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(PDF) Bridge Preventive Maintenance Based On Life-Cycle Assessment
(PDF) Bridge Preventive Maintenance Based On Life-Cycle Assessment
April 2010 · Revista Técnica de la Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad del Zulia 33(1):3-10
Authors:
A criterion for preventive maintenance scheduling (PMS) is proposed based on the history
of previous damage occurrences, duration of repairs or maintenance, and the development Discover the world's research
of cost functions. The PMS method describes the performance of the bridge for the
19+ million
deterioration/damage events and maintenance actions during the bridge's service life. The
members
time to failure and repair time are modeled as random variables. Sensitivity studies show
that the maintenance cost by damage consequence, an indirect measure of the bridge 135+ million
importance, plays a signiVcant role on the optimal maintenance period. publications
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Abstract
A criterion for preventive maintenance scheduling (PMS) is proposed based on the history of previ- previ-
1 damage occurrences, duration of repairs or maintenance,
ous 1 and the development of cost
2 functions. The
PMS method describes the performance of the bridge for the deterioration/damage events and mainte- mainte-
nance actions during the bridge’s service life. The time to failure and repair time are modeled as random
2
variables. Sensitivity studies show that the maintenance
Download full-text PDFFacultad Read full-text
de Ingeniería, UniversidadDownload citationdel cost
Autónoma by damage
Estado deCopy consequence, an indirect mea-
link
México, Ciudad Universitaria.
sure of Toluca,
the bridge David de
importance, León
plays Escobedo
a significant and
role on Andrés
the Torres
optimal Acosta
maintenance
Estado de México, C. P. 50130, México. Tel. (52 -722) 2151351 period.
ext. 1002.
Key words: Bridge
Fax (52 maintenance,
-722) life-cycle
2151351 ext. 1014.cost, time to damage, repair time, optimal maintenance
daviddeleonescobedo@yahoo.com.mx
schedule.
Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Sanfandila, Qro., Méx., CP 76700. andres.torres@imt.mx
Bridge preventive maintenance based on life-cycle
Mantenimiento preventivo assessment de puentes basado
A criterion for preventive maintenance scheduling (PMS) is proposed based on the history of previ-
enduration
ous damage occurrences, evaluación Abstract
en el ciclo
of repairs or maintenance, and thede vida of cost functions. The
development
PMS method describes the performance of the bridge for the deterioration/damage events and mainte-
nance actions during the bridge’s service life. The time to failure and repair time are modeled as random
Resumen
variables. Sensitivity studies show that the maintenance cost by damage consequence, an indirect mea-
Sethe
sure of propone
bridgeun criterio para
importance, programación
plays de mantenimiento
a significant preventivo
role on the optimal de puentes
maintenance (PMS) basado en
period.
la historia previa de daños y reparaciones o duración del mantenimiento, y en el desarrollo de funciones
Key words: Bridge maintenance, life-cycle cost, time to damage, repair time, optimal maintenance
de costo en el ciclo de vida. El método PMS describe el desempeño del Puente a medida que ocurren los
schedule.
eventos de daño/deterioro así como sus respectivas acciones de mantenimiento durante la vida de servi- servi-
cio u operación del puente. El tiempo a la falla y el de reparación se modelan como variables aleatorias.
Estudios de sensitividad demuestran que los costos por consecuencias del daño, una medida indirecta de
la importancia del puente, juegan un papel significativo en el periodo óptimo de mantenimiento.
Palabras clave: Mantenimiento de puentes, costo en el ciclo de vida, tiempo al daño, tiempo de
reparación, programa de mantenimiento óptimo.
1. Introduction
Se propone and other loss
un criterio para programación de mantenimiento causing
preventivo deevents
puentes [1].(PMS)
Bridge manag
manag-
basado en-
Resumen
la historia previa de daños y reparaciones o duración del ers in charge of maintenance
mantenimiento, and operation
y en el desarrollo de funciones re-
re-
Design
de costo en eland maintenance
ciclo of bridges
de vida. El método PMS require quire priorization
describe el desempeño indexes
del Puente to justify
a medida theocurren
que fundinglos of
the explicit
eventos and systematicasí
de daño/deterioro consideration of the
como sus respectivas conservation
acciones actions. It durante
de mantenimiento is well known
la vida dethat in-
in-
servi
life-cycle Mantenimiento preventivo de puentes basado
balance
cio u operación between
del puente.costs and safety.
