Introduction and Defining Globalization
Interdisciplinary approach
Avoid parochialism
A limited or narrow outlook, especially focused on a local area
 Filipinos increasingly interacting with the world
-OFW 4,018 Filipinos per day in 2009, 6,092 in 2015
-Internet, cheaper travel, presence of MNCs
Globalization: Inherently Interdisciplinary
-combination of different perspective of different discipline
“holistically”
 See contemporary world through a broad lens
 Allows us to examine various globalizing processes
(cultural, social, economic processes)
 Forces us to ask questions re. global citizenship
(Global responsibilities as global citizens)
 As opposed to popular/activist definition:
Not “neoliberal globalization”/ “market globalism”
What is Neoliberal Globalization?
Neoliberal policies desire to create a framework for the economy
that makes it possible to raise profits by minimizing costs of
investment.
 We need to transcend our disciplinary boundaries…
Otherwise, we won’t talk (step out in our own boundaries)
For a political scientist
Political scientist: “Challenge to the nation state.”
-Strength of regional blocks
-Emergence of global political norms (need to comply with global
standards)
-Emergence of corporations
-VISA>Zimbabwe – Walmart –Yahoo>Magnolia
-Nike>Paraguay -Pepsi>Oman –Mcdonald’s >Latria
For the economist…
Increased free trade
Free Market Capitalism
- “Laissez faire: leave alone”- economic system that is opposed to
any government intervention to business affairs.
-“Natural order”- self-regulating
Against: minimum wages, duties, trade restrictions and corporate
taxes
“export oriented, import dependent (plan for the Phil.)”
Food insecurity (not able to feed its own country
Free Trade- is a policy followed by some international market in
which countries government do not restrict imports from or exports
to other countries
Global Economy Organization
-World Bank -World trade organization –International Monetary
Fund -World Economic Fund
Regional Trade Blocs
-Europian Union (a single market with a single currency) -European
Free Trade Area -North America Free Trade Agreement (USA,
Canada, Mexico) -Association of East Asian Nation
For the scholar of culture and communication
- “Global village”- presence of global community where distinct
individual can gather together
-Communications technology as “shrinking” our world
-“Cultural imperialism”- believes that culture is dominant and
standard culture
“They are all correct”
Working definition of globalization:
Steger: “Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness across world-time and
worldspace”
Attributes of Globalization
1. Various forms of connectivity
2. Expansion and stretching of social relations
3. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and activities
4. Occurs subjectively
GROUP 1
The Globalization of Economic Relations
Economic Globalization--the result of human innovation and
technological progress.
-movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology).
Four Interconnected Dimensions
 - Goods and services
 - financial and capital markets
 - technology and communication
 - Production
Internationalization- - Extension of Economic Activities
Economic Globalization- Integration between internationally
dispersed activities.
Economic Terms: Globalization
 - Globalization is nothing but a process making the world
economy an “organic system”
 Globalization transforms the national economy into a
global one.
 Globalization is an effective manager of the national
economy.
17th and 18th Century- -
Monopolized Trade
 First Multnational Corporations (1600)
 The British and the Dutch East India Companies (1602)
Convergence vs. Divergence- Globalization can indeed reduce
poverty but it does not definitely benefit all nations.
International Monetary System- regulate currency
 -refers to the rules, customs, instruments, facilities, and
organizations for effecting international payments.
 -to facilitate cross-border transactions, especially trade
and investments.
 -reflects economic power and interests.
UNILATERAL TRADE ORDER
 • Mercantilist era was best, characterized, therefore, as a
zero-sum game on the global level.
 Mercantilism
 - the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is
stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances.
(should have higher export)
 • Surge of international trade arrive only with European's
industrial revolution
 • Consequent repeal of British Corn Law in 1846
 • Free trade agreement
 Most Favored Principle “equal trading among all trading
partners”
 Protectionism
 - Policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign
competition.
 • World War I was a dramatic blow of free trade.
 • US Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 1934 eventually put
a stop to any further decline in international trade.
