STO.

NIÑO COLLEGE OF ORMOC

COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Brgy Doña Feliza Mejia Subdivision
Ormoc City

LEA 2
Week 14 Dec 7-11
Module 21

I. INTRODUCTION:

The comparative models in policing gives the student’s idea in comparison with
other police units, their organization, practices, in particular the prevention and
control of crimes. At first, they have to study the history of the police, how it is
organized, the structure, ranks and the law which mandates the police of a certain
country.

II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTTIVES:

At the end of the lesson the students will be able to:

 Identify the police system of Peru

 Describe the brief history of the Peruvian police.

III. READING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES:

(Please read carefully and understand the topic below)

Topic: Peru Police

National Police of Peru

Coat of arms of the Peruvian National Police

Abbreviation PNP
Motto "Dios, Patria, Ley"
"God, Fatherland, Law"

Agency overview
Formed December 6, 1988
Preceding agencies
Peruvian Civil Guard (Guardia Civil del Perú)
Peruvian Investigative Police (Policía de Investigaciones del Perú)
Peruvian Republican Guard (Guardia Republicana del Perú)
Employees 140,000
Annual budgetS/. 4.1 billion 2009
Size 1,285,220 km² (496,222 mi²)
Population 29,132,013 June 2009
Legal jurisdiction National
Governing body Interior Ministry
Elected officer responsible
Jorge Montoya Pérez, Minister of Interior
Agency executive
Orlando Velasco Mujica, Director General
Facilities:
Airbases Jorge Chávez International Airport
Airplanes 13
Helicopters 46

Notables
Anniversary
December 6
The Peruvian National Police (Spanish: Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) is the national
police force of Peru. Its jurisdiction covers the nation's land, sea, and air territories. Formed
from the merge of the Investigative Police, the Civil Guard, and the Republican Guard in 1988, it
is one of the largest police forces in Latin America. Its mission is to preserve domestic order,
public order and national security, in order to enforce the law and protect the people of Peru.
The PNP is controlled by the Peruvian Interior Ministry. The PNP has a number of divisions,
tasked with enforcing specific aspects of the law; among the more well-known are DIROES
(Special Operations), DIRANDRO (Anti-Narcotics Unit), DIRINCRI (Criminal Investigations), and
DIRCOTE (Anti-Terrorism).

Contents
1 Functions of the National Police of Peru
2 History
2.1 The First Public Safety and Police Forces
2.2 The National Gendarmerie
2.3 The 1873 Police Reform and the War of the Pacific
2.3.1 Ranks of the Peruvian Civil Guard (1872–1919)
2.4 Police Reorganization Law
2.5 1923–1986: The changing evolution of Peruvian security services
2.6 Unification of the Police Forces
3 Ranks and titles
4 Aircraft
5 Equipment
5.1 Pistols
5.2 Assault rifles
5.3 Sniper rifles
5.4 Submachine guns
5.5 Machine guns
6 Vehicles
6.1 Armoured Vehicles
6.2 Patrol and utility vehicles

1. Functions of the National Police of Peru

Under its law of creation, the National Police has the following functions:

Maintaining security and public order.

Prevent, combat, investigate and report crimes.
Ensure public safety.
Provide protection to children, adolescents, the elderly and women who are at risk of their
freedom.
Investigate the disappearance of individuals.
Ensure and control vehicular and pedestrian free movement on the public roads and secure
vehicle and rail transport, to investigate and report accidents, and keep records of vehicles for
law enforcement, in coordination with the responsible authority.
Intervene in the air, sea, river and lake transportation in their actions.
Monitor and control the borders and enforce the laws on migratory control of nationals and
foreigners.
Providing security to the President of the Republic, the Heads of State on an official visit, the
Presidents of the government and the autonomous constitutional bodies, the Congress,
Ministers of State, as well as diplomats, dignitaries and other persons.
Comply with the Judiciary, the Constitutional Court, National Elections Board, the Public
Ministry and the National Electoral Office in exercising its functions.
Participate in prison security, as well as the transfer of the accused and sentenced.
Participate in the compliance of the provisions relating to the protection and conservation of
natural resources and the environment, and the safety of the archaeological and cultural
heritage of the Peru.
Ensuring the safety of goods and services, in coordination with relevant state bodies.
Participate in National Defense, Civil Defense and the economic and social development of the
country.
Carry out the identification of persons for law enforcement purposes.
Exercise such other functions as provided for in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of
Peru.

2. History
The history of the Peruvian police goes back to the age of the Incas: however, it was
since Peru became an independent republic in 1821 that the police began to be seen as a
definite institution with its own mission and functions.

The first police forces, beginning between 1825 and 1839, emerged as part of the armed
forces. At that time, watchmen and guards also carried out police functions within their areas of
operation.

The First Public Safety and Police Forces

After the proclamation of Peruvian independence by General San Martín in 1821, the
"Civic Militia" (Milicia Cívica) was created to keep public order. Its inspector general was Don
José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marqués de Torre Tagle, who later served the Supreme
Government (Supremo Gobierno) under the title Supreme Governor (Supremo Gobernador)
during 1823–24.