El tiempo To be
a la falla creasing traffic
y el de reparación loads accelerates
se modelan como variables bridge deterio-
deterio-
aleatorias.
effective,
Estudios de
based
en evaluación en el ciclo de vida
maintenance
sensitividadscheduling
on the quantitative
demuestranoughtque lostocostos
be por consecuencias
ration. It is necessary to be
del daño, unacareful
medida with an evalu-
evalu
indirecta de-
la importancia del puente,assessment
juegan un of the like-
papel like - ation
significativo en elofperiodo
the bridge [2].de
óptimo The referred assessment
mantenimiento.
lihoodPalabras
and consequences of events de
clave: Mantenimiento that may costomay
puentes, en be used de
el ciclo to assist operators
vida, tiempo al and
daño, managers
tiempo de of
cause fatalities, injuries, bridge programa
reparación, damage, eco-eco
de -mantenimiento
these facilities
óptimo.in their tasks of making decisions
nomic activities disruption, jammed traffic costs, on money allocation to anticipate the undesirable
events occurrence, and mitigate the conse-conse- corresponding to the minimum expected life-cy-
life-cy-
quences of those according to the specific risks cle cost, is chosen.
and available resources for bridge repairs under Analytical expressions are proposed for the
their management. expected cost functions. As these events occur at
RAM (Reliability, Availability and Maintain-Maintain- random periods in the future within the bridge’s
ability) techniques have been successfully ap- ap- service life, their respective costs need to be ex- ex-
plied on industrial and mechanical engineering pressed in present value including the country’s
[3, 4] to assess engineering systems perfor- perfor- exchange rate where the bridge is located. The
mance.
4 In addition to that, life-cycle evaluation damage cost (C (Cd) consequences,de mainly
Leónthe oper-
oper-
y Torres
has given bases for decision making on bridge en- en- ation component interruption cost in heavy traf- traf-
gineering [5- 7]. These techniques are migrating, fic bridges, have a crucial impact on the optimal
events occurrence, and mitigate the conse- corresponding to the minimum expected life-cy-
and adapted with the proper modifications, into maintenance schedule. If the maintenance pe- pe-
quences of those according to the specific risks cle cost, is chosen.
proposing optimal maintenance schedules for riod (this investigation assumed constant Dt to
and available resources for bridge repairs under Analytical expressions
specific bridge types. These concepts have simplify the illustration) is are proposed
short enough, for the
the
their management. expected cost functions.
probed their efficiency to assess operational whole maintenance cost As
(Cmthese
(C events
) during the occur
bridge’s at
safetyRAM
and (Reliability, Availability
to set preventive and Maintain
maintenance sched--
sched- random periods
service life in theand,
increases future aswithin the bridge’s
a consequence of
ability) techniques have been successfully
ules for industrial plants [8, 1]. On the other ap- service life, their
the limited d respective
number of damage costsevents,
need tothe be exex--
ex-
plied on
hand, industrial
life-cycle and has
analysis mechanical
been used engineering
to predict pressedCinin
pected present value decreases.
the lifetime including the On country’s
the other
d
[3, 4] safety
bridge to assess engineering
conditions systems perfor
and remaining life [9,- exchange
hand, for arate
long where the bridge
maintenance is located.
period, many The
dam-
C
mance.
10]. In addition to that, life-cycle evaluation damage cost ( ) consequences, mainly
aging events may occur within the bridge life-cy- the oper -
has given bases for decision making on bridge en- ationAscomponent interruption Dtraf-
Based on those advances, a criterion for cle. a result, the expected cost cost in
Cdheavy
increases
gineering [5- 7]. These techniques are migrating, fic bridges,
while have a crucial
the associated impact onThese
Cm decreases. the optimal
trends
preventive maintenance scheduling is proposed
and adapted with the proper modifications, into maintenance schedule. If the
suggest the existence of a particular
m
maintenance
value of tthepe-
in this paper, which resorts on the history of
proposing optimal maintenance schedules for riod (this investigation
maintenance period for assumed
which constant
the expected to
damages and maintenance/repair events, de-
specific bridge types. These concepts have simplify the
life-cycle costillustration) is short value.