GROUP 2
Why Can’t People Feed Themselves?
DIVISION OF THE WORLD
• The “Minority” nations
-“taken off” through their agriculture and industrial revolution.
• The “Majority” nations
-remained primitive, traditional and undeveloped state.
COLONIALISM
• Destroyed the cultural patterns of production and
exchange in “underdeveloped” countries.
“UNDERDEVELOPED”
• Instead of being an adjective, for Frances it becomes verb.
(to “underdevelop”)
• “Hunger crisis” could not be described in static and
descriptive terms. Hunger and underdevelopment must
always be thought as a process
WHY HUNGER?
 Degree of malnutrition
 The levels of agricultural production
 Country’s ecological endowment
THE COLONIAL MIND- The colonizer viewed agriculture in the
subjugated lands as primitive and backwards
- A.J. Voelker- Agriculture is seen as for extracting of wealth.
- John Stuart Mill- reasoned that colonies should not be
thought as civilizations or countries at all but as
“agricultural establishments”.
Strategies in order for the people to plant cash crops
 Use physical or economic force
 Direct take-over of the land
FORCED PEASANT PRODUCTION- as Walter Rodney recounts in
“How Europe Underdeveloped Africa”, cash crops were often grown
literally under threat of guns and whips
Taxation was the preferred colonial techniques to force Africans to
grow cash crops.
Cash Crops – crop produced for its commercial value rather than for
use by the grower.
PLANTATIONS
A second approach was direct takeover of the land either
by the colonizing government or by private foreign interest
Crown land- land owned by the British or royal family
Uncultivated land- waste land
SUPPRESSING PEASANT FARMING
Peasants- It refers to the food producing sector or in short, farmers
or labourers
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONS THINKED VARIETY OF TACTICS
 Undercutting self-provisioning agriculture
 Making peasant the peasant be dependent on plantation
wages
WHY CAN’T PEOPLE FEED THEMSELVES?
 Because of the changes of land
 Impending history of colonialism
GROUP 3
THE MODERN-WORLD SYSTEMS AS A CAPITALIST
WORLD ECONOMY
Production- act of making output for consumption
Surplus value- sales revenue minus loss of material
Polarization- division of two contrasting word
WORLD ECONOMY- (Braudel's economie-monde)
Is a large geographic zone within which there is a division of labor
and hence significant internal exchange of basic or essential goods
as well as flows of capital and labor
CAPITALISM - endless accumulation of capital, it means that people
and firms are accumulating capital in order to accumulate still more
capital, a process that is continual and endless.
CAPITALIST SYSTEM – 2 economic that has need to progress
- Economic producers
- The holder of political power
“World economy plus capitalism = capitalist world-economy”
MARKET- both a concrete local structure in which individuals or
firms sell and buy goods, and a virtual institution across space where
the same kind of exchange occurs.
Capitalism cannot function without markets, and it is also
true that capitalists regularly say that they favor free markets.
Seller to monopoly = creates relatively wide margin between the
costs of production and the sales price = higher rate profit
QUASI-MONOPOLIES- self-liquidating. But they last long enough (say
thirty years) to ensure considerable accumulation of capital by those
who control the quasi-monopolies
FIRMS- main actors in the market
Axial division of labor of a capitalist world-economy
Core-like products- the degree of profitability of the
production processes. - controlled by quasi-monopolies.
(onti nagpoproduce)
Peripheral products- competitive products are in a weak
position and quasi-monopolized products are in a strong
position. (madalas nag eexport)
Core-like products plus peripheral products= semi peripheral states
Semi peripheral states-share characteristics of both core and
peripheral countries (e.g. South Korea, Brazil and India)
Kondratieff Cycle- Also known as long wave cycle
More or less fifty to sixty years in length
2 phases: A phase (expansion), B phase (stagnation)
Secular Trend- market activities which occur the long term
-can be thought as a curve whose x-axis records time and
y-axis measures a phenomenon
5 Kinds of Income in the Modern World-System
1. Wage Income- Payment (usually in money form) by
persons outside the household for a work of a member of
the household
2. Subsistence Activity- Producing goods for the purpose of
providing goods for the family’s use and needs
-largest part of household income
3. Petty Commodity- -product produced with in the confines
of the household but sold for cash on a wider market.
