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Bridge preventive maintenance based on life-cycle assessment

April 2010 · Revista Técnica de la Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad del Zulia 33(1):3-10

Authors:

David De Leon Escobedo Andres Antonio Torres-Acosta

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM) Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores, Queretaro

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 Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, Nº 1, 3 - 10, 2010

Bridge preventive maintenance based on life-cycle

assessment
David de León Escobedo1 and Andrés Torres Acosta2
1
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Ciudad Universitaria.
Toluca, Estado de México, C. P. 50130, México. Tel. (52 -722) 2151351 ext. 1002.
Fax (52 -722) 2151351 ext. 1014. daviddeleonescobedo@yahoo.com.mx
2
Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Sanfandila, Qro.,
Rev. Téc.Méx., CP 76700.
Ing. Univ. andres.torres@imt.mx
Zulia. Vol. 33, Nº 1, 3 - 10, 2010

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Abstract
A criterion for preventive maintenance scheduling (PMS) is proposed based on the history of previ- previ-
1 damage occurrences, duration of repairs or maintenance,
ous 1 and the development of cost
2 functions. The
PMS method describes the performance of the bridge for the deterioration/damage events and mainte- mainte-
nance actions during the bridge’s service life. The time to failure and repair time are modeled as random
2
variables. Sensitivity studies show that the maintenance
Download full-text PDFFacultad Read full-text
de Ingeniería, UniversidadDownload citationdel cost
Autónoma by damage
Estado deCopy consequence, an indirect mea-
link
México, Ciudad Universitaria.
sure of Toluca,
the bridge David de
importance, León
plays Escobedo
a significant and
role on Andrés
the Torres
optimal Acosta
maintenance
Estado de México, C. P. 50130, México. Tel. (52 -722) 2151351 period.
ext. 1002.
Key words: Bridge
Fax (52 maintenance,
-722) life-cycle
2151351 ext. 1014.cost, time to damage, repair time, optimal maintenance
daviddeleonescobedo@yahoo.com.mx
schedule.
Instituto Mexicano del Transporte. Sanfandila, Qro., Méx., CP 76700. andres.torres@imt.mx
Bridge preventive maintenance based on life-cycle
Mantenimiento preventivo assessment de puentes basado
A criterion for preventive maintenance scheduling (PMS) is proposed based on the history of previ-
enduration
ous damage occurrences, evaluación Abstract
en el ciclo
of repairs or maintenance, and thede vida of cost functions. The
development
PMS method describes the performance of the bridge for the deterioration/damage events and mainte-
nance actions during the bridge’s service life. The time to failure and repair time are modeled as random
Resumen
variables. Sensitivity studies show that the maintenance cost by damage consequence, an indirect mea-
Sethe
sure of propone
bridgeun criterio para
importance, programación
plays de mantenimiento
a significant preventivo
role on the optimal de puentes
maintenance (PMS) basado en
period.
la historia previa de daños y reparaciones o duración del mantenimiento, y en el desarrollo de funciones
Key words: Bridge maintenance, life-cycle cost, time to damage, repair time, optimal maintenance
de costo en el ciclo de vida. El método PMS describe el desempeño del Puente a medida que ocurren los
schedule.
eventos de daño/deterioro así como sus respectivas acciones de mantenimiento durante la vida de servi- servi-
cio u operación del puente. El tiempo a la falla y el de reparación se modelan como variables aleatorias.
Estudios de sensitividad demuestran que los costos por consecuencias del daño, una medida indirecta de
la importancia del puente, juegan un papel significativo en el periodo óptimo de mantenimiento.
Palabras clave: Mantenimiento de puentes, costo en el ciclo de vida, tiempo al daño, tiempo de
reparación, programa de mantenimiento óptimo.

