhbahreh ² gZijbf_j kf_jlv ex[bfh]h q_eh\_dZ beb
ihl_jy jZ[hlu ² Z \j_^ m`_ ijbqbg_g \ j_amevlZl_ \hagbdZ_l
i_qZevGhm fgh]boex^_clj_
\h]Z aZo\Zlu\Z_lky qm\kl\hf i_qZeb lZdbf h[jZahf f_rZy
\uiheg_gbxjZ[hlu]hjy
GZdhg_p lj_\h]Z k\yaZgZ k gZijy`_gghklvx Z wlZ
gZijy`_gghklv fh`_l hljZablvky \ qm\kl\_ \gmlj_gg_]h
[_kihdhckl\Z hkh[_ggh \ g_kihkh[ghklb jZkkeZ[blvky ?keb lj_\h]Z
b ^_ij_kkby ² k_klju[ebag_pu Z [_kihdhckl\h b gZijy`_gghklv
kh^_ckl\mxl g_kihkh[ghklb jZkkeZ[blvky lh]^Z dZaZehkv [u
eh]bqguf qlh _^bgkl\_gguf ^ey deb_glh\ kihkh[hf
dhgljhebjh\Zgbykh[kl\_ggh]hkZfhqm\kl\byy\ey_lkykihkh[ghklvd
j_eZdkZpbbb mf_gb_mijZ`gylvky\ g_cj_]meyjgh
<gh\vihk_s_ggucebf[
DZjlbgZ ih^Z\e_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ dhlhjmx y gZjbkh\Ze fh`_l
\u]ey^_lv fjZqghc b \hafh`gh ih^Z\eyxs_c Bf_ggh lZdh_
^_ckl\b_hdZau\Z_l^_ij_kkbyHq_gvqZklhfubglmblb\ghqm\kl\m_f
lh qlh g_ \k_]^Z kihkh[gu hibkZlv keh\Zfb ihlhfm qlh bf_ggh
ih^h[ghcjZ^Zjmbglmbpb_cfuiulZ_fkyijhgablvfjZqghklvebf[Z
hdjm`Zxs_]h ih^Z\e_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ H^bg ba fhf_glh\
dZkZxsboky ebf[Z khklhbl \ lhf qlh wlh lxjvfZ ² lxjvfZ ba
dhlhjhc_^bgkl\_gguc\uoh^gZoh^blky\ \_qghklbGbq_]hgkfh`_l
k^_eZlvijb]h\hj_ggZy^mrZGbfhebl\ugb `_jl\hijbghr_gby²
k_ kZfhc beb ^jm]bo dlh _s_ gZoh^blky \ wlhf fbj_ ² g_ fh]ml
ijb\_klbk_ d\uoh^m>mrZ[_kkbevgZ[_`Zlvbalvfu< ebf[_g_l
k\_lZFbevlhg\ Ihl_jygghfjZ_ijhlb\hihklZ\ey_lZ^Z kgbfb
ebf[G_[_kZf:^²l_fgucb gZdZau\ZxsbcG_[_kZkh\_jr_ggu
JZg__[uehij_^klZ\e_ghDhe_khwfhpbhgZevgh]hhkhagZgby
Q_l\_jlb dhe_kZ hebp_l\hjyeb q_luj_ \j_f_gb ]h^Z
WfhpbhgZevgh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ihkl_i_ggh klZgh\blky [he__
g_]Zlb\gufdh]^Zq_eh\_d^\b`_lkyhli_kkbfbafZd hilbfbafm
Fgh]b_qm\kl\ZhibkZggu_gZij_^u^msbokljZgbpZo^he`gu[ulv
gZc^_gu \ gb`g_c qZklb dhe_kZ < fh_c l_hjbb y ij_^iheZ]Zx qlh
wlh lZd ihlhfm qlh q_eh\_d m^Ze_g hl k\_lZ Z agZqbl klZgh\blky
ih^\_j`_gguf ^_ckl\bx oheh^Z Y [u ij_^iheh`be qlh ex^_c
\ulZkdb\Z_lbeb\ulZedb\Z_l\ wlhkhklhygb_g_]Zlb\bafh^ghcbeb
g_kdhevdbokm[ebqghkl_b
>_ij_kkbyklZgh\blkyijbajZdhfdhlhjucijboh^blg_a\Zguf
b k\hbfijbkmlkl\b_fihjlblex[hcijZa^gbd>_ij_kkbyaZdex
qZ_l q_eh\_dZ \ g_\b^bfu_ gh g_ijhgbpZ_fu_ kl_gu
DZjlbgu fbjZ gZjbkh\Zggu_ ex^vfb wlh bah[jZ`_gby l_fguo
lxj_fguo dZf_j lh]h dlh gZoh^blky \ ]em[hdhc l_fghc ghj_ lh]h
dlh aZ\_jgml \ g_ijhgbpZ_fmx ldZgv beb gZoh^blky \ h[rbjghc
imklug_ beb h]hjh`_g lhekluf a\mdhg_ijhgbpZ_fuf kl_dehf
H[jZauf_gyxlkyghdhgp_ipbye_`ZsZy\ bohkgh\_h^gZb lZ`_
q_eh\_d \ h^bghqghf aZdexq_gbb Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd ijhoh^yl ^gb
iuldZklZgh\blkyom`_b q_eh\_d^_eZ_lkykh\_jr_gghih]ehs_gguf
ihjhqghklvxg_]Zlb\gh]hfure_gby
GbdlhbagZkg_y\ey_lkyiheghklvxk\h[h^gufhlg_]Zlb\guo
fuke_ch kZfbok_[_b h^jm]bogh_kebgZr_fure_gb_b j_Zdpbb
[m^mlih[hevr_cqZklbg_]Zlb\gufbfuklZg_fljZlblv\k_[hevr_
b [hevr_\j_f_gbb wfhpbhgZevghcwg_j]bb\ l_fguoaZeZoebf[Z
hebp_l\hj_gguo gb`g_c iheh\bghc wfhpbhgZevgh]h dhe_kZ Wlh
lxjvfZ^_ij_kkbb
L_hj_lbdb dh]gblb\ghklb jZkkfZljb\Zxl ^_ij_kkbx b ^jm]b_
jZkkljhckl\Z gZkljh_gby dZd ihjh`^_gb_ g_jZpbhgZevgh]h
fure_gby Q_eh\_d bgl_jij_lbjm_l kh[ulby k\hx kh[kl\_ggmx
kZfhp_gghklvb h`b^Z_fuc j_amevlZl kh[ulbc \ g_]Zlb\ghc fZg_j_
?keb wlZ lhqdZ aj_gby ijZ\bevgZ Z [ueh [u fm^jh khojZgylv
a^hjh\uc kd_ilbpbaf ih ih\h^m lh]h qlh ex[Zy l_hjby bf__l
hl\_l hgZ ij_^iheZ]Z_l q_eh\_d ijbh[j_lZ_l g_qlh ba lZdhc
nbehkhnbb
Fh^_ev ^_ij_kkbb dZd mk\h_gghc [_kihfhsghklb
ih^^_j`b\Z_l lh h[klhyl_evkl\h qlh klZedb\Zykv k kblmZpb_c
j_amevlZlhf dhlhjhc g_\hafh`gh mijZ\eylv fu magZ_f qlh
j_Z]bjh\Zlv ls_lgh Dlhlh fh`_l \u\_klb ba wlh]h ke_^mxs__
aZdexq_gb_fuklZgh\bfky`_jl\hch[klhyl_evkl\b g_fh`_fg_klb
hl\_lkl\_gghklvaZlhqlhijhbkoh^blKe_^h\Zl_evghfugZmqZ_fky
wdkiemZlbjh\Zlvk\hxkeZ[hklvb g_^m]bqlh[u\ugm^blv^jm]bo^Zlv
gZf lh qlh ohlbf Gh wlh ^\b]Z_l gZk _s_ ]em[`_ \ l_fghlm b _s_
[hevr__ bahebjm_l hl ^jm]bo DZ`^Zy fZgbimeypby \_^msZy d
m\_ebq_gbx baheypbb mkbeb\Z_l g_]Zlb\guc \a]ey^ gZ kZfbo k_[y
dhlhjucfukhojZgy_f
KemqZc>`_ggb
>`_ggb[ueZgZijZ\e_gZdhfg___ \jZqhfh[s_cijZdlbdbih
ih\h^m ^_ij_kkbb ihke_^h\Z\r_c aZ \lhjuf \udb^ur_f >`_ggb
[ueZaZfm`_faZ;_ghf^\Z]h^Z\lhjhc[jZd;_gZ>`_ggb
bkihegbeky]h^;_gm²I_j\uc\udb^urkemqbekygZ
c g_^_e_ aZ ]h^ ^h \lhjh]h dhlhjuc ijhbahr_e gZ c g_^_e_
<jZq kdZaZe >`_ggb e_qblky k fhf_glZ \udb^urZ dhlhjuc
ijhbahr_e \hk_fv g_^_ev gZaZ^ E_q_gb_ dZ`_lky g_ ihfh]Z_l
>mfZx _c fh`_l ihfhqv [he__ mf_eh_ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ q_f \
debgbd_Y [ue[u[eZ]h^Zj_gaZ\Zr_fg_gb_b h[jZlgmxk\yav
<udb^ur²wlhljZ\fbjmxs__ih^Z\eyxs__b \uau\Zxs__
hlqZygb_ kh[ulb_ Hdheh ijhp_glh\ \k_o [_j_f_gghkl_c
aZdZgqb\Zxlky\udb^ur_fOhly[hevrbgkl\h\udb^ur_ckemqZ_lky
^hg_^_evq_f^hevr_^eblky[_j_f_gghklvl_fjZajmrbl_evg_c
\udb^urHimklhr_gb_qZklh^_ckl\m_lih^Z\eyxs_ihlhfmqlhwlh
ihl_jy `bagb \gmljb dZd _keb [u qZklv kZfh]h q_eh\_dZ mf_jeZ
\f_kl_ k g_jh`^_gguf j_[_gdhf ?keb \udb^ur khijh\h`^Z_lky
[_kieh^b_f ihl_jy klZgh\blky ]hjqZcr_c ibexe_c
Ijhn_kkbhgZevgu_\jZqbb f_^k_kljug_\k_]^Zfh]mlihfhqv\ wlbo
kemqZyo>eyfgh]bobagbo\udb^ur²wlhjmlbggh_y\e_gb_b hgb
g_ \k_]^Z ihgbfZxl _]h ihegh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ aZbgl_j_kh\Zggmx
iZjm
<udb^ur²ihl_jy`bagbgZ^_`^b ieZgh\wlhhagZqZ_lqlh
]hj_ [m^_l _kl_kl\_gguf hl\_lhf =hj_ ² wlh p_gZ dhlhjmx fu
ieZlrq aZ lh qlh ex[bf Dh]^Z [_j_f_gghklv ih^l\_j`^_gZ mau
ex[\b m`_ agZqbl_evgh knhjfbjh\Zgu b jZaju\Zgb_ gZ dmkdb
ij_`gbo k\ya_c ihjh`^Z_l [hev kf_jlb i_j_^ l_f dZd ^Zlv `bagv
KblmZpbyg_h[e_]qZ_lkyhlkmlkl\b_fihgbfZgbykhklhjhgufgh]bo
ex^_cdhlhju_h`b^Zxlqlh`_gsbgZ\havf_lk_[y\ jmdb
dZd [m^lh lh qlh kemqbehkv g_ [he__ q_f hlkjhqdZ
Ih\lhjyxsb_ky \udb^urb m\_ebqb\Zxl [j_fy khfg_gbc b \bgu
dhlhjmx fgh]b_ `_gsbgu qm\kl\mxl ihke_ \udb^urZ DZ`^uc
\udb^urfh`_l\hkdj_rZlv]hj_b \bgmij_^u^msbog_jZaj_r_gguo
ihl_jv
Dh]^Zy ihagZdhfbekyk >`_ggblh[uekjZam `_ ihjZ`_g __
lhlZevghc i_qZevx b fgh]h jZa fg_ dZaZehkv qlh hgZ \ulZkdb\Z_l
keh\Zba]em[bgudZdhclh[_a^hgghcyfuY kdZaZe_ch[wlhfb hgZ
ijbagZeZkvqlhlZdhghb _klv<hl^bZeh]
>`_ggb Wlh g_ yfZ wlh ih^a_fgZy lxjvfZ dZdmx y \b^_eZ
]^_lh\ aZfd_
<bevyf : ]^_gZoh^bl_kv\u"
>`_ggb Kb`m gZ ihem \ m]em k`Z\rbkv ih^lygm\ \\_jo
dhe_gb Z ]heh\Z ² gZ dhe_gyo Y ^_eZeZ wlh dh]^Z [ueZ j_[_gdhf
dh]^ZHgZhklZgh\beZkv`
<bevyf H]ey^bl_kv \hdjm] ]^_ hdgh Z ]^_ ^\_jv" >`hggb
G_lgb hdgZgb ^\_jb
<bevyf Lh]^Z \k_ qlh _klv ² wlh \u Z[khexlgh h^gZ
_^bgkl\_ggZy \ wlhc dZf_gghc l_fgbp_ [_a k\_lZ b dZdh]heb[h
kihkh[Z\uclb"
>`_ggb Wlh ijZ\^Z b ihlhehd hq_gv \ukhdh <bevyf
>`_ggbZ \uqm\kl\m_l_k_[yaZi_jlhclZf">`_ggb >ZaZf_jar_c
gZim]Zgghc b lZdhc h^bghdhc <bevyf : q_]h [u \u [hevr_ \k_]h
ohl_eb" >`_ggb <u[jZlvky hlkx^Z Kgh\Z \_jgmlvky \h \g_rgbc
fbj <bevyf Gh g_l gb hdgZ gb ^\_jb DZd `_ \u fh]eb [u
\u[jZlvky"
>`_ggb Y g_agZxFh`_l[ulvy gbdh]^Zg_\u[_jmkvDh]h
wlh\hh[s_\hegm_l"
<bevyf >`_ggb \ZrZ bklhjby gZihfbgZ_l fg_ h =jZn_
Fhgl_Djbklh <u agZ_l_ wlm bklhjbx" HgZ dZqZ_l ]heh\hc
NjZgpmakdbc ^\hjygbg ih eh`ghfm h[\bg_gbx [ue aZdexq_g \
lxjvfm gZ hkljh\_ gZ fgh]h e_l Hg [ue h[j_q_g gZ h^bghqgh_
aZdexq_gb_ \ l_fghc dZf_j_ < dhgp_ dhgph\ ^jm]hc aZdexq_gguc
\klmibe k gbf \ dhglZdl ihklmqZ\ ih kl_g_ >\hjygbg mkljZb\Z_l
k\hc ih[_] gZoh^bl hkljh\ k khdjh\bs_f b ijh\h^bl hklZlhd k\h_c
`bagbfklyk\hbf\jZ]Zf>`_ggb >Zwlhy
Ohly >`_ggb b ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh dZjlbgZ _c ih^oh^bl
wglmabZafZ[uehfZeh
<bevyf >`_ggbdZd\uihiZebkx^Z"
>`_ggb Y k^_eZeZ wlh Y ihkljhbeZ kl_gu qlh[u khojZgblv
k_[y \ [_ahiZkghklb gh g_ kfh]eZ hklZgh\blvky ihlhf wlh \_k
aZdjuehkvk\_jomb f_gyihcfZeb
<bevyf <uqlhihqm\kl\h\Zebqlh^he`guaZsblblvk_[yh`
dh]hlhbebq_]hlhZ l_i_jv\uoh^hiylvklZe[u^ey\ZkhiZkguf"
>`_ggb >ZWlhkebrdhfhiZkgh
Y mkeurZedZd]h\hjblhq_gvbkim]ZggZy fZe_gvdZy ^_\hqdZ
Hiul gZmqbe f_gy qlh dh]^Z q_eh\_d \hh[jZ`Z_l kZfh]h k_[y
eh\mrd_ de_ld_ beb dZd l_i_jv \ l_fgbp_ [m^_l emqr_ kdhgp_i
ljbjh\Zlvky gZ kh\_jr_gbb hk\h[h`^_gby \uoh^Z Bkke_^h\Zgb_
\k_^jm]boimgdlh\fh`ghhklZ\blvgZihlhf`
<bevyf >`_ggbdZ`_lkyqlh\udZd]jZngZoh^bl_kv\ wlh
l_fgbp_^he]h_\j_fy"
>`_ggb =h^u
<bevyf >`_ggb dh]^Z \u [ueb fZe_gvdhc ^_\hqdhc \u
ex[beb\her_[gu_kdZadb"
>`_ggb Ex[beZ b ijh\h^beZ qZku aZ dgb]Zfb hgb [ueb
[_ahiZkgufb
Y mkeurZe keh\h [_ahiZkgufb ih^mfZe _klv eb
\hafh`gZy k\yav kh kdZaZgguf jZgvr_ Y ^_eZeZ wlh dh]^Z [ueZ
j_[_gdhf b hleh`be wlb ^h]Z^db \ klhjhgm ^ey \hafh`gh]h
[m^ms_]hbkihevah\Zgby
<bevyf >`_ggbdZdZy[ueZ\ZrZex[bfZybklhjby"
>`_ggb Ijh Ahemrdm
<bevyf Ihq_fm"
Y gZ^_yekyqlhijhgbdZy\ ijhreh_hgZijblyg_lwg_j]bx
badZdh]heb[hkqZkleb\h]h\hkihfbgZgby
>`_ggb Fg_ gjZ\behkv dh]^Z n_ydj_klgZy ijbreZ b
ij_\jZlbeZ lud\m \ dZj_lm Z fur_c \ dhg_c < i_j\uc jZa \ __
]hehk_ihy\beZkvbkdhjdZ
<bevyf AgZqbl \u ohl_eb [u qlh[u hgZ \afZogmeZ k\h_c
\her_[ghc iZehqdhc b aZ[jZeZ \k_ wlh beb k^_eZeZ qlhgb[m^v
ih^h[gh_"
>`_ggb\a^ho` Wlh[ueh[ukeZ\gh_keblhevdh
<rvyf Ihq_fm[ug_ihijhkblv\Zrmn_xdj_klgmxijbclbb
ihkfhlj_lvqlhijhbkoh^bl"
>`_ggb HgZijbreZ\ky[e_klysZyb k\_jdZxsZyQlhfg_
l_i_jv^_eZlv
<bevyf JZkkdZ`bl_ _c \Zrm bklhjbx b kijhkbl_ fh`_l eb
hgZqlhgb[m^vk^_eZlvqlh[uihfhqv\Zf
HgZih\lhjbeZfgh]h_balh]hqlhjZkkdZaZeZfg_aZdhgqb\
keh\ZfbDZd\ufh`_l_\ulZsblvf_gybawlhc[_^u"
<bevyf >`_ggbb qlhhgZ]h\hjbl"
>`_ggb Ijhdeylv_ HgZ ]h\hjbl qlh g_ fh`_l \ulZsblv
f_gyhlkx^ZijhklhdZdgb[m^vFg_ijb^_lkydh_qlhk^_eZlvkZfhc
Y k_j^blZgZg__Y ^mfZeZhgZbkihevam_lk\h_\her_[kl\h
Fg_ wlh ihdZaZehkv bgl_j_kguf ihlhfm qlh ikbobdZ
>`_ggb[jZeZgZk_[ydhgljhevOhly\her_[kl\hqZklhihe_aghg_
ke_^m_l iheZ]Zlvky gZ g_]h \k_ \j_fy IkbobdZ >`_ggb ]h\hjbeZ _c
bf_gghwlh
n_ydj_klgZyfh`_lihfhqvgh__ hk\h[h`^_gb_aZ\bkblhl
khljm^gbq_kl\Z
<bevyf ?keb \ZrZ n_ydj_klgZy fh`_l ihfhqv \Zf dZd hgZ
fh]eZ[uihfhqv\Zf\u[jZlvky"
>`_ggb ?keb[u[uehhdghhgZfh]eZ[u^hklZlve_klgbpm
<bevyf : wlh \ __ \eZklb ² k^_eZlv ^ey \Zk hdgh Z ihlhf
ij_^hklZ\blve_klgbpm"
>`_ggb Y ihijhrm__L_i_jv_klvhdghghhghlZd\ukhdh
agZqbly ^he`gZe_alv
<bevyf AgZqbl l_i_jv m \Zk _klv \u[hj HklZlvky a^_kv ]^_
[_ahiZkgh gh l_fgh fjZqgh b ]jmklgh beb \uj\Zlvky lm^Z ]^_ ih
ij_`g_fmkms_kl\m_lg_dZyhiZkghklvQlh[u\u \ayeb k kh[hc dZd
lZebkfZg"Qlhfh`_l^Zlv\Zf\ZrZn_ydj_klgZy"
>`_ggb Y ihijhrm m g__ qlhgb[m^v qlh[u aZsblblv f_gy
dh]^Z\u[_jmkvHgZ^Z_lfg_h^gh bak\hbodhe_pY gZ^_\Zx_]hb
qm\kl\mxk_[y^_ckl\bl_evghkbevghc
>`_ggb \ah[jZeZkv ih e_klgbp_ ohly wlh hdZaZehkv g_e_]dh
Dh]^Z hgZ ^h[jZeZkv ^h \_joZ hdgh hldjuehkv kZfh HgZ \u[jZeZkv
gZjm`m \ kZ^ dhlhjuc agZeZ \ ^_lkl\_ Dh]^Z hgZ jZkkdZau\ZeZ h[
wlhf lh aZieZdZeZ hdZaZehkv qlh \ \hajZkl_ r_klb e_l __
bagZkbeh\Ze ^y^y HgZ iulZeZkv lh]^Z jZkkdZaZlv h[ wlhf k\h_c
fZl_jb gh _c g_ ih\_jbeb ?_ ^y^y [ue _s_ `b\ b hgZ aZdhgqbeZ
k_Zgk keh\Zfb <lhjhc j_[_ghd ^he`_g [ue jh^blvky \ ^_gv _]h
jh`^_gby
g_ijh
[u\b^_qvkkh
J_axf_
Wlb ijbf_ju b jZkkm`^_gby g_ [ueb ljZdlZlhf ih
^_ij_kkb\guf g_\jhaZf b bo e_q_gbx Wlh g_ [ueh h[km`^_gb_f
deZkkbnbdZpbb ^_ij_kkbb k __ wg^h]_gghc b wdah]_gghc
fhghiheyjghc b [biheyjghc lbiheh]byfb Y ihiulZeky
gZjbkh\Zlv dZjlbgm ^_ij_kkbb Z g_ ij_^klZ\blv ikbobZljbq_kdh_
aZ[he_\Zgb_
Kmbpb^ g_ h[km`^Zeky h^gZ ba ijbqbg ihq_fm hg kx^Z g_
\dexq_g aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh ^ey f_gy wlh hq_gv rbjhdZy b
keh`gZy l_fZ qlh[u h[km`^Zlv __ \ gZklhys_c dgb]_ >jm]Zy
ijbqbgZihdhlhjhckmbpb^kx^Zg_\dexq_gkhklhbl\ lhfqlhwlh
m\_eh[u\kx^bkdmkkbxkebrdhf^Ze_dh²\ h[km`^_gb_^_ij_kkbb
dZdikbobZljbq_kdh]haZ[he_\Zgby
Ih\lhjyxsZyky l_fZ ² wlh baheypby dhlhjmx qm\kl\mxl
ih^Z\e_ggu_ ex^b hlj_aZggu_ hl wfhpbhgZevgh]h dhglZdlZ
dZdh\ufb hgb b y\eyxlky < g_dhlhjhf kfuke_ ih^Z\e_ggu_ ex^b
aZjZg__ ijbh[j_lZxl b aZjZg__ i_j_`b\Zxl kh[kl\_ggmx kf_jlv ²
ihke_^gxxbaheypbxHlghr_gbyf_`^mdhgkmevlZglhfb deb_glhf
y\eyxlky j_rZxsbf nZdlhjhf \ ih^^_j`Zgbb dhglZdlh\ b
\ke_^kl\b_wlh]hkgb`ZxsbfbjbkdbaheypbbQ_eh\_q_kdbcdhglZdl
h[eZ^Z_lmkihdZb\Zxsbf^_ckl\b_fgZk_j^_qghkhkm^bklmxkbkl_fm
q_eh\_dZ bkiulu\Zxs_]h klj_kk LZdbf h[jZahf \iheg_ \hafh`gh
qlhkZfhgZr_ijbkmlkl\b_^Z_lklhevdh`_beb[hevr_q_fgZrbg_
f_g__]em[hdb_kh\_lu
Dhgkmevlbjmy fu ij_^eZ]Z_f kZfbo k_[y \ hlghr_gby
dhlhju_ kZfb ih k_[_ gbq_]h gk lj_[mxl Dh]^Z gZf m^Z_lky
mklZgh\blv wfhpbhgZevguc dhglZdl k ih^Z\e_ggufb ex^vfb fu
ijhju\Z_fky q_j_a g_\b^bfuc [Zjv_j dhlhjuc ^_j`bl bo \
baheypbb Wlhl wfhpbhgZevguc dhglZdl kljhbl fhkl Ih fhklm hgb
fh]mlmclbbak\h_]hebf[Z
>\_gZ^pZlh_ iml_r_kl\b_ DEB?GL <GMLJB
H;S?KL<:HLQM@>?GB?BEBIJBFBJ?GB?
<\_^_gb_
B[hb l_ehgkh^bgqe_gghfgh]h?kebkdZ`_lgh]Z
Y g_ jmdZ b ihwlhfm g_ ijbgZ^e_`m d l_em ² g_l g_
ihwlhfmg_ijbgZ^e_`blhgZd l_emB _kebkdZ`_lmoh
Y g_ ]eZa b ihwlhfm g_ ijbgZ^e_`m d l_em ² g_l g_
ihwlhfmg_ijbgZ^e_`blhgd l_em?kebZk_l_eh ²]eZa]^_kemo"
?keb\k_² kemo]^_h[hgygb_"Gh;h]^Zef_klhqe_gZfdZ`^hfmba
gbo \ l_e_ dZd hg \hkohl_e B[h _keb [u \k_ [ueb h^bg qe_g ]^_
l_eh" Gh \hl fgh]h qe_gh\ gh h^gh l_eh G_ fh`_l ]eZa kdZaZlv
jmd_ Lu fg_ g_ gm`gZ beb hiylv `_ ]heh\Z gh]Zf <u fg_ g_
gm`gu B kljZ^Z_l eb h^bg qe_g kljZ^Zxl k gbf \k_ qe_gu
keZ\blkyebh^bgqe_gk gbfjZ^mxlky\k_qe_gu Gh\ZyZg]ebckdZy
;b[ebyDhjbgnygZf²
Wlh iml_r_kl\b_ \ dZdhflh kfuke_ y\ey_lky wibeh]hf d
i_j\hc qZklb dgb]b gh hgh lZd`_ ij_^eZ]Z_l nbehkhnbx \ jZfdZo
dhlhjhc fu g_ jZkkfZljb\Z_f deb_glh\ dZd om^rbo b bkihjq_gguo
keZ[uo beb f_g__ Z^_d\Zlguo b g_ ^mfZ_f h dhgkmevlZgl_ dZd h
\ukr_f kbevghf beb kh\_jr_gghf b g_bkihjq_gghf Y agZx _keb
dlhgb[m^vij_^iheh`be[uih^h[gh_fu[uwlh]hjyqhhljbpZebb
l_fg_f_g__g_dhlhju_jZkkfZljb\Zxldhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_kdhj__dZd
mijZ`g_gb_ jZa\b\Zxs__ W]h Z g_ kfbjyxsbc ijhp_kk dZdh\uf
dZdy qZklh^mfZxhghy\ey_lky
Y ]h\hjx wlh ihlhfm qlh ohly m f_gy _klv k\hb ijh[e_fu b
ljm^ghklby qZklhjZafureyxh lhfdZdbf[uy [ue_keb[um f_gy
[ueb ijh[e_fu b ljm^ghklb g_dhlhjuo ex^_c k dhlhjufb y
jZ[hlZx;ue[uy ihij_`g_fmkihkh[_gmeu[Zlvkyb rmlblv
gZoh^be[uihij_`g_fm\ k_[_fm`_kl\hb kbemijh[b\Zlvky
q_j_a [hev gZijbf_j k_dkmZevgh]h beb nbabq_kdh]h
aehmihlj_[e_gby" Kmf_x eb y gbdh]^Z g_ klZlv gZklhevdh
[eZ]h^mrguf b kZfh^h\hevguf qlh[u mimklblv qlh wlh hagZqZ_l
^eywlh]h deb_glZ
Fgh]bf ex^yf ijboh^blky ij_h^he_\Zlv [hevrh_
khijhlb\e_gb_ qlh[u klZlv deb_glZfb D_g kdZaZe Y fgh]h
f_kyp_\ agZe qlh fg_ ke_^m_l wlh k^_eZlv gh dZdZylh fhy klhjhgZ
ohl_eZ qlh[u y kijZ\beky kZf D_g \ujZabe kljZo qlh ijb^y gZ
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_hg[ue[uh[_kq_s_gb qlhhgh[_kq_klbe[ukZf
k_[y ijbagZ\ qlh y\ey_lky g_ gZklhevdh kh\_jr_gguf Hg k^_eZe
agZqbl_evgucrZ]\i_j_^dh]^Zkfh]khh[sblvk\hbfjh^bl_eyfqlh
dhgkmevlbjm_lky <h fgh]bo kfukeZo D_g hlghkbeky d k_[_ dZd d
bg\Zeb^m
Bkoh^y ba p_e_c ^Zggh]h iml_r_kl\by y [m^m ]h\hjblv h[
bg\Zeb^ghklb \ kZfhf rbjhdhf kfuke_ Lh qlh y ]h\hjx
ijbf_gbfh dh fgh]bf ex^yf m dhlhjuo bf__lky \b^bfZy
bg\Zeb^ghklv H^gZdh ^ey deb_glZ qvy bg\Zeb^ghklv ² gZijbf_j
klj_kk lj_\h]Z [hev b ^_ij_kkby ² g_\b^bfZ __ j_amevlZlu ²
gZijbf_jihahj²Z[khexlghj_Zevgu
GZ[ex^Z_lky jZabl_evgZy i_j_f_gZ jheb hl a^hjh\h]h d
bg\Zeb^m b d ijh[e_fZf dhlhju_ qZklh ijbghkbl k kh[hc
bg\Zeb^ghklvdh]^Zq_eh\_db agZqbfu_\ _]h`bagbex^bklj_fylky
hkfukeblv lh qlh ijhbahreh Bf ijboh^blky mklZgZ\eb\Zlv gh\u_
b^_glbqghklb ^ey kZfbo k_[y HlqZklb wlb gh\u_ b^_glbqghklb
\dexqZxl\ k_[yhklZevgh_h[s_kl\hK dZ`^ufq_eh\_dhfdhlhjuc
klZgh\blky bg\Zeb^hf h[s_kl\h \ugm`^_gh mklZgZ\eb\Zlv ^ey k_[y
gh\mxb^_glbqghklv
Fgh]b_ ex^b k bg\Zeb^ghklyfb gZoh^yl [hjv[m kebrdhf
ljm^ghc b [jhkZxl k_ ?keb h[s_kl\h Z agZqbl b kZfb bg\Zeb^u
^he`gh nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv wnn_dlb\gh g_h[oh^bfh qlh[u [ueh
gZfgh]h[hevr_ihgbfZgbyb ijbgylbydZ`^h]hhl^_evgh]hq_eh\_dZ
² lh]h [_a dh]h fu \k_ hklZevgu_ g_ fh`_f nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv
^hklb]Zyk\h_]hihegh]hihl_gpbZeZ
L_e_kgZydhgp_ipby
:gZeh]by h[s_kl\Z k q_eh\_q_kdbf l_ehf mf_klgZ dh]^Z
^mfZ_rv h[h \k_o qZklyo jZ[hlZxsbo \f_kl_ Q_eh\_q_kdh_ l_eh
keh`ghihk\h_fmkhklZ\mkljh_gbxb nmgdpbbGhkh\_jr_g
gh_nmgdpbhgbjk`\f_kl_\ jZ\ghfhg]yq lghik_[
Bf_gZb kblmZpbbhiylvbaf
dhlhju_ hgb kha^Z\Zeb b dhlhjufb fu ^_ebebkv ^jm] k
^jm]hf`b\mlk gbfblZd`_^he]hdZdb khfghcy \iheg_m\_j_g
hgb bkihfgyl wlb h[jZau hgb \gh\v i_j_`b\ml qlhlh ba lh]h
\her_[kl\ZZ lZd`_ljm^ghcjZ[hluwlbohlghr_gbc
GZdhg_py ohl_e[um[_^blv\Zkqlh[uijhqblZ\wlbkemqZb
\u ihiulZebkv kZfb \hclb \ h[jZau ² lh]^Z iml_r_kl\by deb_glh\
klZgml\Zrbfb
;BEEI_j_dj_kldb
F_gyah\ml;beeFg_]h^Zy klm^_glmqmkvgZf_^[jZlZ
Dh]^Z y ijbr_e d <bevyfm ih kh\_lm fh_c ^_\mrdb y bkiulu\Ze
klj_kk<bevyfihfh]fg_jZah[jZlvky\ _]hijbqbgZo
Fhbjh^bl_ebh[Z[uebg_a^hjh\u
Fhyk_kljZ\ureZaZfm`ihlhfmqlhaZ[_j_f_g_eZ
Y mqmkv gZ f_^[jZlZ b m`Zkgh ohqm klZlv
aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguff_^[jZlhfh[s_cijZdlbdb
Y [hevr_g_ex[exk\hx^_\mrdmY ohqmij_djZlblvk g_f
hlghr_gbyghhgZwlh]hg_ohq_l
Y g_ hq_gv ij_mki_\Zx \ k\hbo aZgylbyo qm\kl\mx k_[y
g_kihkh[guf khkj_^hlhqblvky bkiulu\Zx kebrdhf fgh]h
aZljm^g_gbcM f_gy_klvfZlvdhlhjZyh`b^Z_lqlhy \havfmgZk_[y
jhev hlpZ HgZ ]h\hjbl qlh g_ fh`_l mijZ\eylvky [_a f_gy
Ijboh^blky _a^blv \ FZgq_kl_j gZ \uoh^gu_ Z wlh kha^Z_l
gZijy`_gb_
<bevyf Y \b`m\uijb\yaZgud ^ebgghcj_abgd_
;beemeu[Zykv WlhijZ\^Zb y__ g_gZ\b`m
<bevyf Qlh\u^mfZ_l_h lhfqlh[u\ujZablvk\hbqm\kl\Z\
dZdhcgb[m^vdZjlbg_"
;bee Y aZ]gZg \ m]he L_fgh b oheh^gh kb`m k ihemimklhc
[mluedhckibjlgh]hY bkim]Zgh^bghdf_gyg_ex[ylb hl\_j]Zxl
<bevyf Bgufb keh\Zfb \u bf_ggh k_cqZk h[_kihdh_gu b
^h\hevgh h^bghdb Ij_^klZ\vl_ qlh wlhl h[jZa fh`gh dZdlh
baf_gblv
;bee Ohjhrh Dlhlh ijbr_e wlh fm`qbgZ \ [_ehc nhjf_
dZ^jh\h]hf_^[jZlZ
<bevyf ;beedZdh\u\Zrbhsms_gby"
;bee L_ie__ Hg \_ebl fg_ \klZlv b k^_eZlv qlhgb[m^v Y
\klZxb hlijZ\eyxkvaZfhbf^jm]hfgZk\_l
Ij_`^_ q_f y kfh] k^_eZlv rZ] \ [m^ms__ [ueZ m`ZkgZy
[hjv[Z K f_gy ebe ihl b y ohl_e ieZdZlv gh g_ fh] mclb k
ihdjZkg_\rbfb ]eZaZfb Y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh k^_eZe lh jZ^b q_]h
ijbr_e b ohly m gZk [ueh lhevdh ^\Z k_ZgkZ wlh]h hdZaZehkv
^hklZlhqghqlh[ugZklmibehh[e_]q_gb_
Dhff_glZjbc
;bee qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y aZ`Zluf f_`^m ^_\mrdhc b k\h[h^hc
f_`^m hl\_lkl\_gghklvx ih hlghr_gbx d jh^bl_eyf b dZjv_jhc
Iheh`_gb_ gZoh^ys_]hky \ m]em \ l_fghl_ ]h\hjbl h ^_ij_kkbb M
_]h hlpZ ijh[e_fu k ivygkl\hf b wlh \hafh`gh h[tykgy_l h[jZa
ihemimklhc[mluedb
RlZlgucf_^[jZl\ [_ehfdbl_e_\hafh`ghhebp_l\hjy_l_]h
]eZ\gmx p_ev lZd dZd hg ^_ckl\bl_evgh \_e_e _fm \klZlv b b^lb
>jm]hagZqZ_l`_eZgb_ih^jm`blvkyk kZfbfkh[hc\hafh`ghwlh
[ueZ_]hikbobdZdhlhjhchg^he`_g[uegZmqblvky^h\_jylv
GZ dZdhflh wlZi_ ;bee m\b^_e i_j_dj_kldb b q_eh\_dZ
ijbkehgb\r_]hky d kl_g_ k kb]Zj_lhc \ jmd_ b agZe qlh ^he`_g
k^_eZlv\u[hjijh^he`Zlvbebb^lbgZaZ^Y ih[m^be_]hh]eygmlvky
b ;bee m\b^_e m]he dhfgZlu k dZdbflh [_aebdbf kb^ysbf lZf
q_eh\_dhf M g_]h ihy\beky kh[eZag \_jgmlvky gh hg k^_eZe rZ]
\i_j_^ d k\_lm b ihqm\kl\h\Ze k_[y emqr_ ih hlghr_gbx d k\h_c
p_eb dhlhjZy aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u klZlv aZj_]bkljbjh\Zgguf
f_^[jZlhfh[s_cijZdlbdb;beeagZ_ldZde_]dh[ueh[u\_jgmlvky
Hg ]h\hjbe h[ Zedh]he_ b h[ m\b^_gghf h[jZa_ dZdh]hlh q_eh\_dZ
d_fhgg_ohq_lklZlvWlh^_ckl\bl_evghbkim]Zehf_gy
>h[blvky qlh[u deb_gl ihkfhlj_e gZaZ^ qZklh [u\Z_l
ihe_aguf hkh[_ggh dh]^Z _klv i_j_dj_kldb I_j_dj_kldb
hebp_l\hjyxl \u[hj dZd \uykgbe ;bee b ihkfhlj_\ gZaZ^ hg fh]
m\b^_lvlhqlhhklZ\beihaZ^b
:E:GK_dkmZevgZyb^_glbqghklv
Y :eZg klm^_gl mqmkv gZ f_^[jZlZ ikbobZljbq_kdhc
ijZdlbdb Y klZjr_ kj_^g_]h \hajZklZ bf_x kl_i_gv ih
kh\j_f_gghfm bkdmkkl\m Y ihr_e \ f_^[jZlvy ihlhfm qlh g_ kfh]
gZclb ihklhyggmx jZ[hlm \ KZg^_jewg^_ Y ijhmqbeky hdheh k_fb
f_kyp_\ dh]^Z hsmsZe ihlj_[ghklv ih]h\hjblv k <bevyfhf >ey
f_gy wlh [ueh g_\_jhylgh ljm^guf y [ue ^hklZlhqgh bkim]Zg b
qm\kl\h\Zek_[yg_eh\dhK gZqZeZdmjkZy [ue\ugm`^_gijbklZevgh
ihkfhlj_lvgZkZfh]hk_[yb ih^mfZeg_dhlhjmximlZgbpmdhlhjmx
y qm\kl\mx ijb^_lky jZkkhjlbjh\Zlv _keb y ^he`_g ijh^he`Zlv
h[mq_gb_
Y g_ agZe q_]h h`b^Zlv hl dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby b ihijhkbe
<bevyfZ\\_klbf_gy\ dmjk^_eZHgh[tykgbehq_gvijhklhqlhfu
aZdexqbf dhgljZdl gZ klhevdhlh k_Zgkh\ b qlh \ _]h klbe_
ij_^hklZ\eylvgZijZ\e_gb_k_Zgkh\fg_Z hgihklZjZ_lkyhklZ\Zlvky
khfghcHglZd`_kdZaZeqlhihiulZ_lkyihgylvqlhhagZqexl^ey
f_gy \_sb ?keb y dh]^Zgb[m^v ih^mfZx qlh hg g_ kh fghc y
^he`_g kdZaZlv _fm <k_ wlh [ueh hq_gv m^h[gh ^ey f_gy aZ
bkdexq_gb_f lh]h qlh y g_ ohl_e k\yau\Zlvky k nbdkbjh\Zgguf
dhebq_kl\hfk_Zgkh\LZdqlhfu^h]h\hjbebkv
Y gZqZe k jZkkdZaZ qlh gbdZdb_ fhb hlghr_gby gbdh]^Z g_
[ueb mki_rgufb ^ey f_gy Ihkl_i_ggh y hldjue qlh fg_ [he__
dhfnhjlghk `_gsbgZfbq_fk fm`qbgZfbY gkagZxqlhwlh[ueh
gh y qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y [_ahiZkgh \ wlhc dhfgZl_ [_ahiZkgh qlh[u
khh[sblvlhqlhohqmb qlhfg_gm`ghkdZaZlvY \uiZebeqlhfhc
klZjrbc [jZl kqblZ_l f_gy ]hem[uf Qlh[u ijhklh kdZaZlv wlh
ihlj_[h\Zehkv \k_ fh_ fm`_kl\h dZdh_ y lhevdh fh] kh[jZlv Y
m\_j_g qlh fgh]b_ fhb agZdhfu_ ^mfZxl lZd `_ <hafh`gh wlh
ihlhfmqlhy g_fZqhb ihlhfmqlhlZfhldm^Zy jh^hf_keblu
ihklhyggh g_ o\ZklZ_rvky \k_fb `_gsbgZfb k dhlhjufb djmlbrv
lug_fm`qbgZWlhgbdh]^Zg_[uehfhbf
ijba\Zgb_f Iexk fhb gZ^mlu_ ij_^f_lu \ mgb\_jkbl_l_
dZdhgbbogZau\ZebWlh[uebg_ijhklhex^b\hdjm]f_gyfhbhl_p
b [jZllZd`_hq_gvya\bl_evghhlghkbebkvdhfg_
Y iulZekykdZaZlv<bevyfmqlhg_m\_j_g]hem[hcy bebg_l
AgZx qlh fgh]b_ ex^b kqblZxl f_gy `_ghih^h[guf Y g_ [ue
m\_j_g ]^_ fh_ f_klh gZ rdZe_ fm`_kl\_gghklb`_gkl\_gghklb <hl
qlhy ohl_ebkke_^h\Zlv\f_kl_k <bevyfhfY mr_ek i_j\h]hk_ZgkZ
qm\kl\myqlhk^_eZe]b]ZglkdbcrZ]\i_j_^
<bevyf Fg_dZ`_lkylh h q_f fu ]h\hjbf khklZ\ey_l \Zrm
kZfhhp_gdm DZd gZkq_l lh]h qlh[u gZibkZlv gZ ^hkd_ \k_
iheh`bl_evgh_h k_[_kZfhf"
:eZg >h[jh^_l_eb Wlh g_e_]dh GZ^_`guc l_jibfuc b
^h[jh^mrgh\_k_euc
<bevyf Ohjhr__ gZqZeh Fu ihkfhljbf gZ gbo iha`_ b
m\b^bf kfh`_l_ eb \u qlhgb[m^v ^h[Z\blv d gbf Gm Z dZd gZkq_l
hljbpZl_evguoq_jloZjZdl_jZ
FZg <h fg_ lZd fgh]h hljbpZl_evgh]h qlh y ^Z`_ g_ ohqm
wlh]h aZibku\Zlv <hl qlh y gZibrm G_ ij_^klZ\ey_l ohjhr_]h
h[jZaZ^ey^jm]boex^_c