- Continues to widespread in the poorer zones of the world
economy
4. Rent- can be drawn from some major capital investment,
from locational advantage or capital ownership
5. Transfer Payments- income that comes to an individual by
virtue of a defined obligation of someone else to provide
the income
2 Major Varieties of Household
1. Proletarian household
- The household where wage-income accounts for 50% or
more of total lifetime income. (Wages dependent)
2. Semi proletarian Household
- The household where it accounts less than 50% of total
lifetime income. (Not so wages dependent)
Households- serve as the primary socializing agencies of the world-
system
Universalism- a positive norm, which means that most people assert
their belief in it, and almost everyone claims that it is a virtue.
Racism and sexism are just the opposite. They too are norms, but
they are negative norms, in that most people deny their belief in
them.
Racism and sexism on the other.
GROUP 4
RISE OF GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
- In early historical periods as both cities periods of both cities and
countries extended their reach beyond their own borders.
- Entities operating within this environment were functionally and
not so very different from contemporary organizations.
THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
 INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES- are importers and
importers, typically without investment outside of their
home country
 MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES- have investment in other
countries, but do not have coordinated products offerings
in each country
 GLOBAL COMPANIES- typically market their products and
services to each individual local market
 TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES- more complex
organizations which have invested in foreign operations.
THREE STRUCTURAL PERIOD (Geriffe, 2001)
- Investment-based globalization- was dominated by
PRODUCER-DRIVEN COMMODITY OR VALUE CHAINS,
which in turn tended to be dominated by firms
characterized by large amounts of concentrated capital
focused on large scale or capital-intensive manufacturing
or extractive industries
- Trade-based globalization- allowed inventions and social
orgs to combine
- Digital globalization- has affected the entire structure of
how global corporations operate
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – most of which was corporation
origin
Gross Domestic Product- GDP is calculated as the sum of all the
values added by each producer, not the sum total of all the sales of
all producers
State-owned Corporations
-enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign
affiliates in which the government has a controlling interest
NEMS (Non-equity modes of production)
-externalization for the corporation which gains access benefits
within global value chains without the direct investment of
comparable amounts of capital, albeit at the cost of relinquishing
elements of control and at reduced profit level.
Traditional Mode of Organization
-internalization because control and risk deside with the parent, as
do the vast majority of revenues and profits.
-created structures by which parent firms owned and directly
manage their subsidiaries
TWO CONFLICTING THRUST MANIFESTED DUE TO REGULATORY
DYNAMIC
1. Progressive and steady regulatory movement at both
international and national levels of liberalization
2. National regulatory changes targeted usually at
specific industries or investment patterns.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- represents a wide ranging set
of proposed governance structures, including rules, norms, codes of
conduct and standards developed largely by the global NGO
community
GROUP 5
Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected
World of States
State comes from the Latin status, meaning
"Condition of a country." The “States” commonly refers to America,
but state can refer to any country’s civil government.
- Has sovereignty, territory, population/people and
government
Nation-state- is on its last legs.
Economic interdependence and Global communication had
rendered the nation state a nostalgic fiction.
Today's era of globalization is indeed an era of status.
United Nations - 51 founding members after the end of the Second
World War. By the end of 2012, UN had 193 member states.
Max Weber definition of state, a compulsory political organization
with continuous operations. If and in so far as its administrative staff
is successfully upholds a claim to the monopoly of the legitimate use
of physical force in the enforcement of its order.
Qua states, nation-states are territorial organizations characterized
by the monopolization of legitimate violence. Qua nations, nation-
states are membership associations with a collective identity and a
democratic pretension to rule.
Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the
political and the national unit should be congruent.