Under San Martín the presidents of departmental governing bodies (juntas

departamentales) were given the function of "police judges" (Jueces de Policía). As such their
task was to oversee public morals and social progress in general. In 1822–23 police functions
were organised under “commissars” (Comisarios) and section leaders (Decuriones), with the
support of the pre-existing neighbourhood leaders ( Alcaldes de Barrio). A secret police force,
known as the Civil Brigade (Brigada Civil), also came into being at that time. Its mission was to
identify those conspiring against Independence, whose agents were infiltrating into the
administrative structures of the new government, and even into the army.

The first constitution of the republic was promulgated in 1823, under the presidency of
Don José Bernardo Tagle, having been approved by the first constituent assembly on 12
November. Three new ministries were created: Government and Foreign Relations (which took
responsibility for policing), War and the Navy, and Finance.

Although this constitution laid down that municipal councils should be in charge of the
Policía de Orden, responsible for security and public order, it also included the Milicia Cívica and
the Guardia de Policía as part of the land-based armed forces, together with the army. The
Milicia Cívica would maintain “public security” within each province, while the Guardia de
Policía would maintain “private security”, e.g. dealing with highway robbers, and prosecuting
criminals.

In a decree issued on 7 January 1825, Simón Bolívar converted the Milicia Cívica into a
Guardia Nacional, with the task of ensuring public order in each region and community. The
Guardia Nacional was staffed by soldiers released from the army and was organised on military
lines; it remained part of the armed forces and constituted the army reserve. On 9 December
1826 the Vitalicia (“lifelong”) constitution was issued, under which police functions were
transferred from municipal government (a relic of the viceroyal period) to the Ministry of
Government, working through the prefectures and Intendencias.

On 20 January 1827, during his first presidency, Marshal Don Andrés de Santa Cruz
Calaumana issued a provisional set of police regulations.

In 1834 the serenos (town watchmen) of the viceroyal period were re-constituted, now
properly armed and in uniform. This occurred under the presidency of Marshal Luis José de
Orbegoso y Moncada. Soon afterwards, the “Arequipa regulations” created the posts of
Inspector and Guard (Celador), and the Order and Internal Security Forces came under the
superintendent of police in Lima, and under the sub-prefects in the provinces.

In his second administration (1836–1837), Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz ordered

increased security patrols nationwide, and the town level watchmen's detachments were cited
during his term of office, previously, these detachments made up of paid watchmen mounted
permanent surveillance duties.

Marshal Agustín Gamarra enacted in 1839 in Huancayo a new Regulation of Police,

which maintains the Police Chief at the head of a reorganized Vigilance and Security Corps with
ranks of Captain, Lieutenant, Corporals, Vigilants and Watchmen, and Lima is divided into ten
districts and details the various functions that are within its competence.

In 1845, Marshal Ramón Castilla Marquesado in his first government (1845–1851)

ordered the reactivation of the National Guard. This time the new Guard was created as a
national security organization distributed in all departments, and the decree that created it
issued new rules and regulations to define the functions, political authorities and the General
Inspectorate of the service.

The National Gendarmerie

General Don José Rufino Echenique Benavente, who became President in 1851 by
supreme decree of 14 April 1852[3] formally reorganized the Police Force into one body and
formally created the Peruvian National Gendarmerie, a Police Force composed of armed pickets
of gendarmes led by officers seconded from the Army which went into the tables of these units
were also created so-called "roving Barracks." Just like the National Guard, the Gendamerie was
organized along military lines.

The same year of its creation, 1852, 8 Companies of Infantry Gendarmes (formed into 2
Battalions) and a Regiment of Cavalry Gendarmes composed of 4 Squadrons became
operational.

The first Gendarmerie provisions were enacted in 1853 and 1855. In 1855, as Marshal
Ramón Castilla began his second term as President (1855–1862), he then proceeded to
reorganize the gendarmerie, and on April 7, 1856,[4] merged into it the existing Police Corps,
setting strict entry requirements and increasing their numbers.

However, 1856 the Head of Government for Lima Dr. Juan del Mar raised a 150-man
company of Guardsmen for the duties of public security in the Peruvian capital city,
independent from the Gendarmerie proper, due to its pressing needs for security.

On August 7 of 1861, the old organization of the Gendarmerie was disbanded. Replacing
it, the infantry component of the Gendarmerie was, by now, the 1st and 2nd Gendarme
Infantry Battalions, and the Gendarme Cavalry Squadron.

The 1st GIB as the leading unit of the services moved to the “Sacramentos de Santa
Ana” Barracks, located in the street of the same name and next to Plaza Italia, in Barrios Altos,
now converted into the state educational institution "Heroes of Cenepa" and on August 7,
1919, was formally renamed as the "Republican Guard" 1st Gendarme Infantry Battalion.
The 1873 Police Reform and the War of the Pacific
Don Manuel Pardo Lavalle's presidential term commenced on August 2, 1872, and one
of his first actions was to reorganize the national police force.