<bevyf Wlhohjhrhghg_fgh`dhkfmlghDZdfh`ghk^_eZlv
wlh[he__hij_^_e_gguf"
:eZg Y [ukdZaZeqlh\k_fgkgjZ\blkyfhb\g_rgbc\b^beb
fhbdZq_kl\Zgh\g_rgbc\b^\ hkh[_gghklb
<bevyf Ohjhr__ jZa\blb_ L_i_jv bkihevamcl_ \Zr_
\hh[jZ`_gb_qlh[ukha^Zlv\gmlj_ggxxdZjlbgmkZfh]hk_[ydZd\u
k_[yqm\kl\m_l_\gmljb"
:eZg Wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh im]Z_l Y \b`m k_[y
^\_gZ^pZlbe_lgbf djm]ehebpuf dm^jy\uf fZevqbdhf :eZg kb^_e
]ey^y gZ wlm \gmlj_ggxx dZjlbgm \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo fbgml b
dZaZehkv[uehq_gv[ebahdd ke_aZf
<bevyf FZevqbd_s_gkkhaj_\rbc"
:eZg Wlh lZd b _klv gZklhysZy qZklv f_gy ² _s_ fZevqbd
>Ihke_ ^he]hc aZ^mfqb\hc iZmau Y ohl_e [u jZkkdZaZlv \Zf h lhf
qlh kemqbehkv \ \uoh^gu_ Y \klj_lbeky k QZjevahf dhlhjuc hl\_e
f_gy \ k\hx d\Zjlbjm Y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh f_gy ex[yl b h[h fg_
aZ[hlylky G_ ohqm \^Z\Zlvky \ ih^jh[ghklb b m\_j_g qlh \u g_
[m^_l_ ex[hiulkl\h\Zlv <k_ qlh y agZx ² wlh lh qlh gZrZ
dhjhldZy\klj_qZih\ukbeZfhxkZfhhp_gdm
< l_q_gb_ fgh]bo e_l y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh ^jm]b_ ex^b
mijZ\eyxll_fqlhijhbkoh^blkhfghcL_i_jvijbreh\j_fy\aylv
gZ k_[y h[yaZgghklb b hl\_qZlv aZ kh[kl\_ggmx `bagv Y \k_]^Z
iha\heye j_rZlv ^jm]bf b hgb fh]eb ijbgylv gZ k_[y \bgm dh]^Z
^_eZ reb g_ lZd KljZgguf h[jZahf hldjh\_gb_ ijbreh ba
hlghr_gbb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby <bevyf \k_ \j_fy hldZau\Zeky [jZlv
gZ k_[y mijZ\e_gb_ b ihkdhevdm hg \_e k_[y ih^h[guf h[jZahf y
[ue\ugm`^_g^_eZlvwlhb gZqZeihemqZlvhlwlh]hm^h\hevkl\b_
Y ihfgx dZd fu k <bevyfhf ijh\h^beb \j_fy h[km`^Zy
hlghr_gby dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby Y iheZ]Zx ^ey f_gy wlh [ueZ
g_dhlhjZy fh^_ev qlh[u ^hklbqv mki_oh\ \ mq_[_ Y \ujZabe
g_dhlhjmxhaZ[hq_gghklvl_fqlhwlhfh`_lklZlvaZ\bkbfhklvxb y
ijb\udgmiheZ]ZlvkygZwlh< lh`_\j_fyy agZeqlh_keby ^he`_g
ihemqblv fZdkbfmf ba wlh]h fg_ ijb^_lky ^h\_jblvky lhfm dZd
[m^ml jZa\b\Zlvky hlghr_gby dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby Hl ^bkdmkkbb h
^h\_jbb\eZklbb aZ\bkbfhklbfuk <bevyfhf^\bgmebkvd lhfmq_]h
y ohqm hl ^jm]bo hlghr_gbc >ey f_gy wlh ij_^klZ\eyeh bgl_j_k
ex[h\v b [ebahklv ohly y kh\k_f g_ m\_j_g k fm`qbgZfb beb k
`_gsbgZfb
Y ]h\hjbeh k\hbo]b[_evguohlghr_gbyok `_gsbghcHgbg_
[ueb ^ebl_evgufb fh`_l [ulv ihlhfm qlh hgZ djblbdh\ZeZ f_gy
gZau\ZeZ ihf_rZgguf < wlbo hlghr_gbyo g_ [ueh m\Z`_gby b
^h\_jby <bevyf ihbgl_j_kh\Zeky dZd [u y j_Z]bjh\Ze _keb [u hg
djblbdh\Ze f_gy Y ih^mfZe h[ wlhf aZl_f j_rbe qlh wlh aZ\bk_eh
[u hl djblbdb AZl_f hg k\yaZe djblbdm k ^h\_jb_f Y ihgye qlh
ohly y b ijb\ud ^h\_jylv <bevyfm kms_kl\m_l g_qlh qlh gm`gh
jZa\blv
:eZg Y dh_qlh ihgye <bevyf DjblbdZ ihqlb gm`gZ fg_
qlh[uih^l\_j`^ZlvfhxgbadmxkZfhhp_gdm
<bevyf Wlh a\mqbl ^hklZlhqguf hldjh\_gb_f k \Zr_c
klhjhgukf_ehklv²hldjulvwlh
:eZg Y lZd`_ ihgye qlh qZklh g_ ^h\_jye ex^yf dh]^Z hgb
]h\hjbebqlhgb[m^v\ fhxihevam
<bevyf :eZgbgl_j_kghk\yaZgZeb\ZrZgbadZykZfhhp_gdZk
qm\kl\hfg_gZ^_`ghklb
:eZg Y ^mfZx\ugZihjgh_ijZ\ub ijhklh ijbagZ\Zy wlh
qm\kl\m_rvk_[yiZjrb\h
<bevyf <u fh`_l_ ijbf_gblv k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ qlh[u
bah[jZablvdZd\u]ey^blwlZg_gZ^_`ghklv
:eZg Wlh ijhklZy dZjlhggZy dhjh[dZ gZ dhlhjhc g_l
Z[khexlghgbq_]hqlh[uhlebqblv__ hlex[hc^jm]hcdhjh[dbWlh
y
h[uqguc:eZg
<bevyf Qlh\u^mfZ_l_h lhfqlh[uaZ]eygmlv\gmljv":eZg
G_lY ij_^ihq_e[ug_agZlvihdjZcg_cf_j_k_cqZk
Y ohl_e hlf_gblv ihke_^gbc k_Zgk gh \k_lZdb ihr_e gZ
g_]h Ihke_ lj_lv_]h k_ZgkZ y klZe qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y ghjfZevgh ih
hlghr_gbx d kZfhfm k_[_ Fu k <bevyfhf kgh\Z ihkfhlj_eb gZ
gZrb hlghr_gby b gZ lhf k_Zgk_ ^he`gu [ueb k^_eZlv wlh \
ihke_^gbc jZa >he`gh [ulv dhgljZkl aZklZ\be f_gy aZ^mfZlvky h[
hlghr_gbyo f_`^m fhbf [jZlhf b hlphf Hgb \k_]^Z k
\hh^mr_\e_gb_f \ueb\Zeb ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z k\hb ^mjgu_ qm\kl\Z Z y
gZoh^bekyf_`^mgbfb<bevyfihbgl_j_kh\ZekyijbgbfZeeby wlb
^mjgu_qm\kl\Z\ k_[yGZ\_jgh_^Zohlygbdh]^Zg_^mfZeh[wlhf
<k_qlhy agZxwlhlhqlhq_luj_k_ZgkZk <bevyfhfgZijZ\bebf_gy
ih^hjh]_hldjulbyb h[mq_gbylhfmdZd`blv\ eZ^mk kZfbfkh[hc
lZdbfdZdhcy _klv
Dhff_glZjbc
< l_q_gb_ q_luj_o k_Zgkh\ k :eZghf y hkljh khagZ\Ze
g_h[oh^bfhklv ihklmiZlv ^_ebdZlgh ;ueh g_kdhevdh fhf_glh\
dh]^ZhggZf_dZegZk\hx]hfhk_dkmZevghklvl_fg_f_g__\ fZg_j_
\ dhlhjhchg^Z\Zefg_bgnhjfZpbxkh^_j`Zehkvg_qlhih[m^b\r__
f_gym^_j`ZlvkyhlZdlb\gh]hke_^h\ZgbywlhcebgbbFhybglmbpby
ijb\_eZ f_gy d fukeb qlh hg ihqlb ohl_e qlh[u y ih^l\_j^be _]h
k_dkmZevgmx hjb_glZpbx Y qm\kl\h\Ze [ueh [u g_ijZ\bevgh _keb
[u y ihklmibe lZd DZd y fh]" >Z b dZd fh] k^_eZlv wlh dlhgb[m^v
^jm]hc I_j_^Z\Zy fg_ fg_gb_ k\h_]h [jZlZ kqblZxs_]h qlh :eZg
]hem[hc fhc deb_gl ihkfhlj_e gZ f_gy hq_gv ijyfh b y kfh]
ihqm\kl\h\Zlv g_aZ^Zgguc \hijhk qlh ih wlhfm ih\h^m ^mfZx y" Y
kq_e[he__mf_klgufkijhkblv:eZgZqlhhgkZf^mfZ_lh k_[_Wlh
ijb\_eh d lhfm qlh hg aZ]h\hjbe h kZfhhp_gd_ Hg qm\kl\h\Ze qlh
rdZeZ_]hkZfhhp_gdbhq_gvgbadZy
?keb ijbgylv \h \gbfZgb_ k_f_cguc debfZl b \k_ lh h q_f
]h\hjbe :eZg ² _]h gZmqguc dmjk b ya\bl_evgu_ dhff_glZjbb
k\yaZggu_k wlbflhqlhg_dhlhjZy_]hfZg_jghklvfh]eZkha^Zlv
\i_qZle_gb_ `_ghih^h[ghklb ² g_m^b\bl_evgh qlh _]h
kZfhhp_gdZ^_ckl\bl_evgh[ueZgbadhc
:eZg[ueq_eh\_dhfex[ysbfihjy^hdhgqZklhijboh^bekh
kibkdhf l_f h dhlhjuo ^mfZe b dhlhju_ ohl_e [u hk\_lblv \ oh^_
k_ZgkZB ij_`^_q_fmclbhg\k_]^Zm[_`^Zekyqlh\k_gZibkZggh_
bf gZ ^hkd_ kl_jlh Fu ]h\hjbeb h[ wlhf b :eZg k\yaZe k\hb
ihklmidb k l_f qlh \k_lZdb g_ iheghklvx ^h\_jy_l fg_ :eZg
ijbr_elhevdhgZq_luj_k_ZgkZlZdqlh\iheg_ihgylghqlh_fm_s_
ke_^h\Zeh[ulvhklhjh`guf>h\_jb_g_evaymklZgh\blv[ukljh?]h
dhff_glZjbc h lhf qlh[u \ha^_j`b\Zlvky hl ^h\_jby ijb\_e d
bgl_j_kghc^bkdmkkbbh _]hkihkh[ghklbijbgbfZlvdjblbdmhldh]h
eb[h kdhj__ q_f iho\Zem beb ^h\_jb_ < fhbo aZf_ldZo d wlhfm
k_Zgkmy `bjghih^q_jdgmeY g_^he`_gdjblbdh\Zlv
Dh]^Z:eZghibku\Zeh[uqgmxgZ\b^dhjh[dmdhlhjmxgbqlh
g_ hlebqZeh hl ^jm]hc y ihqm\kl\h\Ze \ k_[_ ]em[hdmx i_qZev h[
wlhfq_eh\_d_dhlhjuckZfih^Z\ey_lk_[yY kdZaZe_fmh[wlhfgh
_fm[uehljm^ghijbgbfZlvfhbqm\kl\ZHgkh]eZkbekybkke_^h\Zlv
gZ ke_^mxs_c g_^_e_ qlh gZoh^blky \gmljb dhjh[db gh dh]^Z hg
ijbr_eklZehykghqlhhgg_ohq_l^_eZlvwlhhggk[ue]hlh\
Ohly fu ijh\_eb \f_kl_ lhevdh q_luj_ k_ZgkZ gh kfh]eb
ijhclb gZrb hlghr_gby ^h dhgpZ b :eZg mr_e agZy qlh fh`_l
\_jgmlvky_kebaZohq_lHgg_\_jgmekyHgaZdhgqbedmjkb m_oZegZ
jZ[hlmbagZrbodjZ_\
>ey:eZgZwlh[uedZdhclhdjbabkohlyhgb g_ij_^klZ\eye
_]h k_[_ lZdbf h[jZahf Dh]^Z y h]ey^u\Zxkv gZaZ^ k_cqZk q_j_a
g_kdhevdh e_l f_gy ^_ckl\bl_evgh m^b\ey_l h^gZ \_sv ² h[jZa
kZfh]h k_[y dhlhjuc m g_]h [ue ² h[jZa fZevqbdZ _s_ g_
khaj_\r_]h ?keb gZrb k_Zgku ihfh]eb _fm ijhclb q_j_a lh qlh
qZklh gZau\Zxl djbabkhf b^_glbqghklb lh]^Z hg bkiulZe g_qlh
iheh`bl_evgh_qlhihc^_l_fmgZihevam]^_[uhggb hdZaZekyFu
k :eZghf m\b^_eb \ wlhf h[jZa_ ikbobdm fm`qbgu aZdexq_ggmx \
fZevqbd_ dhlhjuc gZ r_klgZ^pZlv e_l [ue fheh`_ fm`qbgu
M^b\bl_evghebqlh:eZg[ue\ aZf_rZl_evkl\_"
:JJ:G=em[bguha_jZ
Y :jjZgbg^b_pk FZ\jbdby< :g]ebby \hk_fgZ^pZlve_lk
l_oihjdZdfg_bkihegbehkv^\Z^pZlvFhy`_gZ:crZ²lZfbedZm
gZk ^\_ ^hq_jb ^_kylb b \hkvfb e_l Y jZ[hlZx ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_f
k_kljbgkdh]h^_eZ\ KZmlowfilhg_b k_cqZkh[mqZxkv^eyihemq_gby
fZ]bkl_jkdhckl_i_gbihikboheh]bbb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx< dZq_kl\_
qZklbh[mq_gbyy ^he`_gkZfijhclbl_jZibx
GZqZeh fh_c `bagb g_ [ueh kqZkleb\uf fhc hl_p e_gb\uc
q_eh\_d [ue \k_]^Z ivyguf b hklZ\eye \k_ gZ fhx fZlv dhlhjZy
\eZ^_eZkh[kl\_gghklvxM g_]h [ueh fZeh \j_f_gb gZ f_gy b fhbo
[jZlv_\ b k_kl_j GZijbf_j y g_ fh]m \kihfgblv qlh[u hg dh]^Z
gb[m^vh[gyef_gyDh]^Zfg_bkihegbehkve_ly \ayekyaZfgh]h_
qlh ke_^h\Zeh ^_eZlv _fm Bf_ggh lh]^Z y ijbgye khagZl_evgh_
j_r_gb_klZlv_]hijhlb\hiheh`ghklvxih\k_f\hafh`gufklZlvyf
FZlvmf_jeZb yg_[uemihfygml\ __aZ\_sZgbbY ]h\hjbe
_c qlh g_ ohqm gbq_]h ba __ bfms_kl\Z fhb [jZlvy b k_klju
gm`^Zebkv\ g_f[hevr_q_fygh\k_`_y g_[ue^Z`_mihfygmlb
wlhkbevghjZgbehf_gyY qm\kl\mxk_[yhl\_j]gmlufhlphfihlhfm
qlh ijb]eZrZe _]h gZ\_klblv gZk gh hg hldZaZeky ijb_oZlv >mfZx
wlhihlhfmqlhy `_gZlgZ:cr_Z hgZbkih\_^m_l^jm]mx\_jm
H^gZbafhbohkh[_gghkl_caZdexqZ_lky\ lhf qlh y g_ fh]m
]h\hjblv ex^yf g_l ?keb dlhgb[m^v ohq_l ihemqblv q_luj_ qZkZ
fh_]h \j_f_gb y ^he`_g bo ^Zlv ?keb dhfmgb[m^v gm`gu fhb
^_gv]b y ^he`_g hl^Zlv Wlh ijb\h^bl f_gy d \k_\hafh`guf
klj_kkZf AgZx wlh dZdlh k\yaZgh k fhbf `_eZgb_f klZlv
kh\_jr_gguf Z lZd`_ k qm\kl\hf hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ ex^_c ?keb
fhb klm^_glu g_ k^Zxl wdaZf_gu agZqbl y \bgh\Zl y jZ[hlZe
g_^hklZlhqgh mk_j^gh Y ^he`_g jZ[hlZlv lZd mk_j^gh qlh[u g_
ijh\ZeblvkyY g_^he`_gijh\Zeb\Zlvkyihwlhfm[_jmgZk_[y\k_
[hevr_ b [hevr_ jZ[hlu qlh[u ^hdZaZlv dZdhc y
hl\_lkl\_ggucq_eh\_d
AgZx m f_gy \ukhdb_ klZg^Zjlu b wlh kha^Z_l lj_gby k
:crhc Y gZklZb\Zx gZ lhf qlh[u ihdmiZlv ^hjh]mx h^_`^m b ^ey
g__b ^ey^_\hq_dihlhfmqlhohqmqlh[uhgb\u]ey^_ebgZbemqrbf
h[jZahfY agZxfh`_l[ulvy ^_eZxwlh\ dZq_kl\_dhfi_gkZpbbaZ
lhq_]hgbdh]^Zg_bf_eY h[\bgyxfh_]hhlpZ\ lhfqlhg_^hklb]
[hevr_]h m fhbo jh^bl_e_c [ueh k_f_jh ^_l_c Y g_ kh[bjZeky
ih\lhjylv wlh lZd qlh k^_eZe \Zawdlhfbx < b^_Ze_ y ohl_e h^gh]h
j_[_gdZgh:crZohl_eZ^\hboY mf_j[u_keb[ufhb^_lbdh]^Z
gb[m^vkdZaZebh[hfg_g_^h[jh_keh\h
GZqbgZyjZ[hlZlvk <bevyfhfy ohl_eba[Z\blvkyhl[hevrhc
]hj_qbihih\h^mfhbojh^kl\_ggbdh\dhlhju_hlghkbebkvdhfg_b
d fh_c `_g_ hq_gv g_^h[jh Hgb ih^he]m ]hklbeb m gZk aZgbfZeb
^_gv]b gbdh]^Z g_ \ha\jZsZeb bo b fu baaZ gbo hdZaZebkv \
^he]Zo
<bevyf GZ ijhrehc g_^_e_ jZkkdZau\Zy h k\hbo
jh^kl\_ggbdZo \u mihlj_[beb ljb keh\Z ljyidZ hl\_j`_gguc
\u`ZlucWlh^h\hevghkbevgu_\ujZ`_gby
:jjZg
Y agZxb \hkh[_gghklbwlhhlghkblkyd h^ghfmfh_fm
[jZlmdhlhjucgZg_kfg_ij_^Zl_evkdbcm^ZjL_fg_f_g__y hq_gv
ex[ex_]hY [uhl^ZeaZg_]h`bagvZ hg^_eZ_lfg_lZdh_Ihq_fm"
^GZwlhfk_Zgk_[uehijheblhfgh]hke_a ohly :jjZg hq_gv
klZjZekyg_ieZdZlv
GZq_l\_jlhfk_Zgk_m gZkk <bevyfhfkhklhyekylZdhc^bZeh]
<bevyf
GZ lj_o ihke_^gbo k_ZgkZo fu ijh\_eb fgh]h
\j_f_gb [_k_^my h \Zrbo hlghr_gbyo k jh^bl_eyfb [jZlvyfb b
k_kljZfb <u qm\kl\m_l_ qlh hgb iheghklvx hl\_j]Zxl \Zk
qm\kl\m_l_qlhg_fh`_l_[hevr_^h\_jylvbfqlhhgbmgb`Zxl\Zk
Bgl_j_kgh dZd \Zf \b^ylky gZrb hlghr_gby" <u fh`_l_
ij_^klZ\blvk_[_dZdhgbfh]eb[u\u]ey^_lv_keb[u\ukha^Z\Zeb
dZjlbgm"
:jjZg M f_gyk wlbfljm^ghklbG_^mfZxqlh\hh[jZ`_gb_
²fhykbevgZyq_jlZY mqmkv^h\_jylv\Zfbdhg_qgh^mfZx
L\u
ihaZ[hlbl_kvh[hfg_
<bevyf :jjZg iha\hevl_ fg_ ^Zlv \Zf klZjl Y ij_^klZ\e
k_[_qlh\ui_j_e_aebq_j_ahq_gv\ukhdmxkl_gmZ gZ^jm_klhjhg_
²ha_jh
:jjZg Wlh aZ[Z\gh ihlhfm qlh y \b^_e ha_jh gh g_ fh]
ihgylvdZdhghfh`_l[ulvl_fqlh\ubf__l_\ \b^m
<bevyf Ihoh`_ \u ohlbl_ qlh[u y \_e \Zk b ]h\hjbe qlh
^_eZlv
:jjZg IheZ]Zx qlh lZd <u f_gy agZ_l_ y ex[ex qlh[u
\_sb[uebeb[hq_jgufbeb[h[_eufb
<bevyf DZ`_lky wlh k\yaZgh k \ukhdbfb djbl_jbyfb ih
dhlhjuf\ukm^bl_ex^_cDZdwlhlih^oh^ijhy\ey_lky\ \Zk"
:jjZg Y ohqmqlh[uex^b^_eZeblhqlhy ohqmihlhfmqlhy
qm\kl\mxqlhijZ\
<bevyf H^bg fhf_gl dZkZxsbcky \ukhdbo lj_[h\Zgbc ²
wlhhkljh_qm\kl\h\j_f_gbDZdwlhihgylb_ijbf_gbfhd \Zf"
:jjZg <_kvfZhij_^_e_ggh?kebex^bhiZa^u\Zxly k_j`mkv
b ^mfZxqlhwlh[_ahl\_lkl\_ggu_ex^b
<bevyf Y ^mfZx fu _s_ ih^gbf_f wlm l_fm gh k_cqZk
^Z\Zcl_ \_jg_fky d ha_jm Qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h lhf qlh[u bkke_^h\Zlv
_]h"
:jjZg Hg_agZxhgh\u]ey^bl]em[hdbf
<bevyf <hlqlhy kdZ`m:jjZgh[aZ\_^bl_kvZd\ZeZg]hfDZd
wlha\mqbl"
:jjZg =h^blkyghfh`ghm f_gy[m^_l\_j_\dZb \u[m^_l___
^_j`Zlv"
<bevyf Dhg_qgh dZ`_lky wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh ohjhrh DZd
gZkq_lhjm`bybebfhsgh]hnhgZjy"
:jjZg
G_l \_j_\dZ ² wlh \k_ qlh fg_ gZ^h Y himkdZxkv
\gba \ ^Zevgbc imlv Ihoh`_ \h^Z hq_gv l_fgZy Y g_ ohqm
ijh^\b]Zlvky ^Zevr_ qm\kl\mx qlh ih[ebahklb dZdhclh obsgbd
ohly b g_ fh]m _]h m\b^_lv ?keb y g_ [m^m ijb\e_dZlv d k_[_
\gbfZgbyhgf_gyg_aZf_lbl
<bevyf <u qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y ^_ckl\bl_evgh aZkljy\rbf" G_
fh`_l_ijh^he`Zlv"?keb\u^\bg_l_kvlhhgfh`_lgZiZklvgZ\Zk"
:jjZg >Z\_jghY gZqbgZxiZgbdh\Zlv
<bevyf :jjZg Y ihij_`g_fm ^_j`m \_j_\dm >_jgbl_ __
qlh[um[_^blvky\ wlhfQlh\u^mfZ_l_h lhfqlh[uih^jm`blvkyk
wlbfkms_kl\hf"
:jjZg Hy g_kfh][uwlhk^_eZlv
<bevyf Fh`_l_eb\uih^h[jZlvky^hklZlhqgh[ebadhqlh[u
m\b^_lv_]h"
:jjZg G_l Y ijhklh g_ fh]m _]h \b^_lv Hgh q_jgh_ b
[_ah[jZagh_
<bevyf Dh]hhgh\ZfgZihfbgZ_l"
:jjZg Fhxk_kljm
<bevyf L_i_jv\uhij_^_ebebdlhwlh .,. gZkq_llh]hqlh[u
ihijh[h\Zlvih^jm`blvky"
:jjZg
Y g_ohqmY ohl_e[uhklZgh\blvkya^_kvih`ZemcklZ
<bevyf Ij_djZkgh :jjZg Ijhklh ih\j_f_gbl_ g_fgh]h b
ih^gbfZcl_kvgZih\_joghklv<u`_g_ohlbl_ihemqblvd_kkhggmx
[he_agv" LZd qlh q_j_a hij_^_e_ggh_ \j_fy \ha\jZsZcl_kv \ wlm
dhfgZlm
:jjZg G_\_jhylgh dm^Z y aZ[jZeky" Y agZx wlh [ueh fh_
[_kkhagZl_evgh_ghhgh[uehl_fgufH ;h`_fg_gm`ghqlh[ulZf
[uek\_lDh]^Zy gZqZehimkdZlvkylh^mfZeqlhihc^mijyfhdh^gm
b lZfgZc^myjdbck\_lqbkluci_khdb p\_luLZdqlh\k_wlh[ueh
jZahqZjh\Zgb_f
<bevyf : \ZrZk_kljZ"
:jjZg
Fg_ijb^_lkyihjZ[hlZlvgZ^wlbfDZ`_lkydZd[m^lh
y __g_gZ\b`mijZ\^Z"
<bevyf DZ`_lky\uihq_fmlh[hbl_kv__
:jjZg Qlhwlhq_jgh_kms_kl\h[uehfhbfkljZohf"
GZr_klhfk_Zgk_
<bevyf DZdkms_kl\h\u]ey^blk_cqZk"
:jjZg Ihij_`g_fm q_jgh_ ihij_`g_fm [_ah[jZagh_ gh g_
lZdh_m]jh`Zxs__Y ihq_fmlhqm\kl\mxqlhfg_[hevr_iha\he_gh
<bevyf >hklZlhqgh fgh]h iha\he_gh qlh[u ih^jm`blvky k
gbf"
:jjZg G_lY ohqmm[jZlv_]hih^Zevr_hlf_gy
<bevyf <_ebl__fmmclb
:jjZg Hghg_mc^_l
<bevyf :jjZgqlh\uqm\kl\m_l_ihhlghr_gbxd g_fm"
:jjZg @ZehklvY [m^m_]hb]ghjbjh\Zlv
<bevyf < ihke_^gbc jZa dh]^Z \u ihk_lbeb ha_jh \u [ueb
jZahqZjh\ZguDZdk_]h^gy"<ufh`_l_hibkZlvwlhha_jh"
:jjZg Ihnhjf_hghgZihfbgZ_lqZrmIhij_`g_fml_fgh_
gh _keb y hlijZ\exkv ^Zevr_ y kfh]m m\b^_lv k\_l Qlh ` ihc^m d
g_fm L_i_jv k\_l klZgh\blky yjq_ ?keb y ijhlbkgmkv q_j_a wlhl
madbc dmkhd G_l g_ fh]m wlh k^_eZlv Ohqm gh qlhlh dZ`_lky
hklZgZ\eb\Z_lf_gy
<bevyf :jjZg bgl_j_kgh \h^Z l_fgZy ihlhfm qlh kms_kl\h
qlhlh\a[Zelu\Z_lbfh`_l[ulv\ug_fh`_l_^h[jZlvkylm^Z
dm^Z ohlbl_ ihlhfm qlh \ l_fghf dmkd_ _klv dZdh_lh
g_aZdhgq_ggh_^_eh"
:jjZg Qlhlhk\yaZggh_k fh_ck_kljhc^Z"
<bevyf <hafh`gh gh fh`_l [ulv wlh \ZrZ l_fgZy klhjhgZ
\ZrZl_gv
:jjZg Fg_g_gjZ\blkylhqlhy keurmY [u emqr_ [ue gZ
k\_lmihlhfmqlhwlhkms_kl\hg_fh`_l`blvgZk\_lmY [m^mlZf\
[_ahiZkghklb
Dhff_glZjbc
Y ihijhkbe :jjZgZ ihiulZlvky hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv hlghr_gby
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby k hij_^_e_gghc p_evx Y dZd h[mqZxsbc
dhgkmevlZgl^mfZewlhihfh`_l_fm\ujZablvk\hbqm\kl\Zkeh\Zfb
Ih^h[gh_ ijhykg_gb_ qm\kl\ ihfh]Z_l jZkkfhlj_lv hljbpZl_evgu_
beb iheh`bl_evgu_ q_jlu oZjZdl_jZ <lhjhc fhf_gl aZdexqZ_lky \
lhf qlh :jjZg lZd fgh]h ]h\hjbe h g_]Zlb\guo hlghr_gbyo
hl\kj`_gbb b mljZl_ qlh y aZohl_e ij_^hklZ\blv _fm \hafh`ghklv
bkke_^h\ZlvgZrbhlghr_gby
:jjZg ijhr_e q_j_a h[jZah\Zl_evgmx kbkl_fm dhlhjZy
klZ\beZ Zdp_gl kdhj__ gZ Z\lhjblZjghf b ^b^Zdlbq_kdhf h[mq_gbb
q_fgZwdki_jbf_glZevghf?kebijbf_gblvxg]h\kdb_l_jfbguhgb
dhgp_gljbjh\Zebkv kdhj__ gZ hsms_gbb b fure_gbb q_f gZ
bglmbpbbb qm\kl\_lZdqlhg_m^b\bl_evghqlhkgZqZeZ:jjZggZr_e
jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb ljm^ghc ohly b kdZaZe qlh ohq_l jZ[hlZlv lZdbf
kihkh[hf
:jjZg ijbagZe qlh hq_gv \aukdZl_e_g d k_[_ b ^jm]bf
<aukdZl_evghklv qZklh ijhy\ey_l k_[y \ q_jgh[_euo l_jfbgZo b \
g_kihkh[ghklbhleh`blvkm`^_gb_
Iml_r_kl\b_ \ ]em[bgu ha_jZ ihlj_[h\Zeh [hevrh]h
fm`_kl\Z ohly :jjZg [ue hiulguf ieh\phf Lhl nZdl qlh hg g_
aZohl_eijbf_gblvhjm`b_agZqbf:jjZghq_gvdjhldbcq_eh\_dHg
fh][uk_j^blvkygh\jy^ebklZe[uijhy\eylvZ]j_kkbxHlkmlkl\b_
hjm`by dZd [u ihdZau\Zeh qlh :jjZg fh`_l kijZ\blvky k l_f qlh
e_`bl \ ]em[bgZo <_j_\dZ dhlhjmx y ^_j`Ze ]h\hjbl h
kiZkZl_evghf ljhk_ h [_ahiZkghklb Z wlh fgh]h_ khh[sZ_l h
^h\_jbb
?keb \h^Z hebp_l\hjy_l [_kkhagZl_evgh_ lh iml_r_kl\b_
q_j_a \h^u gZ\_eh [u gZ fukev qlh [_kkhagZl_evgh_ :jjZgZ
^hklZlhqghl_fghqlh\hdjm][uehfZehk\_lZWlhlZd`_gZ\h^blgZ
fukev
qlh :jjZg iml_r_kl\my ih g_ba\_klghc l_jjblhjbb dZd [u
klZjZ_lky hsmlblv __ ?fm ihlj_[h\Zehkv hq_gv fgh]h \j_f_gb
qlh[uih^gylvkygZih\_joghklvwlboh[jZah\
Dh]^Z deb_gl qm\kl\m_l k_[y lZd beb bgZq_ [ehdbjh\Zggvr
agZqblihjZ\_jgmlvkygZwlZigZaZ^b ihkfhlj_lvgZg_aZdhgq_ggh_
^_eh :jjZgm \k_ `_ ijbrehkv aZgbfZlvky kms_kl\hf b hg kfh]
ijb[ebablvky d k\_lm lhevdh dh]^Z bf aZgyebkv K\_l dhlhjuc hg
\b^_egZ^g_ijbly]b\Ze_]hdZdfZ]gblqlhgZ\h^blgZfukevqlh
^Z`_\ ]em[bgZo[_kkhagZl_evgh]h^eyg_]hkms_kl\m_lgZ^_`^Z
;_kkhagZl_evgh_ qZklh ij_^klZ\e_gh dZd \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_
\b^_q_]hlhdm^Zq_eh\_d\oh^blH khagZl_evghf\hafh`gihe_ag__
^mfZlvdZdh q_flhdjm]ehfdZdh rZj_ihkl_i_gv^\b]Zykv]em[`_\
[_kkhagZl_el
i_ ² hl i_jbn_jbb d p_glj? ihvamy wlm ZgZeh]bx
e_]dh
_lvqlh:jjZgij_^klZ\bh hloh^gZaZ^bab ijb[h
]eZaZo[ueZkgb`_gb_fg_\hafh`gh\ukhdboklZg^Zjlh\
H[klhyl_evkl\Z :jjZgZ baf_gbebkv _]h ih\ukbeb b hg ba
gZrbof_kllZdqlhgZf[ueh[uljm^ghijh^he`Zlv .2, lbjh\Zgb_
Fukfh]eb^h[blvkym^h\e_l\hjbl_evghc[ebxkhlghr_gbcFuh[Z
qm\kl\h\Zeb qlh :jjZgm ij_^klhbl [hevr jZ[hlZ ih fh^bnbdZpbb
klhjhgk\h_cebqghklbkha^Z\Z\rbklj_kk
wg^b
AZ[jhr_ggh_ihe_dmdmjmau
Y Wg^bklm^_gllj_lv_]hdmjkZmqmkvgZf_^[jZlZY ijbr_e
gZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ ih ih\h^m ijh[e_f gZ wdaZf_gZo b ebqguo
ljm^ghkl_cY feZ^rbcbaiylb^_l_cb ^_ckl\bl_evghg_^mfZxqlh
fhb jh^bl_eb dh]^Zgb[m^v mqbeb f_gy [jZlv gZ k_[y
hl\_lkl\_gghklv Wlh h^gZ ba ljm^ghkl_c jZ[hlu \j_f_gZfb fg_
dZ`_lky qlh hl\_lkl\_gghklb kebrdhf fgh]h >jm]hc fhf_gl y
^_eZx\k_h q_ff_gyijhkylY mklmiZxkebrdhfm`e_]dhY ohqm
baf_gblvk\h_ih\_^_gb_b gZ^_xkvqlhdhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_gZijZ\bl
f_gyihwlhc^hjh]_
<bevyf Ihfh_fm \u hq_gv k_[y ijbgb`Z_l_ Ihkfhljbf
kdhevdhohjhrbo\_s_c\ukfh`_l_gZibkZlvh k_[_gZ^hkd_
Wg^b
Y agZx qlh g_mf_g Y ohqm gZibkZlv mfguc gh g_
fh]m
<bevyf Q_cwlh]hehk]h\hjbl\Zfqlh\ug_mfgu"
Wg^bY agZxqlhwlhfhckh[kl\_gguc]hehk
<bevyf AgZqbl\u\b^bl_k_[yg_mfgufQlh_s_"
Wg^b Hy dehmg^mjZd\k_]^ZaZklZ\eyxsbcex^_ckf_ylvky
Fhb klZjrbc [jZl FZjlbg hg om^h`gbd b hlebqguc >`mg kZfZy
klZjrZy b ke_^mxsb_ ^\h_ [jZlv_\ >`bf b Lhf Hgb mijZ\eyeb
fh_c`bagvx
<bevyf DZd"
Wg^b <k_]^ZijbgbfZyaZf_gyj_r_gby\k_]^Zmgb`Zyf_gy
Y gbdh]^Z g_ qm\kl\h\Ze qlh m f_gy _klv ohlv dZdZylh
g_aZ\bkbfhklv
<bevyf Wg^b dh]^Z \u ]h\hjbl_ y qm\kl\mx kbevgmx [hev
\hla^_kv\ dbr_qgbd_M f_gyih^haj_gb_qlhy aZ[bjZxwlm[hevm
\Zk
Wg^b ^Ihqlb ieZqZ <u ijZ\u Y ohqm aZdjbqZlv HklZ\vl_
f_gy\ ihdh_DZdy \Zkg_gZ\b`m
<bevyf G_m`_eb ^Z`_ k_cqZk \u g_ qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y
g_aZ\bkbfufhlgbo"DZ`_lky\uh[\bgy_l_boaZwlh"
Wg^b >Zghwlhg_ijZ\bevghlZd"
<bevyf >Z\Zcl_ ihkfhljbf gZ wlh lZdbf h[jZahf \k_ \j_fy
fu h[\bgy_f ^jm]bo ex^_c aZ lh qlh ihemqZ_f Fu hldZau\Z_fky
\aylvgZk_[yhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZwlhQlh\uh[wlhf^mfZ_l_"
Wg^b Wlh aZ^_\Z_l gh \u ijZ\u Qlh y fh]m k wlbf k^_eZlv
<bevyf"< _]h]hehk_ke_au[_kihfhsghklb`
<bevyf Wg^bwlh[hevrhcrZ]\i_j_^b y^mfZx\ukf_euc
jZa k^_eZeb _]h Lj_[m_lky fm`_kl\h qlh[u ijbgylv g_dhlhjmx
hl\_lkl\_gghklv Imlv \i_j_^ fh`_l hdZaZlvky g_e_]dbf qZklh hg
ljm^_gDZd\u^mfZ_l_kijZ\blvkyk wlbf"
Wg^b ?keb]h\hjblvijZ\^mlhg_agZxghy ihc^m
GZ lj_lv_f k_Zgk_ fu k <bevyfhf ijh\_eb fgh]h \j_f_gb
]h\hjyh ^_lkl\_b hljhq_kl\_b hlhfdZdy k_[yqm\kl\h\ZeY kdZaZe
qlhlh \jh^_ j_[_gdm gZ^h qlh[u _]h ex[beb <bevyf ih^o\Zlbe
wlh b kijhkbe qm\kl\mx eb y qlh gm`^Zxkv \ ex[\b Wlh [ueh
kebrdhfijyfh^eyf_gyihwlhfmy mdehgbekyhlhl\_lZb aZ]h\hjbe
h `_gsbgZo M f_gy gbdh]^Z g_ [ueh [hevrh]h mki_oZ Qlh y fh]m
^Zlv"Y ^_ckl\bl_evghmgb`Zek_[y
<bevyf IjhZgZebabjmcl_ l_jfbgu b \u[_jbl_ \ dZdhc
fh^_eb\u[hevr_\k_]h^_ckl\m_l_jh^bl_ev\ajhkeucj_[_ghd
Fum`_h[km`^Zeblmfh^_ev
Wg^b Wlh^he`gh[ulvfhcj_[_ghdIh\b^bfhfmm]jxfuc
b bkihjq_gguc
<bevyf : dZd\Zf\b^ylkygZrbhlghr_gby"
Wg^b Wlh hij_^_e_ggh \ajhkeuc q_eh\_d <hl h^bg ba
ohjhrbo fhf_glh\ Y ^mfZe \u [m^_l_ aZ^Z\Zlv fgh]h \hijhkh\ ²
kgbfZlv\k_kehbemdh\bpub ^h[bjZlvky^hijbqbguihq_fmy lZdhc
dZdhc_klv
<bevyf B dh]^Zwlh]hg_ijhbkoh^bldZdguk_[yqm\kl\m_l_"
Wg^b HlebqghY ²\ajhkeZyqZklvghy g_^he`_giheghklvx
ba[Z\eylvkyhlk\h_]hj_[_gdZijZ\^Z"Y [ug_ohl_ewlh]h
<rtyf G_l dhg_qgh g_l hkh[_ggh hl k\h[h^gh]h
kihglZggh]h j_[_gdZ Y qZklh ^mfZx qlh fhc j_[_ghd kebrdhf
aZ^Z\e_g q_j_kqmj jZgg_c hl\_lkl\_gghklvx km^y ih lhfm qlh \u
]h\hjbl_²\ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv\Zf
GZq_l\_jlhfk_Zgk_fu^h]h\hjbebkvbkihevah\Zlvh[jZau\
[hevr_ckl_i_gb
<bevyf L_i_jv \u qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y jZkkeZ[e_gguf
Ij_^klZ\v]_k_[_em]\ l_ieuckheg_qguc^_gv<ukfhljbl_\hdjm]b
\b^b]_e_kohefjmq_cb ^hfJZkkdZ`bl_qlh\uk_[_ij_^klZ\ey_]_
Wg^b Wlh ihe_ dmdmjmau \jh^_ d\Z^jZlgh_ Z e_k ² \ m]em
ihaZ^bf_gyIhe_ijhklbjZ_lkykijZ\Zhlf_gyb ^Ze__gZohefY g_
fh]mgb]^_ij_^klZ\blvk_[_^hf
<bevyf DZd\uqm\kl\m_l_k_[yk_cqZk"
Wg^b Y g_ ^mfZx qlh bf_x ijZ\h gZoh^blvky a^_kv Y
ijh^he`Zx h`b^Zlv qlh mkeurm dh]hlh dlh \_ebl fg_ \klZlv b
k^_eZlvqlhgb[m^vihe_agh_
<bevyf L_i_jvy ohqmqlh[u\uij_^klZ\bebk_[_ke_^mxs__
\ue_`bl_b kfhljbl_gZ\_jo\ kbg__g_[hIhqm\kl\mcl_qlh
dmdmjmaZ ih^gbfZ_lky gZ^ \Zfb Z aZl_f ihqm\kl\mcl_ ihegu_
ihqZldb L_i_jv ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ dhjgb moh^ysb_ hl \Zk \gba \
a_fex b kh_^bgyxsb_ky k dhjgyfb dmdmjmau HklZ\Zcl_kv lZd
klhevdh kdhevdh aZohlbl_ b ijhklh ijbgbfZcl_ lh qlh ]h\hjyl \Zf
h[jZau
Wg^bgZqZehq_gvlbohieZdZlvihlhfaZ]h\hjbe
Wg^b Y agZxqlhwlhihe_²yb hghaZ[jhr_ghY g_fgh`dh
kimklbeky\gba d dhjgyf aZl_f fg_ klZeh dZdlh `mldh QZklv f_gy
ohl_eZ b^lb ijyfh \gba gh [ueZ b ^jm]Zy qZklv dhlhjZy \k_ \j_fy
l\_j^beZ;_j_]bkv
<bevyf Wg^b jZkkdZ`bl_ wlh ihex dmdmjma_ _s_ q_fmlh
qlhlZf_klv
Wg^b Fg_`Zevqlh\ZkaZ[jhkbeby ohqmkdZaZlvfg_`Zev
qlhy \ZkaZ[jhkbe
< dhgp_k_ZgkZ
<bevyf L_i_jv fu ijh]h\hjbeb wlh Y \b`m \j_fy ihqlb
\ureh ihwlhfm ij_^eZ]Zx \Zf \_jgmlvky gZ em] b ihkfhlj_lv
baf_gbekyebhg
Wg^b >Z hg baf_gbeky Y klhx ebphf d \_jrbg_ ohefZ ]^_
k\_lbl khegp_ Y ]h\hjx em]m qlh [m^m aZ[hlblvky h g_f Y g_