Golden Straitjacket'- strategies and policies to attract international
business and investments
- Private sector as primary engine of economic growth
- Low rate of inflation
- Low tariffs
- Removal of restrictions
- Increasing export
- Privatization of utilities
Neoliberal theory
- Is a product packaged for export to underdeveloped
nations?
Economic and Political Integration: The Case of the European Union
- 28 states
- Single currency and monetary (Euro)
Trading blocs
- A type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional
intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade are reduced
or eliminated among the participating states

WORLD SOCIAL FORUM - forum dedicated to discussion and
proposal of alternatives for anti-globalization and alter undo activists
working towards the construction of a better world - rooted in the
belief that "Another world is possible!" (Brazil)
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM (Switzerland)
Global Framing - Sidney Tarrow
Social Media Revolution - era where political elites and citizens
everywhere are using new media to navigate and renegotiate their
relationship in the global age.
Ottawa Treaty
- The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling,
Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their
Destruction. The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, or often
simply the Mine Ban Treaty, aims at eliminating anti-personnel
landmines around the world.
- 160 countries on board except China, Russia and USA
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, NEW MEDIA AND THE STATE
NETWORK SOCIETY - a concept by Manuel Castells (2000) where
citizens and civil organizations can increasingly use networks to gain
power relative to states by generating alternative discourses that
have the potential to overwhelm the disciplinary discursive capacity
of the state as necessary step to neutralizing its use of violence.
GROUP 6
An international civilization
Power Politics - the unity of international society is thrown into
sharpest relief when it is riven by an international civil war.
Part 1:
European Civilization as Standard Civilization of the World
• Defeat of Napoleon- became the fundamental to new
understanding of international order and new techniques
of international rule.
3 Categories of Humanity
- Civilized- high intellectual
- Barbaric- warrior
- Savage- ancestor
3 Corresponding grades of recognition
- Plenary Political
- Partial Political
- Natural or mere human
Belligerent Occupation- a state of affairs in which a military
occupant interfered as little as was compatible with military
necessity in the internal affairs of the occupied country so as not to
prejudice the rights of the former ruler of that territory who was
regarded as remaining sovereign until a peace of settlement might
conclude otherwise.
Part 2:
League of Nations (encourage each country to prevent future war)
• established at Versailles after the first world war
• permanent organization of Abyssinia, Siam, Iran and
Turkey
Wilsonian Liberism
• the reason why the old Concert of Europe shot down
• Came from the United States' president, Woodrow Wilson
Imperialism - practice by which a country increases its power by
gaining control over other areas in the world, based on idea and
theory oh to become powerful
- No physical domination of governance
- No direct overtake of territories
Colonialism - practice of establishing territorial dominion over a
colony by an outside political power
Minority Rights- a badge of the new states secondary status,
manifesting their need for protection in the exercise of their own
sovereignty.
Basis of Existence of an Independent Nation
• Class A- Arab provinces of the Middle East
• Class B- Central Africa
• Class C- "sacred trust for civilization“
* Barbarossa live either in the class B or class C.
• Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy and Japan) –
They protest that the world be given each its
own proper place.