1. Introduction
Se propone and other loss
un criterio para programación de mantenimiento causing
preventivo deevents
puentes [1].(PMS)
Bridge manag
manag-
basado en-
Resumen
la historia previa de daños y reparaciones o duración del ers in charge of maintenance
mantenimiento, and operation
y en el desarrollo de funciones re-
re-
Design
de costo en eland maintenance
ciclo of bridges
de vida. El método PMS require quire priorization
describe el desempeño indexes
del Puente to justify
a medida theocurren
que fundinglos of
the explicit
eventos and systematicasí
de daño/deterioro consideration of the
como sus respectivas conservation
acciones actions. It durante
de mantenimiento is well known
la vida dethat in-
in-
servi
life-cycle Mantenimiento preventivo de puentes basado
balance
cio u operación between
del puente.costs and safety.
El tiempo To be
a la falla creasing traffic
y el de reparación loads accelerates
se modelan como variables bridge deterio-
deterio-
aleatorias.
effective,
Estudios de
based
en evaluación en el ciclo de vida
maintenance
sensitividadscheduling
on the quantitative
demuestranoughtque lostocostos
be por consecuencias
ration. It is necessary to be
del daño, unacareful
medida with an evalu-
evalu
indirecta de-
la importancia del puente,assessment
juegan un of the like-
papel like - ation
significativo en elofperiodo
the bridge [2].de
óptimo The referred assessment
mantenimiento.
lihoodPalabras
and consequences of events de
clave: Mantenimiento that may costomay
puentes, en be used de
el ciclo to assist operators
vida, tiempo al and
daño, managers
tiempo de of
cause fatalities, injuries, bridge programa
reparación, damage, eco-eco
de -mantenimiento
these facilities
óptimo.in their tasks of making decisions
nomic activities disruption, jammed traffic costs, on money allocation to anticipate the undesirable

and other loss causing events [1]. Bridge manag-

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010
Design and maintenance of bridges require
1. systematic
the explicit and Introductionconsideration of the
life-cycle balance between costs and safety. To be
effective, maintenance scheduling ought to be
based on the quantitative assessment of the like-
lihood and consequences of events that may
cause fatalities, injuries, bridge damage, eco-
nomic activities disruption, jammed traffic costs,
ers in charge of maintenance and operation re-
quire priorization indexes to justify the funding of
conservation actions. It is well known that in-
creasing traffic loads accelerates bridge deterio-
ration. It is necessary to be careful with an evalu-
ation of the bridge [2]. The referred assessment
may be used to assist operators and managers of
these facilities in their tasks of making decisions
on money allocation to anticipate the undesirable

