GROUP 7
He believes that
st
The United Nations Meets the 21 Century:
Confronting the Challenges of Global
Governance by Thomas G. Weiss and
Ramesh Thakur
International transactions are typically
characterized by order, stability and predictability
How is the world governed even in the absence of
a world government?
Global Governance- the sum of laws, norms, policies
and institutions that define, constitute and mediate
trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens,
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations
and the market - the wielders and the objects of the
exercise of international power.
▰ "Crazy Quilt" of authority (Rousenau, 1993: 293)
- collective and disorganized authorities
▰ Actors of the global governance relies on
multilateralism and the underwriting of
regularity and public goods internationally
United Nations- Serves to be a clearing house of
information and action for its universal state
membership and mechanisms for involving non-state
actors
▰ The UN is both a global governance actor and
site.
GLOBAL GIVERNANCE, THE IDEA
▰ Governance - is as purposeful systems of rules
or norms that ensure order beyond what occurs
"naturally"
▰ Global Governance- is a rule based order
without government.
▰ UN- represents a structure of authority that
rests on institutionalize state practices and
norms.
An Unfinished Journey
We are struggling to find our way and are
nowhere near finding a satisfactory destination.
Craig Murphy encourages us.
the longer history of industry and international
organizations indicates that the task of creating the
necessary global institutions may be easier
Dante's Monarchia- beginning 14th century
criticizing the existing empires and then state sytem and
replacing it with universal government.
-Harold Jacobson- He observed that they
"picture the process of humanity combining into ever
larger and more stable units for the purpose of
governance - first the family, then the tribe, then the
city-state, and then the nation- a process which
presumably would eventually in the entire world being
combined in one political unit."
Alexander Wendt-"world state is inevitable"
The goal is a stable, peaceful, prosperous, and
well-ordered international society
GLOBALIZATION
▰ Globalization- concerns the expansion
of economic activities across state borders.
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
▰ ‘Global Governance’ are now preferred by
many international relations specialists
▰ Global Governance has demonstrated its value
WHAT HAPPENED IN 19TH CENTURY?
3 MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS identified by Inis Claude
(Swords into Plowshares, 1971)
1. Beginning of 19th Century:
The first concert system of multilateral, high-level
political gatherings such as the Congress of Vienna was
devised
Established ‘diplomacy by conference’ among the
European powers
2. End of 19th Century:
▰ The Hague System
- The goal was a universal membership conference
system that would meet regularly to build a peaceful
world politics based on law and reasoned deliberation,
as well as to consider specific problems or crises.