iha\hex ^jm]bf ex^yf kljhblv gZ g_f [_lhggu_ ^hjh]b gZ fh_f
em]m
<bevyf Wlhqm^_kghQlh]h\hjblem]"
Wg^b Hg ]h\hjbl qlh ^jm]b_ ex^b g_ fh]ml jZajmrblv _]h
Hg]h\hjblqlhfuk gbfk\yaZgub lhevdhy fh]mjZajmrblv_]hGh
_keby wlhk^_eZxlh[m^mjZajmrZlvkZfh]hk_[y
Wg^b ih^gyeky b \u]ey^gme \ hdgh hq_\b^gh [hjykv k dZdhc
lh]em[hdhcwfhpb_cWlh[uekbevguck_Zgk^eygZkh[hbo
GZiylhfk_Zgk_
Wg^b Y [u ohl_e ih]h\hjblv h ijhrehc g_^_e_ _keb wlh
ghjfZevgh Y mr_e k hq_gv keh`gufb qm\kl\Zfb qZklv f_gy ih
ij_`g_fmohl_eZieZdZlv_s_h^gZqZklvqm\kl\h\ZeZk_[ygZ\ukhl_
Z _s_h^gZ\k_\j_fy]h\hjbeZDmqZ]emih]h\a^hjZ
<bevyf Wlh g_kdhevdh k[b\Z_l k lhedm DhlhjZy qZklv
ih[_^beZ"Wg^b Ke_auDh]^Zy \hr_e\ k\hxdhfgZlmhgbihl_deb
Y ohl_e ieZdZlv a^_kv agZ_l_ dh]^Z ih^hr_e d hdgm gh g_ kfh]
Ba\bgbl_
<bevyf Y ^h]Z^u\Zxkv qlh _keb [u \u aZieZdZeb fh]eh [u
ihdZaZlvkyqlh\umklmiZ_l_Z bf_gghk wlbf\umkbe_gghiulZ_l_kv
bf_lv^_eh
Wg^b <_jgh Y ieZdZe hq_gv e_]dh b ^\Z fhbo [jZlZ \k_]^Z
jm]Zebf_gybaaZwlh]h<bevyf DZd"
Wg^b H\ug_aZohlbl_wlhkemrZlv
<bevyf ?keb \j_fy hl \j_f_gb ijhbaghkblv mkljZrZxsb_
keh\ZwlhqZklhihfh]Z_lm^Zeblvbagbo`ZehIhijh[m_f"
Wg^b Ohjhrh IeZdkZfZf_gvdbgkughd^_\qhgdZg_`_gdZ
Wlbkeh\ZaZklZ\eyebf_gy_s_[hevr_ieZdZlv
<bevyf Ihoh`_qlhklj_euhklZ\beb\ \Zkk\hbam[pu^hkbo
ihj <u fh`_l_ ijhklh ihkfhlj_lv gZ wlh AZdjhcl_ ]eZaZ b
ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlh\ \Zkklj_eyxl
Wg^b Y \b`mh^gmklj_emijbde__ggmx\hla^_kvgZe[mWlh
g_aZam[j_ggZyklj_eZZ klj_eZk ijbkhkdZfbk dhlhjufbfu[u\Zeh
b]jZeb
<bevyf AgZqbl hgZ lZf ^Z\gh" Wg^b =h^u DZd hl g__
ba[Z\blvky"
<bevyf Wg^b Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ dh]hlh ijboh^ys_]h d \Zf
gZihfhsvWlhlq_eh\_dg_k_l[mluedmfZkeZb g_`ghkfZau\Z_l\Zr
eh[ fZkehf ijbkhkdZ f_^e_ggh gZqbgZ_l mf_gvrZlvky <u
qm\kl\m_l_ dZd ih^mr_qdZ ijbkhkdb kdhevabl dh]^Z fZkeh ihiZ^Z_l
ih^g__Q_eh\_d[_j_lkyaZklj_eme_]dhlyg_lk_hgZhlebiZ_lHg
hl^Z_l\Zfklj_emb g_`ghlj_liylghihdZ[hevg_ijhoh^bl
D dhigm k_ZgkZ gZijZ\e_ggh]h \hh[jZ`_gby Wg^b aZieZdZe
Ke_auqZklhkhijh\h`^Zxlbkp_e_gb_
Wg^b <bevyf agZ_l_ y ^_ckl\bl_evgh qm\kl\h\Ze wlh Wlh
[ueh qm^_kgh <u g_ [m^_l_ kf_ylvky" Lhl q_eh\_d ² wlh [ue gZr
k\ys_ggbd Y dZlhebd ijZ\^Z g_ hq_gv j_eb]bhaguc gh y [u\Ze \
p_jd\b i_j_^ ZelZj_f K\ys_ggbd \aye k\ylh_ fZkeh \hl qlh wlh
[ueh
<bevyf Wg^b ^Zcl_ fg_ ^h]Z^Zlvky l_i_jv \u qm\kl\m_l_ lm
qZklvbkp_e_gghc;hevijhreZ"
Wg^b G_ijhreZghklZehgZfgh]hemqr_Y ^mfZeh jZ[hl_k
h[jZaZfb HgZ fg_ gjZ\blky b y aZibkZeky gZ dmjk f_^blZpbb
>mfZx wlh ihfh`_l fg_ \hclb \h \gmlj_ggbc fbj h dhlhjhf \u
]h\hjbl_ Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh j_rbe gZqZlv [jZlv mijZ\e_gb_ \ k\hb
jmdbb g_\bgblv^jm]boaZlhqlhy lZdhcdZdhc_klv
<bevyf Wlh a\mqbl ij_djZkgh Wg^b L_i_jv \_jg_fky d
\Zr_fmem]mQm\kl\m_l_qlh\ukfhljbl_gZg_]hkgh\Z"
Wg^b Dhg_qghY kfhljxgZohefK_cqZky \b`mqlhgZ_]h
\_jrbg_ ^_j_\h gh y ihdbgm ohef =ey^y gZijZ\h y \b`m [hevrh_
hldjulh_ijhkljZgkl\h
<bevyf H q_fhghgZihfbgZ_l \Zf"
Wg^b AZ[Z\gh gh hgh gZihfbgZ_l h lhf dZd fgh]h e_l lhfm
gZaZ^y aZ[em^bekygZ\_j_kdh\uoimklhrZoFg_[uehe_l^_kylvY
ihemqbegZ]hgycdh]^ZhgbgZrebf_gy
<rvyf AgZqbl wlh hldjulh_ ijhkljZgkl\h fh`_l [ulv l_f
q_fgZ^haZgylvky²qm\kl\hf\heg_gbykf_rZggufkhkljZohf
Wg^b Wlh hq_gv f_ldh gh ^mfZx y [m^m ijh^he`Zlv ^_eZlv
lh `_ kZfh_ Y b^m g_^Ze_dh gh qlh f_gy ihjZ`Z_l lZd wlh
h^bghq_kl\h b y qm\kl\mx k_[y dZdbflh jZahqZjh\Zgguf ohly \k_
\u]ey^bllZdbfijb\e_dZl_evguf
<bevyf Fh]eb [u \u k\yaZlv kdZaZggh_ k wlbf gh\uf
qm\kl\hfhldjulh]hijhkljZgkl\Z"<hh[jZabl_qlh\ukgh\Zj_[_ghd
dhlhjucijhklhhlijZ\bekyqlhlhbkke_^h\Zlv
Wg^b Y bkim]ZgY ohqmqlh[ufhbljb[jZlZihrebkhfghc
ghhgbm[_`Zeb\i_j_^aZklZ\eyyf_gy^h]hgylvbo
<bevyf DZd\uqm\kl\m_l_k_[yijbwlhf"
Wg^b DZdijboe_[Zl_evb gZ^h_^eb\ucq_eh\_d
<bevyf >eygbo\u²]heh\gZy[hevIhq_fm[u\Zfg_\aylv
mijZ\e_gb_kblmZpb_c\ k\hbjmdbk_cqZk\aylvgZk_[ybgbpbZlb\mb
qlhgb[m^vh[gZjm`blv"
Wg^b <_jghY gZoh`m]jmah\bdgZiheh\bgmihohjhg_gguc\
a_fe_Hgdj_idbcb ijhqgucb _]hg_e_]dh[m^_ljZah[jZlv
<bevyf : qlh\Zrb[jZlvy"
Wg^b FZjlbg ² ghjfZevgh AZ[Z\gh ² ]h\hjbl hg ² y
\k_]^ZagZeqlhlu_]hgZc^_rv>\Z^jm]bo[jZlZaZ\b^mxlihlhfm
qlhem]fhcZ mgbog_llh]hqlh_klvm f_gy
<bevyf Wlh ^h\hevgh \Z`gh Fh`_l [ulv fu h[Z kfh`_f
ih^mfZlvh[wlhfij_`^_q_f\klj_lbfky\ ke_^mxsbcjZaghk_cqZk
ihjZ hklZ\blv em] b \_jgmlvky \ wlm dhfgZlm < \Zr_ kh[kl\_ggh_
\j_fy
Dhff_glZjbc
Dh]^ZWg^bgZoh^bekygZihe_k dmdmjmahc b ]h\hjbe dZd hg
ij_g_[j_]Z_lbfwlhkem`behhebp_l\hj_gb_f_]h\gmlj_gg_]hfbjZ
\hafh`gh _]h \hh[jZ`_gby \hafh`gh _]h `_gkdh]h gZqZeZ
DmdmjmaZ hebp_l\hjy_l h[_sZgb_ ieh^hjh^by b k\yaZgZ k >_f_ljhc
P_j_jhb [h]bg_c mjh`Zy Y h[km`^Ze k Wg^b \_jhylghklv lh]h
nZdlZ qlh lh q_f hg ij_g_[j_]Ze y\eyehkv nmgdpb_c ijZ\h]h
ihemrZjby_]hfha]ZY ij_^eh`be_fmdhjhldh_h[tykg_gb_nmgdpbb
ijZ\h]h b e_\h]h ihemrZjbc b lh]h dZd fgh]b_ ba gZk m^_eyxl
[hevrh_ \gbfZgb_ jZa\blbx nmgdpbc e_\h]h ihemrZjby b
ij_g_[j_]Zxl nmgdpbyfb ijZ\h]h ihemrZjby Y ij_^iheh`be qlh
_]h e_\h_ ihemrZjb_ [ueh qZklvx ij_^mij_`^Z\r_c h[
hklhjh`ghklb dh]^Z hg hlijZ\eyeky kebrdhf ^Ze_dh \ dhjg_\mx
kbkl_fm [hykv ijb wlhf aZ[em^blvky E_\h_ ihemrZjb_ klj_fblky
dhgljhebjh\ZlvkblmZpbx
Y lZd`_ ]h\hjbe h ikbobd_ klj_fys_cky d bgl_]jZpbb b
p_ehklghklb b kdZaZe Wg^b qlh _]h iml_r_kl\b_ fh`_l [ulv \jk
f_gZfb g_dhfnhjlguf b ^Z`_ [he_ag_gguf gh ikbobdZ %&& [m^_l
jZ[hlZlv gZ dhg_qgh_ [eZ]h Wlh m[_^beh _]h \ lhf qlh fh`_l
gZmqblvky^h\_jylvwlhcqZklbkZfh]hk_[y
Ihe_agh [ueh aZ\_jrblv k_Zgk hiylv gZ em]m hkh[_ggh dk
^bkdmkkbym\_eZdeb_glZhllm^ZOhlygbdZdh]h[hevrh]h\j_^
ijhbahc^_l hl lh]h qlh k_Zgk aZ\_jrblvky lZf b lh]^Z gh
g_fgh`dh ihoh`_ gZ dgb]m hklZ\e_ggmx hldjulhc \kydh_ fh
kemqblvky Y lZd`_ ^mfZx qlh \ha\jZs_gb_ gZ em] \k_ `_ ^Zk L
deb_glm\hafh`ghklvkjZ\gblv^hb ihke_
Hiul Wg^b kh k\yluf fZkehf [ue h^gbf ba l_o j_^dbo
fhf_glh\ijhju\Z\ [_kkhagZl_evgh_deb_glZhldhlhjuor_\_eylky
ihehku gZ ]heh\_ Y g_ bf_e ihgylby h lhf qlh Wg^b dZlhebd gh
dh]^Z hg m\b^_e klj_em ijbde__ggmx dh e[m i_j_^h fghc \hagbd
f]gh\_gguc h[jZa k\ys_ggbdZ ihfZau\Zxs_]h eh[ fZklhf G_
`_eZy gZijZ\eylv \hh[jZ`_gb_ hklZ\eyy h[jZa k\ys_ggbdZ y
hklZ\be\u[hjq_eh\_dZhldjuluf^eyg_]hkZfh]h<u[hjfZkeZ
bf__l hq_\b^gmx k\yav k bkp_e_gb_f Bgh]^Z y ih[m`^Zx
ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ l_ieh_ fZkeh g_`gh evxs__ky gZ f_klh dhlhjh_
[hebl
Ijb gh\hf \oh`^_gbb gZ em] gZ iylhf k_Zgk_ b j_r_gbb
bkke_^h\Zlv[hevrh_hldjulh_ijhkljZgkl\hy ij_j\Ze_]h\hijhkhf
Qlh wlh \Zf gZihfbgZ_l" Y k^_eZe wlh qlh[u \\_klb
ij_^hk]_j_]Zxsbc agZd \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb g_ ijhbaghky
Hklhjh`gh Rbjhdh_ hldjulh_ ijhkljZgkl\h fh`_l hdZaZlvky
im]Zxsbfdh]^Zbkq_aZxlhjb_glbjuWlhhdZaZehkvieh^hl\hjguf
ihlhfmqlhWg^bmklZgh\bek\yavk aZ[uluf\hkihfbgZgb_fG_\k_
hldjulu_ ijhkljZgkl\Z im]Zxsb hgb fh]ml kbf\hebabjh\Zlv
jZkrbj_gb_]hjbahglh\Z wlh\hegmxs_b ihegh\hafh`ghkl_c
Y ihijhkbeWg^bqlhgb[m^vgZclbY k^_eZewlhihlhfmqlh
ih^mfZe wlh ml\_j`^Z_l _]h iheh`_gb_ ^Z_l _fm dZdhclh dZiblZe
gZ]jZ^maZlhqlhhg\ayebgbpbZlb\m\ k\hbjmdbLhqlhhggZr_e
]jmah\bdaZkem`b\Z_lhkh[hcbgl_jij_lZpbbLjZgkihjlgh_kj_^kl\h
hebp_l\hjy_l ^\b`_gb_ dhe_kZ b wg_j]bx fhlhj =jmah\bd lZd`_
hebp_l\hjy_l g_qlh ijZdlbq_kdh_ ihe_agh_ GZiheh\bgm
ihohjhg_gguc ]jmah\bd hagZqZ_l qlhlh g_ iheghklvx kijylZggh_
`^ms__ qlh _]h h[gZjm`Zl Fu k Wg^b h[km^beb wlh gZ _]h
ihke_^g_fk_Zgk_b ih^mfZebqlhhgh[gZjm`beg_qlh^jZ]hp_ggh_h
kZfhfk_[_gZiheh\bgmkijylZggh_\ ih^khagZl_evghf
>_eh h[klhyeh lZd ]jmah\bd gbdm^Z g_ _oZe _]h gZ^h [ueh
\udhiZlvb dh]^Z_]h\udhiZebhdZaZehkvqlhhg^h\hevghdj_idbc
Wg^b h[gZjm`be qlh bf__l gZfgh]h [hevr_ k\h_]h q_f
ij_^klZ\eyeb k_[_ _]h ^\h_ [jZlv_\ Hg h[eZ^Ze q_flh q_]h hgb g_
bf_ebb wlh^Zeh_fmg_qlhq_ffh`gh[ueh]hj^blvky
Wg^b gbdh]^Z g_ hsmsZe ihlj_[ghklb \_jgmlvky ^ey
^Zevg_cr_]hdhgkmevlbjh\ZgbyhgohjhrhkijZ\bekyk \uimkdgufb
wdaZf_gZfbb ijbgyegZagZq_gb_\ hl^_e_gb_i_^bZljbb
LJ?CKBBgl_]jZpbyb \hajh`^_gb_
F_gy ah\ml Lj_ckb b \ lh \j_fy dh]^Z y gZqZeZ
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_y jZ[hlZeZ\ qZklghcikbobZljbq_kdhc[hevgbp_\
O_firbj_ Fu k <bevyfhf ihagZdhfbebkv ]h^Z ljb gZaZ^ dh]^Z y
ihk_sZeZ h^bg ba _]h k_fbgZjh\ ih dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx Y [ueZ
deb_gldhc ^ey <bevyfZ dhlhjuc ^_fhgkljbjh\Ze
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_\ ]jmii_Ijh[e_fZdhlhjmxy ij_^klZ\eyeZ[ueZ
j_Zevghc b hiul <bevyfZ ijhba\_e gZ f_gy lZdh_ \i_qZle_gb_ qlh
l_i_jv y agZeZ d dhfm h[jZsZlvky dh]^Z fhy `bagv gZqZeZ
i_j_\hjZqb\Zlvky\\_jo^ghf
< l_q_gb_ g_dhlhjh]h \j_f_gb y hsmsZeZ gZ k_[_ h]jhfgh_
^Z\e_gb_ fgh]h ieZdZeZ bkiulu\ZeZ lhrghlm m f_gy ihy\bebkv
iylgZ gZ ebp_ b jZ[hlZ ihl_jyeZ ^ey f_gy k\hx ijb\e_dZl_evghklv
Fuk <bevyfhfhij_^_ebebhkgh\gu_ljm^ghklb
Fg_ke_^h\Zehijhclbdmjk^eyihemq_gbykl_i_gb
<uihegylv jZ[hlm ij_^ty\eyxsmx hij_^_e_ggu_
lj_[h\Zgby
KemrZlv^jm]boex^_c
Fhcfm`O_cfbrkljhbl_evgucih^jy^qbd
O_cfbr iheghklvx ih^^_j`b\Ze f_gy \ fh_c jZ[hl_ b
h[mq_gbbb hg\iheg_ykgh^ZeihgylvqlhhldZau\Z_lkyf_gylvbaaZ
wlh]h k\hx `bagv < j_amevlZl_ m f_gy \hagbdeh qm\kl\h
h[j_f_g_gghklb b gZijy`_gby O_cfbr ohl_e m\_ebqblv gZrm
k_fvxY kdhevdh\hafh`ghhldeZ^u\ZeZ\uiheg_gb_wlh]hj_r_gby
\ fukebh jh`^_gbbj_[_gdZ[vuhg_qlhk q_fy g_fh]eZkijZ\blvky
< dhgp_dhgph\y kh]eZkbeZkvgZqZlv\ [m^ms_f]h^mwlh[ue
]
Ih\lhjyxs_ckyl_fhcgZgZqZevguowlZiZodhgkmevlbjh\Zgby
klZeZfhyij_^u^msZy[hevgbpZZ lZd`_k\yaZggu_k g_cqm\kl\Z
g_Z^_d\ZlghklbY jZ[hlZeZk h[jZaZfb\h\j_fy^_fhgkljZpbb
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbyb gZreZwlhihe_aguf
<bevyf <u fh`_l_ ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ dZd \u]ey^bl
g_Z^_d\Zlghklv"
Lj_ckb DZjlbgZ\hagbdZ_lf_^e_gghwlhdZgvhg<bevyf Wlh
gZ\_jgh_kljZrghgh\ufh`_l_aZ]eygmlv\ dZgvhg"
Lj_ckb Y kfhljx\ g_]hb \uijZ\u²wlhkljZrghb wlhlh
q_]h y g_ ohqm ^_eZlv >Ze_dh kijZ\Z hl f_gy gZoh^blky dZgvhg
Z[khexlgh [_a \kydhc i_j_ijZ\v@ q_j_a g_]h b hg lh`_ im]Zxs_
]em[hdbc g_jh\guc b g_\_jhylgh \ukhdbc ^ey lh]h qlh[u
ihijh[h\Zlv\ g_]h\hclb
<bevyf AgZqbl bf_ggh \ wlhl fhf_gl \u qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y
haZ^Zq_gghcg_\b^bl_\uoh^Zb gbqlhg_fh`_l\Zfihfhqv"
Lj_ckb Wlhihegh_kfyl_gb_kf_rZggh_k h]jhfgufkljZohf
<bevyf <u kihkh[gu ihkfhlj_lv gZ kfyl_gb_" Lj_ckb Ihy\beZkv
hq_gvfZe_gvdZynb]mjdZ[_ah[jZagZyb [_knhjf_ggZyHgZ\gmrZ_l
fg_hl\jZs_gb_b hgZg_mc^_l<bevyf Qlh\u^mfZ_l_h lhfqlh[u
ih^jm`blvkyk g_c"Lj_ckb HgZgZqbgZ_ljZklbZ l_i_jvklZgh\blky
f_gvr_Wlh^_ckl\bl_evghkljZggh
<bevyf Qlh\uohlbl_^_eZlvk g_c"
Lj_ckb <k_ qlh y ohqm ² aZklZ\blv __ \u]ey^_lv
ohjhr_gvdhcb fbeh\b^ghc[ulvijbylghc
Kd\hav ke_au y kdZaZeZ <bevyfm G_ fh]m k^_eZlv \k_ wlh
kjZamGhy \k_lZdbk^_eZxwlhIjbf_jghd h^bggZ^pZlhfmk_Zgkm
^_\hqdZ[ueZm`_g_lZdhc[_ah[jZaghcb gjZ\beZkvfg_[hevr_Wlh
[ue i_j\uc jZa dh]^Z y ijbagZeZ qlh m f_gy gbadZy kZfhhp_gdZ b
dhg_qgh \ i_j\uc jZa y \ujZabeZ wlh \ dZjlbg_ Y mreZ k wlh]h
k_ZgkZqm\kl\myk_[ykeZ[hch^gZdhkljZggufh[jZahfkbevg__Fu
ijh^he`ZebjZ[hlmk h[jZaZfbb gZke_^mxs_fk_Zgk_
DZgvhg hebp_l\hjye hiul fh_c ihke_^g_c jZ[hlu Lhevdh
dh]^Z fu ihkfhlj_eb gZ g_]h lZdbf h[jZahf f_gy dZd [u m^Zjbeh
ihegh_ \ha^_ckl\b_ l_o q_luj_o e_l D wlhfm \j_f_gb y ijbreZ d
ijbagZgbx lh]h qlh fhy kZfhhp_gdZ gZoh^blky gZ dZf_gbklhf ^g_
wlhdZfgbgZ^g_dZgvhgZY g_fh]eZijbgylvgbq_]hohjhr_]h\ k_[_
kZfhcg_kfy]qZybebg_mf_gvrZy=h^Zfby jhkeZij_bk
iheg_ggZym`Zkgufqm\kl\hfb \_jhcqlhklhxg_fgh]h<hl
ihq_fm y iha\heyeZ ex^yf oh^blv ih fg_ Y ^Z\ZeZ bf k^Zqb ² \
]g_\_k Z]j_kkb_cL_i_jvy gZqZeZijbfbjylvkyk nZdlhfqlhbf_x
ijZ\h[ulvkZfZkh[hcijZ\h[ulv`b\hc
Fu ^h]h\hjbebkv k <bevyfhf gZ \hk_fv k_Zgkh\ lZd qlh fu
ijh\_ebg_dhlhjh_\j_fyjZkkfZljb\Zyhldm^ZgZqZebAZ^\Zf_kypZ
y ijbreZd j_r_gbxAZjh^urb^_bjZa\b\Zekyk l_oihjdZdy klZeZ
ihk_sZlv k_fbgZj ih dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx Y [m^m mqblvky gZ
ikbohl_jZi_\lZdh]^Zihemqmk\hxkl_i_gv<bevyfihhsjyef_gyb
kijhkbe qlh y ohqm ^_eZlv k gZrbfb hlghr_gbyfb Ohly
ikbohl_jZiby b y\eyeZkv fh_c ^he]hkjhqghc p_evx y agZeZ qlh
ke_^m_l^hklbqvfgh]h]h\ bkp_e_gbbij_`^_q_fy fh]m^Z`_^mfZlv
h ke_^h\ZgbbihwlhfmimlbIhwlhfmfuk <bevyfhf^h]h\hjbebkvh
gh\hf k hldjuluf hdhgqZgb_f dhgljZdl_ ih ebqghc l_jZibb
dhlhjuc ^he`_g [ue ijh^he`Zlvky \dexqZy \ k_[y \\h^gu_ \hk_fv
k_Zgkh\ dZd lj_oe_lgb_ hlghr_gby ?keb [u y agZeZ qlh `^_l f_gy
\i_j_^bfh`_l[ulvybkim]Z\rbkvb g_j_rbeZkv[ugZwlh
Ke_^mxsbc wlZi l_jZibb gZqZeky \ lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z fu k
O_cfbr_f \_jgmebkv ba f_kyqgh]h hlimkdZ gZ ;Z]ZfZo Y g_ ohl_eZ
\ha\jZsZlvkydh\k_fijh[e_fZf;Z]Zfua\Zebf_gyh[jZlghihlhfm
qlh y \ex[beZkv \ djZkb\h]h ^h\hevgh khklhyl_evgh]h [Z]ZfpZ
>`hgZg_fgh]hfheh`_f_gy?keb[uij_^klZ\beZkv\hafh`ghklvy
hl^ZeZkv [u _fm Fhb qm\kl\Z ijhlb\hklhyeb fg_ gZklhevdh
^jZfZlbqgh qlh fg_ [ueh [hevgh ijbagZlvky <bevyfm qlh l_i_jv y
g_m\_j_gZqlhex[exO_cfbrZFhbqm\kl\Z[ueb\ [_kihjy^d_y
g_ agZeZ ohqm eb y qlh[u gZr [jZd ijh^he`Zeky O_cfbr g_ agZe
\k_]h gh ih^haj_\Ze qlhlh ijhbkoh^bl Y ijhklh kdZaZeZ _fm qlh
ohqm\_jgmlvkygZ;Z]Zfub jZ[hlZlvlZfY kh]eZkbeZkvk <bevyfhf
g_ ijbgbfZlv gbdZdh]h j_r_gby \ l_q_gb_ f_kypZ ohly fh_ k_j^p_
ijhgabl_evghdjbqZehb lj_[h\Zehk_klv\ [eb`ZcrbckZfhe_lOhly
y ]h\hjbeZk <bevyfhfh O_cfbr_jZgvr_wlh[uei_j\ucjZadh]^Z
y ijbagZeZlhlnZdlqlh\ gZr_f[jZd__klvijh[e_fu;he__lh]hy
^he`gZ[ueZk^_eZlv\u[hj
GZljbgZ^pZlhfk_Zgk_y aZy\beZFuk O_cfbr_f\f_kl_mo_
iylgZ^pZlv e_l Z hg \k_ lZdhc `_ dZdbf [ue \gZqZe_ Hg qZ_l_
mgb`Z_lf_gygbdh]^Zg_m^_ey_lfg_\gbfZgbyy [hevr_gkex[ex
_]h Dh]^Z fu ]h\hjbeb y ijbagZeZ qlh bgpb^_gl k >`hghf [ue
lhevdhkimkdh\ufdjxqdhfd njmkljZpbbg_]h^h\Z
gbx b ihl_j_ O_cfbr g_ fgh]h k^_eZe ^ey lh]h qlh[u
ijb^Zlvfg_m\_j_gghklbb ih\ukblvfhxkZfhhp_gdmHghklZ\Zeky
aZ\bkbfuf hl f_gy Z y wlh]h [hevr_ g_ ohl_eZ Y [hevr_ g_ [ueZ
m\_j_gZqlhohqmmk_j^ghjZ[hlZlvb kgh\Zijb\_klb\k_\ ihjy^hd
<bevyf kijhkbe ^mfZx eb y qlh fh]m kdZaZlv O_cfbrm qlh
gZr[jZdgZf_ebGhy ^mfZeZqlh^Z`_b wlh]hgkfh]mk^_eZlvY
gbdh]^Z g_ [ueZ iheghklvx jZpbhgZevguf q_eh\_dhf gh l_i_jv
\hh[s_\k_jZpbhgZevgh_b eh]bqgh_ihdbgmehf_gyb yqm\kl\h\ZeZ
k_[y haZ^Zq_gghc kfms_gghc b g_m\_j_gghc Y g_ bf_eZ
ij_^klZ\e_gbyihdZdhfmimlbb^lb?keb[ulhevdh<bevyffh]^Zlv
fg_dZdh_lhgZijZ\e_gb_kdZaZlvfg_qlh^_eZlv
QZklvf_gyohl_eZ\ukdZaZlvO_cfbrmfhbqm\kl\Z\hafh`gh
fh_ k_j^p_ _s_ h^gZ qZklv ]heh\Z jZkkfZljb\ZeZ \k_ \hafh`gu_
ihke_^kl\by wlh]h ihklmidZ ?s_ h^gZ [he__ w]hbklbqgZy ijbqbgZ
khklhyeZ\ lhfqlhy g_ohl_eZdZdboeb[hh]hjq_gbc^hwdaZf_gZgh
g_ [ueZ m\_j_gZ kfh]m eb ^_j`Zlv \ k_[_ wlb khfg_gby <bevyf
ihfh]Ze fg_ knhdmkbjh\Zlv fhb qm\kl\Z <u g_ fh`_l_ kfhlj_lv \
[m^ms__[_ag_]hh^gZdh\ug_fh`_l_kfhlj_lv\ [m^ms__b kgbf
< h[jZaZoy \b^_eZk_[yhq_gv\ukhdhgZfgh]h\ur_q_f\ kZfhe_l_
b fh]eZ gZ[ex^Zlv ]hjbahgl kh\_jr_gguc ohly b ^Ze_dbc Wlh
^Z\Zehfg_gZ^_`^mqlhfuk O_cfbr_f\oh^bf\ gh\mxnZamgZrbo
hlghr_gbc
Y \k_ `_ ihiulZeZkv ih]h\hjblv k O_cfbr_f h gZrbo
hlghr_gbyoghhgg_kmf_em\b^_lvqlhk gbfbqlhlhg_lZdY \k_
lZdhc `_ Wlh lu baf_gbeZkv Wlh [ueZ ijZ\^Z Y baf_gbeZkv b
ijh^he`ZeZ f_gylvky Y agZeZ qlh _keb hg g_ [m^_l beb g_ kfh`_l
f_gylvky\ dhgp_dhgph\gZr[jZd^Zkllj_sbgmH^gZdhy agZeZqlh
bf_ggh<bevyfk^_eZef_gykihkh[ghcbaf_gblvkylZd`_b y^he`gZ
[ueZ k^_eZlv wlh ^ey O_cfbrZ <bevyf ihklZ\be f_gy gZ f_klh
kbevguf \uah\hf ?keb \Zr fm` [ue lZdbf ihdZ \u `beb \f_kl_
lhihq_fm\u\urebaZfm`"Wlh[ue\hijhkgZdhlhjucy g_ohl_eZ
hl\_qZlvWlh[uehm^h[ghFuihemqbeb[he__^_r_\mxaZdeZ^gmx
Kh\_lZ G_h[oh^bfhklv kdZaZlv wlh aZklZ\beZ f_gy kt_`blvky
>_ckl\bl_evghebwlh[ueh\k_qlhgZr[jZdhagZqZe^eyf_gy"
Ijbf_jghq_j_af_kypihke_\ha\jZs_gbyk ;Z]Zfdh]^Zy \k_
_s_ ]h\hjbeZ h >`hg_ <bevyf kdZaZe DZ`_lky qlh wfhpbhgZevgh
\u m`_ jZa\_ebkv k O_cfbr_f Kh]eZkblvky k wlbf ml\_j`^_gb_f
[ueh[ukebrdhfm]jh`Zxsbfb ohlywlh[ueh[ebadhd bklbg_y g_
fh]eZgZwlhj_rblvkyY aZf_gbeZkeh\hjZa\_ebkv
gZ jZat_oZebkv Ijhklh_ ijbagZgb_ wlh]h nZdlZ kljZgguf
h[jZahfihfh]eh Ihlhfmqlhk kZfh]hgZqZeZy ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ ]g_\
gZijZ\e_ggucgZ>`hgZZ lZd`_gZkZfmk_[yFZehihfZemy klZeZ
ihgbfZlv kl_i_gv hl\_lkl\_gghklb aZ lh qlh kemqbehkv beb g_
kemqbehkv Y iulZeZkv m[_^blv k_[y qlh g_\bggZ Y ijh[b\ZeZkv d
g_hohlghfmijbgylbxijZ\^u
GZ g_dhlhjhf wlZi_ gZr_]h dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby y kijhkbeZ <]
evyfZ Y dh]^Zgb[m^v ^hklb]gm kZfhihagZgby" Y ohl_eZ qlk hg
hl\_lbe Dhg_qgh ^Z Gh hg ijhklh ijhbag_k KZfhiha gb_
ih^h[ghiml_r_kl\bxkhfgh]bfbijb\ZeZfbH]eygbl_kihkfhljbl_
gZjZagu_ijb\ZeugZdhlhjuo\uhklZgZ\eb\Zeb LimlbgZhldjulby
dhlhju_ lygmeb \Zk
LLLLA L LPY?I o ohlbl_ eb \u
ijh^he`Zlv
Y ijhoh^beZdhgkmevlbjk
-WNA ER
ªA,,ªI?A YLLLAOOWLALABL! L
dj_ie_ggh]h O_cfbr_f Ihq_fm y k^_eZeZ wlh" ?s_ h^gh [h
g_ggh_ ^hims_gb_ qlh[u ^h[blvky jZkiheh`_gby O_cfbrZ
eh L_f [he__ qlh wlh [ueh k\yaZgh k h^ghc ba i_j\uo
f_gkljmZpbcb fhbfg_`_eZgb_fh[tykgylvqlhy ^_eZxhlijZ\eyykv
\ \Zggmx \ lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z hg jZ[hlZ_l gZ e_klgbp_ LZd qlh y
iheZ]Zxqlhl_i_jvy ijbagZeZkv<bevyfm\ l_o\_sZoq_j_adhlhju_
fg_ ijbrehkv ijh[b\Zlvky Wlh [ueh k\yaZgh k h[hbfb fhbfb
jh^bl_eyfb H^gZ`^u y gZqZeZ bkke_^h\Zlv hl\kj`_gb_ Fg_
dZaZehkv y g_ fh]m ba[Z\blvky hl g_]h ^Z`_ \ kgh\b^_gbyo <
hkh[_gghklbh^bgkhg[uegZqZehfp_eh]hgh\h]hijbdexq_gby
Y gZoh^beZkv \ imklhc dhfgZl_ ihgbfZy qlh m kl_gu
\ha\urZ_lky [mn_l M f_gy [ueh ]em[hdh_ ^mjgh_ ij_^qm\kl\b_ y
agZeZ qlh \ [mn_l_ ijbajZd Dh]^Z y kgh\Z \hreZ \ wlh kgh\b^_gb_
\f_kl_ k <bevyfhf ihlj_[h\Zehkv fgh]h fm`_kl\Z qlh[u hldjulv
[mn_l Dh]^Z y wlh k^_eZeZ gZ f_gy g_kdhevdbfb \hegZfb oeugmeZ
\h^Z Dh]^Z [mn_l himkl_e hg klZe dZaZlvky im]Zxsbf q_jguf b
m`Zkguf \u]ey^_e dZd ]jh[ Dh]^Z <bevyf kijhkbe f_gy hl dh]h y
fh]eZ [u ihemqblv ihfhsv ihy\beZkv l_lmrdZ >`hZg HgZ kdZaZeZ
Wlh fhc ]jh[ <bevyf kijhkbe f_gy fh]m eb y dhkgmlvky ]jh[Z
Dh]^Zy kdZaZeZqlhg_fh]mhgkijhkbefh]meby aZ]eygmlv\ g_]h
gh wlh [ueh kebrdhf fgh]h ^ey f_gy Ihebebkv ke_au Ohly y b gk
jZ[hlZeZ gZijyfmx k dZdbfeb[h we_f_glhf wlh]h kgZ gh y [ueZ
kihkh[gZ ijh^he`Zlv jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb b k\_l ihkl_i_ggh \hr_e
q_j_aihlhehd b \kydhfgZlZklZeZf_g__im]Zxs_c;mn_lf_^e_ggh
ij_\jZlbeky\ jZa^Z\e_ggmxdZjlhggmxdhjh[dm
< lh \j_fy y g_ ihgbfZeZ dZd wlhl khg \ibku\Z_lky \ l_fm
hl\_j`_gby Y agZx qlh mreZ k wlh]h k_ZgkZ qm\kl\my kbevgmx
keZ[hklv ba f_gy keh\gh qlhlh \udZqZeb ohly y g_ agZeZ qlh Y
ihgbfZeZjZajmr_gb_dhjh[dbhagZqZehqlh__ jZ[hlZaZ\_jr_gZY
lZd`_^mfZeZh lhfbf_eZeb\h^Z dhlhjZy h[\hehdeZ f_gy k\yav k
jh`^_gb_f GZ h^ghf ba ke_^mxsbo k_Zgkh\ y kgh\Z \hreZ \ wlhl
khg GZ wlhl jZa y kmf_eZ \ihealb \ [mn_l ;eZ]h^Zjy \h^_ y
qm\kl\h\ZeZk_[y[_ahiZkgh
Kimkly g_kdhevdh g_^_ev ihke_ i_j\hc \klj_qb k dhfgZlhc y
ijbreZ d \u\h^m qlh dhfgZlZ hebp_l\hjyeZ hl\_j`_gbk fh_c
fZl_jbb wlhklZehykg__\h\lhjhcjZadh]^Zy ihiZeZih^kbevgh]h
<bevyf
O_c L
\gmljb \Zk
aZ[jb O_ca_e
Y fh]
D
dhgpm QHW
ih^mfZlv Z
lZd klj_kkhe
027, g_l
_vih^k\_qgbd²wlh
\ub qlhl
qf
dZdih\Zr_fmhsms_gbxhgk\yaZgk \Zr_ckZAhsms_gb_f
lh]hqlh\u[_kihe_agub [_kihfhsgu LARALQLk_dmg^O_ca_ekb^bl
]ey^y\^Zev
O_ca_e
M f_gy _klv \hkihfbgZgb_ h[ h^ghc ba fhbo
mqbl_evgbp dhlhjZy \k_]^Z mgb`ZeZ f_gy b \_e_eZ fg_ g_ f_lblv
kebrdhf\ukhdhbgZq_y ihl_jiexdjZoY q_jlh\kdbaeZgZg__gh
lZd`_ aeZ b gZ fhbo jh^bl_e_c Fg_ g_ hq_gv m^h[gh \ukdZau\Zlv
wlhY [uemqr_ih]h\hjbeZh kljZgghfkg_Y ihl_jyeZiZpb_glZgZ
imklugghfhkljh\_b wlh[ueZfhy\bgZ
<bevyf IZpb_glZ"Ihl_jyeb"Qlh\ubf__l_\ \b^m"
O_ca_e Wlh [ue fhc hl_p B fh`_l [ulv y qm\kl\h\ZeZ q
ihl_jyeZ _]h Y ^mfZeZ qlh wlh dZdbflh h[jZahf fhy \bgZ 0,
ke_^h\Zeh[uihf_rZlvjZaju\m
<bevyf B wlh qm\kl\h hl\_lkl\_gghklb ^h\hevgh ly`_eh ^Z\
gZ\Zk"
O_ca_e >Z ]emih g_ ijZ\^Z eb" Ihq_fm y ^he`gZ [ueZ w
^_eZlv"Hgb^hklZlhqgh\ajhkeu_Wlheh]bq_kdZyklhjhgZgk\k_`_
hsmsZx k\hx \bgm O_ca_e \u]ey^_eZ lZd dZd [m^lh [u ]hlh\Z
aZieZdZlvghdmkZeZ]m[u
<bevyf Ihoh`_dZd[m^lhk_cqZk\ZrZ]heh\Z[hj_lkyk \Zrb
!k_j^p_f
O_ca_e^meu[gm\rbkv Iha\hevl_fg_jZkkdZaZlv\Zf_s_h^bg
khg dhlhjuc ijbkgbeky fg_ g_kdhevdh ghq_c gZaZ^ Y \hkobsZeZkv
[hevrbfha_jhfb ^mfZeZh lhfqlhgZoh^blky\ _]h]em[b
gZo Ihk_j_^bg_ [ue hkljh\ gh kebrdhf ^Ze_dh qlh[u y
fh]eZm\b^_lvqlhgZg_f
<bevyf Bgl_j_kghy\ey_lkyebwlhha_jhq_flhk\yaZggufk
\Zrbfb g_j_Zebah\Zggufb j_kmjkZfb l_f qlh e_`bl g_ gZ
ih\_joghklb"
O_ca_e KiZkb[h wlh hq_gv h[gZ^_`b\Z_l DZdb_ `_ j_kmjku
e_`Zlm f_gyg_gZih\_joghklb"
Y moh^beZ k wlh]h k_ZgkZ k _s_ ^\mfy b^_yfb dhlhju_
^he`gu[uebihfhqvfg_kijZ\blvky<hi_j\uoy qZklheh\beZk_[y
gZfukebY g_ohjhrZ<bevyfij_^eh`befg_aZf_gblv__ gZY
wnn_dlb\gZaZibkZlvb iheh`blv]^_gb[m^vgZ\b^mqlh[uy fh]eZ
ihqZs_qblZlvwlhml\_j`^_gb_<lhjZyb^_y² dZjmk_ev Y ohjhrh
ij_^klZ\eyeZ k_[_ jZaebqgu_ \_sb ihwlhfm fg_ ke_^h\Zeh
\hh[jZ`Zlv k_[y gZ dZjmk_eb k h]jhfguf yjeudhf ² g_]Z]b\ghk
fure_gb_ Y ^he`gZ [ueZ ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ hq_gv [ukljh_
^\b`_gb_ ih djm]m Z aZl_f f_^e_ggh hklZgh\blv _]h khclb k
dZjmk_eb b ijhclb q_j_a ^\_jv ihf_q_ggmx gZ^ibkvx ihablb\ghk
fure_gb_Y gZreZqlhwlZb^_y^_ckl\bl_evghohjhrhjZ[hlZ_l
GZlj_lv_fb ihke_^g_fk_Zgk_
O_ca_e Y k^_eZeZ \_k qlh fh]eZ k \Zrbf ih^k\_qgbdhf
<bevyf gh \k_ jZ\gh _klv g_kdhevdh hlf_lbg dhlhju_ y g_ fh]m
m[jZlvba\bgbl_
<bevyf Hg\u]ey^bl^_ckl\bl_evghohjhrhkiZkb[h>Z\Zcl_
hklZ\bf_]hgZklhe_<udZ`_lky^_ckl\bl_evghjZahqZjh\Zggul_f
qlhg_kfh]ebijh^_eZlvjZ[hlmemqr_
O_ca_e >Z M f_gy wlh aZgyeh klh e_l b y ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ihemqbeZ m^h\hevkl\b_ ^_eZy wlh agZ_l_ \ha\jZsZy _]h d lhfm
qlh[uhgkgh\Z\u]ey^_eyjdbf
<bevyf AgZqbl^ey\Zk\Z`gh^_eZlv\_sbkh\_jr_ggufb"
O_ca_e <u ihiZeb \ lhqdm Y gk ex[ex g_m^Zq g_ ex[ex
ijboh^blv\lhjhcY qm\kl\mxqlh^he`gZkemrZlv\hjqZgb_hlpZb
\hjqZgb_fZl_jbZ _kebg_kemrZxlh]^Zy ²g_m^ZqZ
<rvyf DZ`_lky \u ^_ckl\bl_evgh \bgbl_ k_[y aZ bo
g_m^Zqguc[jZd
O_ca_e AgZxijha\mqZeh]emihdh]^Zy lZdkdZaZeZY ohl_eZ
[u [ulv [he__ kZfhm\_j_gghc gh gZoh`m wlh g_\_jhylgh ljm^guf
WlhlhgZ^q_fy ^he`gZjZ[hlZlv
V jbl!qm\k]h\hjblK
O_ba_e 8LL! hkgh\ghf fhb \her_[gu_ kdZadb \u hkm`^Z_l_
f_gy
Al!
<bevyf =f
O_ba_e DZ`_lkyy \b^_eZGbq_]h_keby jZkkdZ`m_s_h ghc
kl_guAZg_cgZoh^bekyihlZcghckZ^
yjdbf b a_e_guf \gmljb ² oheh^guf b k_ju ?