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

:
 4 de León y Torres

events occurrence, and mitigate the conse-conse- corresponding to the minimum expected life-cy-
life-cy-
quences of those according to the specific risks cle cost, is chosen.
and available resources for bridge repairs under Analytical expressions are proposed for the
their management. expected cost functions. As these events occur at
RAM (Reliability, Availability and Maintain-Maintain- random periods in the future within the bridge’s
ability) techniques have been successfully ap- ap- service life, their respective costs need to be ex- ex-
plied on industrial and mechanical engineering pressed in present value including the country’s
[3, 4] to assess engineering systems perfor- perfor- exchange rate where the bridge is located. The
mance.
4 In addition to that, life-cycle evaluation damage cost (C (Cd) consequences,de mainly
Leónthe oper-
oper-
y Torres
has given bases for decision making on bridge en- en- ation component interruption cost in heavy traf- traf-
gineering [5- 7]. These techniques are migrating, fic bridges, have a crucial impact on the optimal
events occurrence, and mitigate the conse- corresponding to the minimum expected life-cy-
and adapted with the proper modifications, into maintenance schedule. If the maintenance pe- pe-
quences of those according to the specific risks cle cost, is chosen.
proposing optimal maintenance schedules for riod (this investigation assumed constant Dt to
and available resources for bridge repairs under Analytical expressions
specific bridge types. These concepts have simplify the illustration) is are proposed
short enough, for the
the
their management. expected cost functions.
probed their efficiency to assess operational whole maintenance cost As
(Cmthese
(C events
) during the occur
bridge’s at
safetyRAM
and (Reliability, Availability
to set preventive and Maintain
maintenance sched--
sched- random periods
service life in theand,
increases future aswithin the bridge’s
a consequence of
ability) techniques have been successfully
ules for industrial plants [8, 1]. On the other ap- service life, their
the limited d respective
number of damage costsevents,
need tothe be exex--
ex-
plied on
hand, industrial
life-cycle and has
analysis mechanical
been used engineering
to predict pressedCinin
pected present value decreases.
the lifetime including the On country’s
the other
d
[3, 4] safety
bridge to assess engineering
conditions systems perfor
and remaining life [9,- exchange
hand, for arate
long where the bridge
maintenance is located.
period, many The
dam-
C
mance.
10]. In addition to that, life-cycle evaluation damage cost ( ) consequences, mainly
aging events may occur within the bridge life-cy- the oper -
has given bases for decision making on bridge en- ationAscomponent interruption Dtraf-
Based on those advances, a criterion for cle. a result, the expected cost cost in
Cdheavy
increases
gineering [5- 7]. These techniques are migrating, fic bridges,
while have a crucial
the associated impact onThese
Cm decreases. the optimal
trends
preventive maintenance scheduling is proposed
and adapted with the proper modifications, into maintenance schedule. If the
suggest the existence of a particular
m
maintenance
value of tthepe-
in this paper, which resorts on the history of
proposing optimal maintenance schedules for riod (this investigation
maintenance period for assumed
which constant
the expected to
damages and maintenance/repair events, de-
specific bridge types. These concepts have simplify the
life-cycle costillustration) is short value.
becomes a minimum enough, the
scribing the bridge performance as the deterio- C
probed their efficiency to assess operational whole maintenance
d cost ( ) during the bridge’s
rating/damaging events and maintenance ac-
safety and to set preventive maintenance sched- service life increases and, as a consequence of
tions occurred during the bridge’s life. The basis 2. Description of probabilistic
ules for industrial plants [8, 1]. On the other the limited number of damage events, the ex-
of the formulation is the consideration of two ran-
hand, life-cycle analysis has been used to predict
ran-
pected
C assessment
in the lifetime decreases. On
dom variables: the waiting time to damage (time d the other
bridge safety conditions and remaining life [9, hand,Afor a long maintenance period, many dam-
to detect a damage), and the duration of the deterministic operating
m cost equation has
10]. agingproposed
events may
maintenance (works required to restore the been in occur within the
the literature bridge
(Goble
C
life-cy-
1992):
cle. As a result, the expected cost increases
bridgeBased on those
capacity). advances,that
It is assumed a criterion
the bridge for C
preventive maintenance scheduling is proposed while the associated decreases. These trends
failure is prevented by using this scheme. The Co = ( Cd + Cm )* L (1)
in this paper, which deterioration/damage
resorts on the historyin- suggest the existence of a particular value of the
probability of bridge inof-
damagesasand maintenance/repair maintenance periodcost,
for Cwhich the expected
creases a result of intense traffic events,
and inade-
inadede-- where Co = operating d = damage cost, Cm =
scribing life-cyclemaintenance
cost becomescost a minimum value.service
quate (orthe bridge performance
insufficient) maintenance,as the deterio-
which re-
re- average and L = bridge
rating/damaging events and maintenance
sults in a series of consequences (specially the ac- life. Eq. (1) is re-written now in probabilistic
tions occurred
economical during
losses due the bridge’s
to service life. The basis
interruption) in-
in- terms and it is composed by the average damage
of the formulation
cluded is the consideration
in the calculation of the expected of two
costranof- costs C dL and the average maintenance costs CmL

