Transportation &infrastructure

Rail system

 Rail transport is an important mode of long-distance

transportation in the people’s Republic of china.
 As of 2014, the country has 120,000 km (74,565 mi).
 The second longest network in the world.
 Almost all rail operations are handled by the China Railway
Corporation, a state-owned company created in March 2013
from dissolution of the Ministry of Railways.
 The first railway to be built in China was a 600-meter narrow
gauge demonstration line that a British merchant assembled in
Beijing in 1864.
Airline system

 China Airlines was established on December 16, 1959, with its

shares completely held by the Republic of China government.
 It was founded by a retired air force officer and initially
concentrated on charter flights.
 The flag carrier and largest airline of the Republic of China
(Taiwan). It is headquartered in Taiwan Taoyuan International
Airport and has 11,154 regular employees.China Airlines operates
over 1,400 flights weekly to 114 airports in 111 cities across Asia,
Europe, North America and Oceania
 China Airlines has used different slogan throughout its operational
history. In 2006, the current slogan was introduced to complement
the new uniforms and to celebrate the 47th anniversary. China
Airlines' slogans have been as follows:

 "We treasure every encounter" (1987–1995)

  "We blossom everyday" (1995–2006)
 "Journey with a caring smile" (2006–present)

Road system

 The expressway network of China is an integrated system of

national and provincial-level expressways in the People's Republic
of China from 2005 to 2010.
 The total costs of the national expressway network are estimated to
be 2 trillion yuan.
 The Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China
has raised the speed limit nationwide from 110 km/h to 120 km/h
(75 mph), effective May 1, 2004.

Water system

 The water resources of China are affected by both severe water

quantity shortages and severe water quality pollution.
 A growing population and rapid economic development as well as
lax environmental oversight have increased water demand and
pollution
 China's water resources include 2,711.5 cubic kilometers of mean
annual run-off in its rivers and 828.8 cubic kilometers of
groundwater recharge. As pumping water draws water from nearby
rivers.
 Large-scale water transfers have long been advocated by Chinese
planners as a solution to the country's water woes. The South-
North Water Transfer Project is being developed primarily to
divert water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River and
Beijing
Infrastructure development

 Infrastructure development remains a top priority for China’s

government, which has long recognized that a modern economy
runs on reliable roads and rails, electricity, and
telecommunications.
 From the late 1990s to 2005, 100 million Chinese benefited from
power and telecommunications upgrades. Between 2001 and 2004,
investment in rural roads grew by a massive 51 percent annually
 Its goal is to bring the entire nation’s urban infrastructure up to the
level of infrastructure in a middle-income country, while using
increasingly efficient transport logistics to tie the country together.

Housing &construction
 The most important objective of the Chinese government is to
increase national GDP and is launching building developments
across China to promote economic development.
 2011 estimates by property analysts state that there are some 89
million empty properties and apartments in China and that housing
development in China is massively oversupplied and overvalued,
and is a bubble waiting to burst with serious consequences in the
future.
 The Chinese government announced in March 2011 the objective
of building 36 million units of housing by 2015.] In September
2011 alone, work commenced on 1.2 million units across China; a
70% increase in the construction of sociala housing compared with
2010.
 BISWorld publishes the largest collection of industry reports so
you can see an industry’s supply chain, economic drivers and key
buyers and market
  Over the five years through 2015, revenue for the Building
Construction industry has been growing at an average annualized
rate of 16.2% to $1.98 trillion. There are about 29,000 construction
firms in this industry, up from 25,000 in 2010.

Energy power & mineral resources

Main source of energy

The energy policy of China is a policy decided on by the Central
Government with regard to energy and energy resources. Ensuring
adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core
concern of the Chinese government since 1949. The country is currently
the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases according to a Dutch
research agency.However, China's per capita emissions are still far
behind some of the developed countries. In addition, China is also the
world's leading renewable energy producer.

Energy in China[6]
Capita Prim. energy Production Import Electricity CO2-emission
million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt
2004 1,296 18,717 17,873 1,051 2,055 4,732
2007 1,320 22,746 21,097 1,939 3,073 6,028
2008 1,326 24,614 23,182 2,148 3,252 6,508
2009 1,331 26,250 24,248 3,197 3,503 6,832
2010 1,338 28,111 25,690 3,905 3,938 7,270
Change 2004-10 3.3% 50% 44% 272% 92% 54%

Power generation & distribution

The People's Republic of China's electric power industry has
changed dramatically since the early 1990s to become the world's largest
electricity consumer, passing the United States in 2011. In April 1996,
an Electric Power Law was implemented, a major event in China's
electric power industry. The law set out to promote the development of
the electric power industry,to protect legal rights of investors, managers
and consumers, and to regulate generation, distribution and
consumption. Most of the electricity in China is produced from fossil
fuels. In particular, about 79% of annual electricity was produced with
coal in China between 2004-2010.

Labour & welfare

One of the hallmarks of China's socialist economy was its promise of
employment to all able and willing to work and job-security with
virtually lifelong tenure. Reformers targeted the labor market as
unproductive because industries were frequently overstaffed to fulfill
socialist goals and job-security reduced workers' incentive to work. This
socialist policy was pejoratively called the iron rice bowl.In 1979–1980,
the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers, which
was immediately offset by sharply rising inflation rates of 6%–7%. The
state remedied this problem, in part, by distributing wage subsidies. The
All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) was established in
1925 to represent the interests of national and local trade unions and
trade union councils. The ACFTU reported a membership of 130
million, out of an estimated 248 million urban workers, at the end of
2002. Chinese trade unions are organized on a broad industrial basis.

In pre-1980s reform, China, the socialist state

fulfilled the needs of society from cradle to grave. Child care, education,
job placement, housing, subsistence, health care, and elder care were
largely the responsibility of the work unit as administered through state-
owned enterprises and agricultural communes and collectives. As those
systems disappeared or were reformed, the "iron rice bowl" approach to
welfare changed. Article 14 of the constitution stipulates that the state
"builds and improves a welfare system that corresponds with the level of
economic development."In 2004 China experienced the greatest
decrease in its poorest population since 1999. People with a per capita
income of less than 668 renminbi (RMB; US$80.71) decreased 2.9
million or 10 percent; those with a per capita income of no more than
924 RMB (US$111.64) decreased by 6.4 million or 11.4 percent,
according to statistics from the State Council’s Poverty Reduction
Office. Welfare reforms since the late 1990s have included unemployment
insurance, medical insurance, workers’ compensation insurance,
maternity benefits, communal pension funds, individual pension
accounts, universal health care, and a carbon tax.

Foreign investment

According to the 2014 World Investment Report released by UNCTAD,

in 2013 China was the second largest FDI recipient in the world after the
United States. In 2014, it became number one. The country is also at the
top of the 2014-2016 list of the economies most attractive to
multinational companies. The absorption of FDI is part of the policy of
opening China to the outside world. In 2014, FDI followed their upward
trend and increased by 3% compared to 2013. According to the
predictions, FDI outflows from China abroad should soon overtake FDI
inflows into the country.China represents an untapped market and has a
considerable growth potential due to several reasons:
:-It's the biggest internal market in the world with 1.3 billion potential
customers;
:-It's a rapidly growing market (minimum 7% growth per year); and
:-The labor costs are low even if this situation is changing in certain
areas;
:- With the development of the Western provinces, China offers new
opportunities, particularly in the Sichuan province.