By Supreme Decree signed on December 31 of 1873, with legislative approval effective

April 3 of 1874, President Manuel Pardo formally reorganized the police in the following
manner:

"Neighborhood Organization", composed by the neighborhood residents against criminals, by

the Mayors of the respective municipalities.
"Police Services", composed of the Security Police in markets and public places.
"Police for Establishments".
"Rural Police."
"Prison Guards."
"Port Police, regulated by the Peruvian Navy.
"Organization of the permanent forces," for the preservation of public order, preventing crimes
and other similar problems.

Subinspector Mariano Santos Mateos, who fought in the War of the Pacific
It also refers to "urban and rural commisariats and of the Regular Police Force divided
into the Civil Guard and the National Gendarmerie, respectively". [4] Thus through Supreme
Decrees of December 31 of 1873 (published in the Diario Oficial "El Peruano" on January 28 of
1874) and March 23 of 1874 providing for its creation, the Peruvian Civil Guard was formally
established. Don Manuel Pardo Lavalle formally confirmed the paramilitary organization of both
forces but to fulfill duties of maintaining order and security nationwide. The National Congress
later on that year informed him of the readiness of the Civil Guard nationwide to fuifill the
functions stated in the decree, and the fact that the Civil Guard had reached its initial
operational capability.

The new "Civil Guard" would work to provide security and safety to citizens, while the
Gendarmerie would maintain the safety and security of public buildings, prisons and buildings
of government as well as of the civil workforce. To help the Civil Guards in its mission, on Nov.
9, 1874, President Don Manuel Pardo Lavalle opened the Civil Guard Instruction School which
was formed by a company of 50 men in the basis of the Battalion of Infantry Gendarms of Lima,
its first cadets. Its formal mission is the training of all service personnel of the service.

During the War with Chile, the Civil Guard did have a significant and active role to fight
alongside the Peruvian Army and is in the Battle of Tarapacá where Civil Guard Subinspector
Mariano Santos Mateos excelled in this battle, whose action was critical to the Army of Peru on
its victory. He, the Brave Guardsman of Tarapacá, who belonged to the 25th Infantry Battalion
"Arequipa Guards", a unit consisting of 6 Civil Guard companies, and managed to capture in
Peruvian hands, the Colonela (flag) of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Chilean Army. Even his
enemies congratulated him due to this action and he later was promoted to the next higher
grade of Guards Inspector, Peruvian Civil Guard.

The Gendarmerie also became involved in the war as the 8th Lima Infantry Battalion
under the command of Lt. Col. Remigio Morales Bermúdez, under the Peruvian Army. Both
services fought in all the battles of the war as the wartime reinforcement of the Peruvian
Armed Forces under the Ministry of War.

Ranks of the Peruvian Civil Guard (1872–1919)

Corneta (Cornet)
Guardia de segunda clase (Guardsman 2nd Class)
Guardia de primera clase (Guardsman 1st Class)
Subinspector de Guardias (Guards Subinspector)
Inspector de Guardias (Guards Inspector)
Mayor de Guardias (Guards Major)
Comandante de Guardias (Guards Commander)
Comisario Jefe (Chief Commissioner)

Police Reorganization Law

The conformation of the former police service lasted until 1919, the year in which the
second government of Don Augusto Bernardino Leguía Salcedo decided that it was time to
formally reorganize the services by the release of Legislative Decree No. 1163 issued on August
7, 1919. Among other things, it provided for the establishment of "a school for aspiring police
officers and individuals in the institution.

The President of the Republic Don Augusto Bernardino Leguía Salcedo, at the suggestion
of Peruvian Army General Gerardo Alvarez, who when on a visit to Paris, France, saw the French
Republican Guard and was inspired by its long history and its mission to guard government
institutions, and the presidency made it clear that it was due time that Peru adopt the French
model, made into law Supreme Decree of August 7, 1919[6] that provided, emulating the
Republican Guard of France, the 1st Gendarme Battalion was to be called 1st Gendarme
Infantry Battalion "Republican Guard of Peru", which should have the same functions as the
Republican Guard of Paris since it was created in its image and likeness, giving it the task of the
safety of government establishments and services, especially "the security of the Government
Palace and the National Congress."

The headquarters of the 1st Gendarmes Infantry Battalion "Republican Guard of Peru"
of the Peruvian National Gendarmerie stayed at the "Sacraments of Santa Ana" barracks in
Barrios Altos. Its first Chief Sergeant Major Florentino Bustamante received his officer's
commission and thus commanded Gendarmes Infantry Battalion No. 1 since July 9 of 1919 and
continued as head of the Battalion until September 30 of 1923. Thus, the Infantry Battalion
"Republican Guard of Peru" became the Presidential Guard Infantry of the Government Palace
for several years after the assassination of President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro on April 30,
1933, a duty that would remain until 1941.