ª ]
ihfhqvkimklblvkykhkl_gu
<bevyf <_kvfZijhlb\hj_qb\hIhlZcghckZ^ h^gZdh RU
gucb k_jucG_hq_gvkbfiZlbqguckZ^?kebwlhlkZ^ w
qlh[u\uihqm\kl\h\Zeb"
O_ba_e >mfZxlZdhghb _klv<gmljby ^h\hevgh`ZedZykv
jm`b²\k_hlebqghm f_gyohjhrbcnZkZ^<bevyf : kl_gZ"
Ihke_ h[km`^_gby y ih^mfZeZ qlh kZ^ hdjm`_gguc kl_ghc
wlh [ueZ ^_ckl\bl_evgh y Z kl_gZ aZsblu dhlhju_ y \uklj_eZ
\hdjm]k_[yohlyl_i_jvhgbqZklbqghjZajmr_gub y^he`ijbagZlv
fg_gm`gZihfhsvDh]^Zy hiylvihkfhlj_e
.RI
OkcakeqZebkvihk\ZeZk_[y L
B !MKBE
EHQEE
dmjbjmxsZy f_^k_kljZ aZ\h_\ZeZ __ ^h\_jb_ b ij_^eh`beZ
k\yaZlvkykhfghc
I_j\uc k_Zgk ihkdhevdm gm`^u O_ba_e [ueb kjhqgufb
ijhr_e \ [hdh\hc iZeZl_ [hevrhc ikbobZljbq_kdhc [hevgbpu Ih
dhjb^hjm oh^beb iZpb_glu DZd dhgkmevlZgl dhee_^`Z y [ue
^hklmi_g ^ey klm^_glh\ b hq_gv qZklh ijboh^be d gbf _keb hgb g_
fh]ebijbclbdhfg_
H[jZa ihlmkdg_\r_]h eZlmggh]h ih^k\_qgbdZ ihehg
kbf\hebafZ EZlmgv ² wlh ijhqguc ohly b j_glZ[_evguc kieZ\
Ih^k\_qgbd b nmgdpbhgZe_g b ^_dhjZlb\_g < ih^k\_qgbd_ O_ba_e
g_ [ueh k\_qb agZqbl hg g_ [ue nmgdpbhgZevguf Z _]h djZkhlZ
[ueZbkihjq_gZl_fqlhhg[ueebr_g[e_kdZAgZqblhg\hh[s_g_
bf_e[hevrhcp_gghklbohlyb h[eZ^Zeihl_gpbZehfK\_ldhlhjuc
^Z_l k\_qZ nmgdpbhgZe_g hg hk\_sZ_l b ihdZau\Z_l imlv K\_qZ
lZd`_ bf__l ^moh\guc kfuke >ey O_ba_e ih^k\_qgbd \hafh`gh
ij_^klZ\eye __ kZfm ohly hgZ bagZqZevgh \hh[jZabeZ _]h dZd k\hx
[_kihfhsghklv Hsms_gb_ kh[kl\_gghc [_kihfhsghklb aZklZ\eyeh
k_ qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y [_kihe_aghc dZd ebr_gguc [e_kdZ
g_bkihevam_fucih^k\_qgbdhq_gvgm`^Zxsbcky\ lhfqlh[uh g_f
ihaZ[hlbebkv Wlh [ue kbevguc h[jZa b ohly O_cde g_ ieZdZeZ
fh`_l [ulvihlhfmqlhh[klZgh\dZ[ueZg_khhl\_lkl\mxs_c hgZ
[ueZ]em[hdhljhgmlZ
I_j\hc ba ^\mo kljZl_]bc dhlhju_ y _c ij_^eh`be [ueZ
klhifukev HgZ ijbf_gy_lky ^ey lh]h qlh[u ihklZ\blv g_]Zlb\gu_
fukebih^dhgljhevDZ`^ucjZadh]^Zg_]Zlb\gZyfukevijboh^bl\
]heh\m hgZ [_a`Zehklgh \ulZedb\Z_lky khagZl_evguf mkbeb_f \heb
Fuke_ggh beb \kemo ]h\hjblky KLHI Wlh klZ\bl fure_gb_ ih^
dhgljhev ebqghklb Z g_ ebqghklv ih^ dhgljhev fukeb <lhjhc
kljZl_]b_cklZehh[mq_gb_j_eZdkZpbbHq_gvqZklhy mqbedeb_glh\
ihkl_i_gghc ]em[hdhc j_eZdkZpbb H^gZdh bgh]^Z h[klZgh\dZ [ueZ
g_[eZ]hijbylgZ ^ey wlh]h agZqbl ke_^h\Zeh ijbf_gylv [he__
dhjhldmx nhjfm Dhgp_gljbjmykv gZ h^ghc qZklb l_eZ gZijbf_j
ijZ\hc jmd_ b ^h[b\Zykv __ ]em[hdhc j_eZdkZpbb q_eh\_d
h[gZjm`b\Z_l qlh \k_ _]h l_eh klZgh\blky jZkkeZ[e_gguf <Z`gh b
lhqlhjZamflZd`_klZgh\blkyjZkkeZ[e_gguf
KZfhhp_gdZih^h[gZg_`ghfmojmidhfmp\_ldmdhlhjuc lZd
e_]dh bam\_qblv g_h[^mfZggufb keh\Zfb JZgu dhlhju_ fu
ihemqZ_f hl ih^h[gh]h e_]dhfukeby g_j_^dh hklZxlky
g_bkp_e_ggufbb ijbqbgyxl[hevEx^bbf_xsb_\eZklvhkh[_ggh
jh
^bl_eb b rdhevgu_ mqbl_ey [eZ]h^Zjy k\h_fm iheh`_gbx
hq_gv e_]dh fh]ml jZgblv qm\kl\bl_evguo ^_l_c O_ca_e magZeZ wlh
dh]^Z\kihfgbeZdZd__ mgb`ZeZmqbl_evgbpZI_j\uckhgO_ca_eh
ihl_jygghf iZpb_gl_ ijh[m^be wfhpbx Z ihemq_gguc \u\h^ ih
\b^bfhfm mdZau\Ze gZ qm\kl\h qlh hgZ ihl_jyeZ k\h_]h hlpZ
Imklugguc hkljh\ ² wlh lZd`_ h^bghdh_ f_klh moh^ ba dhlhjh]h
ljm^_g < lh `_ \j_fy a_fey ihkj_^b fhjy mdZau\Z_l gZ l\_j^mx
hkgh\mghhkljh\lZd`_ih^\_j`_glhfmqlh[u[ulvijh]ehq_gguf
[mjguffhj_f
G_kihkh[ghklv b njmkljZpby O_ca_e ih ih\h^m lh]h qlh hgZ
g_fh`_lm^Zeblv\k_iylgZk ih^k\_qgbdZij_^hklZ\ey_lij_djZkgmx
\hafh`ghklvihkfhlj_lv gZ Zki_dl __ ebqghklb g_ m^h\e_l\hj_gghc
l_fqlhy\ey_lkyf_gvrbfq_fkh\_jr_gkl\hK wlbf [ueh k\yaZgh
k_ qm\kl\hg_m^Zqbdhlhjh_ijb\_ehd bkke_^h\Zgbxlh]hdZdk_fvy
O_ca_e h`b^ZeZ qlh lZ [m^_l kihkh[gZ kijZ\blvky kh \k_f Z lZd`_
qm\kl\h g_m^Zqb dh]^Z hgZ g_ kijZ\eyeZkv dh]^Z hgZ gk [ueZ
kh\_jr_gghc ebqghklvx O_ca_e qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh \k_ h`b^Zxl hl
g_k qlh hgZ [m^_l bf_ggh lZdhc Ohly y b g_ ij_^eZ]Ze _c h[jZa
i_j_ly]b\Zgby dZgZlZ wlZ ZgZeh]by \_kvfZ ihe_agZ ^ey iZpb_glh\
klZ\ysbo Zdp_gl gZ \ub]jur_ h^ghc klhjhgu K\yaZggZy k wlbf
jZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u ih[m^blv q_eh\_dZ
ij_^klZ\blvk_[_qlhhgdZgZlb ihqm\kl\h\ZlvgZijy`_gb_
AZ ljb k_ZgkZ O_ca_e ^hklb]eZ [hevrh]h ihgbfZgby Djhf_
lh]h hgZ magZeZ dZd ihevah\Zlvky g_kdhevdbfb f_lh^Zfb dhlhju_
ijb]h^ylky_c]^_[uhgZgb [ueZ
>@?GBK
DZjlbggZy]Ze_j_y
Y >`_gbkfg_^\Z^pZlvk_fve_ly ij_ih^Z\Zl_evbkdmkkl\Z
b ijbreZ gZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ baaZ lh]h qlh fhb hlghr_gby k
fm`qbgZfb \k_]^Z b^ml g_ \ lhf gZijZ\e_gbb Y kqblZeZ [u k_[y
k_dkmZevgh ijb\e_dZl_evghc ^ey hij_^_e_gguo fm`qbg gh kimkly
\j_fy hlghr_gby \u^uoZebkv b f_gy hklZ\eyeb hsmsZxs_c
ih^Z\e_gghklvDh]^Zwlhkemqbehkvg_kdhevdhjZafhykZfhhp_gdZb
kh[kl\_ggh_ ^hklhbgkl\h ihemqbeb kbevgmx lj_idm b y ih^mfZeZ
qlh ijbreh \j_fy qlhgb[m^v ij_^ijbgylv Y ihagZdhfbeZkv k
<bevyfhf q_j_a h[s_]h ^jm]Z lZd qlh y ^mfZeZ qlh ^Zf
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbx\hafh`ghklvihdZaZlvk_[y
Fhb jh^bl_eb jZkklZebkv dh]^Z fg_ [ueh e_l ;m^mqb
_^bgkl\_gguf j_[_gdhf y khqeZ wlh kh[ulb_ himklhrZxsbf Hl_p
kgh\Z`_gbekyb bf__l^_l_cfZlvg_ \ureZ aZfm` ohly m g__ _klv
ihklhygguc ^jm] Y j_rbeZ m_oZlv ba ;bjfbg]_fZ ih jZaguf
ijbqbgZfgh]eZ\gufh[jZahfbaaZhlghr_gbck fZl_jvx< l_q_gb_
^\_gZ^pZlbk_Zgkh\k <bevyfhfy ijh^_eZeZ^he]mxly`_emxjZ[hlm
gZ imlb dhlhjuc k\yau\ZeZ k h[hbfb jh^bl_eyfb b k fhbfb
iZjlg_jZfbY h[gZjm`beZqlhaZlZbeZkbevguc]g_\ihhlghr_gbx
d hlpmihlhfmqlhhghklZ\bef_gyWlh[ueg_ijhklh]g_\wlh[ueh
qm\kl\hihl_jbg_qlhq_]hy g_ijbagZ\ZeZWlhh[gZjm`behkvihke_
bkihevah\Zgby h[jZah\ LZd dZd y om^h`gbd h[jZau [ueb kj_^hc \
dhlhjmx y fh]eZ \hclb [_a aZljm^g_gbc ohly \j_f_gZfb wlh [ueh
gZklhevdh[he_ag_gghqlhy g_fh]eZwlh]h\ughkblv
<bevyf DZd jZa l_i_jv dh]^Z fu ]h\hjbeb h qm\kl\_
h^bghq_kl\Z \u bkihevah\Zeb keh\h h^bghq_kl\h Fh`_l_ eb \u
ij_^klZ\blvk_[_gZqlhihoh`_h^bghq_kl\h"
>`_gbk Y qm\kl\mx _]h a^_kv \ ]jm^b y \ [hevrhc imklhc
i_Skj_ ^>`_gbk [ueZ lZd ih^Z\e_gZ hsms_gb_f h]jhfghc
imklhluqlhke_auihdZlbebkvm g__dZd^\Z\h^hiZ^Z
<bevyf Hq_\b^gh _klv qlhlh hq_gv kbevgh_ qlh k\yaZgh k
wlhci_s_jhcdZdb_lhkbevgu_qm\kl\Z
>`_gbk I_s_jZg_l_fgZyghy bkiulu\Zxm`ZkguckljZo
<bevyf <uqm\kl\m_l_k_[ykihkh[ghcbkke_^h\Zlvi_s_jm"
>`_gbk >mfZx^ZY \b`mg_qlhqlhihoh`_gZdZjlbggmx
]Ze_j_xohlywlhg_dZjlbgukdhj__wlhh[hb
<bevyf DZdh_qm\kl\h\ubkiulu\Z_l_dh]^Zkfhljbl_gZgb?
>`_gbk Y ohqmbojZajmrblv
<bevyf AZ^_j`bl_kvgZfbgmlm>`_gbk Hgb dZ`_lky kebb
dhf\Z`guqlh[ubojZajmrZlv
>`_gbk Y kh]eZkgZ g_ijZ\bevgh [ueh [u wlh ^_eZlv ohly
^_ckl\bl_evghg_agZxihq_fm
<bevyf Ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_ijh`_dlhjgZijZ\e_ggucgZdZji
gub ihkfhljbl_qlhijhbkoh^bl
>`_gbk >Z y fh]m ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ k\_l evxsbcky gZ
dZjlbguKljZgghl_i_jvgZih\_joghklb\hagbdeb^\Z\hkihfbgZgby
^_lkl\Z H^gh ² wlh y \ \hajZkl_ lj_o e_l kb`m gZ dhe_g_ m fh_]h
hlpZb kfhljxj_]meyjgmxl_e_i_j_^ZqmDZdlhy g_ \LL
Z+DdZdgh
y ijhklhagZeZqlhfhyfZlvohl_eZ[ulvk hlphfeZihemqblv_]h
^eyk_[y
<bevyf : qlh\uqm\kl\m_l_k_cqZk]
>`_gbk Y qm\kl\mxkbevgmxj Yihfgxqlhih^mfZeZWlk
I=B
Mij_d
Mij_d Mij_d Y k\yaZeZ wlh k g_ykgufb ]hehkZfb dhlhju_
keurZeZ \ j_d_ Y g_ fh]eZ ihgylv ihq_fm y ijhklh iZkkb\gh e_`m
lZfijbgbfZy\k_wlh\f_klhlh]hqlh[u[hjhlvkyY ihgbfZeZqlh
qm\kl\mxk_[y[_kihfhsghc
Ijbf_jgh gZ iheimlb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby y ijhklh
kh[kl\_ggbq_kdb hlghkbeZkv d fm`qbgZf \ fh_c `bagb ² dZd wlh
^_eZeZfhy?Zlvihhlghr_gbxdhfg_Y ih`Zeh\ZeZkv<bevyfmgZ
kh[kl\_ggbq_kl\hfh_cfZl_jbaZl_fiha`_jZkkdZaZeZ_fmh[h^ghc
bafhboi_j\uok\ya_cHgaZf_lbeA\mqblhq_gvkh[kl\_ggbq_kdb
?fm g_ gZ^h [ueh mklZgZ\eb\Zlv k\yav Wlh m^Zjbeh f_gy ijyfh
f_`^m]eZaY [ueZkh[kl\_ggbp_cb hq_gvj_\gb\hckh\k_fdZd[ueZ
b _klv^hkboihjfhyfZlvWlhldmkhdaZklj_\Ze\ ]hje_ghy ^he`gZ
[ueZ ijh]ehlblv _]h Ihlhf m f_gy \hagbd [ukljh ijhf_evdgm\rbc
fhbkh[kl\_gguch[jZay klj_eyeZdjxqdZfb\ [_^gh]hiZjgyqlh[u
m[_^blvkyqlhhgm f_gy_klvb ykhojZgx_]h>mfZxy h^gZbal_o
`_gsbgdhlhju_ex[ylkebrdhfkbevgh
Fhb k_Zgku k <bevyfhf [ueb \h fgh]hf b \ae_lZfb b
iZ^_gbyfbke_aZfbb kf_ohfGZklmiZeb^he]b_i_jbh^ufheqZgby
dh]^Z fg_ iha\heyehkv ijh^mfu\Zlv jZaebqgu_ fhf_glu ^ey kZfhc
k_[y <bevyf ij_^mij_^be f_gy iml_r_kl\b_ fh`_l [ulv
[he_ag_gguf b \j_f_gZfb fg_ fh`_l [ulv aZohq_lky \k_ [jhkblv
Wlh [ueh bf_ggh lZd GZ dZdhflh wlZi_ y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh
^hklb]eZ i_j_dj_kldh\ Y ijbgyeZ hij_^_e_ggu_ j_r_gby ih
hlghr_gbxd kZfhck_[_dhlhju_fg_hq_gvg_gjZ\bebkvghy lZd`_
qm\kl\h\ZeZqlhfg_gm`ghijhlb\hklhylvfZl_jbb kdZaZlv_cqlhy
qm\kl\mxihih\h^mlh]hqlhijb\yaZgZd g_cb qlhy hq_gvklZjZxkv
[hevr_g_b]jZlv__ b]jmFuk <bevyfhfijh]h\hjbebwlhb mf_gy
gk \hagbdeh beexabb ² wlh [m^_l g_e_]dh Fu k fZl_jvx [ueb
kp_ie_gu^jm]k ^jm]hf
<bevyf
>`_gbk qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h lhf qlh[u aZgylvky wlhc
dhgnjhglZpb_ck \Zr_cfZl_jvxijyfhk_cqZk"
>`_gbk Y hleh`beZ__jZa\_g_l"
<bevyf <u ]h\hjbl_ qlh kihj ² g_ \Zr_ kbevgh_ f_klh gh
qm\kl\m_l_eb\uk_[y^hklZlhqghkbevghc"
>`_gbk >mfZx^ZGhagZ_l_dZ`_lkyfuhiylv]h\hjbfh[
hl^_e_gbb
<bevyf >`_gbk \u \u]ey^bl_ dZdlh lhkdeb\h b wlh
ih[m`^Z_lf_gykijhkblv\uh q_flh]hjx_l_"
>`_gbk Ho Wlh m^Zj ijyfh kx^Z \ `b\hl fg_ ijb^_lky
fbgmldm ih^mfZlv >Z ohly ^h wlhc fbgmlu y b g_ \ujZ`ZeZ k\hb
qm\kl\ keh\Zfb Wlh fhy xghklv H^gZ fhy klhjhgZ [mglm_l ij
lb\
[eZ]hjZamfby ihklhygguo hlghr_gbc h^gZdh ^j? jhgm hgb
ijb\e_dZxl Ohly gZ\_jgh_ _klv qlhlh kmf_x mki_rgh
ijhlb\hklhylvfZl_jbb fujZa^_eb"
hagZqZlvqlhy fh]m[hevr_g_
^_j`Zlvky aZ wlm qZk
gb Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh [m^m hl^_e_gZ b _keb
]h\hjblvAdim]Z_lf_gyY [hevr_g_[m^mfZe_gvdhc^_\hqdhc
<bevyf Wlh a\mqbl dZd ]b]Zglkdh_ hldjh\_gb_ gZklhys
\kiurdZk\_lZ
>`_gbk Bf_ggh lZdh\u fhb qm\kl\Z Y ^h\hevgh bkim]Zgg
Fh]my k^_eZlvwlhkZfhklhyl_evgh"Ihfh]bl_fg_<bevyfKd`bl_
qlhy fh]mk^_eZlvwlhG_meu[Zcl_kvlZdaZ]Z^hqgh
<bevyf Bgh]^Z [hev hldjulby kZfbo k_[y lZd \_ebdZ qlh e
qm\kl\m_fohq_lky\k_[jhkblvh^gZdhkms_kl\m_lg_qlhqlhlhdZ_l
gZkb ]h\hjbl<klZgvb b^bluklhbrvwlh]h
Y ihfgxhdhgqZgb_wlh]hk_ZgkZ;_akhfg
gZy_eh
6L
k <bevyfhfjZgvr_fgh]hjZaghwlh[uehbgZq_DZd[m^lh
]h^u aZfhjh`_gguo qm\kl\ \^jm] gZqZeb lZylv Fu ih^mfZeb qlh y
fh]mijh\h^blv\j_fykhqbgyyibkvfhfZl_jbY k^_eZeZwlhb q_j_a
g_kdhevdhf_kyp_\fuklZeb[eb`_dZd^\_`_gsbguZ g_lhevdhdZd
fZlvb ^hqv
L_fhc dhlhjZy ihklhyggh ih\lhjyeZkv [ueZ fhy gbadZy
kZfhhp_gdZ < gZqZe_ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby <bevyf gZjbkh\Ze gZ ^hkd_
g_^jh b ihijhkbe f_gy ijbdbgmlv fhc ijhp_gl iheh`bl_evghc
hp_gdb Y ihklZ\beZ hlf_ldm ijbf_jgh gZ q_l\_jlb AZl_f fu
hij_^_ebeb \k_ g_]Zlb\gu_ fhf_glu dhlhju_ bklhsZeb fhx
kZfhhp_gdmG_dhlhju_bagbokhklZ\eyebfhb\a]ey^uY g_kqblZeZ
qlh ijb\e_dZl_evgZ ihwlhfm b g_ klZjZeZkv \u]ey^_lv hkh[_ggh
ijb\e_dZl_evgh Fhb \hehku b h^_`^Z [ueb h[uqgufb
f_rdh\Zlufb b kdmqgufb Ijbf_jgh lZd y b ^mfZeZ h k_[_
klZjhfh^ghh^_lZyklZj_xsZy`_gsbgZdhlhjmxfh`ghhklZ\blvgZ
dZdhcgb[m^v g_^hklmighc ihed_ dm^Z gb h^bg fm`qbgZ g_ aZohq_l
ijhlygmlv jmdm Ihkl_i_ggh y ijbreZ d \u\h^m qlh ihklZ\beZ k_[y
lm^Z qlh[u ^_j`Zlv fm`qbg \g_ ^hky]Z_fhklb Dh]^Z \j_fy
dhgkmevlbjh\ZgbyaZdhgqbehkvfhykZfhhp_gdZih^gyeZkvijbf_jgh
^hiheh\bgu\_^jZ
Fg_ ij_^klhbl ijhclb _s_ ^ebgguc imlv gh y dZjZ[dZxkv
Fu hij_^_ebeb qlh y j_rbeZ [ulv g_ ihoh`_c fZlv b g_ ]gZlv
fm`qbg ijhqv dZd hgZ ijh]gZeZ hlpZ L_f g_ f_g__ y ihklmiZeZ
bf_ggh lZdbf h[jZahf klZjZykv kebrdhf kbevgh B dZ`^uc jZa
dh]^ZwlhkemqZehkv²ho_s_h^gZ^ujZ\ \_^j_kZfhhp_gdbY fh]m
\kihfgblvdZdkdZaZeZ<bevyfmG_kh[bjZxkv[ulviheh\bdhf^ey
dh]hlhKZfZ]hjyqghklvih^h[gh]hml\_j`^_gbyih^lhedgmeZf_gy
d ihgbfZgbx qlh bf_ggh bf y b klZeZ ;ulv iheh\bdhf ² ijyfh_
hkdhj[e_gb_b mgb`_gb_Y j_rbeZkvbaf_gblvwlhiheh`_gb_Dh]^Z
y gZqZeZm^_eylvk_[_ [hevr_ \gbfZgby ^jm]b_ ex^b k^_eZeb lh `_
kZfh_H^ghbaemqrboijbagZgbcy ihemqbeZhlh^ghcmq_gbpue_l
iylgZ^pZlb
<uij_e_klgZy>`_gbkb yex[ex\Zk
Dhff_glZjbc
Wlb^\_gZ^pZlvk_Zgkh\k >`_gbkaZdexqZeb\ k_[_lZdfgh]h
b hgb^_fhgkljbjmxldZdbfkeh`guffh`_l[ulvdhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_
b dZdhklhjh`ghfu^he`guklmiZlvH^bgq_eh\_dgbdh]
^Zg_fh`_l^ZlvihgbfZgb_^jm]hfmY fh]lhevdhhklZ\Zlvky
>`_gbkdh]^ZhgZklj_fbeZkvhldjulvhij_^_e_ggmx^\_jvdlhjZy
\_eZd gh\hfmihgbfZgbx
Hq_gv ljm^gvf ^ey f_gy b [_a khfg_gby ^ dhgkmevlZglh\
[uehhleh`blvijb]h\hj;ulhe_]dh\ug_klbijb]h\hjgZi
kh[kl\_ggh]h dhfnhjlZ B hq_gv qZklh kebrdhf [ukljh_
^hklb`_gb_ nbabq_kdh]h dhglZdlZ fh`_l ih[m^blv ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ
\ukmrblvke_au
>`_gbk kZfZ mihlj_[beZ njZam @_gsbgZ dhlhjZy ex[bl
kebrdhfkbevghWlhihgylb_ijbeh`bfhd `_gsbgZf\klmiZxsbf
\ hlghr_gby \ dhlhjuo hgb ihklhyggh h[b`_gu baaZ ]em[hdhc
ihlj_[ghklb [ulv ex[bfhc ohly \k_ qlh hgb ihemqZxl wlh [hev b
mgb`_gb_ IheZ]Zxl qlh lZdb_ `_gsbgu \hkiblu\Zxlky \
^bknmgdpbhgZevguok_fvyo]^__klvdZdh_eb[haehmihlj_[e_gb_²
nbabq_kdh_ k_dkmZevgh_ aehmihlj_[e_gb_ Zedh]he_f beb
gZjdhlbdZfb
ImklZyi_s_jZdhlhjmx>`_gbkij_^klZ\beZk_[_gZlj_lv_f
k_Zgk_ \ua\ZeZ [hevrh_ hk\h[h`^_gb_ wfhpbc Y j_^dh
bgl_jij_lbjmx kbf\heu deb_glZf gh qlh [u hg gb hagZqZe ^ey
>`_gbkwlhlh[jZa[uekbevgufHgZ[hyeZkvlh]hqlhfh`_lgZclb
lZf \hafh`gh [_kkhagZl_evgh DZjlbgu ihoh`b_ gZ h[hb fh]eb
hagZqZlv\k_qlhhgZgZc^_l[_a\j_^ghdZd[mfZ`gu_ZiiebdZpbb
<jy^ eb p_e_khh[jZagh iha\heylv q_eh\_dm jZajmrZlv
h[t_dlu dhlhju_ ihy\eyxlky \ h[jZaZo ihlhfm qlh hgb
hebp_l\hjyxlqZklbebqghklbLjZgknhjfZpby[he__ihablb\gZK\_l
ijhlb\hiheh`_g lvf_ k\_l jZah[eZqZ_l \hl ihq_fm y b ij_^eh`be
ijh`_dlhj Ijb wlhf h[gZjm`bebkv ^\Z \hkihfbgZgby <
ikbohZgZeblbq_kdbo l_jfbgZo i_j\h_ \hkihfbgZgb_ mdZau\Z_l gZ
w^bih\ dhfie_dk j_\ghklv dhlhjmx j_[_ghd qm\kl\m_l ih
hlghr_gbxd jh^bl_exlh]h`_iheZaZ[bjZxs_fmex[h\vjh^bl_ey
ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h iheZ <lhjh_ \hkihfbgZgb_ h[ b]jmrd_ kgh\Z
k\yaZgh k hlphf b aZdexqZ_l \ k_[_ gZf_d gZ iZkkb\ghklv dhlhjZy
khijh\h`^Z_lw^bih\mklZ^bx
>`_gbk ijbreZ gZ q_l\_jluc k_Zgk iheghklvx i_j_f_gb\
ijbq_kdm H[uqgh __ \hehku [ueb \vxsbfbky b k\h[h^gufb ^ey
f_gy wlh g_ hq_gv khhl\_lkl\h\Zeh ij_^klZ\e_gbx h kh\j_f_gguo
ijbq_kdZo L_i_jv \hehku [ueb aZ\yaZgu kaZ^b kbg_c e_glhc b \
p_ehf hgZ \u]ey^_eZ [he__ fheh^h I_j\u_ `_ k_ keh\Z dZaZehkv
ih^l\_j^bebwlh\i_qZle_gb_>`_gbkkdZaZeZaZg_^_exihgyeZqlh
__ h^bghq_kl\h bf__l gZfgh]h [he__ ^Z\gb_ dhjgb q_f hgZ ^mfZeZ
kgZqZeZY ihbgl_j_kh\Zekyfh]eZebj_eZdkZpbyb jZ[hlZk h[jZaZfb
ihfhqv_c\hclb\ dhglZdlk wlbfbjZggbfbqm\kl\Zfb
>`_gbkg_ihaZ[hlbeZkvihkfhlj_lvqlhgZoh^blky\ gb`g_f
l_q_gbbj_dbdhlhjZy^\b]ZeZkvke_\ZgZijZ\hWlhmdZau\Zeh
ljm^ghkijZ\blvkyDh]^Z<bevyfh[tykgbefg_f_lh^ijbihfhsb
dhlhjh]h hg jZ[hlZ_l wlh m[_^beh f_gy \ lhf qlh dhgljhe [m^_l
ij_^hklZ\e_gfg_
GZq_l\_jlhfk_Zgk_
Ebeb Y gZem]mgZ\_jrbg_ohefZghg_\b`m_]hijZ\bevgh
dZd[m^lhkfhljxgZ_]hhljZ`_gb_\ fhbokheg_qguohqdZo
<bevyf AgZqbl_keb\ukgbf_l_bolhgkkfh`_l_kijZ\blvky
k l_fqlh\b^bl_"
Ebeb Qlhlh\jh^_lh]hdZd[m^lhihdZy g_fh]mjbkdh\Zlv
<bevyf Hlebqgh dZd ohlbl_ ;m^_f jZ[hlZlv k l_f qlh lZf
_klv
Ebeb E_kijyfhi_j_^hfghcQm\kl\mxeby qlhgb[m^v"G_l
gbq_]hWlhijhklh e_k>hf²^ebgguc [_eucdhll_^`k dZf_gghc
kl_ghc Hg \u]ey^bl bgl_j_kgh b y ohl_eZ [u dh]^Zgb[m^v
bkke_^h\Zlv _]h Y fh]m \b^_lv j_dm gh hgZ [ukljh ij_\jZsZ_lky \
fhj_ =hjZ ijbf_jgh \ lj_o fbeyo AZ[Z\gh \u]ey^ysZy rlmdZ k
dmq_c]ebgugZkdehg_b \_jrbghcihoh`_cgZ\medZgY ijb^\b]Zx
]hjm [eb`_ dZd [m^lh fhb ]eZaZ ² wlh ebgau h[t_dlb\Z G_l y g_
ohqmgZg__ih^gbfZlvky
<bevyf Ebeb dZd \Zf dZ`_lky baaZ ]ebgu gZ kdehg_ hgZ
fh`_l[ulvg_[_ahiZkghc"
Ebeb Y ^_eZx lh qlh \u ij_^eh`beb e_`m gZ a_fe_ b fhb
dhjgb ijhjZklZxl \gba Hgb ihoh`b gZ djh\_ghkgu_ khkm^u gh
[_eu_b hk\_s_gudZdbflhkbevgufk\_lhfohlyy bg_fh]m\b^_lv
hldm^Zhgb^_l
<bevyf DZ`_lky qlh \u qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y lZf \iheg_
dhfnhjlgh
>jm]b_ ^hq_jb g_
h[jZsZxlky kh k\hbfb fZl_jyfb dZd lu Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh hgZ
f_gy ^mrbl Fhb qm\kl\Z [ueb lZd kbevgu qlh f_gy qZklh
[_kihdhbeb ^mjgu_ kgu \ dhlhjuo gZijbf_j y reZ \\_jo ih
e_klgbp_ k gh`hf \ jmd_ qlh[u m[blv __ GZ kZfhf ^_e_ y [hyeZkv
qlh\ dh]^Zgb[m^v^_ckl\bl_evghfh]mwlhk^_eZlvIh^h[gZyfukev
im]ZeZf_gyY gkagZeZqlh^_eZlv<bevyfh[km^bekhfghckihkh[
hl\_lZ gZau\Z_fuc dhfivxl_jghc fh^_evx Y ihijh[h\ZeZ _]h b
h[gZjm`beZ qlh fh]m emqr_ kijZ\eylvky kh k\hbfb qm\kl\Zfb Y
^mfZxfZlvj_\gm_lf_gyohlyg_fh]mij_^klZ\blvk q_]h[u
Fuk <bevyfhf]h\hjbebh kgh\b^_gbyodhlhju_[_kihdhbeb
f_gyH^bglZdhcih\lhjyxsbckykhggZqZeky^Z\gh\ ^_lkl\_Fg_
kgbehkv qlh y fh]m aZklZ\blv k\hx fZlv \kiuogmlv ieZf_g_f Wlh
^_ckl\bl_evgh ihdZau\Z_l ]em[bgm fhbo qm\kl\ b lh dZd ^he]h y bo
bkiulu\Zx
<bevyf ij_^eh`be qlh[u y \ujZabeZ wlb qm\kl\Z d k\hbf
jh^bl_eyf\ \hh[jZ`Z_fhcdZjlbg_Fg_g_ijbrehkv^mfZlv
ijyfh i_j_^ fhbfb ]eZaZfb dZd gZy\m ihy\beZkv \ukhdZy
[_ah[jZagZy dbjibqgZy kl_gZ \ur_ f_gy b rbj_ Y bkiulu\ZeZ
kbevgmx ]jmklv ]ey^y gZ g__ b ^mfZeZ h lhf dZd fh`gh baf_gblv
kblmZpbx Y ohl_eZ kehfZlv kl_gm gh g_ [ueZ m\_j_gZ qlh m f_gy
_klvkbeu<bevyfihkh\_lh\Zefg_\ha^_j`ZlvkyhlgZkbebylZddZd
kl_gZ\hafh`gh\ k\h_\j_fybaf_gblky
K_Zgkuijh^he`ZebkvZ ykfh]eZ[hevr_jZkkdZau\Zlvh fh_f
hlp_ Wlh hq_gv oheh^guc q_eh\_d ih^he]m hlkmlkl\mxsbc baaZ
k\h_cjZ[hlubg`_g_jZdhgkmevlZglZgZdhglbg_gl_Gbhggb
fhy fZlv gk ijhy\eyeb g_`ghklb d gZf ^_lyf AZ[Z\gh dZd
g_dhlhju_ \_sb g_h`b^Zggh \hagbdZxl dh]^Z y h[sZxkv k
<bvyfhfY ]h\hjbeZh lhfqlhj_\gb\ZiheZ]Zxkh\k_fdZdfZlv
dh]^Z \ fh_f fha]m \kieueh \hkihfbgZgb_ Fg_ [ueh hdheh ^_\ylb
e_l y ih^kemrb\ZeZ jZa]h\hj fhbo jh^bl_e_c b mkeurZeZ dZd fZlv
]h\hjblQZjevafhcex[bf_pWlhhklZ\behm f_gyhsms_gb_qlh
f_gyg_ohlylb g_ex[yl>he]h_\j_fyihke_wlh]hy h[jZsZeZk\hx
j_\ghklv gZ QZjevaZ Wlh fh`_l dZaZlvky ]emiuf gh y klj_fbeZkv d
lhfmqlh[ufhchl_ph[gbfZef_gy
Y lZdb g_ihemqbeZhldhgkmevlbjh\ZgbygbdZdh]hhl\_lZih
ih\h^m fhbo jh^bl_e_c gh m f_gy ijhklh ihy\beZkv kihkh[ghklv
\ujZ`Zlv k\hb qm\kl\Z dZ`_lky dZdbflh h[jZahf hgZ ^ZeZ fg_
[hevr_ kbeu b ihgbfZgby Y i_j_klZeZ lZd kbevgh j_Z]bjh\Zlv gZ
k\hx fZlv b magZeZ qlh fh]m gZclb dZdb_lh ih^oh^u d fh_fm hlpm
[_alh]hqlh[uhghl\_j]Zebo
Y ihgyeZ_keby ^he`gZdm^Zgb[m^v^h[jZlvkyfg_ijb^_lky
[ulv q_klghc b hldjulhc \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb Fhb aZimlZggu_
qm\kl\Z gZ^h [ueh jZa^jZagblv Ijhreh g_ kebrdhf fgh]h \j_f_gb
^mfZxwlhijhbahrehgZ\lhjhfk_Zgk_ij_`^_q_fy hldjueZqlh
g_^Z\gh k^_eZeZ Z[hjl AgZx y khh[sbeZ h[ wlhf oheh^gh b
[_kkljZklgh Y g_ \hajZ`ZeZ ijhlb\ lh]h qlh[u ]h\hjblv h jZdlZo
gh g_ [ueZ ]hlh\Z qm\kl\h\Zlv Y ijhbkoh`m ba k_fvb ]^_ h
qm\kl\Zo gbdh]^Z g_ ]h\hjyl >_eZlv wlh [ueh [u ijbagZdhf
keZ[hklbLZdqlhy gkfh]eZjZkkdZaZlvfhbfjh^bl_eyfh[Z[hjl_Z
lZd`_ g_ fh]eZ jZkkdZaZlv bf qlh hiylv k[ebabeZkv k >`bfhf
IjhbahreZ [u m`ZkgZy kp_gZ k fh_c fZl_jvx _keb [u y \k_
jZkkdZaZeZG_fh]mh[tykgblvhk\h[h`^_gb_dhlhjh_ijbrehdh]^Z
y kfh]eZijhklh]h\hjblvg_qm\kl\myg_h[oh^bfhklbhijZ\^u\Zlvky
beb h[tykgylvky Y g_gZ\b^_eZ h[fZg b ^mfZeZ h lhf kdhevdh
\j_f_gbijhc^_lij_`^_q_ffg_ijb^_lkyijbagZlvky?s_h^gh
ihke_Z[hjlZy g_[ueZgZbkih\_^b
KgZqZeZy ^mfZeZqlhjZa]h\hjh[Z[hjl_[m^_le_]dbfghhg
lZdbf g_ [ue Y g_ ihgbfZeZ dZd fgh]h [heb k\yaZgh k wlbf
kh[ulb_f dhlhjh_ ijhbahreh ijbf_jgh aZ q_luj_ f_kypZ ^h lh]h
dZd y ijbreZ gZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh g_ fh]eZ
]h\hjblv h[ Z[hjl_ g_ jZkkdZaZ\ h >`bf_ M gZk [ueb ^h\hevgh
[mjgu_ hlghr_gby \ l_q_gb_ ijbf_jgh ^_kylb e_l DZaZehkv dh]^Z
fuihjhagvfug_fh`_f`blv^jm][_a^jm]ZH^gZdhdh]^Zfu[ueb
\f_kl_ lh ^jZebkv dZd ^\Z dhlZ Y g_ ]h\hjbeZ >`bfm h
[_j_f_gghklbb hlhfqlhgZf_j_gZk^_eZlvZ[hjlDh]^Zy h[h
\k_f jZkkdZaZeZ hg [ue hq_gv jZkkljh_g b hi_qZe_g >`bf
qm\kl\h\Ze qlh y ebrbeZ _]h q_]hlh H^gZdh hg g_ ijhy\eye
[hevrh]h[_kihdhckl\Zgb h[hfg_gb hfhboqm\kl\Zo
Y kdZaZeZ qlh fhb hlghr_gby k >`bfhf [ueb [mjgufb
\j_f_gZfb hgb klZgh\bebkv ^Z`_ g_bklh\ufb IhdZ y g_ gZqZeZ
\b^_lvkyk <bevyfhfy \k_]^Zh[\bgyeZ>`bfZL_i_jvy ihgyeZ\h
fg_ [ueh fgh]h_ qlh ^he`gh [ulv jZa^jZ`Zeh >`bfZ Ijh\h^y
\j_fyk <bevyfhfy kfh]eZh[km`^Zlvlhqlh[ueh^eyf_gy\Z`guf
H^gh ba lZdbo h[km`^_gbc [ueh \ua\Zgh kgh\b^_gb_f Fu k
>`bfhfhl^uoZeb\f_kl_k kmijm`_kdhciZjhcgZ[_j_]mj_db>`bf
iulZekym[_^blvf_gyaZ[jZlvky\ yjdhjZkdjZr_ggucieZ\mqbc^hf
<k_ klZeh l_fguf b ij_^\_sZxsbf ^mjgh_ Y m[_`ZeZ aZ fghc
]gZeky >`bf hg jZafZob\Ze gh`hf Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh wlhl khg
\ujZ`Z_lfhbqm\kl\Zihih\h^mfhbohlghr_gbbk >`bfhfZ lZd`_
lh qlh \ wlbo hlghr_gbyo g_qlh aZklZ\ey_l f_gy [hylvky Wlhl khg
\ua\Ze \hkihfbgZgb_ h dhlhjhf y dZd fg_ dZaZehkv i_j_klZeZ
^mfZlv Dh]^Z y _s_ [ueZ [_j_f_ggZ fu k >`bfhf kihjbeb >`bf
iheh`bek\hbjmdbfg_gZ]hjehb k^Z\be^h\hevghkbevghdZd[m^lh
kh[bjZeky aZ^mrblv f_gy Lh]^Z y bkim]ZeZkv ihlhfm qlh
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y \ dhglZdl_ k _]h yjhklghc klhjhghc dhlhjmx y
lhevdhkfmlghhkhagZ\ZeZ
Y kdZaZeZ qlh g_\hafh`gh jZkkdZaZlv fZl_jb h[ Z[hjl_ Wlh
hlqZklb ihlhfm qlh hgZ g_ ex[bl >`bfZ b \hagbdeh [u kebrdhf
fgh]h ijh[e_f LZd qlh y khojZgyeZ kihdhckl\b_ b h[fZgu\ZeZ __
DZdlh y kijhkbeZ <bevyfZ fh`_l eb hg \klj_lblvky kh fghc b
>`bfhf \f_kl_ gh >`bf gk kh]eZkbeky Wlh l\hy ijh[e_fZ ²
kdZaZe hg Y hq_gv jZkk_j^beZkv b h[b^_eZkv y qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh wlh
gZrZ ijh[e_fZ<bevyf[jhkbefg_\uah\kijhkb\f_gyq_]hy ohqm
hl hlghr_gbc k >`bfhf Gk ^mfZy y kdZaZeZ Ex[h\gbdZ ^jm]Z
hlpZ ikbohl_jZi_\lZ Ihke_^g__ hkh[_ggh m^b\beh f_gy GZ kZfhf
^_e_>`bf[uekh\k_fg_lZdbfY fh]eZ[u\b^_lv\ >`bf_k\h_]h
hlpZ\ dhlhjhfbkdZeZhklhjh`ghklbb hl\_lkl\_gghklb
<bevyf [jhkbe fg_ \uah\ ih ih\h^m hl\_lkl\_gghklb
khkeZ\rbkvgZqlhlhkdZaZggh_fghxg_kdhevdbfbk_ZgkZfbjZgvr_
dh]^Zy \haeZ]ZeZ\bgmgZ>`bfZY agZeZqlhfhbfukebaZimlZgub
wlhl \uah\ ihfh] fg_ ijb\_klb bo \ ihjy^hd Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh \
^_ckl\bl_evghklb gk fh]m \bgblv >`bfZ y ^mfZeZ qlh k_dk
[_ahiZk_g Z hg g_ lZdbf gk hdZaZeky ihwlhfm fg_ ke_^h\Zeh \aylv
qZklvhl\_lkl\_gghklbb gZk_[y
Y khqeZ qlh <bevyf ^h\hevgh qZklh [jhkZ_l fg_ \uah\
\j_f_gZfb fg_ wlh g_ gjZ\behkv Y jZkkdZau\ZeZ h \uoh^guo
ijh\_^_gguo k >`bfhf dh]^Z <bevyf aZf_lbe A\mqbl lZd dZd
[m^lh\ufgh]hijb^bjZebkvd g_fmOhlyfg_wlhb g_ihgjZ\behkv
gh_]hkeh\ZihiZeb\ lhqdmY g_lhevdhijb^bjZxkvkh\k_fdZdfhy
fZlvy agZxqlhdmiZxkv\ `Zehklbd kZfhck_[_
Dh]^Z y \klj_qZeZkv k <bevyfhf y ihj\ZeZ k >`bfhf b
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y kihdhcg__ b kfh]eZ [ulv kZfZ kh[hc gh dZd jZa
i_j_^ l_f dZd y wlh k^_eZeZ fu k <bevyfhf [_k_^h\Zeb h fh_c
aZ\bkbfhklbhl>`bfZY aZ\bkbfZhlg_]hohly\ lh`_\j_fyagZx
qlh hg lyg_l f_gy \gba G_dhlhjh_ \j_fy y [ueZ h[_kihdh_gZ l_f
kdhevdh >`bf iv_l b _]h gZkljh_gby [ueb ^_ckl\bl_evgh
g_ij_^kdZam_fufb Fg_ ihdZaZehkv ^h\hevgh e_]dbf jZ[hlZlv k
h[jZaZfb b bah[jZ`Zy qm\kl\h qlh hg bf__l \eZklv gZ^h fghc y
gZjbkh\ZeZ q_jgmx kihdhcgmx j_dm dhlhjZy m]jh`ZeZ ih]ehlblv
f_gy\ \h^h\hjhl_H^bgbafhbo^jma_cfm`qbg[jhkbefg_\_j_\dm
b \ulZsbe f_gy Dh]^Z y klhyeZ gZ [_j_]m lh ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh k
f_gyk\ZebeZkv[hevrZyly`_klv< lh\j_fyy g_[ueZm\_j_gZ[m^_l
eb fh_ j_r_gb_ hdhgqZl_evgh jZahj\Zlv k >`bfhf ^hklZlhqgh
kbevgufqlh[u^h\_klb_]h^hdhgpZFh`_l[ulvgZrZihlj_[ghklv
^jm] \ ^jm]_ [ueZ kebrdhf \_ebdZ Ohly y b ihj\ZeZ k gbf gh \_k
_s_ qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y g_eh\dh \klj_qZykv k ^jm]bfb fm`qbgZfb Y
iheZ]Zxqlhg_agZeZq_]hohqm
Q_j_a g_kdhevdh g_^_ev ihke_ jZaju\Z y kemqZcgh \klj_lbeZ
>`bfZ b [ueZ ho\Zq_gZ j_\ghklvx magZ\ qlh hg \klj_qZ_lky k
^jm]hc `_gsbghc Y fh]eZ [u m[blv _]h b k_[y Qlh [u y k^_eZeZ
_keb[um f_gyg_[ueh<bevyfZ"Bf_gghlh]^Zy ihgyeZqlhg_fh]m
iha\heblv>`bfmmclbIhwlhfmy gZjmrbeZh[_sZgb_^Zggh_kZfhc
k_[_b kgh\Z\klmibeZk gbf\ [ebadb_hlghr_gbyAZl_fy ih^mfZeZ
qlh[_j_f_ggZWlh[uehlhq_]hy ohl_eZghfh]eZeby \aylvgZk_[y
hl\_lkl\_gghklv"<bevyfihfh]fg_ijb\_klbfhbqm\kl\Z\ ihjy^hd
b wlh h[gZjm`beh g_dhlhju_ ba g_j_r_gguo \hijhkh\ ih ih\h^m
Z[hjlZ \hijhkh\ dhlhju_ dZd y ^mfZeZ [ueb \ ijhrehf H^gZ ba
ijh[e_f h dhlhjuo fu ]h\hjbeb aZdexqZeZkv \ fh_c ihlj_[ghklb
[mglZy [ueZ\iheg_[mglh\sbp_cb \hl\_lkl\_gghklbaZlhqlh[u
bf_lvj_[_gdZBawlhc^bkdmkkbb\hagbdihemkdjulucnZdlqlhy \
^_lkl\_g_keZkebrdhffgh]hhl\_lkl\_gghklbdhlhjmx\haeZ]ZeZgZ
f_gy fZlv moh^b\rZy gZ jZ[hlm Y [ueZ fZe_gvdhc fZfhc b
hlqZyggh bkdZeZ h^h[j_gby m k\h_]h hlpZ gh hg dhg_qgh fh]
hlghkblvkydhfg_
lhevdh dZd d ^hq_jb b ^Z`_ lh]^Z Y g_f [ueh g_ fgh]h
ijbagZl_evghklb < dZdhflh kfuke_ y [hxkv [jZlv gZ k_[y
hl\_lkl\_gghklvWlhh^gZbai_j\uol_fhlghkysbokyd fh_cjZ[hl_
f_^k_klju
Y [hevr_ g_ [ueZ [_j_f_ggZ DZdZylh fhy klhjhgZ
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ h[e_]q_gb_ dZdZylh ² jZahqZjh\Zgb_ Y kfh]eZ
ijbagZlvky<bevyfmqlh]eZ\gZyijbqbgZfh_]hjZahqZjh\Zgby\ lhf
qlhy ihl_jyx\eZklvgZ^>`bfhfWlh[uehm`Zkgh_ijbagZgb_b y
qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y hq_gv iehoh gh kZfh ijbagZgb_ ihfh]eh Om`_
\k_]h[uehlhqlh^_\mrdZ:g^j_[ueZ[_j_f_ggZHgbjZkkdZaZebh[
wlhf fhbf jh^bl_eyf dhlhju_ ijbgyeb wlh ba\_klb_ hq_gv ohjhrh
DZd y j_\gh\ZeZ Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y mamjibjh\Zgghc Bf_ggh fg_
ohl_ehkvijhba\_klbgZk\_li_j\h]h\gmdZbeby lZd^mfZeZDZdfg_
ohl_ehkvqlh[uy fh]eZjZah[jZlvky\ k\hboqm\kl\Zod >`bfmHg²
fhyiZ]m[gZyijb\uqdZ<bevyf^he`gh[ulvbgl_j_kh\Zeky^_eZ_f
ebfuk gbfmki_obFgh`_kl\hjZay \ha\jZsZeZkvd h^ghcb lhc`_
klZjhc l_f_ Fhy fukev aZdexqZeZkv \ lhf qlh y ohqm ijbh[j_klb
ki_pbZevghklv b m_oZlv jZ[hlZlv f_^k_kljhc \ :\kljZebx <bevyf