3. Creation of Public International Unions
▰ Example:
a. International Telegraphic Union, founded in
1865 (now the International
Telecommunication Union)
b. Universal Postal Union, established in 1874
MAIN GAPS THAT THE UN MEETS IN THE 21ST
CENTURY
1. Knowledge
2. Norms
3. Policy
4. Institutions
5. Compliance
Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations
Relations with Civil Society
▰ Its 2004 report – ‘We the Peoples’: Civil
Society, the UN and Global Governance:
Clear starting point: Governments alone cannot
resolve today’s global problems.
Offered 30 concrete proposals for the evolution of
the UN’s contemporary roles, including fostering
multi-constituency processes, investing more in
partnerships with civil society in Security Council
meetings.
Formulating Recommendations
▰ As new problems emerge and new norms arise,
they highlight gaps in policy that also need
attention.
▰ UN’s ability to convene and consult widely plays
a huge part in its ability to formulate
recommendations.
▰ Civil Society, The Heart of Global Governance
Civil Society is comprised of groups or
organizations working in the interest of the citizens
but operating outside of the governmental and for-
profit sectors
Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations
Relations with Civil Society
 Established by Secretary-General Kofi Annan on
February 2003
 Chaired by Fernando Henrique Cardoso (former
Brazil’s president
 The panel focused on the widening democracy
deficit in global governance, the growing
capacity and influence of non-state actors and
the rising power of global public opinion.
 Its 2004 report – ‘We the Peoples’: Civil
Society, the UN and Global Governance:
-Clear starting point: Governments
alone cannot resolve today’s global problems.
How The World Organization Meets The
Challenges Of Global Governance In The 21st
Century:
1. Multilateralism no longer concerns governments
alone but is now multifaceted, involving many
constituencies; the UN must develop new skills to
service this new way of working
2. It must become an outward-looking network
organization, catalyzing the relationships needed to get
strong results and not letting the traditions of its formal
processes be barriers
3. It must strengthen global governance by advocating
universality, inclusion, participation and accountability
on all levels; and
4. It must engage more systematically with world public
opinion to become more responsive to help shape
public attitudes and to bolster support for
multilateralism.
Institutionalizing Ideas
Institutionalization - a process intended to regulate
societal behavior within organizations or entire
societies. 
▰ John Ruggie explained that:
International regimes have been defined as
social institutions around which actor expectations
converge in a given area of international relations which
create an intersubjective framework of meaning. 
International Regimes are defined as a set of principles,
norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around
which actor’s expectations converge
Conclusions: The UN’s Ideational Role, The 21st
Century Challenge
Globalization of Policy- Making
-Growing numbers of problems in the 21 st
century are recognized and thus require the
globalization of policy making.
Recognition of non-state actors
-Non-state actors were recognized as growing in
importance and reach
-They were systematically embraced and
recognized as an integral part of comprehensive
solutions.
UN’s as an “Intellectual Actor” for Global Governance
-This consists of identifying and diagnosing
problem; developing norms (principled ideas) and
formulating recommendations (operational ideas). The
3 UN – state, professional secretariat and civil society –
have filled these ideational functions for 5 types of gaps;
knowledge, norms, policies, institutions, and
compliance.
GROUP 8
The Future of the State
E. J. Hobsbawm
Territorial State or Nation-State
- nation state, when talking about political,
judicial and cultural structures; and
- Territorial state when referring to
geographic area, physical resources,
infrastructure, borders and boundaries.
Specific Characteristics of the Territorial State
1. Territory, separated from other states by
clearly defined lines
2. Sovereign, no authority of the local state is
recognized
3. The monopoly both of law and of the
powers of coercion
4. The national state rules its citizens or
subjects directly
5. Standardization or homogenization in the
treatment of the inhabitants
6. The heritage of the Age of Revolution has
been to turn most states into citizen states
Tendencies Affecting the Major States and
their Future
1. The creation of a supranational economy
restricts the capacity of states to direct
national economies.
2. 2. By the rise of regional or global
institutions - such as the EU.
3. 3. Territorial borders have been made
largely irrelevant by the technological