Part 3:
After effects of European Civilization in International Law
• “Trusteeship” turned to “Partnership” – as a term which is
felt to interpret more correctly the outlook of the colonial
peoples themselves towards the present phase of their
political evolution within the British Commonwealth of
Nations
• *Great Powers - sovereign state that is recognized as
having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a
global scale (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom
and the United States)
• International community – a rhetorical device, an empty
box which successive generations filled with new content -
from human rights in the 1940s, civil society in the 1990s
REPORT BY SIR
A HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS: CREATING AN
INTERNATIONAL ORDER
The attributes of Today’s Global System:
1. There are countries or states that are independent and
govern themselves
2. Countries interact with each other thru DIPLOMACY
3. There are international organizations like the UN that
facilitates interactions
4. Beyond simply facilitates meeting between states,
international organization, achieve peace and order
Ex. Task specific agencies like WHO ILO
Neo-liberal policy maximizing profit while having low
expense
INTERNATIONALISM
System of heightened interaction between various
sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater corporation and
unity among states and people
TWO GENERAL CONCEPTS
1. Liberal Internationalism
Immanuel Kant- German philosopher of Age of Enlightenment
-state in global system as people in a given territory
-Global Government
Jeremy Bentham- coined the word: International
-advocated for the creation of international
-the laws will govern inter-state relations “self-
determination vs. unitary established laws”
-PANOPTICON- all Seeing Eye ex store with CCTV
- Internal and external control
 - Dramaturgy- expression management to pertain a
certain character
Giuseppe Mazzini- believed in Republican Government (w/o kings)
-supreme power is held by the people
-elected representatives of people
-it is different form pure democracy in a sense of
governing people (always have the majority and minority) while in
the republican government, the laws are provided by elected
representatives, all laws are based on constitution to protect
majority and minority
-proposed a system of free nations that cooperate with
each other to create international system
-recognized the sovereignty of each state (Global
Corporation)
Woodrow Wilson- 28th president of the US
-Nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism
- Self-determination- belief that the world’s nation have
the right to free and sovereign government
-advocated for the creation of the LON at the end of WWI
INTERSTATE SYSTEM
How sovereignty was formed
Treaty of Westphalia- (Europe) used to end the 30 years religious
war (Catholic vs. Protestant)
-set agreement signed in 1648
Napoleonic War- (1803-1815) Napoleon Bonaparte believed in
LIBERTY EQUALITY and spread of the principle of French Revolution
-Mary Antonniette and King Louis XVI were killed in French
Revolution
Napoleonic Code- forbade birth priveledge (freedom)
-freedom of religion
Battle of Waterloo
-Anglo and Prussian army defeated Napoleon
-Concert of Europe- alliance of great power UK, Australia,
Russia and Prussia
-restore world monarchy hereditary and religious
privileges
-restore the sovereign states
Metternich System- named after Klemens Von Mattetnich
Security council- like great power, it has different power
Veto Power- the power to unilaterally stop an official action
especially the enactment of legislation (Permanent Members of UN
Security Council with veto power: China, France, Russian Federation,
UK and US)
Liberal- the world has divided into nation or states and connected
thru Global Corporation
Socialist- the world is divided according to their classes
League of Nations – achieve global corporation
- Recognize sovereignty of each states
2. Socialist Internationalism
Karl Marx- hates nationalism but believed in the form of
Internationalism
- The world has divided into classes; bourgeoisie (has the
means of production and land owner/master) and
proletariat (working people)
- “ WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE ”
Socialist Revolution- overthrow the state through revolution
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL- Int’l org est after the death of Karl Marx
Paris 1889
- Declaration of May 1 as labor day
- Int’l Women’s Day
- 8 hour for work day
- But it was vanished before the WWI
Russian Revolution- 1917
- Czar Nicholas II was overthrown by the Bolshevik Prty led
by Vladimir Lenin
- Established new state called USSR (Union of Soviet
Socialist Republic)
Communist Parties- ex. Philippine NPA
Communist International- to encourage these socialist revolutions
across the world, Lenin established the COMINTERN (not sure)
World War II- Soviet Union joined Allied Power
Joseph Stalin- successor of Lenin
- Dissolved Communist Int’l in 1941
- Established Communist Information Bureau

State- has sovereignty, people, government and territory

Nation- imagined community, sense of belongingness ex. When
Pacquaio wins

“NOT ALL NATIONS ARE STATES, BUT ALL STATES ARE NATION”
Eg. Scotland is distinct nation but under the state of United Kingdom
(they have their own flag)
- Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the
Philippines; start in a sense of nationalism

CONTEXT OF WWII
- Axis Power- German, Italy and Japan “Hitler”
- Allied Power- US, UK, France, Holland, and Belgium the
later on Soviet Union

Ultranationalist- an instinctive disdain for internationalism and

preferred to violently impose their dominance over other country
- Axis power believes that they are defender; to know it
must have blood, territory and history (Civilized country)