Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Тести Для Магістрів 2016
Тести Для Магістрів 2016
Англійська мова
Німецька мова
Французька мова
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
PART 1
#1 Suzy was ill at home last week so it (…) have been her that you saw on the train.
1) can 2) couldn’t 3) must 4) shouldn’t
#2. A Christmas tree (…) by the children before their parents came home.
1) decorated 2) been decorated 3) being decorated 4) had been decorated
#4. Mother didn’t let him (…) supper until he washed his hands.
1) has 2) have 3) to have 4) having
#5. The coach congratulated the team on (…) all their games.
1) win 2) having winning 3) winning 4) have to win
#1 William heard his cousin (…) the whole story of his life.
1) told 2) tell 3) have told 4) has told
#3. We knew that by the following year Thomas (…) his Master’s degree.
1) is going to take 2) will take 3) would have taken 4) will have taken
#1 Jennifer kept (…) hints that she expected him to be her partner.
1) to throw 2) throw 3) throwing 4) being thrown
#2. Credit cards companies encourage users to pay off bills (…) people to sink into
debts.
1) being caused 2) causing 3) to cause 4) caused
#3. Gazing (…) at him Sheila could see a muscle beating in his jaw.
1) help 2) helpless 3) helpful 4) helplessly
#5. Most parents would like to see their children (…) academically.
1) to succeed 2) have succeed 3) succeeding 4) been succeeding
#3. She felt as though she (…) living alone with her children.
1) would 2) were 3) has been 4) could
#5. Mr. Brown (…) to give details of his bank account yesterday.
1) made 2) was made 3) has made 4) is being made
#5. If you were found guilty of exceeding the speed limit, you (…) to pay a fine.
1) would have 2) have 3) will have 4) would have had
#3. I (…) to get through for the last half hour, but the line’s been engaged.
1) had been trying 2) tried 3) was trying 4) have been trying
#2. I hope you (…) the work by the time I return to the office.
1) will have finished 2) finish 3) going to finish 4) have finished
#3. Janet was absent this morning because she had her tooth (…).
1) filling 2) to fill 3) fill 4) filled
#1 Ms. Guth (…) rather not invest that money in the stock market.
1) has to 2) could 3) must 4) would
#2. When I graduate from college next June, I (…) a student here for five years.
1) will have been 2) have been 3) has been 4) will being
#3. You were (…) the New York office before 2 p.m.
1) suppose call 2) supposed to call 3) supposed calling 4) supposed call
#4. By the time Bob gets back from the war, his daughter (…) from school.
1) graduate 2) graduates 3) will have graduated 4) has graduated
#5. He (…) met the school Director until he bumped into him in the supermarket.
1) have never 2) had never 3) didn’t 4) never did
#2. After her parents were killed she (…) by her uncle.
1) was grown up 2) was brought up 3) were brought 4) brought
#3. Tom (…) travel a lot. These days he doesn't go away very often.
1) got to 2) uses 3) used to 4) is used to
#5. I avoided (…) the child, but I couldn’t help running over the dog.
1) to hit 2) hit 3) for hitting 4) hitting
#2. She (…) the head of her department more if he took a more professional attitude
towards his work.
1) has respected 2) would respect 3) respects 4) has been respecting
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#3. They (…) their house yet. They only put it up for sale yesterday.
1) haven’t been selling 2) needn’t have sold 3) ought not sell 4) can’t have sold
#4. It’s not easy learning Chinese at home. Do you think I (…) an evening course?
1) must have taken 2) have taken 3) should take 4) used to take
#5. Guns (…) away securely so that children can’t reach them.
1)had better lock 2) ought to be locked 3) may be locking 4) could lock
PART 2
1) permitted
2) permitting
3) permit
#1. Tim’s mother would rather he worked closer to home than he (…).
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
1) did
2) does
3) was
#4. He didn’t have to wait long for the professor as when I came the last student (…).
1) had been examining already
2) was being examined
3) to have been examined
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#5. The police found out that (…).
1) he has known the victim of the accident before
2) he to have known the victim of the accident before
3) he had known the victim of the accident before
#3. The professor is very busy today as there are plenty of students (…).
1) to be examined by him
2) has to be examined by him
3) were to examine by him
#4. If all the students had been ready for the exam yesterday, the professor (…).
1) had examined them already
2) will have examined them by 5 p.m. today
3) would have examined them
#5. The mayor of the city has not come yet. He (…).