dom variables: the waiting

deteriorating/damaging time to
events damage
derived, for(time
ex-
ex- that may occur during the bridge’s service life. As
to detect
ample, froma damage),
the bridgeand the duration
exposure to heavy of the
traffic
o
the2. ADescription
deterministic
d
damage
m operating
and repair oftimescost
areequation
probabilistic
random, hasa
maintenance (works required
may to be restore
adaptedthe been proposed in the literature (Goble 1992):
conditions. The procedure to assessment
proper description of the average cost will be as
bridge capacity). It is assumed that
represent other types of hazards, i.e. seismic the bridge
haz-
haz- o
an expected d m
C C C cost.
L Once the damage and repair
failure is prevented by using this scheme. The
ard. times( are modeled
) (1)
by probability distributions,
probability of bridge deterioration/damage in- trials
Monte Carlo simulation is used as a means = of
where
C these
+ *times cost,
= operating
may C be performed through
= damage cost,
C
=
creases as a result of intense traffic and inade- simulation
L to represent the time
L varying sem
se-
L-
to estimate the expected life-cycle cost associated averagedmaintenance cost and = bridge service
quate (or insufficient) maintenance, which re- quence of events within the bridge service life.
with a given maintenance schedule [11]. Based life. Eq. (1) is re-written now in probabilistic
sults in a series of consequences (specially the First of all, a set of alternative maintenance
on such simulations, simplified cost functions terms and it is composed by the average damage
economical losses due to service interruption) in- schedules
C is proposed in order to appraise the
are developed, then alternative schedules are C
cluded in the calculation of the expected cost of costs and the averageof maintenance costsFor
compared, and finally the optimal alternative, economical effectiveness each alternative.
deteriorating/damaging events derived, for ex- that may occur during the bridge’s service life. As
ample, from the bridge exposure to heavy traffic the damage and repair times are random, a
conditions. The procedure may be adapted
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. to Zulia. proper
Vol. 33,description
No. 1, 2010of the average cost will be as
represent other types of hazards, i.e. seismic haz- an expected cost. Once the damage and repair
ard. times are modeled by probability distributions,
Monte Carlo simulation is used as a means trials of these times may be performed through
to estimate the expected life-cycle cost associated simulation to represent the time varying se-
with a given maintenance schedule [11]. Based quence of events within the bridge service life.
on such simulations, simplified cost functions First of all, a set of alternative maintenance
are developed, then alternative schedules are schedules is proposed in order to appraise the
compared, and finally the optimal alternative, economical effectiveness of each alternative. For