becomes a minimum enough, the
scribing the bridge performance as the deterio- C
probed their efficiency to assess operational whole maintenance
d cost ( ) during the bridge’s
rating/damaging events and maintenance ac-
safety and to set preventive maintenance sched- service life increases and, as a consequence of
tions occurred during the bridge’s life. The basis 2. Description of probabilistic
ules for industrial plants [8, 1]. On the other the limited number of damage events, the ex-
of the formulation is the consideration of two ran-
hand, life-cycle analysis has been used to predict
ran-
pected
C assessment
in the lifetime decreases. On
dom variables: the waiting time to damage (time d the other
bridge safety conditions and remaining life [9, hand,Afor a long maintenance period, many dam-
to detect a damage), and the duration of the deterministic operating
m cost equation has
10]. agingproposed
events may
maintenance (works required to restore the been in occur within the
the literature bridge
(Goble
C
life-cy-
1992):
cle. As a result, the expected cost increases
bridgeBased on those
capacity). advances,that
It is assumed a criterion
the bridge for C
preventive maintenance scheduling is proposed while the associated decreases. These trends
failure is prevented by using this scheme. The Co = ( Cd + Cm )* L (1)
in this paper, which deterioration/damage
resorts on the historyin- suggest the existence of a particular value of the
probability of bridge inof-
damagesasand maintenance/repair maintenance periodcost,
for Cwhich the expected
creases a result of intense traffic events,
and inade-
inadede-- where Co = operating d = damage cost, Cm =
scribing life-cyclemaintenance
cost becomescost a minimum value.service
quate (orthe bridge performance
insufficient) maintenance,as the deterio-
which re-
re- average and L = bridge
rating/damaging events and maintenance
sults in a series of consequences (specially the ac- life. Eq. (1) is re-written now in probabilistic
tions occurred
economical during
losses due the bridge’s
to service life. The basis
interruption) in-
in- terms and it is composed by the average damage
of the formulation
cluded is the consideration
in the calculation of the expected of two
costranof- costs C dL and the average maintenance costs CmL
a given maintenance schedule, the random gen- gen- remedial corrective works. These costs may be
eration of time series up to the bridge service life estimated from Monte Carlo simulation, for the
is repeated, the life-cycle cost is calculated and bridge’s operating life L, according to the poten- poten-
its average represents the expected life-cycle tial occurrence of the damage or maintenance
cost. For the j-th alternative of maintenance events. The bridge’s historical failure and main- main-
schedule, the expected damage costs for all the tenance (or repair) time events are collected, and
possible bridge damages (which can be accumu-
accumu- fitted to proper probability distributions once the
lated for the bridge operating life and for all the damage event is defined. The corresponding
number of damages
Mantenimiento nd), is: de puentes
probabilístico costs are step functions of either, the time to 5
damage, or the repair duration. This intends to
ìnd ü represent the damage cost consequences in
C Ld) j =
a(given
E E íåC di
maintenance di( Dtdschedule, [1- random
i ) PVF( td i )the
]ý -
Ftd( Dtd i)gen remedial
terms of the corrective
interruption works. time, Theseand costs themay repair be
î=
i 1 þ
eration of time series up to the bridge service life estimated
cost in terms from Monte
of the repair Carlo simulation,
duration. Monte for the
Carlo
(2) L
is repeated, the life-cycle cost is calculated and bridge’s
techniques operating
allows life for the , according
simulation to of
therandom
poten-
its
whereaverage represents
the present the expected life-cycle tial occurrence of the damage
times to represent the occurrence of damage or or maintenance
j-th value factor PVF of expendi-
cost. For the alternative
tures made at time tdi, is expressed of maintenance
in terms of events. The bridge’s
maintenance events.historical
An enough failure
large and main-
of random
schedule,
the annualthe netexpected
discountdamage rate r as:costs for all the tenance
numbers(or arerepair) time events the
used throughout are repetition
collected, and of a
possible bridge nd
damages (which can be accumu- fitted to properprocess
deterministic probability to get distributions
a sample ofonce resultsthe
latedLd for the 1
bridge operating life andtdfor all the damage
where event is
statistics candefined.
be made. The corresponding
PVF( tdj i) = di ndi i i (3)
1i+1 r ) tdi
number of (damages ), is: costs are step functions of either, the time to
Here Dtj is the prescribed as a constant pe-
= damage, or the repair duration. This intends to
riod for bridge maintenance according to the
E C Also,E CdjC (Dtdi) tdis PVF the tddamage F costtd and represent the damage cost consequences in
( ) ( ) ( )1 ( ) schedule , and Dtdij is the random time
Ftd(Dtdi) is the ì annual cumulative distributionü of terms of jthe interruption time, and thetorepair
dam-
age, both modeled from the
cost in terms of the repair duration. Monte Carlo bridge’s history of
damage=times í associated D i to the time - increment
D ý(2)
to
î þ previous damage and repair times. A damage
the next damage time Dtdi.
i
techniques allows for the simulation of random
PVF event
where the present value factor of expendi- times (and its subsequent
to represent the occurrence repair) occurs of damage when- or
Other concept td commonly used is the avail- ever a simulated value of D td is less than D tj and,
tures made i at time td , is expressed in terms of maintenance events. An enough ij large of random
ability, which å is defined forr the [ maintenance ] given
numbers no maintenance
D used throughout
are action during this timeof
the repetition pe- a
the annual net discount rate as:
schedule j and time tdij: riod, j
the maintenance cost
deterministic process to getCam(sample Dtdjj) isis 0.