1) can be still open a self-service canteen
2) was being opened a self-service canteen
3) must be still opening a self-service canteen
#1. Don’t have your dinner at home. A nice self-service canteen seems (…).
1) to have been opened already
2) to open
3) being opened
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. The guests are always fond of (…).
1) have been met at the airport
2) being met at the airport
3) to be met at the airport
#3. The pages of the book were so yellow that it seemed as if (…).
1) they have been published a hundred years ago
2) they had been published a hundred years ago
3) they would be published in the nearest future
#4. The time of the exhibition is coming and the editors are (…).
1) denied having published the books already
2) busy publishing the books
3) are for being published books so quickly
#2. Seeing that the bus was rather far from him Nick decided not to catch it because (…).
1) the driver will drive off
2) the driver would drive off before he reached it
3) the driver has driven off
#4. He would be able to give you a more detailed account of his business trip (…).
1) if he were given more time for preparing his report
2) if he will be given more time for preparing his report
3) if he being given more time for preparing his report
#4. He may be reading hard for his exam. I’d rather not (…).
1) had rung him
2) ring him today
3) ringing him
#5. When the clown appeared on the arena the children burst out (…).
1) laughing. He looked so funny
2) to be laughed again and again
3) to have been laughing
#3. Hardly had she placed both her feet on the ground when (…).
1) her husband drove off
2) her husband will drive off
3) her husband had driven off
#2. The BFI IMAX screen is a 20 meters high and 26 meters wide making it (...).
1) farther the largest screen in Great Britain
2) as far the largest screen in Great Britain
3) by far the largest screen in Great Britain
PART 3
#2. The journalist wouldn’t (…) her source irrespective of pressure I put on her.
1) revise 2) release 3) reveal 4) open
#3. All of us know that keeping our heritage alive is important for (…) our identity.
1) continuing 2) following 3) holding 4) maintaining
#4. The rescue worker sat in the (…) because he felt dizzy.
1) shadow 2) shade 3) cover 4) site
#5. The ideal situation is to be bilingual though it makes (…) to keep one’s language
alive.
1) logic 2) sense 3) aware 4) reason
#2. Most engineers agree that the car engine was ahead of its (…).
1) model 2) structure 3) time 4) function
#3. The trouble with credit is that some people (…) more money than they can afford.
1) borrow 2) lend 3) give 4) ask
#4. There was a long line of traffic waiting to cross the US/Mexico (…).
1) boundary 2) border 3) edge 4) lane
#1. He was the son of a coat manufacturer who (…) control of his business through
bankruptcy.
1) lost 2) failed 3) missed 4) wasted
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. Many cosmetic companies claim that they don’t carry out (…) on animals.
1) attempts 2) efforts 3) trial 4) experiments
#3. Please, (…) in mind that smoking is not allowed in this building.
1) hold 2) keep 3) catch 4) store
#4. I started the conversation with the person sitting next to me to (…) the time.
1) run 2) bear 3) pass 4) keep
#5. People who (…) self-esteem have problems feeling good about themselves.
1) lack 2) miss 3) undermine 4) trust
#1. Katty puts some money in the bank every month for a rainy (…).
1) weather 2) day 3) spell 4) cyclone
#2. Kim could be (…) at times and often got upset easily.
1) sensible 2) reliable 3) arrogant 4) sensitive
#3. We all (…) our breath when the winner of the competition was being announced.
1) held 2) kept 3) bore 4) run
#4. It’s not just humans that (…) hands when they meet – chimpanzees also touch hands.
1) shrug 2) clench 3) shake 4) tap
#1. The World Wildlife Fund updates its list of (…) species every year.
1) warned 2) endangered 3) risky 4) threatened
#2. My parents forbade me to take the car on Saturday night saying that it was out of
(…).
1) control 2) place 3) question 4) date
#3. Mentally (…) people need our support to become part of the community.
1) poor 2) derived 3) abused 4) handicapped
#4. The famous athlete Jesse Owens (…) four Olympic records in 1936.
1) broke 2) changed 3) drew 4) took
#5. The law states that parents must (…) their children with a full time education.
1) give 2) serve 3) provide 4) deliver
#2. The vast majority of Egypt's inhabitants live in the Nile valley and delta, and the rest
of the country is (…) populated.
1) sparsely 2) considerately 3) remarkably 4) eagerly
#3. The jury reached a verdict of not guilty as there wasn't (…) evidence to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt he intended to kill his boss.