As the purpose of President Leguía was to provide Spanish-style police for the country
via the example the Spanish Civil Guard had shown, for this he asked the government of His
Catholic Majesty the King of Spain Don Alfonso XIII, sending to the capital of Peru a Spanish
police mission to organize and instruct selected Peruvians to form a national police force.
Leguía through Supreme Resolution of April 4, 1921, formed a mission from Spain composed of
selected personnel of the Spanish Civil Guard, to establish the basis on which the Peruvian Civil
Guard will be reorganized, signed up at Madrid on October 1 of 1921, the diplomatic mission
that were recruited by the services of a Mission Benemérita de la Guardia Civil, which on
November 22, 1921 came to the capital of Peru and was chaired by then Lieutenant Colonel
Pedro Pueyo, SCG, from Spain. Completing the mission was Captain Bernardo Sanchez Visaires
SCG, Lieutenant Adolfo Parreño Carretero SCG, who due to illness had to return to Spain, and
was replaced by the same class of Lieutenant Fernando Gomez Ayau, SCG, and Sergeant First
Class José Gómez Hernández, SCG (the First Guard instructor).

The Spanish police mission, after its arrival went to work planning and formulation of
projects for the reform of the police, delivering within a month of their arrival, the
documentation on January 21, 1922, having presented to President Leguía and the Minister for
Police, 14 bills that comprise the complete plan of reorganization of the entire police forces of
the nation. This study was approved by the President himself, who considered the plan
proposed in the 14 projects mentioned, the only reasons for the reorganization, for his
excellent ways of adapting the state economy and despite the improvement of all services
involved would transform the police into a modern institution.

The First Mission of the Civil Guard of Spain which helped reorganize Peru's police force
in 1922
The new Civil Guard that came out of this reorganization would bear the image not just
of its Spanish counterparts but also of its past: The new Civil Guard Charter in its first article
stated that Honor is the principal emblem of the Civil Guard, a distinction that must never be
hurt, for when it is done it will never be repaired and in other articles stated the peacetime and
wartime organization of the service plus many other features. They shared the same GC
abbreviation as in Spain, but the motto was different: it was El honor es su divisa como la
madre patria (Honor is its emblem with the mother country) by no less than President Leguía
himself who adapted it to Peru.

As a result of work carried out by the Spanish Mission, the government issued July 3 of
1922 a Supreme Decree stipulating in its operative part the creation of the "School of the Civil
Guard and Police of the Republic." The purpose was to organize a police force similar to the
Spanish Civil Guard on the basis of the Republican Gendarmerie and the formation of another
unit called the Security and Public Order Corps on the basis of the old Town and Country Civil
Guards (their tradition, however, would move to the new Civil Guards) as well as found another
service but called the Investigation and Surveillance Unit (which would make the investigation
of crimes) with elements taking advantage of the Investigations Section of the Administration
Police and the first sergeants, graduates of the Army, or the same as serving as officers in the
Gendarmerie existed for those jobs. Most of all the decree formally made the long overdue
wish of the police forces to have its own officer’s academy. Formerly these officer cadets of the
Civil Guard, the Security Corps, and the soon to be created Investigation and Surveillance
Brigade shared the same academy as the officer cadets of the Peruvian Army: the Chorrillos
Military School, and shared the same reporting ministry in the War Ministry, not in the
Government and Police Ministry, as well as the military tradition and rank system as part of the
Peruvian Armed Forces, while the CGIC was only limited to other ranks as well as being the post
graduate specialty school for the officers.

The Police Academy, then the Civil Guard and Police Academy, was inaugurated on
November 1, 1922 and originally consisted of three sections:

1st Senior Officers

2nd, Junior Officers and Officer Cadets
3rd, Special Section for Aspiring personnel of Investigation and Surveillance and its
fingerprinting annex.
The opening was presided over by President Leguía, together with government officials,
the diplomatic corps, and military officials and attaches attending. The Spanish community of
Lima also graced the event and the Spanish mission chief, LTCOL Pedro Pueyo España, SCG,
entrusted the State War Color to the academy as its director after it was blessed officially by
military chaplains. A plaque was unveiled by the presiding officers to commemorate the
occasion.

The academy began operations on November 4 of 1922, had its first exams in March
1923, and graduated on September 3, 1923 the first batch of Civil Guards officers totaling up to
1988, 59 graduating classes all in all. The strength of the first class of graduates from the Police
Academy, addressed to the Commissioners for Lima, constituted the both State Security Corps
and the reorganized Civil Guard. Its address was then at 798 Sebastián Lorente Ibáñez Avenue
(formerly Las Incas Avenue) in Cercado, Lima and its first Corps of Cadets then made up of:

30 Peruvian Army Officer Cadets

104 Officer and NCO Cadets
19 Technical Cadets of the course of Investigation
1923–1986: The changing evolution of Peruvian security services
Thanks to the Spanish mission to Peru of the Spanish Civil Guard the nation had
professional civil security forces for the first time. The brand-new uniforms of the Civil Guard
and the Security Corps reflected the effects of that mission: While the new Civil Guard kept the
kepis with their dress beige uniforms Security Corps personnel wore peaked caps with their
dress and duty blue uniforms. Civil Guards were also distinguished by the very same items
Peruvian Army cavalry officers used then in their uniforms while the Security Corps uniforms
were modeled on those worn by European police services of the period. This mission also
provided for the establishment of the state investigations service, in 1922 it would bear fruit
with the raising of the Investigations and Surveillance Brigade of the Civil Guard, then a brigade-
sized formation, and at the same time, the 1st "Republican Guard" Gendarme Battalion became
a full regiment. The combined forces, reporting to the Ministry of Government and Police from
now on, were led by an Inspector General.