aZf_lbeqlh\u[hjf_klZdZ`_lky_fmagZf_gZl_evguf>Z^Zevr_hl
>`bfZy g_fh]eZgZoh^blvky
Ijhreb\_dZij_`^_q_fy kfh]eZjZkkdZaZlv<bevyfmh _s_
h^ghc gblb fhbo ijh[e_f Dh]^Z fg_ [ueh ^\Z^pZlv q_luj_ ]h^Z y
\klj_qZeZkvk fm`qbghcdhlhjucih\_af_gyihdZlZlvkygZfZrbg_
Wlh ij_\jZlbehkv \ kZfuc m`Zkguc dhrfZj <k_ gZqZehkv \iheg_
g_\bggh ih_a^dZ aZ ]hjh^ aZl_f g_kdhevdh qZkh\ q_j dZdhclh e_k
Bf_ggh lh]^Z y gZqZeZ lj_\h`blvky Hg [
hq_v kihdhcguf Z gZ
kZfhf ^_e_ m]jxfuf Fu ih lh iklb ibk \ g_kdhevdbo fbeyo hl
dZdhclh^Aghqv^hjh]Zy²kdZaZe RL " eh\Zlvkygh^mfZeZqlhi
qZeba[b\Zlvf_gy 0&,kibjlgh]hij_\jZl]
hgfg_gjZ\blkyb
e ^kk
<bevyf DZd [u \u ij_^klZ\beb k_[_ wlb qm\kl\Z ih ih\h^m
bagZkbeh\Zgby"
Fw] Y \b`mbodZd`_e_agmxba]hjh^vk lheklufbijmlvyfb
hl[jZku\Zxsbfbl_gbb yaZdexq_gZ\ gboY g_m\_j_gZh]hjh`_gZ
eby wlhcba]hjh^vx
<bevyf H]jZ^Zb aZsblZ
ihoh`b_keh\Zg_lZdeb"
Fw] <ubf__l_\ \b^m[_kkhagZl_evgucdZeZf[mj"AZsblZ^Z
wlh[ueh[uijZ\bevgh
<bevyf KljZggh dZd jZ[hlZ_l [_kkhagZl_evgh_ Qlh \u
^_eZ_l_k h]jZ^hc"
Fw] Y deZ^mgZg__jmdmb b^m\hdjm]AZ[Z\ghwlhg_iheguc
djm]
<bevyf DZdfh`ghljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvh]jZ^mb \hqlh"
Fw] HgZ ij_\jZlbeZkv \ aZfhd ]^_lh \ hl^Ze_gbb Hg
\u]ey^blg_fgh`dhhllZedb\Zxsbf
<bevyf Fw]qlh\uohlbl_k^_eZlvk aZfdhf"
Fw] Y ohqm bkke_^h\Zlv _]h ohly qm\kl\mx g_dhlhjh_
hiZk_gb_ L_i_jv y b^m ih ih^t_fghfm fhklm b bkke_^mx dhfgZlu
Hgb\k_imklu_Y \b`m^_j_\vya^_kvhsmsZ_lkyijhoeZ^Z
<bevyf Y ^mfZxbgl_j_kgh[ueh[ugZclbkhdjh\bs_
Fw] Y gZreZ fZe_gvdmx l_iemx ohjhrh hk\_s_ggmx
dhfgZlmh^bghdmxdZd [m^lh hgZ [ueZ kha^ZgZ dZd jZa ^ey f_gy Y
ihdb^ZxaZfhdqm\kl\myk_[ykqZkleb\__
Q_j_ag_dhlhjh_\j_fyihke_bagZkbeh\Zgbyy j_rbeZijhclb
ikbohl_jZibx baaZ Z]hjZnh[bb Y mihfygmeZ bagZkbeh\Zgb_ \
[eZgd_ebqguoih^jh[ghkl_cgh_]hlZdb g_bkke_^h\ZebLZdqlhy
^mfZeZ wlh g_\Z`gh GZ\_jgh_ \ wlhf khklhyeZ h^gZ ba ijbqbg
ihq_fm fg_ ihlj_[h\Zehkv lZdh_ ^he]h_ \j_fy qlh[u jZkdjulv \k_
<bevyfmH[e_]q_gb_dhlhjh_y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZdh]^Zhgijbgyefhc
jZkkdZa k_jv_agh [ueh g_\_jhylguf Y fh]eZ \b^_lv qlh hg aZ^_l
fh_c bklhjb_c <f_kl_ fu bkke_^h\Zeb wlhl kemqZb fhb qm\kl\Z
lh]^Zb iha`_ Y dhe_[eykv \u^\bgmeZ b^_x qlh dZdbflh h[jZahf
g_kmhl\_lkl\_gghklvaZlhqlh_]haZ\e_deZ<bevyfg_kh]eZkbekykh
fghc?]hlhqdZaj_gbyaZdexqZeZkv\ lhfqlhfm`qbgZ^he`_gg_klb
ihegmx hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ lh qlh k^_eZe KeurZlv dZd ]h\hjbl hg
wlh lZdbf g_ij_dehgguf lhghf [ueh h]jhfguf h[e_]q_gb_f b wlh
ih[m^behf_gybkke_^h\Zlvfhbqm\kl\Z
IhZg]ebckdb² IHQFH b GHIHQFH² Ijbfi_j_\h^qbdZ
gbdq_fghklbb g_qbklhluBagZkbeh\Zgb_hdZaZeh\ha^_ckl\b_
gZfhbaZgylbyex[h\vx[uebkblmZpbbk >`bfhfdh]^Zy ijhklhg_
fh]eZ^hklZlhqghjZkkeZ[blvkyqlh[u[ulvk\h[h^ghc>`bfg_fh]
ihgylvfhboqm\kl\lZdqlhy hklZ\beZihiuldbh[tykgblvbo
H^gZ ba k\ya_c dhlhju_ mklZgh\beb fu k <bevyfhf [ueZ
ke_^mxs_cqm\kl\hqlhy ]jyagZyb gbdq_fgZyihke_bagZkbeh\Zgby
l_`_qlhy bkiulu\ZeZihke_Z[hjlZDh]^Zy jZkkdZaZeZ<bevyfmh[
bagZkbeh\Zgbb m\b^_eZ b mkeurZeZ _]h j_Zdpbx f_gy ho\Zlbeh
h]jhfgh_ qm\kl\h i_qZeb b y gZqZeZ ju^Zlv Y ieZdZeZ jZgvr_ k
<bevyfhf gh g_ lZd Y agZeZ qlh ^h[jZeZkv ^h kZfuo ]em[bg fh_c
[hebihih\h^mg_lhevdhbagZkbeh\Zgbyghb hq_gvfgh]bo\_s_cY
ihfgx dZd <bevyf ijhlygme jmdb b y hdZaZeZkv hdjm`_gghc lZdhc
gbq_]h g_ lj_[mxs_c ex[h\vx dZdhc y gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_
bkiulu\ZeZ
Dh]^Z [hev qZklbqgh ijhreZ fu ijh^he`beb jZa]h\hj
<bevyf ih[m^be f_gy bkihevah\Zlv h[jZau qlh y m`_ ^_eZeZ
jZgvr_
<bevyf Imklv\Zr_\hh[jZ`_gb_mg_k_l\ZkgZfhjkdhc[_j_]
Dhg_pe_lZijbeb\hlhr_e_klvqm^_kgZyihehkZqbklh]hi_kdZ
Fw] IjhoeZ^guc i_khd ml_rZ_l Y fh]m hklZ\Zlvky a^_kv
\k_]^Z
<bevyf < hl^Ze_gbb²fm`qbgZhgijb[eb`Z_lkyWlhg_lhl
fm`qbgZ dh]h \u agZ_l_ h^gZdh \u qm\kl\m_l_ qlh agZeb _]h \kx
`bagvJZkkdZ`bl_fg_h g_f
Fw] ?klv g_qlh ijb\e_dZxs__ f_gy d g_fm dZdZylh
\ujZabl_evghklvqlhlh\ fZg_j_dZdhgoh^blHgih^oh^bl[eb`_
b dZ`_lkyqlh_]h]eZaZkfhljylijyfhkd\havf_gyghy g_[hxkv
<bevyf Y ohqm qlh[u \u ij_^klZ\beb k_[_ qlh hg deZ^_l
jmdb \Zf gZ ]heh\m b dh]^Z hg k^_eZ_l wlh \u ihqm\kl\m_l_ \ky
]jyavdZdZy\ \Zk_klvkl_dZ_lm \Zrbogh]b gZ__ f_kl_\ dZ`^hc
qZklb \Zr_]h l_eZ gZklmiZ_l ij_djZkguc ihdhc Z \ky h[b^Z b [hev
mc^ml
G_dhlhju_ dhgkmevlZglu j_rbl_evgh ba[_reb [u ]Zdh]h
[ebadh]h nbabq_kdh ]h dhglZdlZ k deb_glhf lh]^Z dZd ^jm]b_
hkh[_ggh l_ klh jZ[hlZ_l ohebklbq_k db ijbgbfZxl wlh dZd qZklv
ijhp_kkZ bkp_e_gby Gh dhglZdl ^he`_g [ulv mfkk guf b
ijhbkoh^blv \ bgl_j_kZo deb_glZ Z g_ dhgkmevlZglZ Nbabq_kdbc
dhglZx wlh g_ lh qlh ij_^ijbgbfZ_lky e_]dh beb [_a jZaj_r_gby
deb_glZ D ex[hfm B dhkgh\_gbx kq_^m_l hlghkblvky lZd `_
\gbfZl_evgh dZd d keh\Zf dhlhju_ fu mld j_[ey_f G_dh]hju_
deb_gluijbgbfZxlijbdhkgh\_gb_^jm]b_hldZau\Zxlkyg_]hb wlh
bo\u[hj
Fw] <i_j\u_aZ\k_]h^uy qm\kl\mxk_[yp_ehklghc
Ihke_^gyy gblv fh_c ijh[e_fu ² kljZo \uclb fhb
ijbklmiu iZgbdb < mf_ y k\yau\ZeZ bo k bagZkbeh\Zgb_f gh \
j_Zevghklb wlh gZqZehkv jZgvr_ <bevyf ih[m^be f_gy \_jgmlvky \
^_lkl\h dh]^Z fg_ [ueh ijbf_jgh k_fv e_l \h NjZgpbx Jh^bl_eb
?reb hklZ\b\ f_gy k ^jmavyfb Y ihfgx iZgbdm dh]^Z g_ kfh]eZ
gZclb jh^bl_e_c Wlhl m`Zk [ue k\yaZg k qm\kl\hf dhlhjh_ m f_gy
\hagbdZeh dh]^Z fhc hl_p m_a`Ze \ dhfZg^bjh\db Hg gbdh]^Z g_
]hlh\be f_gy d k\h_fm hlkmlkl\bx Y ijhkuiZeZkv mljhf qlh[u
h[gZjm`blvhgm_oZeb yiZgbdh\ZeZ^mfZyqlhhgmf_j
FhbijbklmiuiZgbdbg_^Zxlfg__a^blvgZijbf_j\ f_ljh
b y g_gZ\b`m ebnlu b Z\lh[mku Mfhf y ihgbfZeZ wlh \u]iy^bl
]emihghfZg_jZ\ dhlhjhc<bevyfkemrZeb jZa\b\ZejZagu_l_fu
aZklZ\beZ f_gy ihqm\kl\h\Zlv qlh ]h\hjblv h[ wlhf Z[khexlgh
ghjfZevgh Y lhevdh lmfZggh khagZ\ZeZ wlh gh gZ ijhly`_gbb
bkke_^h\Zgby klZeh ykgh qlh y [hyeZkv aZ[he_lv \ f_ljh beb
Z\lh[mk_ ihlhfm qlh lh]^Z y ihl_jyeZ [u dhgljhev Z wlh [ueh ^ey
f_gy\Z`gh
H^gbf ba \hagbdrbo h[klhyl_evkl\ klZeh lh qlh y [he__
kdehggZd wlbfijbklmiZfiZgbdbdh]^ZmklZx<bevyfgZmqbef_gy
j_eZdkZpbb M f_gy [ueZ h^gZ ba _]h aZibk_c qlh[u ihfhqv fg_ g_
kebrdhf ih^\_j]Zlvky klj_kkm Wlm aZibkv y klZeZ bkihevah\Zlv
j_]meyjgh Fu ihiulZebkv \uykgblv qlh fh]eh \uau\Zlv ijbklmiu
iZgbdb\hagbdehg_kdhevdhjZaguofhf_glh\
H^gbfbagbo[ueh\hkihfbgZgb_dh]^Zfg_[ueh]h^Z^\Zy
ihl_jyeZkv gZ ju[ghf jugd_ \h NjZgpbb >h\hevgh kljZrgh ^Z`_
\kihfbgZlvh[wlhf<lhjh_h[klhyl_evkl\haZdexqZehkv\ lhfqlhy
qZklhqm\kl\h\ZeZdZd[m^lhdlhlhihaZ^bf_gym^_j`b\Z_lf_gyhl
lh]h qlh[u gZijbf_j _a^blv \ f_ljh < fh_f \hh[jZ`_gbb y
bah[jZabeZ wlh dZd g_qlh q_jgh_ b [_knhjf_ggh_ k\yaZggh_ k
kbevguf kljZohf Ohly i_j\hgZqZevgh y b gk ihemqbeZ gbdZdh]h
j_Zevgh]h ihgbfZgby bf_ggh wlh]h h[klhyl_evkl\Z dh]^Z \hagbd
lj_lbcfhf_gly _]hihemqbeZ
<f_kl_k <bevyfhffuhljZ[hlZebjy^kblmZpbc\ dhlhjuoy
fh]eZ ihqm\kl\h\Zlv iZgbdm G_dhlhju_ ba gbo aZgyeb [u fgh]h
\j_f_gbk g_dhlhjufbdZdy ^mfZeZy fh]eZ[ukijZ\blvkyY ohl_eZ
kt_a^blv d ^jm]m gZ Qhd NZjf Z wlh hagZqZeh qlh fg_ ijb^_lky
\u[bjZlvf_`^mZ\lh[mkhfb f_ljhY ih^mfZeZqlhih_a^
dZ \ Z\lh[mk_ [m^_l f_g__ m`Zkghc q_f \ f_ljh LZd qlh k
ihfhsvx<bevyfZy gZqZeZiml_r_kl\b_\ h[jZaZo?s_^hlh]hdZdy
k_eZ\ Z\lh[mkm f_gy\kihl_ebeZ^hgbZ k_j^p_aZdhehlbehkv
Y klhyeZ gZ mebp_ dhgljhebjh\ZeZ k\h_ ^uoZgb_ b
jZkkeZ[beZkv ^hklZlhqgh qlh[u k_klv \ Z\lh[mk Lh]^Z y
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh kaZ^b g_qlh q_jgh_ b [_knhjf_ggh_ `^ms__
qlh[u ih]ehlblv f_gy Fhc m`Zk ihqlb aZklZ\be f_gy \kdhqblv b
ihdbgmlv dhfgZlm gh <bevyf ih[m^be f_gy hklZlvky k wlbf b
ij_^eh`beih^mfZlvh dhfgb[m^vdlhfh][ugZoh^blvkyjy^hfkh
fghc qlh[u ih^^_j`Zlv f_gy Y aZohl_eZ qlh[u wlh [ueZ fhy
[Z[mrdZ b hgZ ^_j`ZeZ f_gy aZ e_\mx jmdm DZdbflh h[jZahf y
gZreZ\ k_[_kbeuh[_jgmlvkyb ihkfhlj_lvqlhwlh[uehFh]meby
ijhlygmlv jmdm b dhkgmlvky _]h" Wlh [ueh lZd m`Zkgh y
ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh m f_gy g_l kbe ijhlygmlv jmdm ohly y agZeZ qlh
fh]eZ [u _keb [u ^_ckl\bl_evgh ohl_eZ ;ue eb wlh fm`qbgZ beb
`_gsbgZ" Bgklbgdlb\gh y agZeZ wlh fm`qbgZ =^_lh \ k_j_^bg_ m
g_]h [ueh ijhkljZgkl\h dhlhjh]h y fh]eZ dhkgmlvky Fh]eZ eb y
ih^jm`blvkyk gbf"Fh]eZghg_ohl_eZG_fh]eZy b^Zlv_fmbfy
Ihq_fm hg lZf gZoh^beky" Hl\_l dhlhjuc ijbr_e a\mqZe ]emih b
ijbajZqgh qlh[u gZmqblv f_gy [ulv kbevghc b lhfm dZd mf_j_lv
Fh]eZ eb y gZoh^blvky \ lhf ijhkljZgkl\_" Wlh ihlj_[h\Zeh \k_]h
fh_]h fm`_kl\Z b j_rbl_evghklb <bevyf ij_^eh`be qlh[u y
^_j`ZeZkv aZ [Z[mrdm Y agZeZ wlh ihfh`_l gh qm\kl\h\ZeZ wlh
g_qlh qlh y ^he`gZ k^_eZlv kZfhklhyl_evgh Y iha\hebeZ k_[_
jZkkeZ[blvky ijb\_klb k_[y \ ihjy^hd b ihkl_i_ggh hgh
baf_gbehkv qlh[u klZlv ^\mfy jmdZfb ² [hevrbfb kbevgufb
]jm[ufb ]eZ^ysbfb fhb \hehku Y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ kljZo b
ihbgl_j_kh\ZeZkv \kemo _klv eb qlhlh m`Zkgh_ q_]h y g_ fh]m
\kihfgblvQ_eh\_d[uehlqZklbfhbfhlphfb d_flh_s_dh]hy g_
agZeZ AZl_f hg gZqZe f_gylvky b ij_\jZlbeky \ \hkihfbgZgb_ h
q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc ih^Zjbe fg_ djZkgu_ \ha^mrgu_ rZjbdb gZ
njZgpmakdhfjugd_Ihlhfy ihiZeZ\ dhfgZlmfg_[uehhdhehiylb
e_l k q_eh\_dhf dhlhjh]h a\Zeb y ^mfZx Nbebii Y gbdh]^Z g_
\kihfbgZeZ wlhl kemqZc ihwlhfm g_ [ueZ m\_j_gZ j_Ze_g hg beb
g_l gh hg hsmsZeky dZd agZqbfuc Wlh [ueh [he__ ^ebggh_
iml_r_kl\b_ q_f ih_a^dZ gZ Qhd NZjf gh dZdbflh h[jZahf
agZqbl_evgZyqZklvkljZoZaZfdgmluoijhkljZgkl\mreZohlyfg_\k_
_s_ijboh^blkymk_j^ghjZ[hlZlvgZ^gbf\j_fyhl\j_f_gbL_i_jvm
f_gy_klvg_kdhevdhijb_fh\b kljZl_]bcqlh[uihfh]Zlvk_[_kZfhc
\ ljm^gu_\j_f_gZ
Dhff_glZjbc
Dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ Fw] ijhoh^beh \ l_q_gb_ ^\Z^pZlb lj_o
k_Zgkh\jZklygm\rbokyihqlbgZ]h^b yqm\kl\h\Zeqlhfu^_eZ_f
\f_kl_hq_gvihe_agmxjZ[hlmH^ghcbakbevguoklhjhgFw]hueZ__
kdehgghklv d jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb HgZ hq_gv ohjhrh gZmqbeZkv
\klmiZlv \ dhglZdl kh k\hbfb qm\kl\Zfb DZd fukebl_ex _c [ueh
m^h[g__ \ulZedb\Zlv qm\kl\Z \ ]heh\m b ]h\hjblv h gbo q_f
^_ckl\bl_evgh qm\kl\h\Zlv beb bkke_^h\Zlv bo Dh]^Z fu
ij_^klZ\ey_fk_[_qlhlh^hklZlhqgh^he]hb ^hklZlhqghkbevghhgh
gZqbgZ_lijbh[j_lZlvnhjfm\ gZr_fih\_^_gbbb wlhijbf_gbfh\
jZ\ghckl_i_gbd ihablb\gufb g_]Zlb\gufh[jZaZf
Dh]^ZFw]\i_j\u_jZkkdZau\ZeZk\hxbklhjbxh[Z[hjl_hgZ
^_eZeZ wlh k y\ghc f_jhc [_kkljZklghklb dhlhjZy dhg_qgh [ueZ k_
kihkh[hf kijZ\blvky k kblmZpb_c Y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh g_ ke_^m_l
iulZlvky kebrdhf [ukljh lhedZlv __ \ kh[kl\_ggu_ qm\kl\Z Dh]^Z
Fw] hdZaZeZkv ijbgylhc hgZ ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y \ [hevr_c
[_ahiZkghklb b kfh]eZ bkke_^h\Zlv k\hb qm\kl\Z >jm]hc
hkh[_gghklvx bklhjbb Fw] [ue g_^hklZlhd qm\kl\Z ² hgZ hibkZeZ
_]hdZdoheh^ghklv²khklhjhgu__ jh^bl_e_cb bog_kihkh[ghklv
hldjulh \ujZ`Zlv k\hx ijb\yaZgghklv Ihfgy \k_ wlh b jZ[hlZy
bglmblb\ghy j_rbehklhjh`ghih^oh^blvd ^_em
?_ gug_rgyy ijh[e_fZ g_m^h\e_l\hj_gghklv jZ[hlhc
f_^k_klju[ueZ^hklZlhqghj_ZevghcWlhg_[ueheh`vxb kwlbf
gZ^h[uehh[jZsZlvkykhqm\kl\_gghH^gZdh\k_]^Zke_^m_lihfgblv
qlh y\gZy ijh[e_fZ j_^dh [u\Z_l _^bgkl\_gghc qlh dhg_qgh ykgh
jZkdju\Z_l gZlmjm Fw] Hlghr_gby k jh^bl_eyfb hkh[_ggh k
fZl_jvx \ua\Zeb __ ]em[hdh_ [_kihdhckl\h Fw] beexkljbjm_l
^be_ffm \ dhlhjhc gZoh^ylky fgh]b_ ba gZk ihlj_[ghklv \
ijb\yaZgghklb gZrbo jh^bl_e_c beb ^jm]bo agZqbfuo ex^_c
khq_lZ_lky k h[b^hc lZd qZklh khijh\h`^Zxs_c wlb hlghr_gby
FZlv Fw] [ueZ ^hfbgZglghc b kh[kl\_ggbq_kdhc Fw] hlqZyggh
ohl_eZg_aZ\bkbfhklbhgZ]h\hjbeZqlh[mglh\sbpZbh^gZdhwlZ
g_aZ\bkbfhklv fh]eZ [u hlj_aZlv __ hl ihemq_gby dh]^Zeb[h lhc
ijb\yaZgghklbh dhlhjhchgZijhkbeZJ_Zevghklvih^kdZaZeZFw]
hq_gv fZeh\_jhylgh qlh __ jh^bl_eb i_j_f_gylky k_cqZk
h^gZdh kms_kl\h\ZeZ ^jm]Zy klhjhgZ dhlhjZy ^_j`ZeZkv aZ wlm
gZ^_`^m
Ex^yf gZ^ dhlhjufb ^hfbgbjmxl kh[kl\_ggbq_kdb_
jh^bl_ebh[uqghg_o\ZlZ_lgZ\udh\m\_j_gghklb\ k_[_Wlhfh`gh
ihgylvjZa\blb_lZdbogZ\udh\Zdlb\ghih^Z\eyehkvihlhfmqlh
hgbm]jh`Zeb[uhkgh\_\eZklbQlh[uihfhqvFw]kijZ\blvky
k fh^_evx h[\bgbl_ey \u[jZgghc __ fZl_jvx y \\_e \ ^_ckl\b_
dhfivxl_jgmx fh^_ev <bj^`bgbb KZlbj H[\bgbl_ev ² wlh
q_eh\_d dhlhjuc ^_eZ_l aZy\e_gby \jh^_ Ihq_fm lu gbdh]^Z g_
^mfZ_rv h lhf q_]h y fh] [u ohl_lv" DZ`_lky wlh [ueZ fh^_ev
fZl_jb Fw] dhlhjZy h[uqgh aZklZ\eyeZ Fw] ^_ckl\h\Zlv ih
aZ^Z[jb\Zxs_cfh^_eb²qlhm]h^ghjZ^bfbjZ^Z`_aZkq_lqm\kl\
H^bg ba kihkh[h\ kijZ\blvky k h[\bgbl_e_f khklhbl \ lhf qlh[u
ijbgylvdhfivxl_jgmxfh^_ev
Dhfivxl_jg_bf__lqm\kl\b g_j_Z]bjm_lgZwfhpbhgZevghc
hkgh\_²Fj Kihd 6WDU7UHN² \hldeZkkbq_kdbcdhfivxl_j<k_
gZijZ\ey_fh_ \ dhfivxl_j nbevljm_lky q_j_a [_aebqguc wdjZg
dhlhjuc hldehgy_l qm\kl\Z ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ Dhfivxl_ju hq_gv
mk_j^gh jZ[hlZxl qlh[u ba[_]Zlv ]h\hjblv y ihkdhevdm wlh [ueh
[ukebrdhfebqgufLbibqgufhl\_lhfdhfivxl_jZ[ueh[uqlhlh
\jh^_ Bgl_j_kgZy fukev DZd hgZ kh\f_sZ_lky k \Zr_c h[s_c
nbehkhnb_c `bagb" Hl\_l dhfivxl_jZ klj_fblky d kgb`_gbx
gZdZeZ Hg ihfh]Z_l q_eh\_dmfbr_gb \ha\jZsZy \hijhk
hlijZ\bl_exFw]kfh]eZ^h[blvkyg_dhlhjh]hmki_oZZ fZeucmki_o
fhklbl^hjh]m^ey^jm]bomki_oh\
Fw] y\gh ojZgbeZ \ k_[_ fgh]h g_gZ\bklb ih hlghr_gbx d
k\h_cfZl_jbh q_fk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zeb__ kgh\b^_gby\ dhlhjuohgZ
kh[bjZeZkvm[blv__ bebk`_qvDh]^ZFw]jZkkdZau\ZeZh[wlbokgZo
hgZ \klmiZeZ \ dhglZdl k dZdbfblh hq_gv j_Zevgufb qm\kl\Zfb ?_
h[jZa dbjibqghc kl_gu hlghkysbcky d fZl_jb hq_gv agZqbf
DbjibqgZy kl_gZ \ h[jZaZo hebp_l\hjy_l [Zjv_j agZqbl_evguo
jZaf_jh\ b \ h[jZa_ Fw] hgZ [ueZ \ukhdhc b rbjhdhc Keh\hf
dhlhjh_ hgZ k\yaZeZ k wlhc kl_ghc [ueh keh\h g_ij_h^hebfZy
K\yaZggufbqm\kl\ZfbklZebh]hjq_gb_b [_kkbeb_<hlagZqbldZd
hgZ\b^_eZk_[y\ hlghr_gbyokhk\h_cfZl_jvxFw]ohl_eZkehfZlv
kl_gm gh g_ [ueZ m\_j_gZ _klv eb m g__ kbeu ^ey wlh]h <hafh`gh
ohlywlhb g_bkke_^h\ZehkvqlhhgZfh]eZfZlvklhblebwlh^_eZlv
H dbjibqghc kl_g_ ke_^m_l ihfgblv ;W qlh _s_ hgZ g_ [ueZ
lsZl_evgh ihkljh_gghc dbjibq d dbjib Wlh]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl
_kl_kl\_ggh beb kemqZcgh Fw] ]h\hjbe k\h_c kl_g_ dZd h
[_ah[jZaghc ihwlhfm ij_^iheZ]Z_lky g_ q qlh [ueh ij_abjZ_fuf
g_ijb_fe_fuf
G_kdhevdhjZaFw]]h\hjbeZh lhfqlhy [jhkZx\uah\Y RL
gh [ue \gbfZl_e_g [jhkZy \uah\ __ kbevguf Z g_ keZ[uf k jhgZf
GZijbf_jfure_gb_y\eyehkv__ kbevghcklhjhghcq
kl\Z ² f_g__ kbevghc Dh]^Z y [jhkZe \uah\ __ fure_gbx
ijh[e_fg_[uehH^gZdhh[h^ghfwibah^_klhblmihfygmlv
GZ k_fgZ^pZlhf k_Zgk_ Fw] ]h\hjbeZ h lhf dZd hgZ ohq_l
aZdhgqblvk\hbhlghr_gbyk >`bfhfZ aZl_f^h[Z\beZqlha\hgbeZ
_fm Y ih^gye wlh iha`_ b kijhkbe Ihq_fm \u a\hgbeb >`bfm"
K_ZgkaZdhgqbeky^h\hevghkdhjhihke_wlh]hb gZke_^mxs_cg_^_e_
y ihqm\kl\h\ZegZijy`_gghklvf_`^mgZfbFw]kdZaZeZqlhlhh lhf
qlh _c g_ \k_]^Z e_]dh kdZaZlv lh qlh ohq_lky < __ ml\_j`^_gbyo
[ueh g_qlh hkh[_ggh_ ² \ \ujZ`_gbb ebpZ qlh aZklZ\beh f_gy
kijhkblvDZda^_kvb k_cqZk"
Y ijh^he`be GZ ijhrehc g_^_e_ dh]^Z \u moh^beb y
ih^mfZe qlh \u \u]ey^bl_ jZkkljh_gghc Wlb keh\Z ih[m^beb __
[jhkblv \uah\ fh_fm ml\_j`^_gbx k^_eZgghfm gZ ijhrehc g_^_e_
HgZ ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh fhc dhff_glZjbc ih ih\h^m a\hgdZ >`bfm
[ue hkm`^Zxsbf gh g_ fh]eZ [jhkblv fg_ \uah\ K_cqZk y
ij_^hklZ\be _c \hafh`ghklv dhlhjZy [ueZ _c g_h[oh^bfZ b hgZ
\hkihevah\ZeZkv _x Y ^he`_g [ue kh]eZkblvky k g_c dhff_glZjbc
^_ckl\bl_evgh [ue hkm`^Zxsbf Y lZd`_ ihgye qlh wlh [ueh
\uah\hf__ qm\kl\ZfZ g___ bgl_ee_dlmY iha^jZ\beFw]k l_fqlh
hgZgZreZ\ k_[_fm`_kl\h[jhkblv\uah\\ lZdhc fZg_j_ >mfZy h[
wlhf \ihke_^kl\bb y j_rbe qlh fh`_l [ulv [he__ mf_klghc [ueZ
[unjZaZDZ`_lkyqlh\ujZahj\ZgugZ^\h_dZdZylh\ZrZklhjhgZ
ohl_eZg_a\hgblv>`bfmZ ^jm]Zy²ohl_eZWlhdhgnebdlLZdh\Z
ihevaZaZ^g_]hmfZ
?_Z[hjlb bagZkbeh\Zgb_hq_gvl_kghk\yaZguQm\kl\Z[ueb
ihoh`bfb< hlebqb_hlg_dhlhjuol_jZi_\lh\y \_k`_\ukdZau\Zx
k\h_ fg_gb_ gh ^_eZx ihykg_gb_ qlh hgh fh_ b ihjh`^_gh fhbfb
p_gghklyfb b ghjfZfb >Z f_gy jZkk_j^be __ jZkkdZa h[
bagZkbeh\Zgbbb ygbdhbfh[jZahfg_fh]iha\heblv_c\aylvgZk_[y
[j_fykqblZlvqlhhgZg_k_lhl\_lkl\_gghklvG_dhlhju_l_jZi_\lu
[_a khfg_gby ihkihjbeb [u kh fghc ih ih\h^m lh]h gZkdhevdh wlh
fm^jhfgh]b_ijhklhhljZabeb[uaZy\e_gb_deb_gldbb ihiulZebkv
hldjulv[hevr___ qm\kl\
Wlh [ue h^bg ba l_o g_fgh]bo kemqZ_\ \ gZrbo hlghr_gbyo
dh]^Z y ij_^eh`be _c nbabq_kdh_ ml_r_gb_ hgh [ueh ijbgylh b
[ueh lkjZi_\lbqguf G_dhlhju_ l_jZi_\lu lZd`_ ihkihjbeb [u k
wlbf >ey f_gy \ lhl fhf_gl b ^ey deb_gldb wlh lZd`_ y\eyehkv
ijZ\bevguf B fgh]h_ ]h\hjbl h[ hlghr_gbyo Fw] kfh]eZ
^hklZlhqgh^h\_jylvfg_qlh[uiha\heblv\hclb\ __fbjb bkiulZlv
[hevdhlhjmxhgZqm\kl\h\ZeZ
Hkh[uc h[jZa dhlhjuc mihfbgZ_l Fw] wlh h[jZa gZ [_j_]m
dhlhjucy bkihevah\Zeg__^bgh`^u>jm]b_h[jZauki_pbnbqgu^ey
deb_glZ \ hij_^_e_ggh_ \j_fy GZijbf_j h[jZa hlghr_gbb k
>`bfhf kha^Zgguc Fw] ]^_ hgZ bah[jZ`Z_l _]h dZd q_jgmx j_dm
m]jh`Zxsmx aZlygmlv __ \ \h^h\hjhl Wlh ^jZfZlbq_kdbc h[jZa hg
`b\h jbkm_l kljZo dhlhjuc hgZ qm\kl\m_l gh gbdh]^Z g_ fh]eZ [u
\ujZablvkeh\Zfb
Fhy jZ[hlZ k Fw] ih^q_jdgmeZ qlh hq_gv \Z`gh b^lb kh
kdhjhklvx deb_glZ GZ i_j\hf k_Zgk_ Fw] mihfygmeZ g_fgh]h
g_[j_`gh LV k\_l_ kh[ulbc h k\h_c Z]hjZnh[bb Wlh dZdlh g_
h[km`^Zehkv ihdZ g_ ijhr_e ihqlb ]h^ Fh`_l [ulv y mimklbe
agZq_gb_wlh]hh[klhyl_evkl\Z\gmljbp_eh]hFh`_l[ulvy mimklbe
wlhihlhfmqlhhgZl_i_jvy\ghwlbfg_kljZ^Z_lH^gZdhiha`_Fw]
gZqZeZ ]h\hjblv h ijbklmiZo iZgbdb b ijb\_eZ hij_^_e_ggu_
ijbf_ju WlZ l_fZ ijbh[j_eZ gh\mx ZdlmZevghklv b l_i_jv [ueZ
]hlh\Z qlh[u jZ[hlZlv gZ^ g_c DZdbfb [u gb [ueb dhjgb iZgbdb
\_jhylgh ^Z`_ _keb [u Fw] ihemqbeZ fgh]h ihgbfZgby _c [u
ihgZ^h[beZkvZdlb\gZyihfhsvqlh[uij_h^he_lvijbklmiu JZ[hlZ
k h[jZaZfbklZeZi_j\ufwlZihfAZklZ\b\__ \[_ahiZkguomkeh\byo
kijZ\blvky k ih_a^dhc \ Z\lh[mk_ Z wlh fh]eh [u aZgylv g_kdhevdh
k_Zgkh\ aZl_f fh`gh [ueh [u ij_^ijbgylv iml_r_kl\b_ gZ f_ljh
bebih_a^dm\ ebnl_
DZd wlh g_j_^dh kemqZ_lky ihke_ k_ZgkZ gZ dhlhjhf fu
ijh^_eZebwlh\hh[jZ`Z_fh_iml_r_kl\b_b hlukdZebdZdb_lhke_^u
\h NjZgpbb Fw] \_jgmeZkv lhevdh h^bg jZa b g_ ^ey lh]h qlh[u
jZ[hlZlvgZ^k\hbfbijbklmiZfb iZgbdb HgZk^ZeZk\hc\uimkdghc
wdaZf_g b klZeZ emqr_ kijZ\eylvky k `bagvx Y qm\kl\h\Z qlh __
ihke_^g__ j_Zevgh_ iml_r_kl\b_ kh fghc [ueh aZjy`_gh
agZqbfhklvxdhlhjZyfh]eZ[ulvhldjulZ_clhevdh\ [m^ms_f
Fw] k^ZeZ \uimkdgu_ wdaZf_gu g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy
ijZdlbdh\ZeZ\ :g]ebbZ aZl_fdZdb ieZgbjh\ZeZm_oZeZjZ[hlZlv\
:\kljZebx Dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ beb l_jZiby jZagu_ ex^b gZau\Zxl
wlh ihjZaghfm j_^dh _keb \hh[s_ dh]^Zgb[m^v [u\Z_l iheguf
\k_]^ZhklZ_lkyk\h[h^gh_ijhkljZgkl\hFh`_l[ulvdlhlhdh]^Zlh
[m^_l jZ[hlZlv k Fw] b hibjZlvky gZ jZ[hlm dhlhjmx hgZ m`_
ijh^_eZeZqlh[u^h[blvkyg_fgh`dh[hevr_cp_ehklghklb
FHCJ:
Dheh^_p
Y FhcjZ fg_ ^\Z^pZlv iylv e_l y mqbl_evgbpZ Zg]ebckdh]h
yaudZ\ [hevrhch[s_h[jZah\Zl_evghcrdhe_Ihke_^he]boljm^guo
^_[Zlh\ k kh[hc y j_rbeZ \aylv hlimkd gZ ]h^ b h[t_oZlv fbj LZd
ihq_fm `_ y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ ihlj_[ghklv \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb" K l_o
ihjdZdfhchl_pkgh\Z`_gbeky^\Zf_kypZgZaZ^y qm\kl\h\ZeZk_[y
kh\_jr_ggh ebr_gghc ih[m`^_gbc fg_ g_ o\ZlZeh wg_j]bb Fhb
jh^bl_ebjZa\_ebkvf_kyp_\gZaZ^
Fhy k_fvy dZdZylh kljZggZy FZlv bagZqZevgh bf_eZ k\yav k
fhbf ^_^hf dhlhjuc [u\Zeh [be __ ?]h kug fhc hl_p qZklh
\klZ\Ze f_`^m gbfb < dhgp_ dhgph\ fZlv hklZ\beZ _]h b \ureZ
aZfm` aZ fh_]h hlpZ HgZ gZ e_l klZjr_ fh_]h hlpZ L_i_jv hl_p
kgh\Z`_gbekygZ`_gsbg_dhlhjZylhevdhgZk_fve_lklZjr_f_gy
GZk\Z^v[_y ihagZdhfbeZkvk p_ehcdmq_cjh^kl\_ggbdh\h dhlhjuo
gbdh]^Z g_ agZeZ qlh hgb \hh[s_ _klv L_i_jv y qm\kl\mx k_[y
h[yaZgghcmagZlvboohqmy wlh]hbebg_l
<bevyf <udZ`_l_kvjZkk_j`_gghcb h[b`_gghcb [hj_l_kvkh
ke_aZfb
FhcjZ <_jgh gh y lZd`_ qm\kl\mx qlh f_gy ij_^Zeb fhb
jh^bl_ebh[ZY g_ohqmqlh[udZaZehkvdZd[m^lhy ijhlb\fm`qbg
ghy agZxfhchl_pex[blf_gyhggZ[jhkbeky[ugZf_gy_keb[uy
[ueZ g_ h^_lZ hg kfhljbl gZ f_gy k \h`^_e_gb_f B hl_p fh_c
fZq_oblh`_ohq_lf_gy<h\kydhfkemqZ_\k_wlhkha^Z_l^eyf_gy
kbevgh_ gZijy`_gb_ dh]^Z y ijboh`m d hlpm b d >`_cg dhlhju_
aZl_f[_jmlf_gy\ ]hklbd __hlpmY g_fh]mihgylvihq_fmy ijhklh
g_^_j`mkvhlgboih^Zevr_
<bevyf Y ohl_e[uih^_eblvkyk \Zfbh[jZahfY \b`mj_dm
dhlhjZy \g_aZigh jZa^_ey_lky gZ fgh]h ijblhdh\ \ky wg_j]by j_db
bklhsZ_lky
FhcjZ >Z qlhlh \jh^_ wlh]h Y ijhklh ohqm qlh[u wlh g_
[uehlZd[he_ag_ggh
GZ\lhjhfk_Zgk_
<bevyf FhcjZ ihdZ \u ]h\hjbeb y ij_^klZ\be k_[_ \u
kimkdZ_l_kv\ ]em[hdbcdheh^_pDZdwlha\mqbl^ey\Zk"
FhcjZ Y kfhljx \gba \ dheh^_p gh ohqm eb y bkke_^h\Zlv
_]h"Y g_agZxqlhlZf\gbamFh]meby kijZ\blvkyk wlbf"
<bevyf DZ`_lky qlh \u dZd [m^lh ohlbl_ dZdh]hlh
mkihdh_gbyhlf_gy
FhcjZ IheZ]Zx ^Z Gh wlh g_ kihkh[ lZd \_^v" Ohjhrh y
jbkdgm
<bevyf <uohlbl_ih^]hlh\blvky"
FhcjZ G_l \k_ [m^_l \ ihjy^d_ kiZkb[h Q_j_a g_kdhevdh
fbgml Q_jl wlh ljm^gh Ijhklh \hh[jZ`_gb_ \u ]h\hjbl_" G_l
e_klgbpu lhevdh dmkdb dZfg_c qlh[u ^_j`Zlvky b klZ\blv gh]b Y
gZqbgZx[hylvkyqlhmiZ^m
<bevyf Y ij_^eZ]Zx \Zf gZclb iehsZ^dm b g_fgh`dh
hl^hogmlv FhcjZ Emqr_ gh y agZx qlh wlh g_ lZd Fhy h^_`^Z
kh\k_fg_]h^blkyZey wlh]h
<bevyf Kf_gbl___ gZqlhgb[m^v[he__ih^oh^ys__FhcjZ
Kf_gbeZ b wlh gbq_]h g_ ^Zeh Ijhklh hl]h\hjdZ G_ \g_rg__ gZ^h
f_gylvZ qlhlh\gmljbf_gy
<bevyf M \Zk _klv ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf qlh [u wlh fh]eh
[ulv" FhcjZ Gm y ^h\hevgh mijyfZ \u fh]eb [u gZa\Zlv f_gy
lmihmfghc b lZd g_aZ\bkbfZ qlh g_gZ\b`m ijbgbfZlv ihfhsv
<bevyf Ghlh]^Zihq_fm`_\uijbrebkx^Z"FhcjZ Y h[gZjm`beZ
qlh [hjxkv k wlbf Y ohqm baf_gblvky <bevyf IheZ]Zx _keb \u
ihkfhljbl_\hdjm]lm^Z]^_\u_klv\ugZc^_l_lhqlhihfh`_l\Zf
baf_gblvky
FhcjZ Q_j_adhjhldh_\j_fyk bamfe_gguf\ujZ`_gb_f Y
gZreZwlmfZe_gvdmx`_fqm`bgm
<bevyf DZ`_lky \u \ \hklhj]_ hl gZoh^db" Qlh hgZ ^he`gZ
kdZaZlv\Zf"
FhcjZ HgZ]h\hjblY ex[exl_[ylu^jZ]hp_ggZ<bevyf
@_fqm`bgZ[hevrhcklhbfhklbQlh\u^mfZ_l_wlhfFhcjZ"
FhcjZ gZqbgZ_l ieZdZlv Wlk
]lgi
L? LFFQQ
hagZqZ_lqlhy ^jZ]hp_ggZY aZ[@ L
<bevyf @_fqm`bgZ knhjfbjh\ZgZ ba [heb fh`_l [ulv wlh
bf__l agZq_gb_ ^ey \Zk K_cqZk ihjZ aZdZgqb\Zlv DZd \u ohlbl_
aZdhgqblvwlh\ue_albbebijhklh\u[jZlvky"
FhcjZ Y gZ^_gmk\hxklZjmxh^_`^mb \ue_am
GZlj_lv_fk_Zgk_
FhcjZ Y ^mfZeZ h ijhrehc g_^_e_ b h `_fqm`bg_ b y
dhg_qgh qm\kl\mx k_[y \_k_e__ b [he__ hilbfbklbqgh dZd [m^lh
`_fqm`bgZ^ZeZfg_m\_j_gghklvb \b^_gb_K\ys_ggbdbkihevah\Ze
qZklv IkZefZ \ k\h_c ijhih\_^b \ \hkdj_k_gv_ Keh\h L\h_ ²
k\_lbevgbd gh]_ fh_c b k\_l kl_a_ fh_c Y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh
`_fqm`bgZ[ueZ^eyf_gybf_gghlZdhc
<bevyf Qm^_kguch[jZaqlh[ugZqZlvgZr_iml_r_kl\b_Qlh
\u^mfZ_l_h lhfqlh[ukgh\Zbkke_^h\Zlvdheh^_p"
FhcjZ Hy g_agZx_klv_s_qlhlh">ZiheZ]ZxlZdhgg_
aZdhgq_gY \lhc`_h^_`^_b qm\kl\mxk_[y[he__dhfnhjlghLV g_c
Y [ukljh hdZaZeZkv gZ iehsZ^d_ lhqdb hihju [he__ hij_^_e_ggu
k_]h^gyb \dheh^p_[hevr_k\_lZ
<bevyf Hldm^Zb^_lk\_l"
FhcjZ Hg[uea^_kv\k_\j_fyY ijhklhg_\b^_eZ_]h
<bevyf <Zrb]eZaZhldjulu
FhcjZ L_i_jv y gZ ^g_ dheh^pZ b a^_kv g_l gbq_]h
agZqbl_evgh]hlhevdhk]hj_\rb_kibqdb
<bevyf B qlhhgb]h\hjyl\Zf"
FhcjZ Qlhdlhlh[uea^_kvZ ihkdhevdm\hdjm]g_lkd_e_lh\
hgbkijZ\bebkvk wlbfkgh\ZL_i_jvg_kf_cl_kvghfg_wlhdZ`_lky
agZdhfuf
<bevyf DZd[m^lh\u [ueba^_kv^hijhrehcg_^_eb"
FhcjZ Qlhlh\jh^_lh]hghfg_dhfnhjlghdZd\ pblZ^_eb
<bevyf DZdgZkq_llh]hqlh[u^Zlvdheh^pmbfy"
FhcjZ Fh`_l[ulvGhdlxjg"Kihdhcghb fbjgh
<bevyf A\mqbl hq_gv mf_klgh ihlhfm qlh wlh \Zr_
[_ahiZkgh_f_klhf_klhdm^Zgbdlhg_fh`_l\lhj]gmlvky
FhcjZ K_cqZk y b^m gZ\_jo b wlh kljZggh Lj_lv_ ^gh [ueh
kmobfZ \_jogbcdmkhd^h\hevgh\eZ`gucb a^_kvg_lZddhfnhjlgh
<bevyf Fh`_l [ulv wlhldmkhdgm`^Z_lky\ ^Zevg_cr_fbk
ke_^h\Zgbb
D dhgpm lj_lv_]h k_ZgkZ y qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y gZfgh]h
kihdhcg__b emqr_dhgljhebjh\ZeZijhbkoh^ys__Y ih\b^ZeZk\h_]h
hlpZ
b fZq_om hgb mkljhbeb fg_ ihljykZxsbc ^_gv jh`^_gby Y
i! gyeZ gZkdhevdh kbevgZ k\yav f_`^m gZfb GZ q_l\_jlhf b ihkeA
^g_f k_Zgk_ fu k <bevyfhf ]h\hjbeb h fZg_j_ \ dhlhjhc y hlgb
rmkv d ex^yf ² h[uqgh hklZxkv ihh^Zev qm\kl\mx k_[y ih^
kbevguf^Z\e_gb_fb ^_eZxju\hdd ex^yfg_\iheg_`_eZl_evguf
b gZrb hlghr_gby g_ jZa\b\Zxlky L_i_jv y ihgbfZx wlh
g_ijh^mdlb\gh b qm\kl\mx qlh gh\hh[j_l_ggZy kbeZ b ihgbfZgb_
ihfh]ml fg_ baf_gblv wlh Ihke_^g__ ml\_j`^_gb_ ² qlh y
g_l_jibfZd ex^yfdhlhju_lhevdh[helZxlghg_jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl²
[ueh [he_ag_gguf ^hims_gb_f Kdhjh y m_a`Zx \ djm]hk\_lgh_
iml_r_kl\b_ gh hgh [m^_l bguf ih kjZ\g_gbx k l_f dhlhjh_ y
lhevdh qlh aZdhgqbeZ Y g_ m\_j_gZ dhlhjh_ ba gbo \ dhgp_ dhgph\
hdZ`_lkye_]q_
Dhff_glZjbc
JZ[hlZk h[jZaZfbqlhdeb_gluIHCFML?H^gZdhhg Y
+!/.$B8L
Ij_^hklZbieZlhdh]^Zih^b
xl ijbagZdb lh]h qlh imlv dZ`_lky deb_glm ljm^guf beb
\hagbdZ_l kljZo @_fqm`bgZ \ dheh^p_ ² kZfuc kh\_jr_gguc
ijbf_j gZoh`^_gby djZkhlu \ kZfhf g_h`b^Zgghf f_kl_ kbf\he
k\_lZ \h lvf_ b khdjh\bsZ \gmljb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h GZ^_\ k\hx
klZjmxh^_`^mFhcjZkbf\hebabjh\ZeZkl_i_gvbgl_]jZpbb]h\hjy
qlhk_ ij_`gyykmsghklvl_i_jv[he__ijb_fe_fZ
Fhc dhff_glZjbc hlghkbl_evgh `_fqm`bgu \ukhdhc
klhbfhklb hlghkblky d h^ghc ba ijblq BbkmkZ b ih\b^bfhfm hg
\ua\Ze k\yav f_`^m g_x b ijhih\_^vx h k\_lbevgbd_ Wlh
kemqZ_lky g_j_^dh b y\ey_lky beexkljZpb_c xg]h\kdhc dhgp_ipbb
kbgojhgghklb DZ`_lky FhcjZ m`_ [ueZ ]hlh\Z keurZlv gZf_d
;ulv [eb`_ d \_jom dheh^pZ agZqbl gZoh^blvky [eb`_ d
khagZl_evghfm mjh\gx lh qlh deb_gl qm\kl\m_l ^bkdhfnhjl
\hafh`gh y\ey_lky ^hklh\_jguf ihdZaZl_e_f lh]h qlh ke_^m_l
ijh^_eZlv_s_^hihegbl_evgmxjZ[hlm\hae_khagZl_evgh]hmjh\gy
G?CEFZyd
hlph\kdhfklme_Y qm\kl\mxk_[y\bg\Zlufb
fg_hq_gvg_mxlgh
<bevyf HklZ\Zcl_kvgZklme_ b imklv kemqblky lh qlh ^he`!