1) loyal 2) abstract 3) obsolete 4) sufficient
#4. William Harvey’s significant discoveries impacted science immensely and without
his (…), the field of science would not be how we know it today.
1) reversal 2) disturbance 3) contribution 4) evolution
#5. The young graduate has made a wonderful speech and said he is extremely grateful
to his parents and loved ones who have always supported and (…) him in his studies.
1) constricted 2) encouraged 3) confessed 4) demolished
#1. At least 2,000 domestic and international flights were disrupted by the storm, when it
knocked out electricity and (…) roofs, towers, fences and other equipment.
1) eliminated 2) interrupted 3) contributed 4) destroyed
#2. Over the past decade the energy (…) of America has increased by more than 12
percent, while its production has increased by less than 1 percent.
1) consumption 2) reputation 3) evolution 4) evaporation
#3. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, W.E.B. Du Bois became the most (…) and
effective spokesperson for the full rights of African Americans before World War II.
1) unbearable 2) insignificant 3) respected 4) manipulated
#4. The rebels (…) the police station killing twenty-three police officers and freeing
about fifty prisoners.
1) came across 2) took over 3) looked after 4) ran over
#5. Until he won a great amount of money from the lottery, he had been living in (…) for
more than 30 years.
1) poverty 2) temptation 3) welfare 4) vacancy
#1. Your lawyer’s being present in the court room is (…) since he may prevent your
chance of being misdirected.
1) official 2) mutual 3) hostile 4) critical
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. Whether you are in love with her or not, I will never (…) to this marriage.
1) argue 2) approve 3) consent 4) decline
#3. If you are late to the meeting, it will be really difficult to (…) the subjects which
have been discussed.
1) look for 2) catch up with 3) drop in 4) give for
#4. The police officer confessed that shooting the burglar was a(n) (…) made decision
and he regretted that.
1) instinctively 2) approximately 3) mercifully 4) dramatically
#5. Working at a box office, I was told that selling forty tickets a day was (…), but when
I sold more than fifty I would get an extra payment.
1) restrictive 2) considerate 3) delicate 4) satisfactory
#1. When the U.S. and England proclaimed war against Iraq, the antiwar protesters all
around the world (…) practically all the roads to the famous squares.
1) took on 2) turned over 3) blocked off 4) passed away
#2. Theft and (…) are still among the most serious crimes in many countries.
1) ignorance 2) homicide 3) sacrifice 4) welfare
#3. It is a very strange fact that frogs (…) water through their skins.
1) absorb 2) access 3) accelerate 4) balance
#4. We must have an (…) supply of food before we start our journey.
1) absolute 2) abundant 3) aboard 4) abstract
#5. In twenty years' time, the food supplies will be so (…) for some countries that people
will start immigrating in huge numbers.
1) scan 2) scale 3) scare 4) scarce
#1. In this part of the country, a third of the population is (…) in the coal mining
industry.
1) obtained 2) responded 3) employed 4) insisted
#2. Every region's linguistic and cultural identity is quite (…) from that of the rest of the
country.
1) distinct 2) coward 3) diligent 4) aggressive
#3. Aging research has (…) dramatically in the last several years, with much now known
of the biochemical and genetic components of aging.
1) rejected 2) opposed 3) prevented 4) advanced
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#4. For any healthy business, there comes a point when the owners must decide to take
the (…) of a new growth strategy.
1) conscience 2) risk 3) immunity 4) misunderstanding
#5. The spokesman of the Labour Party claimed that many problems can be (…) traced
to unfavorable job conditions.
1) miserly 2) selfishly 3) directly 4) jealously
#1. His strong (…) helps him to cope with the tragedy.
1) faith 2) elusion 3) uselessness 4) distress
#2. The country has few natural resources and its economy has been (…) for some time
now.
1) unwell 2) sickening 3) diseasing 4) ailing
#4. In her speech the Prime Minister (…) tribute to the valuable contributions to society
made by voluntary organizations.
1) brought 2) paid 3) sent 4) attracted
#5. What do you (…) as the main issues affecting the situation?
1) receive 2) perceive 3) deceive 4) retrieve
#1. After the football match the crowds (…) out of the stadium into the nearest bars and
cafes.
1) poured 2) leaked 3) trickled 4) dripped
#3. The nuclear industry (…) most of the country's electrical power.
1) originates 2) generates 3) engenders 4) initiates
#4. My sister likes wearing tight tops and close-fitting dresses but I prefer (…) sweaters
and jeans.
1) slappy 2) floppy 3) baggy 4) flabby
#5. Every year many small companies get (…) up by large multinationals.