revolution in transport and communication.
Two Unpromising Alternatives: Laissez-Faire
and ‘Small is Beautiful’
LAISSEZ-FAIRE
- is the belief that economies and businesses
function best when there is no interference
by the government.
‘Small is Beautiful’
- The substitution of larger political units by
smaller ones
GROUP 9
LOCATING THE GLOBAL SOUTH by Lisandro
E. Claudio
Introduction: The Starbucks and the Shanty
Cultural Homogenization is understood as a
state-led policy aimed at cultural standardization and
the overlap between state and culture (Conversi, 2010).
• Right outside these cafes are shantytowns
Shantytown is an area in or near a city in which
poor people live in small, badly built houses (Cambridge
Dictionary, n.d.).
 They live in the so-called "weak states," where
governments are too poor, weak, corrupt, and unstable
to supply its residents with basic needs.
The north/south divide is a reminder that
globalization has undersides.
• The coexistence of the shanty and Starbucks
point to the incompleteness of globalization whereas
the shanty represents the tenacity of the local which is
unable to participate in the cosmopolitan culture that
represents Starbucks.
Conceptualizing Without Defining
It allows critics and activists to make distinctions
beneficiaries of uneven systems of global power
• "Third Worldism" or "nonalignment" is no
longer tenable in light of the collapse of the Soviet Bloc
or the "Second World
Global South
For whom and under what conditions the global
south becomes relevant
Global south is not a directional designation, it
is a symbolic designation.
State
1. There are forms of power inequality that
cannot be reduced to discussions of state politics.
• There are everyday resistances among the
people.
• Non-movements or the quiet encroachment
of the ordinary are not always direct challenges to it.
2. Not all formal colonial entities are states.
• Solidarities can be drawn between it and
other postcolonial that now define themselves as
states.
State
3. The process of globalization places into
question geographically-bound conceptions of poverty
and inequality.
Global south: poverty of the underdeveloped
countries.
Global north: affluence of the developing
world. • Marx was correct to claim, "the proletariat has
no country." There is a global south in the global north
and vice versa.
Colonialism, Modernity, and the Creation of
Global Inequality
The Global South is a product of Western
imagination.
GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL believed that a
universal 'spirit' propelled world history, leading
humankind to higher levels of consciousness.
FRENCH MISSION CIVILISATRICE which held that
civilization was a necessary tool for the spread of
'civilization'-allowed for the subjugation of vast parts of
Africa and Southeast Asia
FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR Began when US President
William McKinley declared a policy of 'benevolent
assimilation' for the Philippines-colonialism with a smile
WALT W. ROSTOW'S MODERNIZATION THEORY which
outlined historical progress in terms of a society's
capacity to produce and consume material goods,
became a key foreign policy precept of the Kennedy
administration
ARTURO ESCOBAR notes the notion of
"underdevelopment" and "third world" emerged as
working concepts in the process by which the West (and
the East) redefined themselves and the global power
structure.
SAMUEL HUNTINGTON's debated THEORY OF WORLD
POLITICS claims that a 'clash of civilizations' is the main
source of conflicts in the post-cold war world, rehashes
many of colonial stereotype associated with so-called
backward civilizations.
THOMAS FRIEDMAN His metaphor of the Lexus, which
signifies a 'fundamental, age-old human drive' for
'sustenance, improvements, prosperity and
modernization', is equates with 'global markets,
financial institutions and computer technologies with
which we pursue higher living standard today.’
MANFRED STEGER contends that 'globalism', 'the
dominant political belief system of our time against
which all of its challengers must define themselves.'
Challenging the Colonial Order
Solidarity — a feeling of unity between people who
have the same interests, goals, etc.
BENEDICT ANDERSON (2007) —"the resistance of the
countries benefitted from the increased interaction of
political dissidents amidst an early phase of
globalization that allowed for spreading of anarchist and
anticolonial ideas"
 • Anti-colonialism - though it emphasizes domestic
nationalism, was also an internationalist project.
• Socialist Internationalism - union of socialist parties
(now called social democrats) —did not prioritize the
struggle of colonized people in its policies
Lenin founded Communist International 1919
(Cominterm) as an alternative locus of socialist
internationalism
• Comintern organized the Congress of the East
in Caucasian town of Baku Lenin urged communists to