Police organization in the rural and urban areas then were different from each other.
Rural organization of the Civil Guard was on posts, lines, sectors, commands and regions while
Security Corps' urban organization mirrored military organization save that, instead of
companies, commissaries were the basic unit.

The cavalry was formed under the name of the Cavalry Squadron of Provincial Security,
which was organized on the basis of the Cavalry Gendarme Squadron "Lima Guard" at the
"Quinta de Presa", one of the new mounted police units to be raised as part of the Civil Guard.
Two more were later raised, but all were disbanded in 1923 and converted to instruction
squadrons in the Police Academy. The 1st Gendarme Cavalry Squadron, at the same time,
became the mounted component of the 1st Combined Arms (Cavalry and Infantry) Security
Regiment, and the Gendarmerie Provincial Cavalry Squadron became the Provincial Security
Cavalry Squadron. On February 22, 1924, President Augusto B. Leguía, via a Supreme Resolution
from the Cabinet, formally raised a Machine Gun Battalion to reinforce the ranks of the Security
Corps to fulfill its mandate of public order.

Police officer in 1923

The baptism of fire for the new Security Corps came with the death of two personnel
from the service on May 26, 1924, while on a routine mission in Villa de Olaya.

The August 18, 1924 decree established the 1st Joint Command of the Civil Guard, with
an Infantry Battalion, composed of two companies, and a Cavalry Squadron (formed on the
basis of the former mounted police). Its duties began the same month, with its first personnel
enlisted in 1925, detached from the two Civil Guards infantry companies' headquarters to the
San Lazaro Barracks located at Matamoros Street, in the Rimac and the Cavalry Squadron's
headquarters would be at Conchucos in the Barrios Altos, Lima, headquarters that the coming
years would become the headquarters of the Cavalry Squadron of the Police and Civil Guard
Guardsman's School until the end of 1965 when they moved to the Civil Guard Instruction
Center (now the National Police Officer's School) Mariano Santos in the district of La Campiña,
Chorrillos. The 1st Command would move to new quarters on 1644 28 July Avenue on January
16, 1937.

The Health Service of the Police was created by Supreme Decree of December 4 of 1924
as the support service of the Civil Guards and the Security Corps. The Civil Guard Second
Command, the customs police arm of the Civil Guard, would be raised on August 1, 1925, by
virtue of a Supreme Decree. Its baptism of fire came in 1927 while fighting the forces of local
rebel Eleodoro Benel Zuloeta in Cutervo Province and later while fighting warlords in
Cajamarca. Due to this and other actions the Civil Guard size was increased and 3 independent
companies had to be raised as a result.

A presidential decree of March 28, 1928 established August 30 every year as Police Day.
Its first observance was marked by a grand parade in Lima's outskirts by all the participating
units. Law No.6183 enacted on April 23, 1928 formally declared the status of the police forces
as paramilitary units under the control and supervision of the Ministry of Government and
Police.

Civil Guard of Peru in 1924

On January 14, 1929, the Traffic Battalion was raised, a merit of Law No. 6468, which
entrusted the battalion's mission to control traffic in the Capital of Peru, and Major Edilberto
Salazar Castillo, CG, was named as its first chief. The service was started in November of that
year. The Health Services of the Police was renamed in another Supreme Decree on August 12
the same year as the Government and Police Health Services, and on the 26th of the same
month the Investigation and Surveillance Brigade was elevated to a full Corp.

Leguía reorganized the Corps of Security Forces of the Republic by virtue of Supreme
Decree of March 17, 1930, with the autonomy of the role of cavalry in the Police Cavalry
Squadron recognized and the Provincial Security and Lima Security Squadrons, thus by merger,
became the First Cavalry Security Regt., moving the entire cavalry unit from the "Quinta de
Presa" base to the Barracks "El Potao", approving Col. Rufino Manuel Martinez Martinez, CG's
appointment as Head of the First Infantry Regiment of Security and appointing Lieutenant
Colonel Manuel Pella Cáceda, CG, as First commander of the First Cavalry Regiment based at
the Security Headquarters "El Potao." That same year the Machine Gun Battalion, mechanized
that very same year, was forced to stand down.

Subsequently, the First Security Infantry Regiment, consisting of battalions, was raised,
which in turn merged with the Commissioners for Lima. Then, these units were spread
throughout Peru, with the names of the Security Battalions of the North, Central and South,
with offices in Trujillo, Arequipa and La Oroya respectively. That same year, the Republican
Guard Regiment was transformed into the 2nd Infantry Regiment of Security, in a failed effort
to begin the unification of the national police services following the Chilean example.