kemqblvky
G_be KlmeklZgh\blky[hevr_hq_gv[hevrbfZ yfZe_gvdbM
f_gy[Z[hqdb\ `_em^d_
<bevyf Imklv[Z[hqdb\ue_lylb ihe_lZxl\hdjm]Hibrbl_ L
b lhqlhijhbkoh^bl
G_be Wlh h[uqgu_ [Z[hqdb g_dhlhju_ [_eu_ g_dhlhju_ p\
gu_
<bevyf <hc^bl_\ gboklZgvl_bfb
G_be Hgb me_l_eb Z y l_i_jv \ e_km k `_gsbghc ohly y g_
agZx dlh hgZ _c hdheh ^_\ylgZ^pZlb e_l b hgZ hq_gv
ijb\e_dZl_evgZyFuklhbf\hae_ha_jZb \b^bfhljZ`_gb_emgu
<bevyf ImklvhgZhl\_^_l\Zkdm^Zgb[m^v
G_ce HgZ\_^_lf_gy\ kiZevgxb fuaZgbfZ_fkyex[h\@Y g_
ihgbfZxwlh]h\g_aZighhgZij_\jZlbeZkv\ dj_kle_`Zl
gZdjh\Zlb
ihlhfhiylv[ukljh\ `_gsbgmHq_gvkljZgghK ]h\hjblfg_qlh
ihjZb^lb
<bevyf Qlh\uohlbl_^_eZlv"
G_ce AZsbsZlv__
<bevyf IheZ]Zx\u\iblu\Z_l___ \k_[y
:rebckdh_\ujZ`_gb_ EXWWHUIOLHVLQWKHVWRPDFK khhl\_lkl\m_l
jmkkdhfmfmjZihkibg_²Ijbfi_j_\h^qbdZ
G_ce Fu kgh\Z m ha_jZ ^\b`_fky ^jm] d ^jm]m Z ihlhf hgZ
bkq_aeZb yagZxqlhhgZ\gmljbf_gyb fg_hq_gvijbylgh
Dhff_glZjbc
G_ce [ue bgljh\_jlbjh\Zgguf bglmblb\guf q_eh\_dhf
dhlhjuc g_gZ\b^_e dh]^Z _]h ih^lZedb\Zxl kjhdZfb ijZ\beZfb b
bgkljmdpbyfb Hg g_gZ\b^_e ieZgbjh\Zgb_ b bf_ggh wlh \uau\Zeh
_]h[_kihdhckl\hijbh[mq_gbb
?]h bkiulZl_evguc ijh[_] \ jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb
ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Ze g_h[uqgmx kihkh[ghklv bkihevah\Zlv
dhgkljmdlb\gh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ <ky _]h dZjlbgZ [ueZ lZdhc
h`b\e_gghc aZiZo a\md p\_l G_ dZ`^uc fh`_l klZlv
fbdjhkdhibq_kdb fZe_gvdbf dZd hg GZ lhf wlZi_ g_ [ueh
g_h[oh^bfhklb\oh^blv\ ikboheh]bq_kdb_h[tykg_gbyihih\h^m_]h
kimkdZ\ [_kkhagZl_evgh_]^_hggZr_e_^bgkl\hk FZl_jvxA_fe_c
?]h bglmbpby kdZaZeZ _fm ^hklZlhqgh b y [ue m\_j_g qlh hiul
jZah\v_lky\gmljbg_]hb hghkhagZ_l_]hlZdb lh]^ZdZdb dh]^Z_fm
[m^_lgm`ghwlhk^_eZlv
Dh]^Zex^bijh^_eu\Zxliml_r_kl\b_lZdhcbgl_gkb\ghklb
b ]em[bgu b hkh[_ggh dh]^Z hgb klZgh\ylky fZe_gvdbfb beb
[hevrbfb `bag_ggh \Z`gh m[_^blvky qlh hgb \ha\jZs_gu d
ghjf_ Y i_j_g_k wlhl ih^oh^ ba k\h_c jZ[hlu k ]bighahf ]^_
km[t_dlfh`_lkhojZgblvg_dhlhju_ke_^ugZijbf_jZg_kl_abbbeb
ly`_klbdhg_qghkl_c_kebg_\k_ijb\_^_gh\ ihjy^hd^h\uoh^Zba
ljZgkZQ_f]em[`_bkke_^h\Zgb_h[jZah\q_f^Zevr_iml_r_kl\b_b
q_f [hevr_ ihljZq_gh \j_f_gb l_f [hevr_ \j_f_gb lj_[m_lky ih
\b^bfhfm fgh]bf deb_glZf qlh[u \_jgmlvky d gZklhys_fm >ey
fgh]bowlhih^h[ghijh[m`^_gbxhl]em[hdh]hkgZ
Y ohl_e[ubkke_^h\ZlvagZq_gb_iml_r_kl\byG_beZhlem]Zd
^hfm\^hevj_dbG_h[uqguf[uehklhedgh\_gb_k ^jm]bfkbf\hehf
dhlhjuc ke_^h\Zeh [u bkke_^h\Zlv ^h lh]h dZd ^\b]Zlvky ©i_j_^
G_qlh hlghkys__ky d oZjZdl_jghc hkh[_gghklb keh\Z ie_kdZlvky
ih[m^beh f_gy kijhkblv h \hajZkl_ GkbeZ ihlhfm qlh ie_kdZlvky
² wlh kdhj__ \k_]h keh\h dhlhjh_ q_eh\_d bkihevam_l dh]^Z
h[jZsZ_lkyd ^_lkdbf\hkihfbgZgbyf
Djm] gZ f_^Zevhg_ \hafh`gh hebp_l\hjye khegp_ b wlh
k\yau\Z_lky k [md\hc 5 dhlhjZy hebp_l\hjy_l h]hgv b ^moh\gh_
\hajh`^_gb_>jm]kdZaZeqlh\k_klZg_lykghGhwlhfh`_l[ulv
KlZgh\blvky[hevr_hagZqZ_lbg^b\b^mZevghklv
_]h hlpZ _]h ijbkmlkl\b_ \eZklv dhgljhev ² \k_ qlh dZkZ_lky
fm`_kl\_gghklb< l_jfbgZoNj_c^ZjZklmsbchlghkblkyd i_gbkm
\ khklhygbb wj_dpbb b \hafh`gh G_ce qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y
ih^qbg_gguf fm`_kl\_gghklb k\h_]h hlpZ ohly wlh gbdh]^Z g_
h[km`^Zehkv
,,
H[jZa[Z[hq_d²ijbf_jh[ L
fm Wlh fh`gh [ueh k^_eZlv bagmjb gh kghiZ y dgAixb
bglmbpbb ;Z[hqdb kha^Zgu qlh[u e_lZlv b y ^mfZe h lhf hgb
hlg_kml G_ceZ Ij_^u^ms__ h[km`^_gb_ ih ih\h^m k_dkmZeA ghklb
ih\b^bfhfm k\yaZgh k gh\uf h[jZahf ^_\mrdb b : lbyfb
ex[h\vx AgZqbl G_be ^\b]Zeky hl klmeZ k\h_]h hlpZ k\h_fm
kh[kl\_gghfmfm`qbg_d aZgylbyfex[h\vx\ kh[kl\_gghc fZg_j_
g_qm\kl\mygZijy`_gghklbhlijbkmlkl\byijbqlhk\h_]hhlpZ
Ha_jh k hljZ`_gb_f emgu H[Z hebp_l\hjyxl `_gkdh_ g L
H[jZagZihfbgZ_lfg_GZjpbkkZdhlhjuc\ex[beky\ k`_gb_G_be
\iheg_ fh] bf_lv ijh[e_kd k\h_c 2RQXLQLA7L L r_gqxix]h qAb?bd?
_xfi`ghi
X+O
KHNBYAZ[em^b\rZyky\ lmfZg_
Y Khnby fg_ ljb^pZlv e_l fhy jh^bgZ ² FZ\jbdbb Y
ijhreZ h[mq_gb_ k_kljbgkdhfm ^_em \ :g]ebb b jZ[hlZx h^ghc ba
^\mo k_kl_j moZ`b\Zxsbo aZ ih`beufb ex^vfb kljZ^Zxsbfb
ikbobq_kdbfb aZ[he_\Zgbyfb Fg_ hq_gv gjZ\blky fhy jZ[hlZ gh k
g_^Z\g_]h\j_f_gby hq_gvg_kqZklgZihlhfmqlhmijZ\eyxsbcohq_l
i_j_\_klb f_gy \ ^jm]mx iZeZlm ]^_ fg_ [m^ml ihjmq_gu ^jm]b_
ex^b Bf_ggh baaZ k\h_c i_qZeb y ihijhkbeZkv ih]h\hjblv k
dhgkmevlZglhf Y ^h]h\hjbeZkv ijboh^blv jZa \ g_^_ex gZ r_klv
k_Zgkh\
Fu fgh]h ]h\hjbeb h fh_c jZ[hl_ b h qm\kl\_ qlh f_gy
ihgb`Zxl Fhy jZ[hlZ \k_]^Z khhl\_lkl\m_l hq_gv \ukhdbf
klZg^ZjlZf lZd qlh fg_ [ueh hq_gv ljm^gh ihgylv ihq_fm f_gy
ke_^m_l i_j_ \h^blv Y agZx qlh k_j`mkv dh]^Z jZ[hlZ g_
khhl\_lkl\m_lfhbfklZg^ZjlZf b bgh]^Z fg_ ijboh^blky ^_eZlv lh
qlh ^he`gu ^_eZlv ^jm]b_ Y g_ fh]m hklZ\blv __ g_k^_eZgghc Fg_
ljm^gh \ujZ`Zlv ]g_\ gh <bevyf ih[m^be f_gy ^_eZlv wlh Dh]^Z y
\k_lZdb\ujZabeZ_]h<bevyfgZibkZegZ^hkd_K Khnb_cg_\k_\
ihjy^d_ Wlh \ua\Zeh m f_gy ke_au b dh]^Z <bevyf kijhkbe f_gy
qlhy qm\kl\mxy ihgyeZqlhhq_gvk_j^blZAZl_fhgihijhkbef_gy
hldjulv jhl b \uimklblv k\hb ]g_\ Dh]^Z y wlh k^_eZeZ lh gZqZeZ
ieZdZlv^_ckl\bl_evghieZdZlvb ]g_\f_^e_gghihdbgmef_gy
Fu]h\hjbebh ]g_\_b \i_j\ucjZay ihgyeZqlhjZ[hlZ²
wlhlhevdhh^gZbaijbqbg fh_]h ]g_\Z Y ^Z`_ [hevr_ k_j^beZkv gZ
lhdZd^jm]b_ex^bbkihevamxlf_gyG_dhlhju_bagboihij_`g_fm
`b\ml gZ FZ\jbdbb b `^ml qlh[u y ih^^_j`b\ZeZ bo Hgb ^mfZxl
qlh a^_kv \k_ [h]Zlu_ b ihkdhevdm y `b\m b jZ[hlZx \ :g]ebb lh
lh`_ ^he`gZ [ulv [h]Zlhc Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh \eZ^_x kh[kl\_gguf
^hfhf gh lhevdh ihlhfm qlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh fgh]h jZ[hlZx k l_o
ihj dZd ijb_oZeZ \ :g]ebx Hgb `^ml qlh y [m^m ijbkueZlv bf
^_gv]bdh]^Z[uhgbwlh]hgb aZohl_ebFhy
k_kljZ\ DZgZ^_^Z`_ohq_lqlh[uy i_j_aZeh`beZk\hb^hfb
^ZeZ _c nmglh\ Y kdZaZeZ _c g_l b ihlhf qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y
hq_gv iehoh Y \k_ _s_ ohqm [ulv ohjhr_c fZe_gvdhc ^_\hqdhc b
^_eZlv lh qlh hgb ohlyl <bevyf ihijhkbe f_gy ih^mfZlv gZ^
dZdbfblhp_eyfbghwlh[uehkebrdhfljm^ghY [uohl_eZm_oZlvb
`blvk ^jm]hf\ :f_jbd_ghg_agZxfh]mebihclbgZwlhljbkdY
lZd`_ qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y ihcfZgghc \ dZidZg fh_c jZ[hlhc y [hxkv
\eZklb mijZ\eyxs_]h b ohqm mkdhevagmlv Y ^mfZeZ qlh [m^_l
[hevrbfrZ]hf\i_j_^dh]^Zy kfh]mgZibkZlvgZ^hkd_K Khnb_c
\k_\ ihjy^d_Khfghc\k_\ ihjy^d_
H^bg ba gZrbo k_Zgkh\ k <bevyfhf gZ\k_]^Z hklZg_lky kh
fghc Fh_ i_j_f_s_gb_ \ ^jm]mx iZeZlm [ueh \k_ [eb`_ b y
qm\kl\h\ZeZk_[yhq_gvlj_\h`gh<bevyfh[tykgbefg_h[jZau
<bevyf <u lhevdh qlh ]h\hjbeb h lhf qlh qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y
ihcfZgghc<ufh`_l_ij_^klZ\blvk_[_qlhwlhaZeh\mrdZ"
Khnby Y \b`m k_[y hdjm`_gghc lmfZghf bahebjh\Zgghc b
g_kihkh[ghc^\b]Zlvky
<bevyf >_ckl\bl_evgh`mldhdZd[m^lhg_l[hevr_]jZgbpb
\_o
Khnby >ZwlhlZdDhg_pabfg_]h^gyM`Zkgh_qm\kl\hhq_gv
j_Zevgh Y gbdh]^Z g_ ihiZ^ZeZ \ ehg^hgkdbc lmfZg h dhlhjhf
qblZeZ gh wlh kh\k_f lZd Y g_ fh]m meh\blv gbdZdh]h qm\kl\Z
gZijZ\e_gby²kaZ^bbeb\i_j_^b
<bevyf AgZxwlhim]Z_lb \uqm\kl\m_l_k_[ylZddZd[m^lh
ijbf_jaebd f_klmghg_[hjbl_kvk wlbfqm\kl\hfHklZgvl_kvk gbf
i_j_`b\bl__]h
Khnby Y ohqmm[_`Zlvb agZxqlhfh]eZ[ughy hklZgmkvb
[m^m[hjhlvkyk wlbf
<bevyf Fheh^_p <u ohjhrh kijZ\ey_l_kv L_i_jv y
ij_^eh`m\Zfimklvihy\blkykhegp_Hibrbl_qlhijhbkoh^bl
Khnby F_^e_ggh h hq_gv f_^e_ggh khegp_ ijhju\Z_lky
q_j_a lmfZg b y qm\kl\mx e_]dbc \_l_jhd b f_gy hfu\Z_l yjdh_
khegp_DZjlbgZbaf_gbeZkvl_i_jvwlh\_kgZb p\_l_gb_ih\kx^mY
qm\kl\mxk_[ykqZkleb\__Djm]hf ex^b ^hfZ ihxl ilbpu gh imlv
\i_j_^ihij_`g_fm\u]ey^blg_hij_^_e_gguf
<bevyf ?klvebdlhgb[m^vdh]h\uohlbl_\aylvk kh[hc"
Khnby Y gbdh]h g_ ohqm [jZlv Fg_ ljm^gh ijhlygmlv jmdm
<bevyf
<bevyf Ihijh[mcl_ Khnby ijhklh ijhlygbl_ jmdm b
ihkfhljbl_qlhijhbkoh^bl
Khnby Ihy\beZkv fhy fZlv b y \b`m k_[y fZe_gvdbf
j_[_gdhf
Y fgh]h ieZdZeZ gh ihgyeZ qlh \h fgh]hf y _s_ j_[_ghd \
^mr_b fg_gm`gZfZlv<bevyf^_j`Zef_gyaZjmdmdh]^Zy ieZdZeZ
b wlh g_ dZaZehkv fg_ e_]dbf Fg_ \k_]^Z ijboh^blky mijZ\eylv <
Zlfhkn_j_ [ueh g_qlh lZdh_ qlh aZklZ\beh f_gy gZqZlv ]h\hjblv h
^h\_jbb ex^yf b h lhf dZd ex^b f_gy bkihevamxl GZijbf_j
ih^jm]Z ohl_eZ qlh[u y \ureZ aZfm` aZ __ [jZlZ ijhklh qlh[u
m^_j`Zlv _]h \ :g]ebb Y g_ fh]eZ wlh]h k^_eZlv gh hgb gZ f_gy
jZkk_j^bebkv Y g_ [ueZ m\_j_gZ qlh fh]m ^h\_jylv ex^yf
>h\_jb\rbkv <bevyfm y ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh gZqbgZx ^h\_jylv b
^jm]bf
Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh g_ fh]m kdZaZlv qlh wlh [ueh gh y ijhklh
agZeZfhc[m^msbc^hf[m^_l\ :f_jbd_b gZqZeZkljhblvieZgugZ
dhg_pwlh]h]h^Z< dZq_kl\_ih^ZjdZfhbfjh^bl_eyfy ijb]eZrmbo
ijb_oZlv \ hlimkd \ :g]ebx i_j_^ l_f dZd m_oZlv \ :f_jbdm Y
^mfZxijhbahreh\hlqlhfhywg_j]by[ueZaZo\Zq_gZfhbf]g_\hf
lZd qlh dh]^Z y ijbreZ gZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ y ihiulZeZkv
kijZ\blvkyb qm\kl\h\ZeZqlhg_kihkh[gZLmfZg[uehq_gvj_Ze_gb
y ihgyeZqlh\ fh_c\eZklbbaf_gblviheh`_gb_ohlyfg_\hafh`gh
ijb^_lky hiylv bkiulZlv k\hx mya\bfhklv L_i_jv y qm\kl\mx qlh
[ueZ hq_gv [ebadZ d iheghfm miZ^dm kbe b _keb [u y g_ bkdZeZ
ihfhsblhg_agZxqlhkemqbehkv[ukhfghc
Dhff_glZjbc
Fh_ \i_qZle_gb_ hl Khnbb gZ i_j\hf k_Zgk_ [ueh lZdbf \
ebqghc `bagb hgZ hq_gv g_gZihjbklZ b _c ljm^gh kdZaZlv g_l
hkh[_gghk\hbfjh^kl\_ggbdZfH^gZdhy ihqm\kl\h\ZeqlhgZjZ[hl_
hgZ hq_gv kbevgZy `_gsbgZ hq_gv \aukdZl_evgZy b g_l_jibfZy GZ
jZ[hl_ Khnby ex[bl \_klb mihjy^hq_gguc dhjZ[ev Z __ dhee_]Z
gZfgh]h [he__ g_[j_`gZ < lhf qlh hgZ kdZaZeZ y h[gZjm`be
kbevgmx h^_j`bfhklv b ih^mfZe qlh hgZ fh`_l [ulv ^h\hevgh
ljm^gufq_eh\_dhf
Hiylv `_ ba lh]h qlh hgZ khh[sbeZ \ ^hiheg_gb_ d fhbf
gZ[ex^_gbyf y ih^mfZe qlh Khnby hq_gv bgljh\_jlbjh\ZgZ Z wlh
hagZqZ_l qlh ^jm]bf [ueh [u ljm^gh __ magZlv hgZ [ueZ hq_gv
aZdjuluf q_eh\_dhf DhgkmevlZglu \k_]^Z ^he`gu khagZ\Zlv qlh
bgljh\kjlbjh\Zggu_ex^bhq_gvaZdjuluhkh[_ggh_kebwlhdZkZ_lky
boqm\kl\LZdqlh^_\bahfdhgkmevlZglZ^he`ghklZlvlblh
lboh Khnby ijbreZ g_ hq_gv kqZkleb\uf q_eh\_dhf ih
djZcg_cf_j_gZjZggboklZ^byodhgkmevlbjh\Zgbyohlyy g_^mfZx
qlhwlhkhklhygb_[uehbklbgguf
Y [ue g_ \ khklhygbb agZlv ijZ\bevgh_ b g_ijZ\bevgh_ \ __
jZ[hq_ckblmZpbbghkqblZe\Z`gufihiulZlvkyihgylvwlhbf_gghk
lhqdbaj_gbyKhnbb?cdZaZehkvqlh__ i_j_klZebp_gblvihgbabeb
ohly^he`ghklvhklZeZkv[uij_`g_cb hgZmljZlbeZb^_glbqghklv
<k_ wlh khq_lZehkv k h]jhfguf ih\ur_gb_f mya\bfhklb Khnby
fgh]h]h^h[beZkvk l_oihj dZd ijb_oZeZ \ :g]ebx b fh`_l [ulv
kihkh[hf khojZg_gby \k_]h wlh]h ^he`gZ [ueZ klZlv `_kldhklv b
lj_[h\Zl_evghklv d k_[_ Z lZd`_ d ^jm]bf ex^yf <hafh`gh ohly
hiylvlZdb m f_gy g_l gbdZdbo kihkh[h\ magZlv wlh __ `_kldhklv
\aukdZl_evgh_hlghr_gb_b \ukhdb_klZg^Zjlufh]ebij_\jZlblv__ \
lbjZgZ Dh]^Z q_eh\_dhf mijZ\ey_l dZjZl_evgh_ khagZgb_ _]h
\b^bfh_ih\_^_gb_qZklh[u\Z_lbf_gghlZdbf
Bgl_j_kgh lZd`_ qlh ohly hgZ ^_ckl\bl_evgh k_j^beZkv ih
ih\h^mjZ[hlu__ ]g_\b i_qZev[ueb\hfgh]hfk\yaZguk l_fdZd__
jh^kl\_ggbdb bkihevamxl __ b qm\kl\hf qlh hgZ g_kihkh[gZ qlh
eb[h k wlbf k^_eZlv ?c \k_ _s_ ijboh^behkv [ulv ohjhr_c
fZe_gvdhc ^_\hqdhc Z [ulv ohjhr_c hagZqZ_l ^_eZlv lh q_]h
ohlylhlg__^jm]b_ex^bKhnbykdZaZeZqlh k^_eZeZ agZqbl_evguc
rZ]\i_j_^dh]^Zkfh]eZgZibkZlvgZ^hkd_Khfghc\k_\ ihjy^d_
G_dhlhjuf ex^yf k gbadhc kZfhhp_gdhc ljm^gh kdZaZlv Kh fghc
\k_ \ ihjy^d_ Ohly gbdlh ba gZk g_ kh\_jr_g_g b iheghklvx g_
m^h\e_l\hj_g fgh]b_ ba gZk g_j_^dh qm\kl\mxl qlh m gbo \k_ \
ihjy^d_ AgZqbl ^Z`_ [_a ijyfhc jZ[hlu ih ihkljh_gbx hp_gdb
Khnbyqm\kl\h\ZeZk_[yemqr_
JZ[hlZ Khnbb k h[jZaZfb hq_gv \Z`gZ ?_ h[jZa lmfZgZ
k_jh]h [_a oZjZdl_jguo q_jl khklhygby baheypbb hq_gv fgh]h
khh[sZ_lh ^_ij_kkbbEx^b\ khklhygbbih^Z\e_gghklbhq_gvqZklh
]h\hjylh[hsms_gbbq_]hlhk_jh]hG_h[oh^bfh[uehiha\heblv_c
i_j_`blvqm\kl\hihl_jygghklbhaZ^Zq_gghklbb kljZoZg_[jhkZykv
ijbwlhf__ kiZkZlv
Ohly Khnby gbdh]^Z g_ ihiZ^ZeZ \ ehg^hgkdbc lmfZg
dhlhjuc gZau\Zxl ]hjhoh\uf kmihf lh qlh hgZ hibkZeZ
gZihfgbeh fg_ h \j_f_gb wZl_fg_gby \ ] dh]^Z y r_e q_j_a
Ehg^hg b [ue Z[khexlgh ihl_jyg b bkim]Zg Wlhl hiul ^Ze fg_
ihgbfZgb_ __ qm\kl\ B ohly fu gZoh^bebkv \ mxlghc fZe_gvdhc
dhfgZl_^eyg_ki_j_`b\Zgb_[uehlZdbf`_j_ZevgufdZd^eyf_gy
fgh]he_llhfmgZaZ^Mqblu\ZyqlhhgZijhqm\kl\h\ZeZhiull_f
[he__
^jZfZlbqguf [ueh lh h[klhyl_evkl\h qlh hgZ kmf_eZ
\bamZebabjh\Zlv khegp_ dhlhjh_ jZkk_b\Z_l lmfZg K khegp_f
ijbreZ \_kgZ ² k p\_lZfb b ilbpZfb kh \k_f qlh [ueh aZl_fg_gh
lmfZghf\ __wfhpbyo
Ihy\e_gb_ fZl_jb \ h[jZaZo m^b\beh Khnbx hgZ [ueZ
hkh[_ggh m^b\e_gZ hldjulb_f lh]h dZd kbevgh gm`^Z_lky \ k\h_c
fZl_jb Wlh [ueh lZd dZd [m^lh \ulygm\ fZlv hgZ ijbagZeZ k\hx
mya\bfhklvb `_eZgb_ihl_jylvqZklvk\h_cg_aZ\bkbfhklb< jZ[hl_k
h[jZaZfb ^ey deb_glZ qZklh [u\Z_l ihe_agh qlh[u _]h dlhlh
khijh\h`^Ze G_`_eZgb_ Khnbb ijhlygmlv jmdm \hafh`gh [ueh
ihdZaZl_e_f __ g_aZ\bkbfhklb Z fh`_l [ulv g_o\Zldb ^h\_jby d
^jm]bfMf_gb_ijhlygmlvjmdmb ijbgylvihfhsv^jm]h]hq_eh\_dZ
lj_[m_l[hevrh]h^h\_jbyg_lhevdhd ^jm]hfmq_eh\_dmghb dk_[_
Bgh]^Zwlhg_q_eh\_dfh`_l[ulv`b\hlgh_bebb]jmrdZ²lhqlh
^Z_ldhfnhjlb \dhfq_eh\_dgZoh^blkbem
Khnby ^_ckl\bl_evgh m_oZeZ \ RlZlu b kmf_eZ kha^Zlv ^ey
k_[ygh\mx`bagv
GHJF:G=heh\hehfdZ
Y GhjfZffg_^\Z^pZlv^_\ylvb \hlfhbjZkkdZah lhfqlh
ijhbahreh kh fghc aZ ^_kylv f_kyp_\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby Y kem`m \
Zjfbb b \ lh \j_fy gZr_ ih^jZa^_e_gb_ [ueh jZaf_s_gh \
<bgq_kl_j_@bagvm f_gyreZg_lZdm`ohjhrhH^gZ`^u\_q_jhfy
]emih\\yaZeky\ rmfgmxkkhjm\ iZ[_k fh_c[u\r_c^_\mrdhc²y
kebrdhffgh]h\uibe²b m^Zjbe__<ua\Zebihebpbx\ j_amevlZl_
f_gyhllZsbebd fh_fmdhfZg^bjmb fg_[vuhkdZaZghqlhwlhfhb
ihke_^gbc rZgk H^gbf ba mkeh\bc lh]h qlh y hklZgmkv [ueh
h[jZs_gb_ aZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_f Fh_ ivygkl\h g_ \i_j\u_
kha^Z\Zeh fg_ ijh[e_fu LZd b hdZaZehkv qlh y iha\hgbe <bevyfm
DhfZg^bj[ue^jm]hf<bevyfZb Zjfby^he`gZ[ueZaZieZlblvdmqm
^_g_]aZlhqlhy oh`md g_fm
Y qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y k_j^bluf ih fgh]bf ijbqbgZf H^ghc ba
gbo [ueZ g_h[oh^bfhklv ihclb gZ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ Y \hafmsZeky
wlbfgkkh[bjZykvhlklmiZlvgb gZrZ]<bevyfd fh_fmm^b\e_gbx
g_f_^e_gghihgyef_gyhgkijhkbeqlhy ^mfZxh lhfqlhijbr_ed
g_fmihemqb\h[yaZl_evguc^eybkiheg_gbyijbdZaY \uimklbeiZj
b ihqm\kl\h\Ze k_[y emqr_ Y lZd`_ qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y ^mjZdhf baaZ
lh]h qlh ^he`_g oh^blv d Zjf_ckdhfm ikboheh]m Ba _]h hlq_lZ
ke_^h\Zeh qlh y ijhy\eyx g_aj_ehklv b ikbohiZlbqghklv \
hlghr_gbyok `_gsbgZfb
<h \j_fy i_j\h]h k_ZgkZ f_`^m fghc b <bevyfhf gZqZeh
jh`^Zlvky ^h\_jb_ Wlh [ueh m^b\bl_evgh ihlhfm qlh y k ljm^hf
^h\_jyxex^yfY kfh]ih]h\hjblvh fh_fjhfZg_k Djbkb hlhfdZd
hgaZdhgqbekyM f_gymrehfgh]h\j_f_gbgZlhqlh[umagZlv__ b
l_i_jvdh]^Z\k_[uehdhgq_ghy qm\kl\h\Ze]hj_qvb dZd[umr_e\
k\hxjZdh\bgm< dhgp_i_j\h]hk_ZgkZy aZohl_eijbclbkgh\Z_keb
dhg_qghg_ihiZ^m\ lxjvfm
Dh \j_f_gb dh]^Z fu \klj_lbebkv kgh\Z km^_[gh_ ^_eh
ijbgyehm]jh`Zxsb_jZaf_jub yihijhkbe<bevyfZgZibkZlvfh_
fmZ^\hdZlm>eyf_gywlh [ueh ihe_aguf ^_ehf ihlhfm qlh
ihfh]ehjZkkhjlbjh\Zlv\ mf_hkgh\gu_ijh[e_fu
Fhb jh^bl_eb jZa\_ebkv dh]^Z fg_ bkihegbehkv ljb ]h^Z Y
`bek hlphfb ^h^\Z^pZlbh^gh]h]h^Zgb jZamg_\b^_ek\hxfZlv
Fhchl_pkgh\Z`_gbekyfZlvlh`_kgh\Z\ureZaZfm`Y gbdh]^Zg_
eZ^be kh k\h_c fZq_ohc Fhy fZlv gbdh]^Z g_ jZkkdZau\ZeZ >w\b^m
k\h_fm gh\hfm fm`m b k\h_c ^hq_jb Fwc qlh m g__ _klv kug ² y
Dh]^Z y magZe h[ wlhf lh ihqm\kl\h\Ze k_[y aZiZkghc qZklvx
lsZl_evghh[_j_]Z_fhclZcghcfh_cfZl_jbM hlpZk fZq_ohc[ueh
_s_^\h_kugh\_cG_ceb Wg^jx
Y gbdh]^Z g_ kqblZe k_[y aeuf q_eh\_dhf ihdZ gk gZqZe
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ K_cqZk wlh a\mqbl aZ[Z\gh ihlhfm qlh y
mqZkl\h\Ze\hfgh]bo^jZdZoi_j_^l_fdZd\klmiblv\ Zjfbx=eZa]h
[uelZdbf]hjh^hfqlhgZ^h[ueh[ulv`_kldbfqlh[u\u`blvb y
[uehq_gv`_kldbf
<bevyf DZd jZa k_cqZk fu ]h\hjbf h ]g_\_ <u fh`_l_
ij_^klZ\blvk_[_gZqlhihoh`]g_\"
GhjfZg Wlh a\mqbl kljZggh Y gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_ ^_eZe
gbq_]h ih^h[gh]h Gh y ihijh[mx GhjfZg aZdjue ]eZaZ >Z wlh
kljZgghQlhlhj_adhm^Zjbehf_gyKeh\ghyjhklguce_kghcih`Zj
Yaudb ieZf_gb ihkl_i_ggh h[jZamxl keh\h g_gZ\bklv Fg_ g_
gjZ\blkywlhkeh\h
<bevyf <u agZ_l_ dmkl ihoh`bc gZ _jrbd ^ey [mluehd hg
jZkl_l \ :\kljZebb" G_l ijZ\bevgh M g_]h ijb\e_dZl_evgu_
djZkgu_ p\_lu dhlhju_ ihoh`b gZ _jrbdb K_f_gZ gm`gh
\uklZ\eylvgZ`Zjh]gyqlh[uijhjZklblv
GhjfZg Fg_gjZ\blkywlZrlmdZ
<bevyf Gm Z fh`_l_ \u ihkfhlj_lv gZ keh\h g_gZ\bklv"
DZd\u_]hhsmsZ_l_"
GhjfZg Y qm\kl\mx kbevguc ^bkdhfnhjl \ `_em^d_ Y
ij_^klZ\eyx k_[_ i_qdm aZ]jm`_ggmx lhieb\hf b ]hlh\mx
aZ]hj_lvky
<bevyf Hq_gvkbevguch[jZaDZdhgih\Zr_fmk\yaZgk
\Zfb"
GhjfZg Y qm\kl\mx qlh fhy g_gZ\bklv aZjy`Z_l f_gy
wg_j]b_c
<bevyf G_gZ\bklv fh`_l ijb\_klb d m[bckl\m GhjfZg
IjZ\^ZghwlZb^_yfg_lh`_g_gjZ\blky
Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd ijh^he`Zehkv dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ y ihgye
qlhfhc]g_\mf_gvrZ_lkyY iheZ]ZxdZdkhe^Zly bkihevah\Ze
k\hb ]g_\ gh y lZd`_ agZe qlh l_i_jv hg klZgh\blky fg_
ihi_j_d^hjh]bY aZdhgqberdhemk ohjhrbfbhlf_ldZfbb \Zjfbb
k^Ze^\Zmjh\gy:Y g_kdhevdhjZa[uegZagZq_ggZih\ur_gb_gh
ijhb]jZe ihlhfm qlh g_ fh] \eZ^_lv kh[hc LZdh_ \k_]^Z kemqZehkv
dh]^Zy kebrdhffgh]hibeY agZeqlh\ub]ju\ZxkjZ`_gb_dh]^Z
fh]m\uclbk ^jmavyfb\uiblvjZkk_j^blvkyihdZdhfmlhih\h^mgh
gk\ahj\ZlvkyY jZkkdZaZewlh<bevyfm?fm[uehlZd`_ijbylghdZd
b fg_ D dhgpm dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby <bevyf ihijhkbe f_gy kgh\Z
\a]eygmlvgZfhxi_qdmq_]hfugk^_eZebm`_g_kdhevdhf_kyp_\Y
[uem^b\e_gm\b^_\qlh_xkh\k_fi_j_klZebihevah\Zlvkyih\kx^m
[ueZiZmlbgZb h]hgvohly_s_hklZ\Zekylhevdhle_eGZwlhfwlZi_
y ihqm\kl\h\ZeqlhmijZ\eyx
=eZ\ghcijbqbghch[jZs_gbyd <bevyfm[ueZDjbk\h\kydhf
kemqZ_y lZd^mfZeY ]h\hjbeqlhfg_g_e_]dh^h\_jylvex^yfb y
g_fh]ihgylvihq_fmhgZmreZhl f_gy Y g_ m\_j_g q_]h `^Zlv hl
<bevyfZ Fh`_l [ulv lh]h qlh hg aZ]eyg_l \ fhb fha]b b \ulZsbl
hllm^Zlhqlhy ^_j`mkijylZgguf"Dhg_qgh\k_[uehg_lZdBgh]^Z
dZaZehkv qlh y lZd f_^e_ggh ^h[bjZxkv dm^Zlh ohly g_ agZx
gZ\_jgydZ dm^Z ohqm ^h[jZlvky GZ h^ghf ba i_j\uo k_Zgkh\ y
]h\hjbe h k\h_c fZl_jb dh]^Z <bevyf kdZaZe qlhlh \jh^_
?klv eb
dZdZylhk\yavf_`^ml_fqlh\uqm\kl\m_l_ihhlghr_gbxd fZl_jb
b l_fqlh\uqm\kl\m_l_ihhlghr_gbxd Djbk"Gmy g_ikboheh]
gh\ lmfbgmlmdZd<bevyfwlhkdZaZey ihqm\kl\h\ZeqlhhgihiZe\
lhqdm
< ^_ckl\bl_evghklb y gk agZx gZ\_jgydZ qlh qm\kl\mx ih
ih\h^mk\h_cfZl_jbAgZeqlh^mfZxghwlhgkh^ghb lh`_Hg[ue
ijZ\ fhb qm\kl\Z d g_c [ueb ^h\hevgh kd\_jgufb Y gbdh]^Z g_
^Z\Ze k_[_ \hafh`ghklb
ohl_e^hfhcIha`_\hae_ha_jZhg\klj_lbefgh`_kl\hex^_
Y kijhkbe _]h _klv eb m gbo qlh kdZaZlv _fm Hg kijhkbe
f_jl\u_ebhgbHgbhl\_lbeb?keb[ulvf_jl\ufagZqblg_`blv
lh fu f_jl\u ?]h bgl_jij_lZpby wlbo ^\mo hl^_evguo gh
k\yaZgguo h[jZah\ [ueZ lZdh\Z _fm gm`gh gZclb j_[_gdZ \gmljb
g_]hkZfh]hb ihaZ[hlblvkyh g_f<lhjmxqZklvhgbgl_jij_lbjh\Ze
ke_^mxsbfh[jZahfg_dZy_]hqZklvf_jl\Zb hg^he`_ghklZ\blv__
ihaZ^b Y ihbgl_j_kh\Zeky [ueZ eb lZ _]h qZklv dhlhjZy f_jl\Z
wfhpbhgZevghc ^moh\ghc bglmblb\ghc qZklvx dhlhjmx ke_^m_l
h`b\blv"Hg\u]ey^_ehq_gvaZ^mfqb\ufdh]^Zk_ZgkaZdhgqbeky
Ij_^ihke_^gbck_Zgkkhklhyekykimklyg_dhlhjh_\j_fyihke_
\lhjhc ]h^h\sbgukf_jlbG_ceZGhjfZgmdZaZehkv qlh wlh [Zjv_j
dhlhjuc gZ^h ij_h^he_lv Ohly fu ]h\hjbeb h G_ce_ dZaZehkv qlh
dh \j_f_gb dh]^Z fu aZ]h\hjbeb h[ wlhf [hevrZy qZklv ]g_\Z b
h[b^uGhjfZgZ[ueZbkke_^h\ZgZBgl_j_kghqlhhgj_rbe]h\hjblv
kgZqZeZh Fwcb lhevdhihlhf²h G_ce_Y ki_j\h]hk_ZgkZagZeh
_]hly`_ehcmljZl_b ^h]Z^u\Zekyh ]em[bg__]hqm\kl\ghbgklbgdl
ih^kdZau\Ze fg_ qlh[u y ij_^hklZ\be jZ[hlZlv GhjfZgm b wlh
hdZaZehkv ijZ\bevguf Ij_`^_\j_f_ggh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ fh]eh
ih\_jgmlvoh^dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbykh\_jr_ggh\ ^jm]hfgZijZ\e_gbb
GhjfZg jZkkdZau\Ze h[ hiul_ dhlhjuc klZe b dZlZjkbkhf b
l_jZib_cM gZk[uei_j_ju\gZf_kyp²ijbf_jghgZiheimlbdh]^Z
hg m_oZe \ hlimkd H^gZ`^u \_q_jhf kemrZy ieZklbgdm GhjfZg
m\b^_e k_[y _^msbf ih :f_jbd_ gZ fhlhpbde_ DZd wlh qZklh
kemqZ_lky \ ]j_aZo _]h iml_r_kl\b_ kf_rZehkv k jhdh\hc Z\Zjb_c
G_ceZ GZoh^ykv \ [_ahiZkghklb \ k\h_c dhfgZl_ hg ieZdZe b kh
ke_aZfb ijbreh bkp_e_gb_ Ij_^u^msbc k_Zgk f_kyp_f jZgvr_
ih^]hlh\be _]h d wlhfm G_ \k_ ijhbkoh^bl gZ k_Zgk_
dhgkmevlbjh\ZgbyH[wlhf\Z`ghfnZdl_ke_^m_lihfgblv
GZ\lhjhfk_Zgk_GhjfZgaZ]h\hjbeh k\h_c\lhjhckmsghklb
h k\h_f :evl_j Wlh dhlhjh_ fu j_rbeb gZau\Zlv Ghf_j <lhjhc
Ghf_j <lhjhc [ue ih[ebahklb hq_gv ^Z\gh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb
GhjfZg g_ fh] \kihfgblv dh]^Z `_ _]h lZf g_ [ueh ohly _]h
ijbkmlkl\b_ klZeh [he__ yjdh \ujZ`_gguf \ ihke_^gb_ ^_kylv e_l
GhjfZg hibkZe Ghf_jZ <lhjh]h aeuf g_aj_euf j_[yqeb\uf
[_ah[jZagufb m`ZkgufHgiblZ_lkyfghxdZdiZjZabllhevdh
`^_l qlh[u fghx aZ\eZ^_lv Wlh g_ lhl k d_f \u ohl_eb [u