0
of. results
On th
On t he
PVF td 1D other hand,
where when
statistics DcanDtdbe Dtj a maintenance event
ij >made.
( ) djDrtd ij i (3)
D ( 1 ) occurs andt the corresponding ij damage cost
A(tdDtd
tdij )i = (4) Here is the prescribed as a constant pe-
= ( D td ij + D trij ) Cd(Dtdij) is 0.
C+ td riod for bridge maintenance according to the
Also, ( ) isD the damage cost and The jbridge’s td
F td i schedule , and life-cycle is the randomsimulation time process
to dam- of
( The availability,
) is the annual cumulative adapted from Mechanical
distribution of damage and maintenance D sequential eventsD con
con-
age, both modeled from theij bridge’s history of-
Engineering,
damage timesisassociated the average percent
to the time time that the
increment to j
td . sists of two
previous stages:and
damage damage repair time eventA(D
times. (Dtd ij) and
damage
bridge
the next is damage
availabletime for service respect to the life-
life- D randomly
ij
repair (and
event time its
event (Dtrij), which
subsequent are
repair) occurs when- gen-
gen-
time. D D td m jj t
Other concept commonly used is the avail- erated
ever times according
a simulated value of to a predetermined
is less than distri- distri
and,-
If the damage ij and repair times are random, ij j
ability, ij
which is defined for the maintenance butions, and subsequently
given no maintenance action addedduring upthis to reach
time thepe-
the j td C td
schedule and timeisijapproximated:
expected value
ij : D the
bridge
riod, service life. If nmcost
maintenance j is the number( ) is of
0 .mainte-
mainte
On t he-
d
nance ij
actions: td > t
td
E( Dtd tdij) other hand, when a maintenance event
A
E[( A(td
Dtd ) ] =td
t)d ij)] (5) occurs and the corresponding damage cost
( D tr+ D tr (4)
( E
D
t
tddij ) trij) C
nd (
td
) is 0. nmj D
D = å ( Dtdij + Dtrij )+ å D nm j ( Dtr k )» L
ij (6)
D +D i=1 The bridge’s life-cycle
k=1 ij simulation process of
In a simplified representation,
The availability, adapted from Mechanical the bridge
damage and maintenance sequential events con-
performance
Engineering, is is the
assumed
averagetopercent be described
time thatbythe a td
randomisseries of damage events (including alllife
the- sists of two stages: ( damage time event ( ) and
bridge available for service respect to the Once all the tr failure, repair, and mainte-
mainte-
adverse consequences of insufficient mainte
mainte- - repair time event ),jwhich are randomly gen-
time. nance time events j are accommodated into the
nance) and maintenance/repair (with restoring erated times according to a predetermined distri-
ij service life L, the life-cycle failure cost and the
If the
ij damage and repair times are random, butions, and subsequently added up to reach the
capacity effect) events. ij
These
ij
events cause that maintenance costs arenm accumulated and the to- to-
the expected value is approximated: bridge service life.nm
nd If is the number of mainte-
the bridge manager has to spend money on tasks tal life-cycle cost is estimated for the mainte- mainte-
either due to programmed E td preventive actions or nance ijactions: ij j k
E A td ( ) nance
i 1 schedule j.kAfter 1
several trials of the simu-
[ ( )] E td tr (5)
( D ) = =
D = td No. tr
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol.( 33, 1, )2010 nm ( tr ) L
D +D (6)
In a simplified representation, the bridge
D + D + D »
performance is assumed to be described by a
random series of damage events (including all the Once all the failure, repair, and mainte-
adverse consequences of insufficient mainte- nance time events are accommodated into the
L
nance) and maintenance/repair (with restoring å
service life , theå life-cycle failure cost and the
capacity effect) events. These events cause that maintenance costs are accumulated and the to-
the bridge manager has to spend money on tasks tal life-cycle cost is estimated for the mainte-
j
either due to programmed preventive actions or nance schedule . After several trials of the simu-
lation process are completed, the expected value pair cost (per year) and the loss associated with
of the life-cycle cost E (C Lf ) j is estimated for main-
main- the interruption of service on the bridge (per
tenance schedule j. Finally, the optimal mainte-
mainte- year), respectively, in case that a damage event
nance schedule will be the one corresponding to occurs and a repair is required. Similarly, cm is
the minimum expected life-cycle cost. the maintenance cost (per year).
C (c +c ) D tr C (c +c ) Dtr
b)
j a) ij j ij
Figure 2.DCost
t functions
Dtdfor (a) damage and (b) repair orDmaintenance.
t Dtd
(a) (b)
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Rascón, Ch. O. A., "Formulación de la norma SCT de cargas vehiculares para diseño estructural de puentes carreteros".
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