The 2nd Infantry Regiment of Security became the Republican Guard Regiment in 1931
by orders of President David Samanez Ocampo, was reorganized and stripped of its State Color
the same year and would be reformed in 1932, with a new motto: "Honor, Loyalty, Discipline",
by now commanded by COL Enrique Herbozo Méndez, Peruvian Army, and after the
assassination of President Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro on April 30, 1933, stayed as the
presidential guard for several more years. The reorganized Regiment's strength was a
regimental headquarters unit and 3 battalions, the latter two composed of 3 rifle companies
each.

1931 also saw the Civil Guard involved in a rebellion by the 4th Army Division of the
Peruvian Army led by LTCOL Agustín Cabrera in Cusco on the 26th of June. After forcing the
surrender of the 4th Artillery Regiment, the rebel division marched towards the CG station and
the rebel leader asked the Civil Guard commander in the area, Major Humberto Flores Hidalgo
to defect, but he refused, forcing the rebels to withdraw from the police station. Major Hidalgo
alongside Captain Carlos Briolo forced Civil Guards units in the area to counterattack the rebel
movement and worked with opponents of the movement to stop it in its tracks. The result was
that most of the rebels defected and forced the capture of the rebel commander on July 6–7.

The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance rebellion of July 7, 1932 in Trujillo, Peru
surprised the services. As part of the forces responding to the revolution in that city, both the
Civil Guard and the Security Corps excelled well and contributed to the victory at the cost of 36
dead and 15 wounded at the part of both services. This was the first time both services fought
alongside the Peruvian Armed Forces in a joint service operation. In their honor and of all
others who died while in service, a memorial cenotaph was opened in the Police and Civil Guard
Academy courtyard in the following month.

The Republican Guard Regiment's role was expanded in 1935 by orders of President
Field Marshal Óscar R. Benavides in accordance with the just signed Republican Guard Organic
Law. Not only it was the presidential guard regiment (until 1940) it was also, by virtue of the
provisions of the law, mandated as the following:

State prisons and border guard service

Maintainer of order in worse situations when required
Intervening force for national security and defense
During wartime, part of the Armed Forces under the War Ministry and assigned directly
to the Army as a full regiment of infantry
That very same year the Investigation and Surveillance Corps, through Law no. 8154,
formalized its position in the Civil Guard and the rank system created in 1929 was officially
confirmed. 3 years later the ISC's Investigations Course in the National Civil Guard and Police
Academy formally opened its doors to aspiring members of the service.

The National Civil Guard and Police Academy Band would be raised on January 7, 1943.

With the reform of the January 5th of 1944 the Civil Guards Corps and Security Corps
were merged into one body called the Peruvian Civil Guard. Under a government mandate that
the service responsible for providing services in the towns and cities of the nation, the corps
was divided accordingly into the Urban Civil Guard for urban municipality and city security, and
the Rural Civil Guard for rural security services. Two years later, the ISC was formally converted
into the Corps Directorate of the ISC.

Through a presidential decree of President Dr. José Luis Bustamante y Rivero on

September 15, 1948, the Minister for Police Doctor Julio Cesar Villegas Cerro issued a resolution
granting the autonomy and functional independence of the Investigations and Surveillance
Corps (CIV) and establishing the Directorate for Investigations and Surveillance as the top
command under the Ministry of Government and Police.

In 1949, President of the Republic Army Divisional General Don Manuel Apolinario Odría
Amoretti elevated the Directorate of Research and Monitoring to the category of a full general
Directorate, by now an autonomous unit of the Civil Guard, with its own ranks and
departments, with the creation of a fiscal investigation’s unit done in 1950. In the same year a
full police radio unit was formed in the Civil Guard as the motorized security force under LTCOL
Isaac Ingunza Apolinario, CG.

Ministerial Resolution of November 9 of 1955 established the Preparatory Section of the

Police Women's CIV and on May 2 of 1956, forty women entered the Women's Section of the
School of Research Assistants at the Detectives College, National Police Academy. That same
year, Cadet 1st Class Teófilo Aliaga Salazar from the DC visited the Minister of Government and
the Interior Dr. Jorge Fernández Stoll, about the unfair practices of the Police Academy towards
its detective trainees. The fact, he stated to the Minister, was that cadet detectives were
prohibited from advancing to higher ranks, only used by the Civil Guard officer cadets of the
Academy. By January of the next year, the situation for the detective cadets in the Academy
resulted in a reorganization of the Police Academy Corps of Cadets, with detective cadets now
leading their own units while at the same time, plans were underway for the formation of the
National Investigations Police Academy, with official sanction coming on the 20th of the same
month. Another protest by the cadets, led by now Cadet Captain Salazar, that May, officially
gave way to the NIPA's official opening on May 21, at the offices of the National Pedagogical
Institute in Mexico Avenue, Victoria District, Lima, which would be its campus for the next 5
years.

Since 1957, all the police services had a singular Patroness, St. Rose of Lima, later
becoming the patroness only of the Civil Guard.