\klj_lblvky l_fghc ghqvx GZ dZdhflh wlZi_ GhjfZg mihlj_[be
\ujZ`_gb_ dha_e hlims_gby mihfygm\ Ghf_j <lhjhc GhjfZg g_
ba]hgyeGhf_j<lhjhcg_ijh]hgye_]h< fZ
g_j_ \ dhlhjhc GhjfZf jZkkdZau\Ze wlh [ueh qlhlh
ih[m^b\r__ f_gy kijhkblv ^mfZ_l eb hg qlh Ghf_j <lhjhc
qm\kl\m_lk_[yihl_jyggufHgg_[uem\_j_g\ wlhfM g_]hlZd`_g_
[ueh m\_j_gghklb ih ih\h^m ^bklZgpbb f_`^m gbf b Ghf_jhf
<lhjuf Y k\yaZe Ghf_j <lhjhc k xg]h\kdhc dhgp_ipb_c l_gb b
g_h[oh^bfhklvx kihkh[kl\h\Zlv bgl_]jZpbb \ p_eyo ^hklb`_gby
p_ehklghklb
>bkdmkkby h Ghf_j_ <lhjhf ijhbahreZ gZ \lhjhf k_Zgk_
<ihke_^kl\bb hg g_ h[km`^Zeky ^h iylgZ^pZlh]h k_ZgkZ dhlhjuc
khklhyekyq_j_aljbf_kypZihke_gZqZeZdhgkmevlbjh\ZgbyD wlhfm
\j_f_gbGhjfZgg_qm\kl\h\Zek_[yhl^_e_ggufhlGhf_jZ<lhjh]h
ohly _fm ihij_`g_fm g_ ohl_ehkv iheghklvx bgl_]jbjh\Zlv _]h Y
ij_^iheh`beqlhGhf_j<lhjhchebp_l\hjy_lg_lhevdh _]h iehob_
qm\kl\Z gh lZd`_ b g_dhlhju_ ba _]h g_`guo qm\kl\ OZjZdl_jghc
q_jlhc GhjfZgZ [ueh mf_gb_ ]em[hdh aZ^mfu\Zlvky gZ^ fhbfb
dhff_glZjbyfb \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ _fm ihgZ^h[behkv ^h\hevgh fgh]h
\j_f_gbqlh[uhl\_lblvY ^mfZxhg\k_lZdbbkdj_gg_kh]eZkbeky
Z gkijhklhmklmibeHgijbagZebklbgghklvfh_]haZf_qZgbyIhlhf
GhjfZgk^_eZe]em[hdh_ml\_j`^_gb_
Ghf_j <lhjhc hl^_eye k_[y hl GhjfZgZ lhevdh lh]^Z dh]^Z
GhjfZgmqlheb[hm]jh`ZehWlh[uehh]jhfgh_ihgbfZgb_b dh]^Z
hgh gZklmibeh _]h ebph hk\_lbehkv \hkoblbl_evguf \ujZ`_gb_f
dZdh_ [u\Z_l dh]^Z jZkk\_lZ_l hldjh\_gb_ Dh]^Z wlh ijhbahreh y
lh`_[ueho\Zq_ghkh[ufqm\kl\hf
Fuk GhjfZghfkh\_jrbebhq_gvfZehgZijZ\e_gghcjZ[hluk
Ghf_jhf <lhjuf g_ [ueh ^Zevg_crbo mihfbgZgbc h g_f b gZ
hklZ\rboky^_\ylbk_ZgkZoDZaZehkv[m^lhhldjh\_gb_^hklb]gmlh_
gZiylgZ^pZlhfk_Zgk_kh\_jrbehk\hxkh[kl\_ggmxbgl_]jZpbx
Ihkeh\ZfGhjfZgZhgkh]eZkbekymf_gvrblvqZklhlmk_Zgkh\
\ dZq_kl\_ ih^]hlh\db d ihke_^g_fm ba gbo i_j_^ _]h hlt_a^hf \
BjeZg^bx Mf_gvr_gb_ qZklhlu fh`_l dZaZlvky eh]bqguf gh hgh
ij_^klZ\ey_l k\hb ljm^ghklb >ey gZk h[hbo qZklh [ueh g_e_]dh
kgh\Z ih^h[jZlv gblb ² dZd [m^lh dZ`^uc k_Zgk [ue i_j\uf Gh
bf_ggh lZd ohl_e GhjfZg Ihke_^gbc k_Zgk ijb ^he]bo hlghr_gbyo
j_^dh [u\Z_l e_]dbf GhjfZg i_j_`be lZd fgh]h ljZ\fbjmxsbo
hdhgqZgbc hlghr_gbc Fh`_l [ulv lh qlh hdhgqZgb_ gZrbo
hlghr_gbc [ueh aZieZgbjh\Zgguf dZdbflh h[jZahf ihfh]eh _fm
ijh[blvkyq_j_ag_dhlhju_^jm]b_hlghr_gby
, K:G>J:
L Dhgvihbf_gbK\h[h^Z
Y KZg^jZ jZ[hlZx k_dj_lZjr_c \ f_klghf ijZ\bl_evkl\_
IjbreZgZdhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ihlhfmqlhg_fh]eZhijZ\blvkyihke_
jZa\h^ZIhke_jZa\h^Zy ijhreZikbohl_jZibx
M f_gy h^bg kug Yg dhlhjuc ihke_ jZa\h^Z `b\_l kh fghc
Fhc \jZq h[s_c ijZdlbdb hlijZ\be f_gy d <bevyfm qlh[u
ihkfhlj_lv kfh`_l eb hg ihfhqv fg_ kijZ\blvky k fhbf klj_kkhf
Klj_kk f_rZe jZ[hl_ m f_gy [ueh kebrdhf fgh]h i_j_ju\h\ \
jZ[hl_
Y jZkkdZaZeZ <bevyfm qlh ih^\_j]eZkv k_dkmZevghfm
aehmihlj_[e_gbx kh klhjhgu ^\hxjh^gh]h ^_^Z dh]^Z [ueZ
j_[_gdhf ohly agZeZ qlh ebrv \q_jg_ gZ[jhkZeZ [hevrmx qZklv
\hkihfbgZgbc Fhc [u\rbc fm` Zedh]hebd [ue g_bklh\uf
q_eh\_dhf dhlhjuc ijbf_gye dh fg_ k_dkmZevgh_ gZkbeb_ Dh]^Z
^_eh ^hreh ^h jZa^_evgh]h `bl_evkl\Z Z ihlhf ² ^h jZa\h^Z fm`
]jhabe jZkdjulv fh_ l_fgh_ ijhreh_ dZd hg \ujZ`Zeky _keb y
[m^mhkiZjb\Zlv_]hlj_[h\Zgb_gZhi_dmYgZ
Y hl^ZeZ _fm hi_dm gh q_j_a r_klv f_kyp_\ hg kdZaZe qlh y
fh]m\aylvYgZlZddZdhgg_fh`_lkZfkijZ\blvkyk moh^hfaZgbf
K_cqZk y `b\m k ;_ghf q_jguf ZnjbdZgp_f b fu ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ohjhrheZ^bfY qm\kl\mxk_[y^hfZ[_ahiZkghohlyfg_ijb?h^blky
fbjblvkyk fgh]bfbij_^jZkkm^dZfbihih\h^mp\_lZ_]hdh`b
Y ihk_lbeZ fhx [Z[mrdm gZ __ ^_\yghklhf ^g_ jh`^_gby b
fhc^\hxjh^guc^_^[uelZfWlh[uei_j\ucjZadh]^Zy \b^_eZ_]h
k l_oihjdZd\ujhkeZKlZjucm`Zk\_jgmekygh[he__lh]h
ihy\behkvhl\jZs_gb_d kZfhck_[_Y agZeZqlh^he`gZ[ueZ
qlhlhk^_eZlv
<bevyf KZg^jZjZkkdZau\Zyfg_k\hxbklhjbx\uhq_\b^gh
gZoh^bebwlhhq_gvljm^guf<Zrbjmdb\k_\j_fy[ueb\
^\b`_gbb b k_cqZk \u \u]ey^bl_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh hq_gv
gZijy`_gghc
KZg^jZ <hllZd[hevrmxqZklv\j_f_gbBa\bgbl_
<bevyf G_l g_h[oh^bfhklb ba\bgylvky i_j_^h fghc Klj_kk
[_j_l gZk \hl lZd b fu g_ fh`_f khojZgylv kihdhckl\b_ Y
ij_^eZ]Zx\Zfijh\_klbk_Zgkj_eZdkZpbb
KZg^jZ Ikbohl_jZi_\lm`_^_eZewlhgh^Z\Zcl_ihijh[m_f
Dh]^Z KZg^jZ ih]jmabeZkv \ jZkkeZ[e_ggh_ khklhygb_ fu
ijh^he`beb
<bevyf KZg^jZ jZkkdZau\Zy fg_ h k\h_c ljZ\fZlbq_kdhc
`bagbgZqbgZyk ^_lkl\ZZ aZl_fh \Zr_faehmihlj_[eyxs_ffm`_
\ubaeZ]Zeb\k_wlh[_ahkh[h]hqm\kl\Zg_fgh]hpbgbqgh
KZg^jZ LZdh\Z y Y g_ iha\heyx k_[_ fgh]h qm\kl\h\Zlv ²
wlh fhc kihkh[ kijZ\eylvky Fhc ikbohl_jZi_\l ihfh] fg_
jZah[jZlvkyk fhbf]g_\hfl_i_jvy ohqm\hclb\ dhglZdlk ^jm]bfb
fhbfbqm\kl\Zfb
Y \\_e KZg^jm gZ em] h[uqguc h[jZa yjdh]h l_ieh]h
kheg_qgh]h^gyG_lgbq_]hg_h[uqgh]hdh]^Zlhldlhij_[u\Z_l\
ih^Z\e_gghf gZkljh_gbb g_ fh`_l qm\kl\h\Zlv l_ieh beb \b^_lv
kheg_qguc k\_l Gm`gh ih^]hlh\blvky d jZ[hl_ k l_f qlh
\hh[jZ`Z_ldeb_gl
<bevyf KZg^jZ Fh`_l_ eb \u kdZaZlv fg_ qlh \u k_[_
ij_^klZ\ey_l_bf_gghk_cqZk"
KZg^jZ IjhoeZ^guc hk_ggbc ^_gv E_lh gZ\_jgh_ [ueh
`ZjdbfihlhfmqlhljZ\Zdhjbqg_\Zyb kmoZyG_fh]m\b^_lvgbq_]h
balh]hqlh\uij_^eh`bebihlhfmqlhwlhlfZe_gvdbcehkdmlljZ\u
lhjqbl ijyfh ihkj_^b ljZgkihjlZ dZd hkljh\ k ^hjh]Zfb
Z\lhfh[beyfbb g_kmsbfbkyfbfhZ\lh[mkZfb
<bevyf A^_kvrmfb aeh\hgb_b g_hq_gv[_ahiZkgh
KZg^jZ H ^hklZlhqgh [_ahiZkgh gbdlh g_ fh`_l ^hklZlv
f_gya^_kv
<rvyf AgZqbl eb wlh qlh ex^b kh k\bklhf ijhghkysb_ky
fbfh \u]ey^u\Zxsb_ ba hdhg Z\lh[mkh\ ^Zxl \Zf g_dhlhjh_
qm\kl\h[_ahiZkghklb"
KZg^jZ >Z Bf_ggh lZd ;_ahiZkgh_ f_klh hdjm`_ggh_
[_lhghf
<bevyf G_ kh\k_f ih^oh^ys__ f_klh ^ey lh]h qlh[u e_qv b
hl^hogmlv
KZg^jZ H y g_ ohqm hl^uoZlv Ihq_fm y ^he`gZ hl^uoZlv"
<bevyf DZd\uihiZebkx^Z"
KZg^jZ >_ckl\bl_evgh aZ[Z\gh dZd" G_ \b`m gbdZdhc
^hjh`dbbebq_]hgb[m^v\ wlhfjh^_GbdZdh]hlmgg_eyDZdy [m^m
\u[bjZlvky"
Y meh\be\ __]hehk_ghldmlj_\h]bZ __jmdbk`Zebkv
<bevyf KZg^jZy ohqmqlh[u\uij_^klZ\bebk_[_klmi_gvdb
b fhklIh^gbfbl_kvihklmi_gvdZfihfhklmb jZkkdZ`bl_fg_dm^Z
hg\_^_l
KZg^jZ H ^Z \hl b hgb Y ih^gbfZxkv ih klmi_gvdZf gZ
^_j_\ygguc fhkl Wlh hq_gv ^ebgguc fhkl b dh]^Z y ijhoh`m
iheimlb ih g_fm y h]ey^u\Zxkv gZ ljZ\m b \b`m qlh hgZ gZfgh]h
a_e_g__ q_f y ^mfZeZ KeZ\gh Fhkl ijhoh^bl ijyfh gZ^
ljZgkihjlhfb \_^_lf_gy\gbagZ^jm]mxklhjhgmd fh_fm^hfm
<bevyf L_i_jv \u \_jgmebkv ^hfhc ^h]Z^u\Zxkv qlh \u
^_ckl\bl_evghqm\kl\m_l_k_[y[_ahiZkgh
KZg^jZ >ZlZfYgb ;_ghgb`^mlf_gy
GZ\lhjhfk_Zgk_
<bevyf KZg^jZdh]^Z\u^mfZ_l_h k\h_fkh[kl\_gghfh[jZa_
qlh\uij_^klZ\ey_l_"
KZg^jZ AgZxwlhg_[m^_lkebrdhfijbylgufY g_m\_j_gZ
qlhohqmkfhlj_lvgZk_[y
<bevyf <u [hbl_kv qlh lh qlh m\b^bl_ [m^_l
hllZedb\Zxsbfb emqr_[u\Zfg_kfhlj_lv"
KZg^jZ >Zghwlh]emihdh]^Zy keurmdZd\uwlh]h\hjbl_
L_i_jvaZ[Z\gh^_ckl\bl_evghaZ[Z\ghwlhkh\k_fg_yWlhdjZkgh_
y[ehdhH ;h`_GZg_f]jyagh_iylghb yagZxqlhhghb^_lijyfh
\gmljvWlhygZkd\haviehoZy"
<bevyf Wlh g_ lh q_f \u ohlbl_ [ulv >Z\Zcl_ ihkfhljbf
qlh fh`gh k^_eZlv qlh[u baf_gblv wlhl h[jZa <havfbl_ y[ehdh k
kh[hcgZem]b jZkkdZ`bl_fg_dZdh\hgl_i_jv
KZg^jZ Hg ke_]dZ baf_gbeky ljZ\Z \u]ey^bl a_e_g__ b \_kv
ehkdml gZfgh]h [hevr_ ?s_ g_ lZd rmfgh H ^Z gZ wlhl jZa y reZ
q_j_afhklqlh[uihiZklvkx^Z
<bevyf <uqm\kl\m_l_k_[y\ [_ahiZkghklb\ wlhfh[jZa_"DZd
gZkq_ly[ehdZ"
KZg^jZ Y ^_j`m _]h gh fg_ g_ ohq_lky wlh]h Fg_ wlh g_
gjZgblkyY ohqmhl[jhkblv_]hijhqvghgkfh]mhghijbde__ghdh
fg_
<bevyf DZd[ukbevgh\ugb ohl_ebba[Z\blvkyhlg_]h\ug_
fh`_l_GZ\_jgh_wlh]h\hjbl\Zfh q_flh"
KZg^jZ Y g_ fh]m hl\_j]Zlv k_[y \hl qlh <bevyf KdZ`bl_
y[ehdmqlhg_kh[bjZ_l_kvhl\_j]Zlv_]hg_kh[bjZ_l_kv\u[jZku\Zlv
bebjZajmrZlv_]hG_`ghiheh`bl_y[ehdhgZljZ\mb ihgZ[ex^Zcl_
dZdhghjZkl_l
KZg^jZ Hgh \ujhkeh ihqlb ^h iheh\bgu fh_]h jhklZ Qlh
l_i_jv"
<bevyf <hc^bl_\ y[ehdhb jZkkdZ`bl_fg_qlhijhbkoh^bl
KZg^jZ Y qm\kl\mxk_[ya^_kv^h\hevghmxlghg_lgbdZdboaZiZoh\
ghl_fgh
<bevyf Hldm^Zlh bkoh^bl k\_l qlh[u iha\heblv \Zf \b^_lv
imlv B^bl_ q_j_a fydhlv d k_j^p_\bg_ y[ehdZ L_i_jv \u ^hklb]eb
k_j^p_\bgu klZeb k_j^p_\bghc k_j^p_\bgZ ² wlh \u Z \u ²
k_j^p_\bgZIhqm\kl\mcl_k_f_gZ\gmljb\Zkihqm\kl\mcl_kbemwlbo
k_fyg bo kihkh[ghklv ijhba\_klb _s_ fgh]h y[ehd L_i_jv
ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ yjdbc k\_l evxsbcky gZ k_j^p_\bgm K_j^p_\bgZ
f_^e_gghljZgknhjfbjm_lkyaZl_f² fydhlv aZl_f ² dh`mjZ Hgb
ij_\jZlbebkv \ ij_djZkgh_ a^hjh\h_ y[ehdh <u l_i_jv kgZjm`b
Ihkfhljbl_gZg_]hQlh\uohlbl_k^_eZlvk wlbfy[ehdhf"
KZg^jZ H[gylv_]h
<bevyf Y ij_^eZ]Zx \Zf k^_eZlv wlh b kdZaZlv dZd \u _]h
ex[bl_
KZg^jZ Y ^_eZx wlh b hgh gZqbgZ_l k`bfZlvky ^h k\h_]h
ghjfZevgh]hjZaf_jZ
<bevyf L_i_jvqlh\uohlbl_k^_eZlvk gbf"KZg^jZ Kt_klv
_]h
<bevyf Dh]^Z[m^_l__klv_]h\gbfZl_evghkfhljbl_dZdhgh
ih]ehsZ_lky \Zrbf l_ehf b ljZgkihjlbjm_lky d dZ`^hc _]h qZklb
Lm^Zhghijb\ghkblp_ehklghklvb ljZgknhjfbjm_llhqlhg_p_eh_
DZd \u k_[y qm\kl\m_l_ l_i_jv dh]^Z wlh dhgqbehkv" KZg^jZ
Kbevghc b gZfgh]h [hevr_ <bevyf ?klv eb _s_ dlhgb[m^v k \Zfb
gZem]m"KZg^jZ KljZgghEm]baf_gbekyhggklZf]^_[ueL_i_jv
wlh f_klh dm^Z y [u\Zeh oh^beZ fZe_gvdhc ^_\hqdhc >Z kh fghc
[_eucdhgvY eZkdZx_]hb ]h\hjx_fmdZdy _]hex[ex<bevyf :
qlhhghl\_qZ_l\Zf"
KZg^jZ Hg ]h\hjbl dZd kbevgh ex[bl f_gy Wlh
^_ckl\bl_evghohjhrh
<bevyf Kijhkbl_ dZd _]h ah\ml KZg^jZ Hg ]h\hjbl qlh
K\h[h^Z
<bevyf Ihijhkbl__]hihdZlZlv\Zk
KZg^jZ Fg_ hq_gv ljm^gh ih^gylvky Ihklhyggh ihy\eyxlky
ebpZ fh_]h ^y^b hlpZ b fm`Z Hgb iulZxlky ihf_rZlv fg_
ih^gylvky Hgb g_ ohlyl qlh[u m f_gy [ueZ k\hy k\h[h^Z Gh y
j_rbl_evgZ b kijZ\eyxkv H wlh qm^_kgh ^Km^y ih lhfm dZd hgZ
ijhbag_keZwlbkeh\ZKZg^jZkgh\Z[ueZj_[_gdhf Dhgvg_k_lf_gy
q_j_a fhkl b \\_jo ih j_d_ q_j_a \kiZoZggh_ ihe_ b gZ ihe_ k
dmdmjmahcihlhf²d ih^gh`bx]hju
<bevyf Kijhkbl_dhgyqlhhgohq_lk^_eZlv
KZg^jZ Hg ]h\hjbl qlh g_ ohq_l \_alb f_gy gZ ]hjm Fg_
gZ^hk^_eZlvwlhkZfhc
<bevyf L_i_jv ihjZ ihijhsZlvky k \Zrbf ^jm]hf gh g_
ijhsZlvkykhk\h[h^hcB q_j_ag_dhlhjh_\j_fy\ha\jZsZcl_kv\ wlm
dhfgZlm
GZlj_lv_fk_Zgk_
Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y gZfgh]h emqr_ ihke_ \lhjh]h k_ZgkZ
l_i_jvm f_gydZ`_lkyihy\bebkv^jm]b_ijh[e_fuk dhlhjufbgZ^h
[uehkijZ\eylvkyAZ^he]h_\j_fyy ^_ckl\bl_evghgZkulbeZkvk\h_c
jZ[hlhc G_ lh qlh [u hgZ fg_ g_ gjZ\beZkv GjZ\beZkv gh hgZ
hagZqZeZqlhy fgh]h\j_f_gbijh\h`m\g_^hfZZ yfh]eZ[ufgh]h
k^_eZlv lZf H^gZdh ;kghf h\eZ^_eZ b^_y gZdhie_gby ^_g_] b
ihdmidb ohjhr_]h ^hfZ lZd qlh hg ohq_l qlh[u y ijh^he`ZeZ
jZ[hlZlv Y [u g_ \hajZ`ZeZ mclb gZ f_g__ hieZqb\Z_fmx jZ[hlm
g_fgh`dh [eb`_ d ^hfm dhlhjZy ij_^hklZ\beZ [u fg_ [hevr_
k\h[h^gh]h\j_f_gb
<bevyf <u fh`_l_ ij_^klZ\blv k_[_ ^\_ eh\mrdb h^gm
dhlhjZy hebp_l\hjy_l \Zrm jZ[hlm b \lhjmx ² ^ey \Zrbo
hlghr_gbck ;_ghf"
KZg^jZ >Z wlh e_]dh JZ[hqZy eh\mrdZ ² dZidZg ^ey
[hevrh]h`b\hlgh]h\ e_kmb yihcfZgZaZijZ\mxgh]mFg_hq_gv
[hevgh ;_g iulZ_lky ihfhqv gh hg lh`_ ihcfZg ² \ ]jya_\mx
eh\mrdmY ohqm\ulygmlv_]hghg_fh]mLZdqlhfuh[Zijbde__gu
<bevyf ?klv dlhgb[m^v jy^hf dlh fh] [u ihfhqv \Zf
h[hbf"
KZg^jZ >jm] ;_gZ ijboh^bl b ihke_ g_dhlhjhc [hjv[u
\ulZkdb\Z_l ;_gZ ;_g iulZ_lky jZa`Zlv dZidZgZ Gh wlh ijbqbgy_l
fg_lZdmx[hev
<rvyf KZg^jZ <hl qlh y ij_^eZ]Zx H]ey^bl_kv b
ihkfhljbl_ _klv eb qlhgb[m^v qlh ihfh`_l \Zf \ue_qblv jZgm
^Dhe_[Z
gb_ Ihbsbl_ ijm^ k \h^hc bkdmiZcl_kv \ g_f b \ue_qbl_kv
<havfbl_ k kh[hc ;_gZ L_i_jv ihkfhljbl_ gZ dZidZg b ihgZ[ex
^Zcl_baf_gbekyebhg
KZg^jZ >Z Hg hldjul kehfZg [_kihe_a_g <bevyf DZd
gZkq_l dZidZgZ \Zrbo hlghr_gbc k ;_ghf" KZg^jZ Wlh
dmihehh[jZagZy de_ldZ k^_eZggZy ba klZeb Fh `_l [ulv wlh fh_
kh[kl\_ggh_ l\hj_gb_ aZsblZ hl h[b^ Y agZx qlh mklZgZ\eb\Zx
hlghr_gbyk ;_ghfb ^jm]bfbex^vfbkd\havijmlvy
<bevyf Ihkfhljbl_ qlh ihfh`_l \Zf bkp_eblv jZgu
gZg_k_ggucwlhceh\mrdhc
KZg^jZ Fhc[_eucdhgvK\h[h^ZHgg_k_lkyq_j_ah[jZab k
gbf ebpZ fh_]h fm`Z hlpZ b ^y^b Y agZx hgb g_ ohlyl qlh[u m
f_gy [ueZ k\h[h^Z Hgb ohlyl qlh[u y hklZeZkv ihcfZgghc Y
qm\kl\mx k_[y ihcfZgghc l_fb jZggbfb i_j_`b\Zgbyfb Y ohqm
ijhlb\hklhylv hlpm b ^y^_ gh g_ fh]m Hl_p ke_ihc b fu
g_^hklZlhqgh[ebadbqlh[ukdZaZlv_fmqlhy qm\kl\mx
Dhff_glZjbc
H[jZa em]Z KZg^ju [ue \iheg_ mgueuf b ijhlb\hiheh`guA
h[uqghcdZjlbg_em]ZFhyebqgZybgl_jij_lZpbylZdh\Zwlhehkdml
ljZ\u hebp_l\hjy_l __ ijhreh_ b gZklhys__ Hk_gv ihk `Zjdh]h
e_lZ fh]eZ gZ\_klb gZ fukev h [he__ kqZkleb\uo ^gyo wlm fukev
ih^l\_j`^Z_lh[jZaljZ\uH]jZgbq_ggZykh\k_oklhjkljZ\ZgZ\h^bl
gZ fukev h kt_`b\r_fky \gmlj_gg_f fbj_ [_ahiZ ghklv dhlhjh]h
h[_ki_qb\Z_lky djm]hf ^hjh] ?_ njZaZ Hgb L fh]ml ^hklZlv f_gy
a^_kv[ueZ\hafh`gufh[jZs_gb_fd __hkdh[bl_eyf_kebg_[ueh
\oh^Zb aZg_cgZ[ex^Zebex^bgZ^hjh]blhhgZqm\kl\h\ZeZk_[y\
[_ahiZkghklb LZd`_ \_jhylgh qlh ljZg ihjl b ex^b hebp_l\hjyxl
oZhk__ \gmlj_gg_]hfbjZ
H^gZdh g_agZgb_ lh]h dZd hgZ lm^Z ihiZeZ \uau\Zeh fukev
[ehdbjh\Zgbb \hafh`gh h[ hlkmlkl\bb ihgbfZgby Y lZd
DZaZehkvdZd[m^
lh wlh q_clh ljhn_c agZ_l_ dZd ]heh\Z he_gy Ohly hg b
meu[gmeky gh [_a \kydh]h xfhjZ ijbagZe bklbgghklv kblmZpbb
>`_kkiheh`beZ\ f_rhd_]hk_j^p_l_i_jvhg^he`_gihlj_[h\Zlv
_]hh[jZlgh
H^bgk_ZgkjZ[hluk h[jZaZfbg_ke_^m_lhl^_eylvhlh[jZah\
^jm]h]h k_ZgkZ h[jZau dZd b kgh\b^_gby q_eh\_dZ qZklh bf_xl
h[smx gblv M >`_dZ h[jZa k_j^pZ \ ^Zevg_cr_f [ue k\yaZg k
^jm]bfb h[jZaZfb \hagbdrbfb gZ lj_lv_f k_Zgk_ Lhl nZdl qlh y
\\_ej_a_j\mZjkem`blijbf_jhflh]hdZdjZ[hlZehb mklZgZ\eb\Zeh
k\yabfh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_y g_ihgbfZeqlhkhagZl_evghk\yau\Zx\
k\h_fmf_wlb^\Zh[jZaZ
<h^Z lZd`_ kms_kl\_ggZ ^ey `bagb b hiul >`_dZ \ :njbd_
ih^q_jdgme wlh JZa\b\Zy k\yav f_`^m k_j^p_f b j_a_j\mZjhf
dZaZehkv [ueh [u mf_klguf ij_^iheh`blv qlh ^ujZ gZoh^blky \
_]h k_j^p_ _]h jZgZ _s_ djh\hlhqbeZ Bgklbgdlb\gh >`_d agZe
_keb^ujmg_ihqbgblvlhhg\ _]h\hh[jZ`_gbb²ex^b\ ]hjh^d_
g_\u`b\_l: qlh[u\u`blvhg^he`_gbf_lvgZ^_`^m
I_qZevdhlhjmxihqm\kl\h\Ze>`_ddh]^ZihgyeqlhohlywlZ
^ujZ ihqbg_gZ _s_ ]^_lh _klv ml_qdZ dZaZehkv ijbreZ ba kZfuo
]em[bg _]h ^mrb Hg ihgye qlh gZ dZdhflh wlZi_ _fm ijb^_lky
jZ[hlZlv gZ^ wlbf Ih\b^bfhfm ke_^m_l ih]h\hjblv b h ke_aZo
Ke_au ² h[uqgh_ ^_eh \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb hgb qZklh k\yaZgu k
bkp_e_gb_fbdhg_qghk hkeZ[e_gb_fgZijy`_gbyY aZf_lbeqlh\
jZ[hl_ k h[jZaZfb ke_au ih\b^bfhfm ijboh^yl hldm^Zlh ba
]em[bgu
Fgh]b_ ex^b [hjxlky kh ke_aZfb gh _keb hgb \k_lZdb
iha\heyxl k_[_ aZieZdZlv bo ke_au qZklh ij_\jZsZxlky \ ju^Zgby
Fhb fukeb ih wlhfm ih\h^m lZdh\u h[jZau jZ[hlZxl gZ klhev
]em[hdhf [_kkhagZl_evghf mjh\g_ b ijhju\Zxlky \ Zjo_lbibq_kdb_
h[jZauqlhex^bg_fh]mlkijZ\blvkykhk\hbfbke_aZfbB\oh^y\
wlb]em[hdb_h[jZauhgbg_baf_ggh\_^mlbkp_e_gb_\]em[v
>`_dh[gZjm`beqlhohlyhgbaZldgmeh^gm^ujm_s__klv
jZ[hlZdhlhjmxij_^klhblk^_eZlv< \ukr_ckl_i_gbfZeh\_jhylgh
qlh[u dlhgb[m^v ba gZk fh] dh]^Zgb[m^v aZldgmlv \k_ ^uju
bkp_eblv\kx[hevghwlhg_h[_kp_gb\Z_ljZ[hlmihbkp_e_gbx
KH?>BG?GB?GBL?C
<h \lhjhc qZklb fu kh\_jrbeb dhjhldb_ \hk_fgZ^pZlv
iml_r_kl\bc b jZa^_ebeb k wlbfb ex^vfb qZklv bo jZ^hkl_c [heb
h]hjq_gbcb ke_aFubkiulZebdZdg_dhlhju_bagboqm\kl\mxlk_[y
aZ`Zlufbk\hbfbh[klhyl_evkl\Zfbm\b^_ebqlh[eZ]h^ZjyjZ[hl_k
h[jZaZfbhgbihqm\kl\h\Zebk_[y\ kbeZo^\b]Zlvky\i_j_^fgh]b_ba
gbo aZdhgqbeb dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_ k [he__ \ukhdhc kZfhhp_gdhc q_f
jZgvr_
Fu gZ[ex^Zeb dZd ;bee jZa[bjZeky k hiulhf i_j_dj_kldh\
dZd :eZg klZe [hevr_ ijbgbfZlv k\hx k_dkmZevghklv dZd hg gZqZe
[jZlv \ k\hb jmdb mijZ\e_gb_ kh[kl\_gghc `bagvx >ey :jjZgZ
iml_r_kl\b_ \ ]em[bgu ha_jZ [ueh im]Zxsbf b hg ijhlb\hklhye
k\h_cl_gbijbgy\r_c\b^fhgkljZ
Wg^bbkiulZep_ebl_evgh_ijbdhkgh\_gb_k\h_]h\gmlj_gg_]h
k\ys_ggbdZ Iml_r_kl\b_ Lj_ckb [ueh ^ebgg__ q_f hklZevgu_ gh
dZdb \k_^jm]b_hgh y\behkvihklhygguf^\b`_gb_fd bgl_]jZpbb
IZjZ^hdkZevgh qlh i_j_^ l_f dZd kfh]eZ ijhbahclb bgl_]jZpby
Lj_ckb ijbrehkv i_j_`blv hl^_e_gb_ hl l_lmrdb >`hZg b hl k\h_c
fZl_jbq_j_a\lhjh_jh`^_gb_
H[jZau fh]ml ijbgbfZlv jZaebqgu_ nhjfu b gZijZ\e_gby
Fu m[_^bebkv \ wlhf ihagZdhfb\rbkv k O_ca_e b k __ eZlmgguf
ih^k\_qgbdhf hebp_l\hjy\rbf [_agZ^_`ghklv JZ[hlZ k O_ca_e
ih^l\_j`^Z_l qlh fg_ [ueh g_h[oh^bfh [ulv ]hlh\uf
wdki_jbf_glbjh\Zlv k jZaebqgufb f_lh^Zfb >`_gbk hibkZeZ k_[y
dZd `_gsbgm dhlhjZy ex[bl kebrdhf kbevgh b wlh ijb\_eh __ d
fgh]hqbke_gguf[_^kl\_ggufhlghr_gbyfk fm`qbgZfb Dh]^Z hgZ
ijh^\bgmeZkvd ijbfbj_gbxkhk\hbfbjh^bl_eyfbb ijbgyeZqlhg_
ke_^m_l\bgblvk_[yaZbojZa\h^__ \_^jhkZfhhp_gdbih^\_j]ehkv
g_dhlhjufj_fhglgufjZ[hlZfIml_r_kl\b_Ebeb]h\hjblh kimkd_
\ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ h[ hldjulbb ikbobdb b dhg_qghf khxa_ k [he__
rbjhdhc<k_e_gghc
Fw]i_j_`beZbkp_e_gb_gZ[_j_]mdh]^Z\hegukfvub__ [hev
b ]jyav k\yaZggu_ k bagZkbeh\Zgb_f b Z[hjlhf FhcjZ h[gZjm`beZ
k\hx`_fqm`bgm\ukhdhcp_gu\ kZfhfg_\_jhylghfba
f_kl ² ]em[hdh \ dheh^p_ G_ce \ k\h_f iml_r_kl\bb gZr_e
^\mojZaguoijh\h^gbdh\ijh^_eZ\h]jhfgucimlvhlk\hbodhjg_c\
dhkfbq_kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h Khnby hdZaZeZkv ihl_jygghc b
aZo\Zq_gghc \ k_jhf [_a`bag_gghf b im]Zxs_f lmfZg_ [_a khegpZ
bf_xs_f g_dhlhjh_ koh^kl\h k ^_ij_kkb_c LmfZg [ue jZkk_yg
\_ljhfb khegp_fIml_r_kl\b_GhjfZgZbeexkljbjm_ldZdijhoh^
q_j_a h]hgv i_qZeb b ihl_jb ijbghkbl hqbs_gb_ KZg^jZ i_j_`beZ
jZabl_evguc dhgljZkl f_`^m em]hf ² hkljh\hf kj_^b ]jhohqms_]h
ljZgkihjlZ² b hsms_gb_f k\h[h^u kdZdZlv \_johf gZ k\h_f dhg_
Hk\h[h`^_gb_ hl ijhreh]h hldjueh _c imlv \uoh^Z ba eh\mr_d \
dhlhjuo hgZ qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y b k\h_]h fm`Z >`_d aZ ljb k_ZgkZ
ij_h^he_e [hevrh_ ijhkljZgkl\h b ijh^_eZe [hevrmx j_fhglgmx
jZ[hlm gZ^ k\hbf jZa[bluf k_j^p_f b gZ^ l_dmsbf j_a_j\mZjhf
dhlhjuc_keb[u_]hg_ihqbgbebijb\_e[ud aZkmo_b [_^kl\bx
Gb \ h^ghf ba wlbo gZ]ey^guo kemqZ_\ y g_ ]h\hjx h
e_q_gbb beb mki_o_ \k_ deb_glu mreb dh]^Z bf ij_^klhyeh
ijh^_eZlv _s_ fgh]h jZ[hlu Iml_r_kl\b_ d p_ehklghklb b
bgl_]jZpbb gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l aZdhgq_gguf Fh`_l [ulv >`_d
emqr_ \k_o ih^\_e blh] Y aZldgme h^gm [hevrmx ^ujm gh _klv b
^jm]b_
< Keh\Zj_h[jZah\b kbf\heh\\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb KlxZjl
\u kfh`_l_ gZclb hij_^_e_gby fgh]bo kbf\heh\ dhlhju_
bkihevah\Zebkv \ ^Zgghc dgb]_ <Zf lZd`_ \hafh`gh aZohq_lky
jZkrbjblv jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb \\_^_gb_f \Zrbo kh[kl\_gguo
\gmlj_ggbodZjlbgY gZ^_xkvqlhwlh^_ckl\bl_evghlZdihlhfmqlh
ih^h[gh_ jZkrbj_gb_ ihgylbc g_khfg_ggh hdZ`_lky ^ey \Zk
ieh^hl\hjguf
Ijbeh`_gb_IJBF?JU:JO?LBIH<
H^bg
Dhj_gvkmsghklvijbjh^u
>\Zbeb^\hcgZykljmdlmjZ
fm`kdh_`_gkdh_ :gbfmk b :gbfZ Ihablb \gh_g_]Zlb \gh_
K\_leh_l_fgh_BgvYg<gmlj_gg__\g_rg__
Ljb beb ljhcgZy kljmdlmjZ LjhbpZ Hl_p Kug b K\ylhc
>mo
Q_luj_bebq_l\_jgZykljmdlmjZ
K_\_jx] %2&
,2. aZiZ^
E_lhhk_gvabfZ\_kgZ
>_lkl\hxghklvaj_ehklv
klZjhklv
H]hgv\h^Z\ha^moa_fey
W]hl_gv:gbfmk:gbfZ
kmsghklv
Fure_gb_hsms_gb_
qm\kl\hbglmbpby
>jm]b_kbf\hebq_kdb_fh^_eb
B RbgQZdjuDZ[[ZeZ
IeZg_luAh^bZdZ;h]bb [h]bgb>_fhgub Zg]_eu
=_jhb
Dhjhev:j]mjYkhgZj]hgZ\l>`hgMwcg²ijbf_jkmjh\hc
q_klghcZf_jbdZgkdhcfm`_k]\_gghklb
Ihbkdbibsbb djh\Z
KmlhqgucjblfjZ[hlub kgZ
IhbkdiZjlg_jZ
B^_b
IeZlhg kqblZe qlh j_Zevghklv khklhbl ba Zjo_lbih\ beb
nhjfgZoh^ysbokyaZij_^_eZfbq_eh\_qkkdh]h\hkijbylbydhlhju_
y\eyxlkyfhikZfb\k_]hqlhkms_kl\m_l\ q_eh\_q_kdhfhiul_
Bkdmkkl\h
JZ[hlZ<Zg=h]Zij_^klZ\ey_lZjo_lbiwdkij_kkbhgbafZb^_x
wfhpbhgZevghckihglZgghklb\ `b\hibkb
<_ebdZy FZlv hl dhlhjhc aZjh^beky fbj
hieh^hl\hjyxsZy\k_`b\h_
Hl_phebp_l\hjyxsbc\k_kbevgh_²lhqlh\u^_j`b\Z_l
bkiulZgb_\j_f_g_f
Ijbeh`_gb_
A:KL:<VL?K<H?<HH;J:@?GB?J:;HL:LVG:<:K
Ijhkgm\rbkv b \ l_q_gb_ ^gy ihqZs_ ih\lhjycl_ _keb
\hafh`gh\kemoFhcjZamfgZoh^blkyih^fhbfdhgljhe_f
GZmqbl_kv ihablb\gh bkihevah\Zlv ]em[hdmx j_eZdkZpbx <
jZkkeZ[e_gghf khklhygbb ih\lhjycl_ Fhc jZamf gZoh^blky ih^
fhbfdhgljhe_f
I_j_^ l_f dZd gZqZlv ^_eZlv qlheb[h lj_[mxs__
dhgp_gljZpbbih\lhjycl_\ mf_L_i_jv²dhgp_gljZpby
GZ ebkl_ [mfZ]b gZq_jlbl_ jy^ dhehghd b jZa^_ebl_ bo gZ
]h^h\u_ i_jbh^u \Zr_c `bagb GZqgbl_ k gug_rg_]h ]h^Z b
ihkl_i_ggh^\b]Zcl_kvgZaZ^\kihfbgZyhkh[u_kemqZbex^_cf_klZ
b kh[ulby k\yaZggu_ k hij_^_e_gguf i_jbh^hf ;m^vl_ lhqgu
<kihfbgZcl_p\_lZaZiZob\dmku\b^ua\mdbb hsms_gby
<kihfgbl_dh]^Z\Zf\ i_j\ucjZakZfhfmjZaj_rbebdmiblv
k_[_h^_`^m
<kihfgbl_k\hci_j\ucihp_emcDlh]^_dh]^Z"
<kihfgbl_ dh]^Z \u \i_j\u_ h[^mfZggh g_ ih^qbgbebkv
ijbdZamjh^bl_eybebmqbl_ey
Ih^mfZcl_ h keh\_klbfme_ gZijbf_j ^hf b iha\hevl_
k\h_fm jZamfm \ua\Zlv \ \hh[jZ`_gbb \k_ ZkkhpbZpbb k\yaZggu_ k
wlbfkeh\hfH[jZsZcl_hkh[_ggh_\gbfZgb_gZh[jZauk\yaZggu_k
iylvx hj]ZgZfb qm\kl\ <u[_jbl_ ^jm]h_ keh\hklbf? dhrdZ
kh[ZdZ dhjh\Z b ihijh[mcl_ i_j_`blv jZagv h[jZau dhlhju_
k\yaZguk gbfAZl_f\havfbl_ebkl[mfZ] LgZibrbl_keh\hklbfme\
p_glj_kljZgbpub gZibrbl_kehbdhlhju_ijboh^beb\Zf\ ]heh\m
dh]^Z \u bkihevah\Zeb Zkkhr Zpbx Fh`_l_ eb \u _s_ ^h[Z\blv
keh\Z" <uihegyy ex[h_ ba we mijZ`g_gbc hlf_qZcl_ dh]^Z \u
iha\hey_l_ k\h_fm jZamfm [em ^Zlv Fy]dh \_jgbl_ k\hc jZamf d
