Chapter 10

Simple Harmonic Motion

Chapter 13
Vibrations and Waves

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 Hooke’s Law (Chapter 5)

motion obeys

The spring force (or restoring force ) on the object is

directly proportional to the displacement of the object
from an equilibrium position.

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 10-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
A springthat
Motion exerts a restoring
occurs when theforce
net that
forceisalong
proportional
the
to the displacement
direction from equilibrium:
of motion obeys the Hooke's Law.
motion obeys
F is called the spring force (or restoring force)

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 10-2 Simple Harmonic Motion
A mass on a spring has a displacement as a function
of time that is a sine or cosine curve :
Here, A is called~the
amplitude~of~the
motion, which is the
max. displacement
from the equilibrium
position.

Time for one cycle is

Period (T). That is the
time from x = A to -A
and back to x = A.
 Simple Harmonic Motion
The number of complete cycles or vibrations per
unit of time is called the frequency (f).

1
f
T

Harmonic Oscillator Equation

ma  F  kx
k
a x
m
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 Simple Harmonic Motion
The number of complete cycles or vibrations per
unit of time is called the frequency (f).

1
f
T

Harmonic Oscillator Equation

ma  F  kx
k
a x
m
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 Velocity as a Function of Position
From conservation of mechanical
energy (see chapter 5)
1 2 1 1 2
kA  mv  kx
2

2 2 2

v 
k
m

A2  x 2 

Above gives the speed as a

function of position, knowing
the direction the velocity can be
determined.
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 10-5
Circular The &
Motion Simple
SimplePendulum
Harmonic Motion
However, for small angles, sin θ and θ are
approximately equal. Small angles means less
than 100

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 10-2 Simple
Simple Harmonic
Harmonic Motion &Motion
Position &
Simple Harmonic Motion
For simple harmonic motion, if T is the period of
the motion, we can write the position as a
function of time:

The angular frequency, ω :

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 The Period of a Mass on a Spring
We look at springs that are horizontal, that is
un-stretched at their equilibrium position.

Since the force on a mass on a Un-stretched at equilibrium

spring is proportional to the

displacement, and also to the
acceleration,

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 The dependency of time period on m and k

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 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as
Functions of Time

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 Example 01:
A horizontal spring with a force constant of 11 N/m is
connected to an air-track cart. When the cart is set in
motion, the spring causes it to oscillate back and forth
with a period of 1.2s. What is the mass of the cart?

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 The Simple Pendulum

The restoring force is

proportional to sin θ,
whereas the restoring
force for a spring is
proportional to the
displacement (which is
θ in this case).

Time period only depends on the length of the

pendulum!
 The Physical Pendulum
The physical pendulum is a
solid mass that oscillates
around its center of mass,
but cannot be modeled as a
point mass suspended by a
mass-less string.
Simple Pendulum is a Special case of the
Physical Pendulum!
For the physical pendulum, the period of
oscillations depend on the moment of inertia:

Substituting the moment of inertia of a

point mass a distance l from the axis of
rotation (ml2) gives, as expected,
Simple
Pendulum
Equation!
As a person walks, each leg swings much like a physical
pendulum. Assuming that the leg is a uniform rod with
length 1m, find the time period of the swinging leg.
 Waves
10-1 Periodic Motion
A wave is a disturbance in space and time of one
or more fields such that the field values oscillate
repeatedly about a stable equilibrium value.

Waves can be group by what type of field values

are oscillating, Mechanical and Electromagnetic

Waves can be grouped by the direction in which

field values oscillate and energy propagate.
Transverse and Longitudinal

Waves can be grouped by whether there is a net

energy transport or not, Progressive (travelling)
waves and stationary (standing) waves
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10-1 Periodic Motion
Describing Waves
 Speed of a Wave
10-1 Periodic Motion

A wave repeats over a distance

equal to the wavelength, λ.
The time necessary for a wave
to move one wavelength is
the time period, T.

Thus, the speed of a wave is

 Speed of a Wave
10-1 Periodic Motion
Electromagnetic radiation (Eg: light ) can be considered as a
wave. The speed of electromagnetic radiation in vacuum is
a constant, 3 x 108 m/s
For electromagnetic radiation,
all frequencies travel at the
same speed in a given medium!

Radio waves are broken

again into
UHF, Radar, VHF, FM, SW, MW,
LW, VLW and ELW ( 5000-6000
km used for submarine
communication)
 Speed of a
10-1 Wave on
Periodic a String
Motion
In the case of a string of length L, there are two basic
characteristics that determine the speed of a wave:

1. The tension in the string

2. The mass of the string

F is the tension in the string, and μ is the mass

𝑚
per unit length 𝜇 =
𝐿
Example 02:
A 10-m rope is10-1
pulled tight with a tension of 50 N.
When one end is given a quick “flick,” a wave is
generated that takes 0.50 s to travel to the other end
of the rope. What is the mass of the rope?
 Wave Interference

Superposition principle: The resultant wave, due to

two or more traveling waves through a medium is
founded by adding together the displacements of the
individual waves point by point

Constructive Interference
 Wave Interference

Destructive Interference
 Wave Reflection
10-1 Periodic Motion
What happens when the wave pulse reaches one end?

Fixed End Free End