National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

B. Tech Civil (4 th SEM)

Survey Lab End Term Project

Roll no. 181090

1.Describe the working of the total station that you have used during
practical classes.
Ans. :-
Total station- total station is a surveying equipment combination of
electromagnetic distance measuring instrument and electronic
theodolite. It is also integrated with micro processor, electronic data
collector and storage system.
Working of the total station:-
• Distance Measurement
Electronic distance measuring (EDM) instrument is a major part of total station. Its range
varies from 2.8 km to 4.2 km. The accuracy of measurement varies from 5 mm to 10 mm
per km measurement. They are used with automatic target recognizer. The distance
measured is always sloping distance from instrument to the object.

•Angle Measurements
The electronic theodolite part of total station is used for measuring vertical and horizontal
angle. For measurement of horizontal angles any convenient direction may be taken as
reference direction. For vertical angle measurement vertical upward (zenith) direction is
taken as reference direction. The accuracy of angle measurement varies from 2 to 6
seconds.

• Data Processing
This instrument is provided with an inbuilt microprocessor. The microprocessor averages
multiple observations. With the help of slope distance and vertical and horizontal angles
measured, when height of axis of instrument and targets are supplied, the microprocessor
computes the horizontal distance and X, Y, Z coordinates.The processor is capable of
applying temperature and pressure corrections to the measurements, if atmospheric
temperature and pressures are supplied.

•Display
Electronic display unit is capable of displaying various values when respective keys are
pressed. The system is capable of displaying horizontal distance, vertical distance,
horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points and all the
three coordinates of the observed points.

•Electronic Book
Each point data can be stored in an electronic note book (like compact disc). The capacity
of electronic note book varies from 2000 points to 4000 points data. Surveyor can unload
the data stored in note book to computer and reuse the note book.

2.Explain the process of downloading the survey data from the total
station that you have followed in practical class.

Ans.:-

1. Power on the station, go to trimble access software

2. Now go to the general survey
3. Select option jobs
4. Select open jobs
5. Select jobs you want to transfer
6. Now go to jobs and select import/export
option 7. Select export fixed format
8. Now select the format in which
you wish to export data 9. Select location where you want to
copy the CSV file. Let select documents 10. Select accept
11. Now select all grid points.
Transfer will be completed 12. Similarly transfer all the
jobs 13. Now connect total station
to computer using data cables 14. On the desktop you need to
download software, automatically a window will open, select connect
without setting up your device 15. Select file
management option 16. Click
on disk status 17.
Select document and setting 18.
All the jobs will be there, select any jobs whose data you want to import

3. Explain the procedure to take measurement of locations with

GPS.

Ans. :-To calculate the Longitude, Latitude and Height position, a GPS
receiver precisely measures the different speed of light (299,792 km/s)
delays in the signals coming from 4 or more satellites. The distance to
each satellite is calculated, and then using trilateration, the 3D positionof
the GPS antenna is calculated. Each satellite transmits messages that
include:
 The time the message was transmitted.
 Precise orbital information, known as the Ephemeris.
 Approximate orbits of all GPS satellites, known as the Almanac.
 General satellite health, etc.
All of this information takes 12.5 minutes to transmit, meaning that
VBOX products that are brand new, haven't been used for a while or
 have moved location since last use may take up to this time to
acquire an accurate location lock

4. Describe the characteristics of contours/contour map.

Ans. :-

•Must close on themselves, on Or off the map.

•Perpendicular to the direction of maximum slope.

•Slope b/w them is assumed uniform.

•The distance between them indicates the steepness of the slope, gentle
or steep.

•Irregular signifying rough, smooth signify gradual slopes.

•Concentric closed contour; hills or depression.

•They do not cross each other, only in special cases.

•They do not cross building.

•They cross horizontal man made surfaces in parallel lines.

5. Explain the features of a topographical map.

Ans.:- A topographic map is a map which incorporates a huge collection

of information and may be divided into three major group:

1.relief feature which are depicted in brown contour line.

2.water feature which are depicted in blue color.

3.cultural feature which are depicted in black color.

Out of all the given choices, the four main feature of a topographic map
are boundaries which are marked by black or red broken lines and can
either be national, state, territorial or country boundary, physical feature
such as trails, railway, airport, tunnels, bridges, river, swamp, marsh,
vineyard, recreation activities and terrain, settlement which may include
roads, cities and building and communication which is essential to carry
out information needed by its readers.

Roll no.-
181090