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

:
 Mantenimiento probabilístico de puentes 5

a given maintenance schedule, the random gen- gen- remedial corrective works. These costs may be
eration of time series up to the bridge service life estimated from Monte Carlo simulation, for the
is repeated, the life-cycle cost is calculated and bridge’s operating life L, according to the poten- poten-
its average represents the expected life-cycle tial occurrence of the damage or maintenance
cost. For the j-th alternative of maintenance events. The bridge’s historical failure and main- main-
schedule, the expected damage costs for all the tenance (or repair) time events are collected, and
possible bridge damages (which can be accumu-
accumu- fitted to proper probability distributions once the
lated for the bridge operating life and for all the damage event is defined. The corresponding
number of damages
Mantenimiento nd), is: de puentes
probabilístico costs are step functions of either, the time to 5
damage, or the repair duration. This intends to
ìnd ü represent the damage cost consequences in
C Ld) j =
a(given
E E íåC di
maintenance di( Dtdschedule, [1- random
i ) PVF( td i )the
]ý -
Ftd( Dtd i)gen remedial
terms of the corrective
interruption works. time, Theseand costs themay repair be
î=
i 1 þ
eration of time series up to the bridge service life estimated
cost in terms from Monte
of the repair Carlo simulation,
duration. Monte for the
Carlo
(2) L
is repeated, the life-cycle cost is calculated and bridge’s
techniques operating
allows life for the , according
simulation to of
therandom
poten-
its
whereaverage represents
the present the expected life-cycle tial occurrence of the damage
times to represent the occurrence of damage or or maintenance
j-th value factor PVF of expendi-
cost. For the alternative
tures made at time tdi, is expressed of maintenance
in terms of events. The bridge’s
maintenance events.historical
An enough failure
large and main-
of random
schedule,
the annualthe netexpected
discountdamage rate r as:costs for all the tenance
numbers(or arerepair) time events the
used throughout are repetition
collected, and of a
possible bridge nd
damages (which can be accumu- fitted to properprocess
deterministic probability to get distributions
a sample ofonce resultsthe
latedLd for the 1
bridge operating life andtdfor all the damage
where event is
statistics candefined.
be made. The corresponding
PVF( tdj i) = di ndi i i (3)
1i+1 r ) tdi
number of (damages ), is: costs are step functions of either, the time to
Here Dtj is the prescribed as a constant pe-
= damage, or the repair duration. This intends to
riod for bridge maintenance according to the
E C Also,E CdjC (Dtdi) tdis PVF the tddamage F costtd and represent the damage cost consequences in
( ) ( ) ( )1 ( ) schedule , and Dtdij is the random time
Ftd(Dtdi) is the ì annual cumulative distributionü of terms of jthe interruption time, and thetorepair
dam-
age, both modeled from the
cost in terms of the repair duration. Monte Carlo bridge’s history of
damage=times í associated D i to the time - increment
D ý(2)
to
î þ previous damage and repair times. A damage
the next damage time Dtdi.
i
techniques allows for the simulation of random
PVF event
where the present value factor of expendi- times (and its subsequent
to represent the occurrence repair) occurs of damage when- or
Other concept td commonly used is the avail- ever a simulated value of D td is less than D tj and,
tures made i at time td , is expressed in terms of maintenance events. An enough ij large of random
ability, which å is defined forr the [ maintenance ] given
numbers no maintenance
D used throughout
are action during this timeof
the repetition pe- a
the annual net discount rate as:
schedule j and time tdij: riod, j
the maintenance cost
deterministic process to getCam(sample Dtdjj) isis 0.
0
of. results
On th
On t he
PVF td 1D other hand,
where when
statistics DcanDtdbe Dtj a maintenance event
ij >made.
( ) djDrtd ij i (3)
D ( 1 ) occurs andt the corresponding ij damage cost
A(tdDtd
tdij )i = (4) Here is the prescribed as a constant pe-
= ( D td ij + D trij ) Cd(Dtdij) is 0.
C+ td riod for bridge maintenance according to the
Also, ( ) isD the damage cost and The jbridge’s td
F td i schedule , and life-cycle is the randomsimulation time process
to dam- of
( The availability,
) is the annual cumulative adapted from Mechanical
distribution of damage and maintenance D sequential eventsD con
con-
age, both modeled from theij bridge’s history of-
Engineering,
damage timesisassociated the average percent
to the time time that the
increment to j
td . sists of two
previous stages:and
damage damage repair time eventA(D
times. (Dtd ij) and
damage
bridge
the next is damage
availabletime for service respect to the life-
life- D randomly
ij
repair (and
event time its
event (Dtrij), which
subsequent are
repair) occurs when- gen-
gen-
time. D D td m jj t
Other concept commonly used is the avail- erated
ever times according
a simulated value of to a predetermined
is less than distri- distri
and,-
If the damage ij and repair times are random, ij j
ability, ij
which is defined for the maintenance butions, and subsequently
given no maintenance action addedduring upthis to reach
time thepe-
the j td C td
schedule and timeisijapproximated:
expected value
ij : D the
bridge
riod, service life. If nmcost
maintenance j is the number( ) is of
0 .mainte-
mainte
On t he-
d
nance ij
actions: td > t
td
E( Dtd tdij) other hand, when a maintenance event
A
E[( A(td
Dtd ) ] =td
t)d ij)] (5) occurs and the corresponding damage cost
( D tr+ D tr (4)
( E
D
t
tddij ) trij) C
nd (
td
) is 0. nmj D
D = å ( Dtdij + Dtrij )+ å D nm j ( Dtr k )» L
ij (6)
D +D i=1 The bridge’s life-cycle
k=1 ij simulation process of
In a simplified representation,
The availability, adapted from Mechanical the bridge
damage and maintenance sequential events con-
performance
Engineering, is is the
assumed
averagetopercent be described
time thatbythe a td
randomisseries of damage events (including alllife
the- sists of two stages: ( damage time event ( ) and
bridge available for service respect to the Once all the tr failure, repair, and mainte-
mainte-
adverse consequences of insufficient mainte
mainte- - repair time event ),jwhich are randomly gen-
time. nance time events j are accommodated into the
nance) and maintenance/repair (with restoring erated times according to a predetermined distri-
ij service life L, the life-cycle failure cost and the
If the
ij damage and repair times are random, butions, and subsequently added up to reach the
capacity effect) events. ij
These
ij
events cause that maintenance costs arenm accumulated and the to- to-
the expected value is approximated: bridge service life.nm
nd If is the number of mainte-
the bridge manager has to spend money on tasks tal life-cycle cost is estimated for the mainte- mainte-
either due to programmed E td preventive actions or nance ijactions: ij j k
E A td ( ) nance
i 1 schedule j.kAfter 1
several trials of the simu-
[ ( )] E td tr (5)
( D ) = =