forge ties with nationalist elites and radical peasants in
their fight against colonialism. This alliance did not
translate into revolutionary victories
The end of the Second World War was the highpoint of
decoloration
—United Nation (UN) was created in 1945, over 80 ex-
colonies have gained independence.
—It was through UN that international law ceased to
formally divide the world into civilized and uncivilized
nations.
—with the enshrinement of the principle of self-
determination, postcolonial nationalism could justify
their cause within the ambit of international law.
The Asia-African Conference held in Indonesian City of
Bandung (Bandung conference) it brought together
from 29 Asian and African countries. Notable
participants included present-day heroes of the Third
world pantheon, especially Sukarno an Indonesian
president
ROLAND BURKE (2006)
• contends that debates about freedom allowed the
conference to affirm the value of universal and human
rights. • Today, however, the old language of Third
worldism is no longer tenable, on a narrow empirical
level, a tripartite world no longer exists.
Conclusion: The Global South as New
Internationalism
Government of Bolivia under Evo Morales, criticized the
inability of Western states to develop a truly effective
replacement for the Kyoto protocol during negotiations
in Copenhagen.
• The global south-as a symbol and metaphor- is not
only relevant for those who live in countries
traditionally associated with it.
• Hobsbawn notes that 'the nationalism of small
nations was just as impatient of minorities as what
Lenin called "great-nation" chauvinism
HAU AND SHIRAISHI propose that the concept be
rethought as 'a networked formed through intellectual,
physical, emotional, virtual, institutional, and even
sexual contacts, or some combination thereof'.
WALDEN BELLO illustrates that strong domestic, state-
based solutions are prerequisites for food security in
the global south. • It has premised one of the most
morally potent ideas of history: universal human
equality
REPORT NI SIR
WHAT IS NEOCOLONIALISM
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which
involves the subjugation of one people to
another
- The policy or practice of acquiring full or
partial political control over another
country, occupying it with settlers, and
exploiting it economically.
Neocolonialism- is an indirect form of control
through economic or cultural dependence
- Continues to actively control the affairs of
the newly independent state through ruling
native elites compliant with neocolonial
powers, populations that are exploited offer
their labor and resources in order to feed
an insatiable appetite
- Colonialism didn’t stop until now
- A system where Great Powers ( past
colonizers ) maintain their exploitative
relationship with past colonies
How does it works?
The geopolitical practice of using capitalism,
business globalization and cultural imperialism to
influence a country, instead of direct military or political
control
Neocolonial Territories- become the target market
(surplus value, tinatambak sa mga colony) for imports
from the imperial center
Dependency Theory- Depicts a world made up of
developmental inequities, noting that metropolitan
centers, in seeking to be even more developed,
“underdeveloped” the peripheries through trade
exploitation
- Stopping underdeveloped countries to
develop because they want them to depend
on them even more
Peripheral Economies- Built upon a few commodities or
single commodity
- Extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in price
and demand
- Dependent relationship with core
economies that traces its roots to
colonialism
Comparative advantage theory- focus kung saan ka
magaling na pinapairal ng core countries sa mga
peripheral countries
MCDONALDIZATION OF SOCIETY
○ It represent a loss of individual choice
and creativity
○ Assembly line production of food ( from
production to sales)
Neocolonialism in Africa by Harold Nyikal
⊙ Neocolonialism as a new form of colonialism
⊙ Western countries – masked under the pretext
of economic support for Africa, directly
enforced or institutonalized in the World Bank ,
the International Monetary Fund( IMF) and the
World Trade Organization (WTO)
⊙ The Policies- chained Africa to continue to be
dependent on western economies for
subsistence
⊙ Prevents Self Help to the continent’s economic
problems
⊙ Focused solely on building infrastructure to get
resource and export them to the global market
Neoliberal Globalization
Adams Smith “The invisible hand”
I.Economic Liberalization
⊙ flooding the market with imported goods
destroy local industries and livelihoods
⊙ Increasing poverty and unemployment
⊙ Locally produced goods suffer from unfair
competition by cheaper importers
⊙ Mary John Manazan : Group of Seven
○ control the liberal capitalist market
economy
○ Represent the controlling power of
advanced capitalist countries