1) swallowed 2) burnt 3) drowned 4) digested
#2. The measures taken by the government are obviously intended to (…) public
confidence in the current economic policy.
1) surrender 2) collaborate 3) submit 4) restore
#3. As an international organization, Interpol (…) the police forces of different countries
to help each other to solve crimes.
1) derives 2) executes 3) enables 4) suggests
#4. Because of their workload at schools, teachers have a limited amount of time to (…)
with each child.
1) interact 2) possess 3) imply 4) separate
#5. Mr. Smith, the head of our department, was forced to (…) early at his forty because
of his ill health.
1) revolve 2) retire 3) range 4) despise
#1. Thousands of animal species around the globe are (…) with extinction today.
1) enriched 2) dedicated 3) expired 4) threatened
#2. As the hotel can (…) up to five hundred guests, our boss wants to hold the annual
meeting there next month.
1) innovate 2) participate 3) accommodate 4) distract
#3. Some plant species (…) a warm and humid environment to grow well.
1) require 2) determine 3) represent 4) stay
#4. Many people behave (…) and violate traffic rules without caring for the
consequences of their actions.
1) significantly 2) inconsiderately 3) truly 4) collaboratively
#5. If people take an interest in the campaign and donate (…), it will be of great help for
tsunami victims.
1) hardly 2) rarely 3) nastily 4) generously
#1. Commercially (…) since the late 1930s, the television set has become a common
household communications device in homes, particularly as a source of entertainment
and news.
1) gigantic 2) superficial 3) available 4) rigid
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way (…) to
mailing letters predates the creation of the Internet.
1) similar 2) profound 3) resentful 4) diverse
#3. The cost of raw materials has risen (…) during the last months. Accordingly, some
companies have been forced to increase the prices of their products.
1) considerately 2) sharply 3) patiently 4) respectfully
#4. It is known that a (…) number of aircraft accidents are the result of a human error.
1) traditional 2) defective 3) creative 4) significant
#5. Due to his (…) adherence to the rules, the manager wasn't liked by the staff and was
forced to resign.
1) identical 2) sparse 3) strict 4) portable
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
PART 4
#1. I confided (…) her because I thought I could trust her immensely.
1) of 2) about 3) in 4) on
#2. The course in African Studies at SOAS appeals (…) me the most.
1) by 2) to 3) on 4) up to
#3. I'm sorry, I can't hear you. Could you speak (…) a little, please?
1) over 2) on 3) up 4) upon
#4. Negotiations between the two sides broke (…) after just two hours.
1) down 2) downwards 3) up 4) in
#5. The fire brigade needed more than six hours to put (…) the blaze.
1) off 2) on 3) out 4) up with
#1. I'm not trying to put you (…) buying it, but the price IS very high.
1) onto 2) down 3) off 4) up
#2. It was cloudy and raining in the morning but it cleared (…) before lunch time.
1) up 2) out 3) off 4) about
#3. It's a very expensive city but we get (…). We have enough to live on.
1) over 2) down 3) alone 4) by
#4. Our son's being bullied at school – other kids pick (…) him.
1) out 2) up 3) on 4) over
#5. I went to bed at 10 o'clock but didn't drop (…) till midnight.
1) off 2) in 3) down 4) up on
#1.. I'll come and see you tomorrow. I'll drop (…) around 5 o'clock.
1) on 2) by 3) into 4) through
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. I'm going to call the dentist and make an appointment for next week. My tooth's been
hurting for ages and I can't put it (…) any longer.
1) off 2) on 3) up 4) out
#4. I took a pencil and edited the text by crossing (…) all the unnecessary sentences.
1) out 2) on 3) through 4) off
#5. I arrived at about three o'clock but Paul didn't turn (…) until half past five.
1) in 2) to 3) up 4) over
#2. Simon and Helena have broken (…). They'd been together for five years.
1) down 2) up 3) off 4) out
#3. I always show a new employee (…) the company on their first morning.
1) around 2) over 3) through 4) in
#4. Burglars broke (…) our house last week. They somehow managed to open our super
modern lock.
1) into 2) up 3) to 4) down
#5. He asked his mother (…) money just because he desperately needed some.
1) for 2) by 3) after 4) of
#3. It’s 7 a.m. We need to leave (…) work at once or else we’ll miss the bus.
1) for 2) to 3) up to 4) at
#4. Wreckage from the plane was scattered (…) a wide area.