In June 1960 the ISC changed its name to the "Investigations Police of Peru" (IPP), and
the National Police Academy became the Civil Guard Instruction Center, with the Guardsmen's
School and the Civil Guard Officers' School attached to it. From that point until 1976, only the
IPP stayed the only police service that admitted women.

Since then Peru in the three police forces set by the Ministry of Government and
Interior and subordinate to them until 1991 were as follows:

Police Corps "Civil Guard of Peru"

Detective Corps "Investigations Police of Peru"
Gendarmerie Corps "Peruvian Republican Guard"
The status of the latter two services as such and their missions, among others, were
reaffirmed and expanded by presidential decrees signed on November 20 and 22, 1960,
respectively, by President Manuel Prado.
 1961 saw the raising of the Civil Guard Special Operations Unit aimed at protecting
peace and order during dangerous situations, staffed by Peruvian Armed Forces personnel at
first, and later by specially trained Civil Guardsmen. Police Day became Civil Guard Day by yet
another decree on June 30, 1964. And during those years, marked by subversive criminal
actions nationwide especially in the south, Civil Guardsmen, Republican Guardsmen and
Detectives stayed on the ground in the performance of their duties, helped by members of the
Police Health Services.

The missions and status of the Peruvian security services were revised again by various
government decrees by the Military Government of the Armed Forces on December 23, 1969,
one of which approved the Organic Law of the Health Service of the Police Forces, entrusted
with a mission of guaranteeing the health and safety of the personnel of the services and their
families. It had its own school and organization, and was under the Ministry of the Interior.

7 days after the revision of the status of the police forces, on December 30, 1969, the Statue of
the Police Forces was enacted by the Military Government of the Armed Forces, updating yet
again the status of all the services.

The PRG was dominated by the Peruvian Army, even though separate from the armed
forces, until 1975 when it had the first Director to rise from the ranks of the service. The service
had its own academy from 1964 onward (it included both the Republican Guard Officers'
School, the Guardsman's School and the Staff College).

Women joined the Civil Guard thanks to a 1977 military government degree, and in
1978 the Civil Guard Instruction Center admitted its first women officer cadets for the Women's
Police Branch in San Bartolo, which opened that April.

Unification of the Police Forces

Mirroring the future unification of the uniformed security services was a 1980 order adopting a
unified rank system for all 3 police services.

President Alan García Pérez, in his first term as chief executive (1985–1990), began on
September 14 of 1985, under the law 24,294 of the Republic, as approved by Congress, the
beginning of the reorganization of the police services of the Republic of Peru.

On February 4, 1986, continuing with the project undertaken, legislative decrees 370,
371, 372, and 373 relating to the Organic Law of the Ministry of the Interior, the Police Forces
Code of 1969 and the Organic Laws of the Civil Guard, Investigations Police and the Republican
Guard were issued to the three forces.

Among these, Legislative Decree No. 371, the "1986 Police Forces Act", formally laid the
foundations for the definitive establishment of the National Police of Peru.

The Act established a single command (i.e. the Directorate General of Police) and also
the formation of a single study center for the preparation of police officers (in the basis of Civil
Guard Instruction Center "Mariano Santos" in La Campina – Chorrillos, and to be called the
National Police Officer's School) and a national school for the guards and agents (referred to
National Police headquarters at the former Republican Guard Superior Institute in Puente
Piedra – now the National Police Technical College), directly under the Ministry of the Interior.

Law 24,949 was finally enacted on December 6 of 1988 amending the relevant articles
of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1979 with the aim of the formal foundation of the
National Police of Peru, and took effect the next day.

The objectives sought were, among others, to integrate the three police forces to make
better use of economic resources, eliminate the conflict that existed between them caused by
"double role" problems and, above all, provide better services to society.
 With the unification of police forces the Civil Guard, the Investigations Police and the
Republican Guard were renamed as the General Police, Technical Police and Security Police
until 1991, when the merger was finally completed. The combined service still retains its yearly
August 30 Police Day celebrations, in honor of its patroness and that of Peru and Latin America,
Saint Rose of Lima. She was honored in 1995 with the Grand Cross of the National Police Order
of Merit and was entrusted with a general officer's sash in honor of her patronage to the force.

Today, the National Police of Peru is a modern and efficient force. It has experienced 28
years of war against terrorism and drug trafficking, with more than 140,000 troops. The PNP is
one of the largest police forces in Latin America, with large land, air and water units as well as
special forces and commandos assigned to locations all over the country particularly with the
formation of their Tactical Action Sub-Unit (Sub-Unidad de Acción Táctica) or SUAT. However, it
is plagued by corruption.