D = td No. tr
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol.( 33, 1, )2010 nm ( tr ) L
D +D (6)
In a simplified representation, the bridge
D + D + D »
performance is assumed to be described by a
random series of damage events (including all the Once all the failure, repair, and mainte-
adverse consequences of insufficient mainte- nance time events are accommodated into the
L
nance) and maintenance/repair (with restoring å
service life , theå life-cycle failure cost and the
capacity effect) events. These events cause that maintenance costs are accumulated and the to-
the bridge manager has to spend money on tasks tal life-cycle cost is estimated for the mainte-
j
either due to programmed preventive actions or nance schedule . After several trials of the simu-

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

:
 6 de León y Torres

lation process are completed, the expected value
of the life-cycle cost E (C Lf ) j is estimated for main-
main-
tenance schedule j. Finally, the optimal mainte-
mainte-
nance schedule will be the one corresponding to
the minimum expected life-cycle cost.
pair cost (per year) and the loss associated with
the interruption of service on the bridge (per
year), respectively, in case that a damage event
occurs and a repair is required. Similarly, cm is
the maintenance cost (per year).

Conceptually it is expected that, as the Usually the availability at a specific time is

maintenance period decreases, the maintenance expressed as the ratio between the time the sys- sys-
tem is available (before the damage event), and
cost ( CmL ) increases, and the damage cost (CLd ) de de--
6 L the cycle for that damage event,dei.e., theyratio
León Torresof
creases. Conversely, forf aj maintenance period
the time to damage respect to the sum of the time
large enough, CmL decreases wher whereas
L
eas C d goes up. to damage and the repair time:
lation process are completed,
See Figure 1 for a graphical the expected
view of these concepts. value pair cost (per year) and the loss associated with m
EC
of the the
With life-cycle cost described
procedure ( ) is estimated
above, the for main
corre--
corre- the interruption of service on the bridge (per
Dtdij
j year),
A( ti ) =respectively, in case that a damage event (7)
sponding conceptual
tenance schedule cost functions
. Finally, the optimal for mainte
the ex-
ex- ( Dtdij + Dtrij ) c
pected life-cycle costs
nance schedule may
will be thebeone
outlined. An optimal
corresponding to occurs and a repair is required. Similarly, is
scheme
L L the maintenance cost (per year).
m will correspond
the minimum to the combination
expected life-cycle cost. d of
bridgeConceptually
performance itand maintenance schedule If these times
Usually are random,
the availability at the availability
a specific time atis
is expected that, as the
that minimizes the
L total expected life-cycle
L cost. the cycle “i ” is the ratio between
expressed as the ratio between the time the sys-the expected
maintenance period
m decreases, the maintenance
d
C C valueisof
tem the time(before
available to damage and the
the damage expected
event), and
cost ( An) optimal
increases, and the damage cost ( ) the
scheme will correspond to de- value of the
combination of bridgefor performance and mainte- the cycle forcycle
that duration (whichi.e.,
damage event, corresponds
the ratio toof
creases. Conversely, a maintenance period the
nance schedule C that minimizes the total C expected the sum
time ofto the
damagedamage
ij time to
respect andthethe repair
sum time):
of the time
large enough, i
decreases wher eas goes up. to damage and ij theij repair time:
life-cycle cost.
See Figure 1 for a graphical view of these concepts. E ( Dtd td ij)
Ai = td (8)
With the procedure described above, the corre- A t E ( Dtd td ij + Dtr tr ij)
3. Cost
sponding functions
conceptual for damage
cost functions for the ex- ( ) td tr (7)
( )
and maintenance
pected life-cycle costs may be outlined. An optimal D
scheme will correspond to the combination of
4.=Application
D +D to two Mexican
The shape of the cost functions correspond-
bridge performance and maintenance schedule If these times are
i
bridges
random, the availability at
ing to the alternative events of damage and repair the cycle “ ” is the ratio between the expected
that minimizes the total expected life-cycle cost.
(or maintenance) may also be plotted. For every value The
of the formulation
time to damage is applied
andtothe
theexpected
bridges
An optimal scheme will correspond to the Cuto ofand
simulation of Dtdij, the costs shall result as may value theGuadalupe,
cycleij
duration see(which
Figure 3, two rein-
correspondsrein
to-
combination of bridge performance andaremainte-
i
forced concrete bridges withand
a structural
be seen in Figure 2, where cR and cSI the re- the sum of the
ij damage ij time the repair system
time):
nance schedule that minimizes the total expected
life-cycle cost.
L L E td
E(C d) E(C m) A E((CLt ) )
E(
E td tr (8)
( )
D
=
D +D