1) at 2) from 3) in 4) over
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#5. The toilet is straight (…) that door, then up the stairs on the left.
1) through 2) in 3) next 4) around
#3. The chairman is opposed (…) giving the affair any publicity.
1) to 2) at 2) by 3) with
#4. He divided his property (…) his daughter and his sister.
1) among 2) between 3) amongst 4) within
#5. If you are (…) the North Pole, every direction is south.
1) against 2) around 3) by 4) at
#2. They moved the chair because it was (…) their way.
1) at 2) on 3) off 4) in
#3. (…) a nine-month follow-up, not a single case of chicken pox occurred in the
vaccinated group.
1) by 2) within 3) during 4) as
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#4. The safe had been blown open (…) dynamite.
1) through 2) by 3) at 4) on
#1. The police accused him (…) going through a red light.
1) of 2) for 3) in 4) through
#2. They are very similar. I often mistake one (…) the other.
1) through 2) of 3) with 4) for
#5. The teacher was disappointed (…) the work of the class.
1) at 2) on 3) for 4) with
#1. He is longing (…) the day when he will be able to earn his own living.
1) with 2) for 3) at 4) against
#2. The boy who got full marks was suspected (…) cheating.
1) by 2) from 3) of 4) for
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Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#3. She complained (…) pains in her back.
1) by 2) with 3) over 4) about
#4. He became addicted (…) drugs and went from worse to worse.
1) on 2) with 3) to 4) by
#5. Please turn (…) the volume of the radio. I’m getting deaf.
1) on 2) into 3) over 4) down
#1. As the boxer realized he was getting (…) the end of the round he started to relax.
1) ahead of 2) at 3) away from 4) towards
#2. Did you hear about the architect who designed a three-story house (…) any stairs?
1) off 2) without 3) instead of 4) in spite of
#3. Whether you like it or not, you will have to carry (…) this plan.
1) into 2) out 3) away 4) in
#4. Perhaps she didn’t know him very well but Charlie didn’t know him (…) all.
1) in 2) by 3) at 4) for
#1. Everyone understood that such an answer was good (…) nothing.
1) for 2) to 3) with 4) towards
#2. How dare you come and poke your nose (…) my family affairs?
1) into 2) to 3) for 4) towards
#3. This statue was erected (…) honour of the great man.
1) by 2) into 3) in 4) with
#4. If you need a help I and my friend are (…) your disposal.
1) to 2) for 3) at 4) within
#5. The police said they wouldn’t rest (…) all the criminals were caught.
1) on 2) around 3) until 4) while
#4. When he came there the discussion was (…) full swing.
1) on 2) in 3) at 4) with
#5. You could be (...) greater help if you didn’t interfere with us.
1) in 2) of 3) with 4) up to
#1. Don’t look out of the window. Concentrate (...) what you are doing.
1) in 2) on 3) about 4) into
#2. This new evidence throws doubt (...) the new theory.
1) on 2) to 3) into 4) for
#4. If you go (...) behaving like that you’ll go to bed without any supper.
1) towards 2) through 3) up 4) on
PART 5
#1) The disastrous collapse of markets and financial institutions have been a
reality.
#2) What triggered the breakdown off?
#3) Mysterious investments are considered less significant.
#4) Loans are the way to prosperity.
#5) To understand the essence of leverage you must contrast it with investment.
Leverage
1. In 2008 the world financial system came close to a complete meltdown. No one wants
a repeat of that terrible crash, but how can a repeat be avoided?
2. In the first instance we need to understand what brought us to the brink - what we
were doing wrong during the good times that was unwittingly leading us to the cliff
edge.
3. Just what led to the meltdown? Certainly there wasn't a single factor that was to
blame. From the mid1990s financial institutions were putting more and more money
into new kinds of very risky investments.
4. Some of these investments “ like credit default swaps “ are very difficult to understand
(the New York Times called them "arcane" in one article) but the particular
investments are a less important factor than the technique called leverage that was
(and is) used to make those investments.
5. Arguably, understanding what leverage is, is the key to understanding the meltdown.
7. To see how it works and to see both how attractive it can seem and how extremely and
how extremely risky it is, let’s compare leverage with an old-fashioned investment.
8. Say you have $20,000 to invest in property. You buy land worth $20,000. Over a
period of time its market value increases by 10%. You make $2,000. Not bad. And in
the old days you might have been happy with that.
9. $2,000 is nice, but more would be better, wouldn't it? So why not leverage?