3. Ranks and titles

The hierarchy of the National Police of Peru (since 1992) is structured in accordance with the
following template:

Police Staff:

1. Police Officers

1.1 General Officers:

General de Policia – General of Police

Teniente General – Lieutenant General
General
1.2. Senior Officers:

Coronel – Colonel
Comandante – Commandant
Mayor – Major
1.3. Junior officers:

Capitán – Captain
Teniente – Lieutenant
Alférez – Ensign
1.4. Cadetes de la Escuela de Oficiales (Cadets of the Officers School)

2. Oficiales de Servicios (Officers of the Staff and Services Corps) 2.1. Oficiales Generales
(General Officers)

General – General
2.2 Oficiales Superiores (Senior Officers)

Coronel – Colonel
Comandante – Commander
Mayor – Major
2.3 Oficiales Subalternos (Junior officers):

Capitán – Captain
Teniente – Lieutenant
Alférez – Ensign
3. Personnel with Officer Status in the National Police

3.1. Oficiales Superiores (Senior Officers)

Comandante Maestro Armero – Commander Master Armorer
Mayor Maestro Armero – Major Master Armorer
3.2 Oficiales Subalternos (junior officers)

Capitán Maestro Armero Captain Master Armorer

Teniente Maestro Armero Lieutenant Master Armorer
Alférez Maestro Armero Ensign Master Armorer
4. Suboficiales (Non Commissioned Officers)

4.1. Suboficiales (Non Commissioned Officers)

Suboficial Superior – Superior sergeant

Suboficial Brigadier – Brigadier sergeant
Suboficial Técnico de 1ra – Technical Sergeant 1st class
Suboficial Técnico de 2da – Technical Sergeant 2nd class
Suboficial Técnico de 3ra – Technical Sergeant 3rd class
Suboficial de 1ra – Sergeant 1st class
Suboficial de 2da – Sergeant 2nd class
Suboficial de 3ra – Sergeant 3rd class
4.2. Alumnos de las Escuelas de Suboficiales (Cadets of Schools for Non-Commissioned Officers)

5. Personal Subalterno de Servicios (NCOs of the Staff Corps)

Suboficial Superior – Superior sergeant

Suboficial Brigadier – Brigadier sergeant
Suboficial Técnico de 1ra – Technical Sergeant 1st class
Suboficial Técnico de 2da – Technical Sergeant 2nd class
Suboficial Técnico de 3ra – Technical Sergeant 3rd class
Suboficial de 1ra – Sergeant 1st class
Suboficial de 2da – Sergeant 2nd class
Suboficial de 3ra – Sergeant 3rd class

4. Aircraft
Aircraft Origin Type Version In service Notes
Utility aircraft
Beechcraft King Air United States liaison aircraft King Air E90 1
Cessna 206 United States trainer aircraft Cessna 206 2
Cessna 208 United States liaison aircraft Grand Caravan 1
Cessna 210 United States trainer aircraft Cessna 210 1
Piper PA-31 Navajo United States liaison aircraft PA-31 Navajo Panther1
Transport aircraft
Antonov An-32 Ukraine transport An-32B4
Harbin Y-12 China transport Y-12 Turbo Panda 2 Three acquired in 1993
Rockwell Turbo Commander United States VIP transport Turbo Commander 690 1
Helicopters
Bell UH-1 United States transport helicopter UH-1H 23
Bölkow Bo 105 Germany utility helicopter Bo-105LSA3 7
Eurocopter EC145 Germany utility helicopter EC145 4
MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 Germany utility helicopter BK-117B1----BK-117B2
Mil Mi-17 Soviet Union transport helicopter Mi-17 10
Robinson R22 United States light utility helicopter R-22 Beta II 1
Robinson R-44 United States Robinson R-44 Raven II 2 Acquired in 2010 two
R-44 Raven

Pistols
Model Image Caliber Origin Type Details
SIG Pro 9×19mm Parabellum United States Pistol Standard service pistol
Assault rifles
Model Image Caliber Origin Type Details
AKM
MPi-KMS-72

MPi KmS 7.62×39mm Soviet Union

East Germany Assault rifle Standard issue rifle
HK 53 5.56 × 45 mm NATO West Germany Assault rifle
M16 rifle 5.56×45mm NATO
M4 carbine 5.56×45mm NATO United States Assault rifle

SVD Dragunov 7.62×39mm Soviet Union Sniper rifle Police sniper rifle
HK MSG90 7.62×51mm NATO West Germany Sniper rifle
MP5SD
MP5K1

Heckler Koch MP5.jpg 9×19mm Parabellum Germany Submachine gun

Uzi 9×19mm Parabellum Israel Submachine gun
SIG MPX 9×19mm Parabellum Germany Submachine gun

Machine guns

HK11A1 HK 21 LMG RIGHT SIDE.jpg 7.62×51mm NATO Germany General

purpose machine gun
RPD 7.62×39mm Soviet Union Light machine gun
RPK-74 5.45×39mm M74 Soviet Union Light machine gun
PK/PK 7.62×54mmR Soviet Union General purpose machine gun

5. Vehicles
Armoured Vehicles

BMR-600 APC – Spain

UR-416 APC 30[13] Germany
Patrol and utility vehicles

Hyundai Patrol car – South Korea

Toyota Hilux PNP Toyota Japan

IV. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:

A. What is the mission of the Peruvian National Police?

B. Illustrate the hierarchy of the Peru National police.
C. Describe the functions of the Peru National Police.
D. What is the first public safety/police forces of Peru?
E. What do mean by “Dios, Patria, Ley”?
Rerence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_of_Peru