D of the cost functions correspond-

3.The shape
Cost functions
ij for damage
ing to the alternative events ofR damage
and maintenanceSI and repair
(or maintenance) may also be plotted. For every
L td Dt L
4.The formulation isto
Application
Dt Guadalupe,
L
applied to the bridges
two Mexican
Dt two rein-
simulation ofd , the costs shall result mas may Cuto and see Figure 3,
c c
t bridges
be seen in Figure 2, where Figure and1. Conceptual
are the re- maintenance cost functions.
forced concrete bridges with a structural system

Cd (cR +cSI ) D trij Cm (cm+cSI) Dtrjj

E(C ) E(C ) E(C )
b)
a)

Dtj Dtdij D tj Dtdij

Figure 2. Cost
DRt functions for (a) damage and (b)
Dt repair or maintenance. Dt
SI ij
d m m SI jj
Figure 1. Conceptual maintenance cost functions.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

C (c +c ) D tr C (c +c ) Dtr
b)
j a) ij j ij

Figure 2.DCost
t functions
Dtdfor (a) damage and (b) repair orDmaintenance.
t Dtd

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

:
 Mantenimiento probabilístico de puentes 7

(a) (b)

Mantenimiento probabilístico de puentes 7

Figure 3. The two bridges analyzed: (a) Cuto Bridge, and (b) Guadalupe Bridge.