comprising of the G-7 ( Japan, USA,
France, Germany, Great Britain, Canada
and Italy)
Transnational Elites
Network of interconnected elites controlling
major field of social life (economic, social,
ideological, etc)
Distorted Structure o Economy Implied Two Things:
⊙ Subordination
○ Reorganization of the economy that it
will only produce primary goods for the
industrial West and the prevention of
local industrialization
⊙ External Orientation
○ Extreme dependency on overseas
market,
II. Deregulation
⊙ ‘neoliberal state’ - peripheral neoliberal state
since it becomes instrumental to neoliberal
policies largely controlled by core –countries
III. Privitization
⊙ The core of IMF/WB’s structural adjustment
policies
⊙ Trade liberalization and Market deregulation
⊙ Privatization of public utility
⊙ Eliminates public subsidies on social services
and public sector corporations
IV. Labor Export
 ⊙ Government strategy to pay debt and regulate
unemployment
⊙ Philippines – Top Labor Exporter ( IBON 1998)
○ Feminization of migrant labor – Filipino
Women comprise majority of export
labor ( 61% in 1998 and 70% in 2000)
V. International Division of Labor
⊙ Under the old international division of labor
,underdeveloped areas were incorporated into
the world economy principally as suppliers of
mineral and agricultural commodities
⊙ As developing economies are merged into the
world economy, more production takes place in
these economies.
⊙ Third world countries – major source of raw
materials and a market for the industrial
capitalist societies
Modernization Theory
⊙ structure of relationship between the rich and
poor
⊙ Top-Down Approach- “ One shoe fits all”
⊙ USA AID- designed to aid underdeveloped areas
and improve their working conditions
⊙ WESTERN MODEL OF MODERNIZATION
WHAT IS THE FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION IN
SOCIETY
- It provides an immediate answer to reality
- A source of social cohesion
- May be an attempt to have some kind of
order
- Gives us sense of belongingness
WHAT IS RELIGION?
The Physical and the Divine
- Bridge of physical and divine world
- Shared valued system
- What is profane
A way for man to have a relationship with the
Divine
RELIGION AND GLOBALISM
Religion- divine commandments, how to relate to
reality
Globalism- abides with human made laws
Religion- communication between humans and
the transcendent
A Divine Entity- defines and judges human
action in moral terms (good or bad)
Globalist- is not worried whether he will end up in hell
or heaven (occur after death)
-when a religious person aspires to be a saint;
the globalist trains to be a shrewd business person
A religious Person- his main duty is to live morally
upright to be assured of a place other than this world
(ex. Heaven)
“Religious evangelization is in itself a form of
globalization”
Religious Evangelization- is concerned with the spread
of holy ideas globally (ex. spreading the Word of God)
Globalism- wishes to spread good services (material
things)
Monastic life – isolation from the profane influence of
civilization
King Henry VIII
• Broke away from Roman Catholicism and
established his own church
• His desire to annul his first marriage without
papal approval led to the creation od a separate Church
Of England
Some Muslims view globalization as a Trojan horse
hiding supporters of Western values
Secularization Theory
• Thesis that modernization will erode religious
practices
Durkheim describes and explain the most primitive
religion known to man. He argued that:
• We cannot understand more advanced religion
except by analyzing the way they have been
progressively constituted throughout history
Animism
• Latin: anima “breath, spirit, life”
• Belief that all things have soul
• Oldest belief system

• Key component of: Hinduism, Buddhism, and

Pantheism

Australia Aboriginal

• Indigenous people of Australia

• Key aspect of their belief: dreaming

Shaman

• Person regarded as having access to, and

influence in the world of good and evil spirits

Hypothesis: Edmund Burnett Taylor

• Religion had evolved from a doctrine of souls,

arose from spontaneous reflection upon death, dream
and apparitions, to a wider doctrine of spirits, which
eventually expanded to embrace powerful demons and
gods.

Second self

• Animistic theory, the idea of human soul was

first suggested by the contrast between the mental
representations experience while asleep and those of
normal experience.

Naturism

• Natural forces cease being represented in the

mind in an abstract form and are transformed into
personal, conscious spirits or gods to whom the cult of
nature may be addressed.

Totemism

• Most basic form of religion

• Totem – any animal, plant or other object which

provides symbolic meaning for a person or social group;
collective symbols that represent both god and society

Totemism is symbolic and totem is a symbol of god and

society.