ihke_^g_c ZkkhpbZpbb Dh] ZkkhpbZpby aZdhgq_gZ ih^mfZcl_ h
\j_f_gbebk\h_fmjZamfm[em`^Zlvb ihiulZcl_k
wlh]h <kihfbgZy lZdbf ^bkpbiebgbjmxsbf h[jZahf \u
[m^_l_dhgljhebjh\Zlvk\hcjZamf
Iha\hevl_k\h_fm\hh[jZ`_gbyjZ[hlZlvgZ\ZkZ g_ijhlb\
\Zk
DZ`^uc ^_gv ijh\h^bl_ hij_^_e_ggh_ \j_fy
dhgp_gljbjmykvgZex[hcbafZg^Ze\dexq_gguo\ Ijbeh`_gb_
Kb^y \ iZjd_ m fhjy beb \ dZdhfeb[h ^jm]hf m]hed_
ijbjh^uaZdjhcl_]eZaZb \l_q_gb_iylb fbgml kemrZcl_ \k_ a\mdb
\hdjm] \Zk Dh]^Z \j_fy aZdhgqblky aZibrbl_ qlh \u keurZeb
Ih\lhjycl_ mijZ`g_gb_ dh]^Z lhevdh \hafh`gh b iulZcl_kv
m\_ebqb\Zlvdhebq_kl\ha\mdh\dhlhju_\ufh`_l_\kihfgblv
Kb^y ih[ebahklb hl fZ]ZabgZ kqblZcl_ ex^_c dhlhju_
ijhc^mlfbfh\Zk\ l_q_gb_iylbfbgml
KqblZcl_ ex^_c dhlhju_ ghkyl hij_^_e_gguc ij_^f_l
h^_`^uhqdbbebdhlhju_g_kmlhij_^_e_ggucij_^f_l
Kb^bl_k aZdjulufb]eZaZfbg_\Z`gh_kebex^bih^mfZxl
qlh \u \u]ey^bl_ g_kdhevdh kljZggh b iulZcl_kv hij_^_eylv
jZaebqgu_aZiZob
Iheh`bl_gZklhef_edboij_^f_lh\b gZdjhcl_boldZgvx
beb mc^bl_ ba dhfgZlu ih f_gvr_c f_j_ gZ ^_kylv fbgml Dh]^Z
\j_fy bkl_q_l ihkfhljbl_ gZ ij_^f_lu gZ klhe_ \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo
fbgml aZl_f mc^bl_ b \kihfgbl_ ij_^f_lu gZ klhe_ <kihfgb\ ik_
^\_gZ^pZlv gZjbkmcl_ bo jZkiheh`_gb_ gZ ebkl_ [mfZ]b Dh]^Z \u
kijZ\bl_kv k wlbf aZ^Zgb_f ihijhkbl_ dh]heb[h jZaeh`blv
ij_^f_lub ih\lhjbl_mijZ`g_gb_
JZkkuivl_ ih ihem dhjh[hd kibq_d Iheh`bl_ imklhc
dhjh[hdgZklhekh[_jbl_kibqdbihh^ghcb keh`bl_bo\ dhjh[hd
KlZjZcl_kvg_ki_rblvk mijZ`g_gb_fHghmkihdZb\Z_l
Kha^Zcl_ \hh[jZ`Z_fmx kp_gm \ dhlhjhc \u [ueb [u
\ugm`^_gu kdZaZlv qlh khe]Zeb dh]^Z gZ kZfhf ^_e_ \u kdZaZeb
ijZ\^m
Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ h]jhfgmx ^ujm \ g_[_ Z aZl_f gZihegbl_
__ ghh[jZ`Z_fufbij_^f_lZfb
Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh kha^Z_l_ r_^_\j \_ebdh]h bkdmkkl\Z
Ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlh\ugZoh^bl_dZjlmHkljh\ZKhdjh\bsZ aZl_f
hlijZ\ey_l_kvgZihbkdbkhdjh\bsZ
Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u b^_l_ ih mebp_ b klZedb\Z_l_kv
ebphfd ebpmk \Zrbf^\hcgbdhf
Ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlh\uklZedb\Z_l_kvebphfd ebpmk l_fh
dhf\u^mfZebqlhhgmf_j
Ijbeh`_gb_HDHGQ:GB?K?:GK:MIJ:@G?GBC
DZ`^uc jZa aZgbfZykv mijZ`g_gbyfb \dexqZxsbfb \ k_[y
jZ[hlmk h[jZaZfbaZdZgqb\Zcl_ke_^mxs_cijhp_^mjhc
;ukljhk^_eZcl_\ mf_[_]euchq_jdk_ZgkZ
K^_eZcl_g_kdhevdhaZf_lhdh lhfqlhijhbahrehb hlhf
ihgbfZgbbdhlhjh]h\u^hklb]eb
Ijhc^bl_ ih djm]m b dhkgbl_kv jZaguo ij_^f_lh\ qlh[u
himklblvkygZa_fex
<klZgvl_ ijyfh \ulygbl_ jmdb gZ^ ]heh\hc b f_^e_ggh
himkdZybo\gbaih\lhjycl_g_kdhevdhjZaY K_]h^gyrg__qbkehb y
a^_kv>gZa\Zgb_dhfgZlub f_klZ`
K^_eZcl_ ba k\h_]h jZamfZ klZjZl_evgh]h iZjlg_jZ Z g_
kdh\Zggh]hjZ[Z
Ijbeh`_gb_;BHEH=BQ?KD:YH;J:LG:YK<YAV
GZr_ l_eh \ujZabl_evgh hl\_qZ_l gZ gZrb fukeb Fukeb
kbevgub ^hhij_^_e_gghckl_i_gbhij_^_eyxlnmgdpbbgZr_]hl_eZ
?keb gZrb fukeb fh]ml k^_eZlv gZr_ l_eh gZijy`_gguf \eZklv
jZamfZlZd`_ihfh`_lgZfjZkkeZ[blvky
GZc^bl_ kihdhcgh_ f_klh b jZkkeZ[vl_kv bkihevamy aZibkv
j_eZdkZpbb aZldgbl_ beb aZdjhcl_ mrb qlh[u hlk_qv rmf _keb \u
gZoh^bl_ wlh g_h[oh^bfuf Bgh]^Z \u fh`_l_ hkhagZ\Zlv ihiuldm
jZkkeZ[blvky b l_f g_ f_g__ \Zr_ l_eh b jZamf dZ`mlky \Zf
fqZsbfbky Bkihevamcl_ kbem k\h_]h \hh[jZ`_gby qlh[u ihfhqv
k_[_aZf_^eblvl_fiwlh]h^\b`_gby
<bamZebabjmcl_ k_[y [_]msbf bkiulZcl_ mkdhj_gguc jblf
k_j^pZ b mqZklb\r__ky ^uoZgb_ aZl_f khagZl_evgh aZf_^ebl_
kdhjhklv [_]Z ² \ g_kdhevdh wlZih\ ihdZ gk i_j_c^_l_ gZ [ukljmx
oh^v[m
Ke_^mxsbc wlZi aZf_^eycl_ [ukljmx oh^v[m ^h l_fiZ
ijh]medbZ ihlhf²^hf_^e_gghcoh^v[uihdZ\ dhgp_dhgph\g_
hklZgh\bl_kvHlusbl_kihdhcgh_f_klh]^_fh`ghk_klvbebe_qvD
wlhfm \j_f_gb \Zr_ l_eh [m^_l jZkkeZ[e_gh hgh hl\_lbeh gZ
[bheh]bq_kdmxh[jZlgmxk\yavdhlhjmx\u_fm^Zeb
Dh]^Z\ujZkkeZ[bl_kv\Zr_\hh[jZ`_gb_mg_k_l\Zklm^Z]^_
ij_djZkgh kihdhcgh b fbjgh Ey]l_ b imklv khegp_ kh]j__l \Zk
KemrZcl_ a\mdb ijbjh^u ² ilbp iq_e \_l_j \ ^_j_\vyo b \ ljZgk
\hdjm]\ZkKemrZcl_rmfj_db<klZgvl_ih^hc^bl_d j_d_kgbfbl_
lmnebb re_iZcl_ih\h^_<uihqm\kl\m_l_ijhoeZ^mih^um\b^bl_
ke_]dZ dhjbqg_\uc ju`_\Zluc hkZ^hd hg k \_jrbgu lhjnygh]h
ohefZ \u \b^bl_ _]h \ hl^Ze_gbb GZ^_gvl_ lmneb b bkke_^mcl_
hl^Ze_gguc ohef Imklv \Zr_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ ih\_^_l \Zk lm^Z dm^Z
ohq_l >Zcl_ gZa\Zgb_ wlhfm f_klm Wlh \Zr_ f_klh \Zr_ m[_`bs_
dm^Zgbdlhg_fh`_l\lhj]gmlvkyHghklZg_l^ey\Zklbohc]Z\Zgvx
dh]^Z\u[m^_l_qm\kl\h\ZlvgZijy`_gb_
<Zr_ l_eh kdZ`_l \Zf dh]^Z [m^_l ihjZ aZdhgqblv wlh
mijZ`g_gb_<ueb[hiheghklvxhqg_l_kveb[h]em[hdh\a^hog_l_
GZmqbl_kv kemrZlv k\h_ l_eh b \u kfh`_l_ ijbclb d
jZ\gh\_kbxl_eZjZamfZb wfhpbcIhfgbl_jZ\gh\_kb_\ ijbjh^_²
ij_oh^ys__ Z g_ kh\_jr_ggh_ khklhygb_ ^eys__ky \_qgh <_qgh_
jZ\gh\_kb_[ueh[uklZlbqghDh]^Zfu^hklb]Z_fjZ\gh\_kbyohlyb
ij_oh^ys_]h wlh m`_ kh\_jr_gkl\h GZkeZ`^Zcl_kv wlbfb
fhf_glZfb BkiulZ\ bo fu ijh^\b]Z_fky \i_j_^ b mqbfky mijZ\
eylvgZijy`_gb_fb ij_^hl\jZsZlvklj_kkb jZkiZ^
Ijbeh`_gb_
MIJ:@GYCL?KV< NHDMKBJH<:GGHF<GBF:GBB
Nhdmkbjh\Zggh_ \gbfZgb_ ² wlh ihe_agh_ mijZ`g_gb_ ^ey
h[e_]q_gby [heb beb mf_gvr_gby gZijy`_gby Fgh]b_ ba gZk
rZjZoZxlkyi klhjhgmhl[hebb iulZxlkyi_j_klZlv^mfZlvh g_cY
ij_^iheZ]Zx gZf ke_^m_l ^_eZlv ijyfh ijhlb\hiheh`gh_
ij_^klZ\vl_k_[_qlh\u²[hev;hev²wlhlhqlhbkiulu\Z_fqu
\k_hgZihkueZ_lgZfg_dh_khh[s_gb_H^gZdhmklhcqb\mx[hevg_
ke_^m_l b]ghjbjh\Zlv b gZ^h bkdZlv f_^bpbgkdh]h kh\_lZ Gh hq_gv
qZklh^Z`_ihke_dhgkmevlZpbbk \jZqhf\k_qlhgZfij_^eZ]Zxl²
wlh[he_mlheyxsb_ij_iZjZluY ij_^eZ]ZxihfhsvZ g_e_q_gb_
Dh]^Z \u [m^_l_ ^hklZlhqgh jZkkeZ[e_gu ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_
qlhOLEL kb^bl_\ ljZ\_gZem]m<udeZ^_l_jmdbgZa_fexih[hdZfb
qm\kl\m_l_ hkljmx [hev hl dhexqdb dhlhjZy \ludZ_lky \ dhgqbd
mdZaZl_evgh]h iZevpZ \Zr_c ijZ\hc jmdb <u \a^jZ]b\Z_l_ hl [heb
<u ^_j`bl_kv aZ iZe_p aZl_f deZ^_l_ _]h \ jhl qlh[u gZclb
h[_]q_gb_<uqm\kl\m_l_imevkZpbxb iZe_pklZgh\blkydjZkguf
L_i_jv kdhgp_gljbjmcl_ \k_ \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ iylg_ \u
\b^bl_ dZd l_q_l djh\v Ihqm\kl\mcl_ [b_gb_ \k_ \Zr_ l_eh
ijbgbfZ_l gZ k_[y [b_gb_ imevkZ \ iZevp_ <Zr_ \gbfZgb_ k_cqZk
ihgZklhys_fm knhdmkbjh\Zgh L_i_jv gZqbgZcl_ qm\kl\h\Zlv dZd
[hev mf_gvrZ_lky ihkl_i_ggh fZehihfZem ImevkZpby klZgh\blky
f_g__bgl_gkb\ghcj_adbcdjZkgucp\_lihkl_i_gghkf_gy_lky[he__
g_cljZevguf <u [hevr_ g_ qm\kl\m_l_ imevkZ \ iZevp_ <u
\_jgmebkvd ghjf_
<bamZevgu_ mijZ`g_gby fh]ml bkihevah\Zlvky ^ey ex[hc
qZklb l_eZ b hgb ^hklZlhqgh ijhklu qlh[u [ukljh gZmqblv bf l_o
dlhbkiulu\Z_l[hev
Ijbeh`_gb_ML<?J@>?GBY
Bkihevah\Zgb_ml\_j`^_gbc
Ijhqlbl_i_j_qbke_ggu_a^_kvml\_j`^_gbyb hlf_lvl_ex[h_
\ dhlhjh_ ih \Zr_fm fg_gbx [ueh [u ljm^gh ih\_jblv
ijbf_gbl_evghd k_[_kZfhfm I_j_qblZcl_ml\_j`^_gbydhlhju_\u
g_fh`_l_hlklZb\Zlvhl\k_]hk_j^pZ
Dh]^Z \u k^_eZ_l_ wlh ^ey \k_o ml\_j`^_gbc dhlhju_
ih^\_j]g_l_ khfg_gbx \u[_jbl_ h^gh b kijhkbl_ k_[y ihq_fm"
AZibrbl_ k\hb ^h\h^u Bkihevamcl_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ qlh[u \_jgmlvky
gZaZ^ \h \j_f_gb b ihiulZcl_kv magZlv ihq_fm \u g_ fh`_l_
ml\_j^blv kZfh]h k_[y Q_c ]hehk \u keurbl_" DZdb_ keh\Z \Zf
]h\hjyl" DZdb_ nb]mju \u \b^bl_" DZdb_ `_klu bkihevamxlky"
Kihkh[ghklvml\_j`^Zlvk_[yg_ba[_`ghbf__lk\hbdhjgb\ lhfdZd
^jm]b_ex^bh^h[jyxlgZkb gZh[hjhl
AZf_gu g_]Zlb\gh]h ml\_j`^_gby ihablb\guf [m^_l g_e_]dh
^h[blvky H^gZdh _keb \u \_jbl_ qlh wlh fh`gh baf_gblv \u \
dhgp_dhgph\ijb^_l_d \_j_\ kZfh]hk_[y
Ml\_j`^_gby
Y ²wlhyb \h\k_ffbj_g_lgbdh]hlhqghlZdh]h`_dZdy
Y mgbdZe_g
Y \eZ^_x \k_f dZkZxsbfky f_gy ² fhbf l_ehf b \k_f
dZkZxsbfky_]h
Y \eZ^_x k\hbf jZamfhf \dexqZy \k_ fhb fukeb b
ij_^klZ\e_gby
Y \eZ^_xk\hbfb]eZaZf\dexqZyh[jZau\k_ogZ[ex^Z_fuo
h[t_dlh\
Y \eZ^_x k\hbfb qm\kl\Zfb dZdbfb [u hgb gb [ueb ²
ihablb\gufbb g_]Zlb\gufbFg_fh]mlgjZ\blvkyh^gbZ ^jm]b_g_
gjZ\blvkyghhgb\k_jZ\ghfhb
Y \eZ^_xk\hbfjlhfb \k_fbkeh\Zfbdhlhju_ijhbaghrm
ijbylgufbbeb]jm[ufbijZ\bevgufbbebg_ijZ\bevgufb
Y \eZ^_xk\hbf]hehkhf]jhfdbfbeblbobf
Y \eZ^_x\k_fbk\hbfb^_ckl\byfbihhlghr_gbxd ^jm]bf
bebd k_[_kZfhfm
Y \eZ^_x k\hbfb nZglZabyfb k\hbfb f_qlZfb k\hbfb
gZ^_`^Zfbk\hbfbkljZoZfb
Y \eZ^_x \k_fb k\hbfb ljbmfnZfb b mki_oZfb \k_fb
k\hbfbijh\ZeZfbb hrb[dZfb
Ihkdhevdm y iheghklvx \eZ^_x kh[hc lh fh]m \ dhg_qghf
kq_l_ magZlv b bkihevah\Zlv k_[y qlh[u ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ k\hbo
bgl_j_kZo
Kms_kl\mxl \_sb dhlhju_ f_gy haZ^Zqb\Zxl b ^jm]b_
dhlhjuo y ihdZ g_ agZx Gh ihdZ y ^jm`_ex[_g ih hlghr_gbx d
kZfhfm k_[_ y fh]m k fm`_kl\hf b gZ^_`^hc bkdZlv j_r_gby
]heh\hehfhdb kihkh[u[hevr_magZlvh kZfhfk_[_
DZd[uy gb\u]ey^_eb gba\mqZeqlh[uy gb]h\hjbeb gb
^_eZeqlh[uy gb^mfZeb gbqm\kl\h\Ze\ ex[hc^Zggucfhf_glwlh
mgbdZevghb Zml_glbqghfg_
Dh]^Z y ^mfZx h lhf dZd \u]ey^_e b a\mqZe qlh kdZaZe b
k^_eZe dZd ^mfZe b qm\kl\h\Ze y fh]m hl[jhkblv \k_ qlh aZohqm Y
fh]mkhojZgblvlhqlhhdZaZehkvmf_klgufY fh]mbah[j_klbg_qlh
gh\h_\f_klhlh]hqlhhl[jhkbe
Y fh]m \b^_lv keurZlv qm\kl\h\Zlv ^mfZlv ]h\hjblv b
^_eZlv M f_gy _klv bgkljmf_glu qlh[u \u`blv [ulv [ebadbf
^jm]bf [ulv ijh^mdlb\guf b ba\e_dZlv kfuke b ihjy^hd ba fbjZ
ex^_cb \_s_c\g_f_gy
Y \eZ^_xkh[hcke_^h\Zl_evghy fh]mbaf_gblvk_[y
Y ²wlhyb yohjhr
Y ijhsZxk_[_ex[mxhrb[dmb ijhklmihdihhlghr_gbxd
kZfhfmk_[_
Y ijhsZx\k_h[b^udhlhju_ijbqbgbebfg_^jm]b_ex^b
Y ijbgbfZx gZ k_[y hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ k\hx kh[kl\_ggmx
`bagvb ml\_j`^Zxqlhgbdlhg_bf__l\eZklbgZ^fhbfbj_r_gbyfb
[_afh_]hihegh]hkh]eZkby
PblZlZ ba IjhjhdZ =b[jZgZ ih^\h^bl wlh ijbeh`_gb_ d
dhgpm
<u g_ aZdexq_gu \ k\hbo l_eZo G_ h]jZgbq_gu ^hfZfb b
iheyfbLhqlh_klv\u`b\_lgZ^]hjhcB [jh^blk \_ljhf
Wlh g_ \_sv dhlhjZy ihea_l \ k_jh_ aZ l_iehf Beb dhiZ_l
ghju \ l_fghl_ ^ey [_ahiZkghklb Gh \_sv k\h[h^gZy ^mo dhlhjuc
h[e_dZ_la_fexB ^\b`_lky\ wnbj_
Ijbeh`_gb_
FZg^heZghf_j
WlZfZg^ZeZ²[hevr_q_fijhklhbhjgZf_glwlhi_j\ucrZ]
d dhgljhex \Zr_]h ijZ\h]h l\hjq_kdh]h ihemrZjby <u \iheg_
fh`_l_ h[gZjm`blv qlh \Zs_ \_j[Zevgh_ e_\h_ ihemrZjb_ klZg_l
njmkljbjh\Zgguf ihlhfm qlh hgh g_ fh`_l aZgbfZlvky
ijhkljZgkl\_ggufb hlghr_gbyfb b i_j_klZg_l gZ \k_ h[jZsZlv
\gbfZgb_ Lh]^Z ijZ\h_ ihemrZjb_ \Zr_]h fha]Z gZqg_l \klmiZlv \
k\hbijZ\ZFZg^ZeZihfh`_lhlukdZlv\ZffheqZgb_dhlhjh_lZblky
]^_lh]em[hdh\ \ZkkZfbo
Ky^vl_ m^h[gh b ^_j`bl_ jbkmghd i_j_^ kh[hc
Khkj_^hlhqvl_kv gZ p_glj_ nb]mju b gZ[ex^Zcl_ aZ hjgZf_glhf
Ihqm\kl\mcl_lhqlh\uau\Z_lhjgZf_glKfhljbl_gZp_gljfZg^Zeu
^h l_o ihj ihdZ g_ ihqm\kl\m_l_ k_[y dhfnhjlgh <bamZevgu_
hjgZf_glu[m^mlf_gylvky_keb\ukhkj_^hlhqbl_kvgZp_glj_
FZg^ZeZihfh`_l\Zf
Khkj_^hlhqblv\Zr_\gbfZgb_
Mkihdhblvs_[_l\Zr_]h\gmlj_gg_]h^bZeh]Z
Hl\e_qv e_\h_ ihemrZjb_ dhlhjh_ g_ fh`_l aZgbfZlvky
ijhkljZgkl\_ggufbhlghr_gbyfb
Iha\heblvijZ\hfmihemrZjbx^hfbgbjh\Zlv\ l_q_gb_^eb
l_evgh]hi_jbh^Z\j_f_gb
FZg^heZghf_j
Rjb YgljZ kZfZy ihqblZ_fZy ba \k_o fZglj khklZ\e_gZ ba
kp_ieyxsbokylj_m]hevgbdh\hkgh\ZgguogZ_^bghflj_m]hevgbd_
gZijZ\e_gghf \gba ² kbf\he_ `_gkdhc khab^Zl_evghklb B g_]h
jZa\b\Zxlky \k_ fm`kdb_ b `_gkdb_ nhjfu `bagb h[hagZ q_ggu_
lj_m]hevgbdZfb gZijZ\e_ggufb \\_jo b \gba jZkijhkl
jZgyxsbfbkydZddhgp_gljbq_kdZyjy[vgZ\h^_
FZg^heZghf_j
Hdgh Jhau ojbklbZgkdh]h kh[hjZ h[uqgh kfhljbl gZ aZiZ^ \
gZijZ\e_gbbjZykh]eZkgh^j_\g_cyauq_kdhcljZ^bpbbAZiZ^²wlh
lZd`_ lZbgkl\_ggZy a_fey aZoh^Z khegpZ dhlhjmx kj_^g_\_dh \u_
fbklbdbij_\jZlbeb\ \her_[gmxa_fexmijZ\ey_fmx[h`_kl\_gghc
dhjhe_\hc
OjbklbZgkdb_ dhg]j_]Zpbb ih\_jgmebkv kibghc d `_gkdhc
jha_\ aZiZ^ghfhdg_b h[jZlbebebphd fm`kdhfmkbf\hemdj_klZgZ
\hklhd_
EBL?J:LMJ:
$HVFK\OXV 2UHVWHLD 7UDQVODWHG E\ +XJK /OR\G-RQHV
YROV(OHFWURQLF7H[W
$HVFK\OXVF <K 7KH)XULHV
$VVDJLROL 5 3V\FKRV\QWKHVLV :HOOLQJERURXJK 7XUQVWRQH
3UHVV $VVDJLROL 5 6\PEROV RI 7UDQVSHUVRQDO ([SHULHQFHV
/RQGRQ7LN,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRV\QWKHVLV
$VVDJLROL57UDQVSHUVRQDO,QVSLUDWLRQDQG3V\FKRORJLFDO
0RXQWDLQ&OLPELQJ /RQGRQ7LOH,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FOLRV\QWKHVLV
%DFRQ )
7KH 1HZ $WODQWLV
&LWHG LQ *UHDW /LWHUDWXUH
&'5203DUVLSSDQ\1-%XUHDX'HYHORSPHQW,QF
%ODNH : &LWHG LQ 2[IRUG 'LFWLRQDU\ RI 4XRWDWLRQ DQG
0RGHUQ4XRWDWLRQV(OHFWURQLF(GLWLRQ 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV
%ROHQ-6*RGGHVVHVLQ(YHU\:RPDQ 1HZ<RUN+DUSHU
DQG 5RZ %ROHQ -6 *RGGHVVHV LQ (YHU\ 0DQ 1HZ <RUN +DUSHU DQG
5RZ%URZQ07KH8QIROGLQJ6HOI /RV$QJHOHV3V\FKRV\QWKHVLV3UHVV
%URZQH7
5HOLJR0HGLFL
&LWHGLQ*UHDW /LWHUDWXUH &'520
3DUVLSSDQ\1-%XUHDX'HYHORSPHQW,QF
%XEHU0SULQWDQG7KRX (GLQEXUJK7DQG7&ODUN
/LPLWHG
%XQ\DQ - 3LOJULP
V 3URJUHVV *ODVJRZ 5LFKDUG *ULIILQ
DQG&R&DPSEHOO-7KH0DVNVRI*RG 1HZ<RUN9LNLQJ
&DU\+)7KH9LVLRQRI'DQWH 7UDQV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
3UHVV
&KHWZ\QG 7 $ 'LFWLRQDU\ RI 6\PEROV /RQGRQ 3DODQGLQ
&UDPSWRQ0$Q+LVWRULFDO6XUYH\RI0HQWDO,PDJHU\7HFKQLTXHV
LQ3V\FKRWKHUDS\ 0RQWUHDO4XHEHF&HQWUHRI3V\FKRV\QWKHVLV'DQWHF
7KH'LYLQH&RPHG\
'HVRLOOH57KH'LUHFWHG'D\GUHDP /RQGRQ7KH,QVWLWXWH
RI3V\FKRV\QWKHVLV
)DEULFLXV-$OFKHP\ /RQGRQ$TXDULXP3UHVV)HUUXFFL3
:KDW :H 0D\ %H :HOOLQJERURXJK 7XUQVWRQH 3UHVV )LHU] +
-XQJLDQ3V\FKLDWU\ (LQVLHGHLQ6ZLW]HUODQG'DLPRQ9HUODJ
)DQFLV - DQG %HDXPRQW ) FO 3KLODVWHU RU /RYH /LHV$
%OHHGLQJ)UHXG6
7KHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIGUHDPV
6WDQGDUG(GLWLRQ
9ROVDQG/RQGRQ+RJDUWK3UHVV
*DOOHJRV 6( DQG 5HQQLFN 7 ,QQHU -RXUQH\V
:HOOLQJERURXJK
7XUQVWRQH3UHVV
*LEUDQ . 7KH 3URSKHW /RQGRQ +HLQHPDQ *ULPP 7KH
%URWKHUV ²
7KH 9DOLDQW /LWWOH 7DLORU
7KH 6OHHSLQJ %HDXW\
3V\FKRWKHUDS\
7KHRU\5HVHDUFKDQG3UDFWLFH ²
,UYLQJ:7KH$OKDLQEUD7KH(QFKDQWHG6ROGLHU &LWHGLQ
*UHDW/LWHUDWXUH &'5203DUVLSSDQ\1-%XUHDX'HYHORSPHQW,QF
-XQJ&3V\FKRORJ\DQG$OFKHP\ /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
-XQJ &* &RPPHQWDU\ RQ WKH 6HFUHW RI WKH *ROGHQ
)ORZHU /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3DXO
-XQJ&*0DQDQGKLV6\PEROV *DUGHQ&LW\'RXEOHGD\
-XQJ &* 7KH &ROOHFWHG :RUNV² 3V\FKRORJLFDO 7\SHV
9RO/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJHDQG.HJDQ3DXO
.HOO\*)
*XLGHGIDQWDV\DVDFRXQVHOOLQJWHFKQLTXHZLWK
\RXWK-RXUQDORI&RQVXOWLQJDQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\ ²
.OHLQ 0
7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI V\PERO IRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH HJR
,Q &RQWULEXWLRQV WR 3V\FKRDQDW\VLV /RQGRQ
+RJDUWK3UHVV
.RVEDE33
,PDJHU\WHFKQLTXHVLQSV\FKLDWU\
$UFKLYHVRI
*HQHUDO3V\FKLDWU\
/DVV$+.LUFPLGMDQ'DQG*ROGVWHLQ50'LFWLRQDL\
RI$OOXVLRQ /RQGRQ6SKHUH%RRNV/LPLWHG
/HXQHU + *XLGHG $IIHFWLYH ,PDJHU\ 0HQWDO ,PDJHU\ LQ
6KRUWWHUP3V\FKRWKHUDS\ 1HZ<RUN7KLHPH6WUDWWRQ
/\LHV-
(IILFDF\RIUHOD[DWLRQWUDLQLQJDQGJXLGHGLPDJHU\
LQUHGXFLQJWKHDZDUHQHVVRIFDLLFHUFKHPRWKHUDS\
-RXUQDORI&RQVXOWLQJ
DQG&OLQLFDO3V\FKRORJ\ ²
0LOQHU0
7KHUROHRILOOXVLRQLQV\PEROIRUPDWLRQ
,Q0
.OHLQ HW DO 1HZ 'LUHFWLRQV LQ 3V\FKRDQDO\VLV /RQGRQ .DUQDF
0DUHVILHOG5HSULQWV
0RUULV $ &KURQLFDOO\ 6LFN DQG 'LVDEOHG 3HUVRQV %LOO
+DQVDUG
2UQVWHLQ 5( 7KH 3V\FKRORJ\ RI &RQVFLRXVQHVV
+DUPRQGVZRUWK
3HOLFDQ
2UZHOO *
$ULLPDO )DUP
&LWHG LQ 2[IRUG 'LFWLRQDU\ RI
4XRWDWLRQ DQG 0RGHUQ 4XRWDWLRQV (OHFWURQLF (GLWLRQ 2[IRUG
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
5HQDQ(F
7KH3RHWU\RIWKH&HOWLF5DFHV
&LWHGLQ*UHDW
/LWHUDWXUH &'5203DUVLSSDQ\1-%XUHDX'HYHORSPHQW,QF
6DWLU 9 3HRSOH 0DNLQJ 3DOR $ WR &$ 6FLHQFH DQG
%HKDYLRXUV%RRNV
6KRUU -% 3V\FKRWKHUDS\ 7KURXJK ,PDJHU\ 1HZ <RUN
,QWHUFRQWLQHQWDO0HGLFDO%RRN&RUSRUDWLRQ
6PJHL - / ,PDJHU\ DQG 'D\GUHDP 0HWKRGV LQ
3V\FKRWKHUDS\DP%HKDYLRXU0RGLILFDWLRQ 1HZ<RLN$FDGHPLF3LHVV
6W$XJXVWLQH7KH&RQIHVVLRQVRI6W$XJXVWLQH 7UDQVODWHGE
(%3XVH\&LWHGLQ*UHDW/LWHUDWXLH &'5203DUVLSSDQ\1-%XUHDX '&
YHORSPHQW,LLF
6WHZDUW : &RXQVHOOLQJ LQ 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ /RQGRQ &URRP
+HOQL6WHZDUW:$=RI&RXQVHOOLQJ7KHRL\DQG3UDFWLFH /RQGRQ
&KDSPDQDQG+DOO
6WHZDUW : 'LFWLRQDU\ RI ,PDJHV DQG 6\PEROV LQ
&RXQVHOOLQJ /RQGRQ-HVVLFD.PJVOH\3XEOLVKHLV
:DONHL < * 7KH :RPDQ V 'LFWLRQDU\ RI 6\PEROV DQG
6DFLHG2EOHFWV /RQGRQ+DLSFLDQG5RZ
:RROPDQ - 7KH -RXLQDO RI -RKQ :RROPDQ &LWHG LQ *UHDW
/LW
HUDWXUH &' 520 3DLVLSSDQ\ 1- %XUHDX 'HYHORSPHQW ,QF
=GHQHN 0 7KH 5LJKW %UDLQ ([SHULHQFH /RQGRQ &RUJL =RODUV
(QF\FORSDHGLDRI2PHQV6LJQVDQG6XSHUVWLWLRQ
V /RQGRQ
6LPRQDQG6FKXVWHO
KH>?J@:GB?
( < SkjhZdh\Z Ij_^bkeh\b_d jmkkdhfmba^ZgbxIj_^bklh\b_
Z\lhjZ
QZklvi_j\Zy><?G:>P:LVIML?R?KL<BCIH H;J:A:F
I_j\h_iml_r_kl\b_MklZgh\dZ
KhagZ]_evghk
;_kkhagZl_vgh_
IkbobdZ
:jo_lbiu
L_hjbyXg]Zh[bg^b\b^mZevghklblbiZ
J_axf_
<lhjh_ iml_r_kl\b_ Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijbgpbih\ jZ[hlu k
h[jZaZfb
Bamq_gb_kemqZy²:ggZ
DZl_]hjbbkbf\heh\
R_klv \_^msbo ijbgpbih\ j[hlu k h[jZaZfb Ijbgpbi
dhgnjhglZpbb Ijbgpbi ljZgknhjfZpbb Ijbgpbi dhjfe_gby
Ijbgpbi ijbfbj_gby Ijbgpbi fZ]bq_kdhc `b^dhklb Ijbgpbi
bagmj_gbyb mhbqkl\Z
Jmdh\h^kl\hb gZijZ\e_gb_
J_axf_=j_lvkimlkrkk]\b_Bkke_^h\Zgb_l_fi_j\h]hmjh\gy
<hk_fgZ^pZlvhkgh\guo]_f\ gZijZ\e_gghf\hh[j]`_gbb
Ijhp_kk
_fi_j\Zy -,\L
L_fZ\lhjZy J_dZ
L_fZlj_lvy =hjZ
L_fZq_l\_jlZy²>hf
L_fZiylZy²E_k
L_fZr_klZy²Jhah\ucdmkl
J_axf_ Q_l\_jlh_ imlkr_k]\bk Bkke_^h\Zgb_ _f \lhjh]h
mjh\gy
L_f!k_^vfZy DbrZ
L_fZ\hkvf!y I_s_jZ
=_f^_\ylZy Dm[hd
=_fZ^_kylZyF_q 6
L_fZh^bggZ^i] Y ²>jZdhg 6
L_fZ^\_gZ^plyF_glhj
J_axf_
Iylh_iml_r_kl\b_Bkke_^h\Zgb_l_flj_lv_]hmjh\gy
L_fZljbgZ^pZlZy²E_\
L_fZq_lujgpsly²Km[ebqghklb L_fZ iylgZ^ply ²
KiysZydjZkZ\bpZbebRbih\gbd
L_fZr_klg^lly <medZg
L_fZkkfga^ply²Imklugy
L_fZ\hk_fgZ^ply²Dhe^mgvy
J_axf_ P
R_klh_iml_r_kl\b_B __x^h\qgb_l\hjq_kdhx\hh[j`_gby
<\_^_gb_
Ihq_fmbkihevamxl\hh[jZ`_gb_A
L\hjq_kdZyfukevb h[gh\eyxs__^_ckl\b_
L\hjq_kl\he_\h]hb ijZ\h]hihemrZjbcfha]Z
QlhlZdh_l\hjq_kdZyfukev"
JZa\b\Zcbl_k\hxbglmbpbx
J_axf_
K_^vfh_iml_r_kl\b_Bkke_^h\Zgb_kbf\hebafZ
:eobfby
Jhevkbf\heh\
Kgh\b^_gby
Fbnh^h]byb kbf\hebaf a
J_axf_
<hkvfh_iml_r_kl\b_Bkke_^h\rb_^\_gZ^pZbbaZ^Zgbc
=_jZdeZ
<\_^_gb_
Aa^rb_i_j\h_²bkke_^h\Zgb_\gmlj_gg_]h
Aa^rb_\lhjh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_\ukhl
Apigb_lj_lv_bkke_^h\Zgb_]em[bg
AZ^rb_q_l\_jlh_bkke_^h\Zgb_ijhly`_gghklb
Aq^rb_iylh_bkke_^h\Zgb_ijh[m`^_gby
AZ^Zgb_r_klh_bkke_^h\rb_ijhk\_lekgby
AZ^Zgb_k_^vfh_bkke_^h\Zgb_h]gy
AZ^Zgb_\hkvfh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_jZa\blby
AZ^rb_^_\ylh_²bkke_^h\rb_ex[\b
AZ^Zgb_^_kylh_²bkke_^h\rb_ljrknhjfsbb
AZ^Zgb_h^bgga^iZlh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_\hajh`^_gby
AZ^Zgb_^\_gZ^pZlh_bkke_^h\Zgb_hk\h[h`^_gby
Dhgnebdl
J_axf_
>_gyqh_iml_r_kl\b_Bkke_^h\Zgb_h[jZah\b a^hjh\v_
;hevb jZ[hlZk h[jZaZfb
WebaZ[_lBamq_gb_kemqZy 6
J_axf_
>_kylh_iml_r_kl\b_Bkke_^h\Zgb_lj_\h]b
LhiqZdlj_\h]b
KemqZcKvxaZg
KlmqZcR_beu
J_axf_
H^bggZ^pZlh_iml_r_kl\b_ Bkke_^h\Zgb_^_ij_kkbb
Ebf[^_ij_kkbb
J_axf_
>\_gZ^pZlh_iml_r_kl\b_Deb_gl\gmljb h[s_kl\Z
<\_^_gb_L_e_kgZydhgp_ipby
H[jZal_eZb h[s_kl\h
KlmqZc>_c\Z
J_axf_
QZklv \lhjZy IML_R?KL<BY K IYLG:>P:LVX
DEB?GL:FB
;beeI_j_dj_kldb
:eZgK_dkmZevgZyb^_glbqghklv
:jjZg=em[bguha_jZ
Wg^bAZ[jhr_ggh_ihe_dmdmjmau
Lj_bkbBgl_]jZpbyb \hajh`^_gb_
O_ba_eEZlmggucih^k\_qgbd
>`_gbkDZjlbggZy]Ze_j_y
EbebHlk_dkmZevgh]haehmihlj_[e_gbyd kheg_qghfmemqm
Fw]NjZgpmakdZyk\yav
FhcjZDheh^_p
G_beFZyd
KhnbyAZ[em^b\rZyky\ lmfZg_
GhjfZg=heh\hehfdZ
KZg^jZDhgvihbf_gbK\h[h^Z
>`_dIhqbgdZj_a_j\mZjZ
Kh_^bg_gb_gbl_c
Ijbeh`_gb_ Ijbf_ju Zjo_lbih\ Ijbeh`_gb_ AZklZ\vl_
k\h_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ jZ[hlZlv gZ \Zk Ijbeh`_gb_ HdhgqZgb_ k_ZgkZ
mijZ`g_gbb Ijbeh`_gb_ ;bheh]bq_kdZy h[jZlgZy k\yav
Ijbeh`_gb_ MijZ`gycl_kv \ nhdmkbjh\Zgghf \gbfZgbb
Ijbeh`_gb_Ml\_j`^_gbyIjbeh`_gb_LjbfZg^ZeuEbl_jZmjZ
<bevyfKlxZjl
J:;HL: K H;J:A:FB B KBF<HE:FB <
IKBOHEH=BQ?KDHFDHGKMEVLBJH<:GBB
©L_i_jv dh]^Z \u
<bevyf
jZkkeZ[e_guy ohqmqlh[u\u
KlxZjl \hh[jZabeb k_[y gZ
ikbohl_jZi_\l
ij_djZkghfem]m]^_gb[m^v\
ki_pbZebkl ih
ba\_klghf \Zf f_kl_ beb
ikbobq_kdhfm
kha^Zgghf \ \Zr_f
a^hjh\vx \
\hh[jZ`_gbb K_cqZk l_ieuc
\hhjm`_gguo
kheg_qguc ^_gv \lhjZy
kbeZo :\lhj k_fb
iheh\bgZ ^gy ^m_l e_]dbc
dgb] b fgh`_kl\Z
\_l_jhd b \uhsmsZ_l_fbj b
klZl_c ih
dhfnhjl<uhkfZljb\Z_l_kvb
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb
]^_lh keurbl_ rmf j_db
x \ lhf qbke_
\h^Z a\_gbl ih dZfgyf
©Keh\Zjy h[jZah\
ijhdeZ^u\Zy imlv q_j_a em]
b kbf\heh\ \
=ey^y \hdjm] \u \b^bl_ e_k
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb
]hjm b ^hf <Zf gjZ\blky wlh
ª
f_klh \u qm\kl\m_l_ k_[y
kqZkleb\uf b j_rZ_l_
ijbe_qvgZljZ\m<ukfhljbl_
gZ\_jo \ ]hem[h_ g_[h b
gZ[ex^Z_l_ aZ imrbklufb
[_eufb h[eZdZfb f_^e_ggh
ieu\msbfb ih g_[m <u
keurbl_ `m``Zgb_
gZk_dhfuo b i_gb_ ilbp
r_e_kl ljZ\u dhe_[e_fhc
\_l_jdhf <u qm\kl\m_l_
khgeb\hklv b gZqbgZ_l_
]j_ablvgZy\mª
<bevyf KlxZjl
©JZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb b
kbf\heZfb \
ikboheh]bq_kdhf
dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbbª
G_aZ\bkbfZynbjfZDeZkk
Fhkd\ZZy
L_e