composed by a flat reinforced concrete slab sup- sup- Table 1

ported by squared reinforced concrete piles. The
first bridge is a two 12.5-m span whereas the sec- sec-
Damage ( D td)
td ) and repair (Dtr) times
ond one has 6 spans with a total length of for both bridges (in years)
(a)
169.5m. Figure 3 shows photographs of the two (b)Time Cuto Guadalupe
bridges analyzed. At the time this paper was pre- pre-
pared, the bridges have had only two repairs. Dtd1 2.5 1
Data about the observed times to damage and re- Dtd2 8 4
pair times are shown in Table 1.
Figure 3. The two bridges analyzed: (a) Cuto Bridge, Dr1and (b) Guadalupe 0.4 Bridge. 0.3
The repair, service interruption and main-
tenance costs (c (cR, cSI, c m) are in Table 2. T = 200 D r2 0.5 0.5
composed by a flat reinforced concrete slab sup-
years (this lifetime is the time limit to perform
ported by squared reinforced concrete piles. The Table
Table 21
and add simulation times, see Table 3).
first bridge is a two 12.5-m span whereas the sec- Annual 1 costs td(million pesos per tr year)
From surveys performed
ond one has 6 spans with a total length of to the bridges in Damage ( D ) and repair (D ) times
(1USD = 11 Mexican pesos)
2001, damage 2for both bridges (in years)
169.5m. Figureand repair photographs
3 shows data were obtained
of the [12,
two Time Cuto Guadalupe
13].
bridgesTheanalyzed.
time to damageAt the (t(time
td) and
thistime to repair
paper was pre (tr-) D
Cost 1ítem Cuto Guadalupe
2 2.5 1
were modeled as random variables,
pared, the bridges have had only two repairs. and with a c td
DcR
2
0.01 0.2
test of fit goodness, their corresponding
Data about the observed times to damage and re- distribu
distribu- - td 8 4
tionstimes
were areobtainedR SI m cDSI 0.3 0.4
pair shown(Figure
in Table 3).1.
0.4 0.3
Weibull
The repair, (Eq.service
9) was interruption
found to be theandbest
main- fit DcrM 0.02 0.3
over exponential c , c , c T r 0.5 0.5
tenance costs ( and lognormal ) are in distributions
Table 2. = 200 for
d, tr and
tyears (thisthe Availability
lifetime is thefunction.
time limitTheto parame-
parame
perform- and the total is the value of E ( CLt ).
). The results are
ters of this distribution are
and add simulation times, see Table 3). shown in Table 4. shown in Figures 4 and 5. Costs are expressed in
d r
million USD
R (MUSD).
Table 2
From surveys performed to the bridges in2
æ- x ö Annual costs (million pesos per year)
2001,
F ( x) =damagee xp ç
1- ex ÷
çand÷arepairtdata were obtained [12, (9)
t
In SIorder to assess sensitivity, the exercise
(1USD = 11 Mexican pesos)
13]. The time è to bdamage
ø ( ) and time to repair (c ) wasCost
repeated
ítem for other Cuto
two values ofGuadalupe
service inter-
inter-
M
were modeled as random variables, and with a ruptionclosses, 3 and 0.1 MUSD for Cuto bridge
0.01 0.2
test ofThe
fit goodness, their corresponding
mean availability distribu
for the Bridge Cuto is- and 4 and
c 0.1 million for Guadalupe bridge. See
0.3 L 0.4
tions were
92.1% whereasobtained
the one(Figure
for the 3).Bridge Guadalupe Figures 6 and 7. t
d r c
is 86.2%.
Weibull Finally,
(Eq. 9)the wasexpected
found to life-cycle cost
be the best fit 0.02 0.3
analysis
over was estimated
exponential and lognormalfor several prescribed
distributions for 5. Discussion
t ,t
maintenance periods. A sample EC
and the Availability function.ofThe
the parame
calcula--
calcula-and the total is the value of ( ). The results are
tions to obtain ( L
) for The optimal maintenance schedule may be
E
ters of this distributionC t are shown in Table Cuto
D t = 1 year and for 4. shown in Figures 4 and 5. Costs are expressed in
identified through the minimum expected life-cy-
life-cy-
Bridge appears in Table 3. In the column “Failure million USD (MUSD).
x cle cost. The expected life-cycle costs for several
or
F xmainten.” the indicator 0 expresses mainte- mainte-
( ) 1 e xp (9) In order
alternative to assess sensitivity,
maintenance schedules,the exercise
shown in
nance (D
(Dt < td) and 1 means damage (Dt > td ) and,
æ- ö was repeated
Figures 4 andfor6,
other two values
indicate that aof maintenance
service inter-
once=t reaches ç ÷ L
- ç 200÷ayears, all the Ct are added up ruption
work losses,
every 3 and
2 years 0.1 MUSD
should for Cutomainte-
be the optimal bridge-
mainte
è b ø
The mean availability for the Bridge Cuto is and 4 and 0.1 million for Guadalupe bridge. See
92.1% whereas the Lone for the Bridge Guadalupe Figures 6 and 7.
Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010
is 86.2%. Finally, t the expected life-cycle cost
analysis was estimated for several prescribed
maintenance periods. A Dsample of the calcula-
EC t The optimal maintenance schedule may be
tions to obtain ( ) for = 1 year and for Cuto
d L d identified through the minimum expected life-cy-
Bridge appears in Table 3. In the column
t “Failure 5. Discussion
cle cost. The expected life-cycle costs for several
or mainten.”
D the indicator 0 expresses D mainte-
t t t t alternative maintenance schedules, shown in
nance ( < ) and 1 means damage ( > ) and,
t C Figures 4 and 6, indicate that a maintenance
once reaches 200 years, all the are added up work every 2 years should be the optimal mainte-

Rev. Téc. Ing. Univ. Zulia. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2010

:
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