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
10. If you have $20,000 (and if the economy is ticking over quite nicely) you should be
able to persuade a financial institution to lend you a lot more. Let's say you are
loaned 19 times your original amount, making the total sum $400,000. Wow! So you
invest $400,000 in property.
#1) The US economic science has a major tendency towards free market ideas.
#2) Large firms usually attract their own groups of customers.
#3) Price reduction does not necessarily bring about more demand.
#4) Prices are normally fixed either by separate agreement or associations.
#5) Regulated price rates are not proved to prevent economic growth.
Free Market
1. Most economists in the United States seem captivated by spell of the free market.
Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the
requirements of the free market.
2. A price that is determined by the seller or for that matter, established by anyone other
than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major
act of will to think of price – fixing as both “normal” and having a valuable economic
function.
4. Hence a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same
group of consumers.
5. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling
its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by
advocates of free-markets economic theories.
6. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in
common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large
firm will thus avoid significant price cutting, because price cutting would be
prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products.
7. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be
brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
8. More over those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate
without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not
considered the economies of non socialist countries other than the United States.
These economies employ intentional price-fixing usually in an overt fashion.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
9. Formal price fixing by cartel and informal price fixing by agreements covering the
members of an industry are common place.
10. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about
price fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have
suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they
have.
#1) Financial institutions are not very likely to make the headlines.
#2) The IMF and the World Bank used to play a preventive role.
#3) The state cuts down on financing some projects.
#4) TV news is overwhelmed with natural disasters.
#5) Lower profits and reduced investments are the signs of depression.
Financial institutions
1. Most people who watch the evening news on TV everyday will hear about every
major natural disaster that happens in the world: every earthquake, every drought,
every fatal landslide, every tornado and hurricane.
2. Rarely will they hear a thing about the two most powerful financial institutions in the
world: the IMF (the international monetary fund) and the World Bank, and yet these
institutions probably have a bigger impact on the lives of more people than do all
those natural disasters that we hear about so regularly.
3. Here we present a brief introduction to these two institutions - two institutions that are
supposed to be the forces of good in the world, though they seem to many of us like
the true axis of evil.
4. With so many European cities in ruin at the end of World War II the IMF and the
World Bank were set up primarily to finance European reconstruction. There was
also a longer term goal: to ensure that there was no repetition of the global economic
depression that occurred in the 1930's.
5. (An aside: what does an economic depression look like? It looks like a downward
spiral. For one reason or another companies experience falling profits so they start to
cancel investments and lay off workers. Unemployment rises and the demand for
goods falls.
6. The government's income from taxes also declines, so publicly funded projects have
to be cut back.
7. All of this makes it even more difficult for companies to make a profit so they make
more cutbacks and the spiral continues downwards. This can spread to other
countries when they start to suffer a loss of demand for their exports.)
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
8. To avoid the spreading downward spiral of another global depression the idea was that
governments could turn to the IMF to borrow money to help reduce unemployment
and maintain demand for consumer goods whenever a local economic crisis started.
9. The objectives of the IMF and World Bank changed fundamentally in the 1980's.
10. Instead of simply providing assistance to market economies that get into trouble,
they became instruments of a much more aggressive drive to open up new markets
around the world that companies in the more advanced countries could then gain
access to and exploit.
#1) Cheaper goods imported in great amounts eventually lower the living standards.
#2) The two institutions control by means of certain economic rewards and punishments.
#3) The funds provided by the IMF and the World Bank put home companies at a
disadvantage.
#4) The two organizations pursue the pattern of free market economy which favours the
strongest players.
#5) The rural area developed owing to the state support in other more developed
countries.
1. At the time of World War II the Third World countries had been the sole
responsibility of their imperial masters. Now, when they got into trouble and needed
foreign loans, the IMF and World Bank stepped in.
2. They had a carrot and a stick. The carrot was the desperately needed loan. The stick
was the threat to withhold the money unless the country reformed its economy so that
big foreign firms could come in and make money.
3. A key word here is "protection". All of the more developed economies used measures
such as import controls in the past to protect their agriculture and industry.
4. Such controls let companies grow until they are powerful to be able to compete in the
international market.
5. According to the new philosophy there is no excuse for the world's poorest countries
trying to protect their agriculture and industry.
6. If they need foreign loans they must open their markets up to big foreign companies
even though their own companies may have no hope of competing. In the light of the
original philosophy of the IMF this makes no sense at all.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
7. The influx of cheap goods from foreign companies may mean a slightly lower cost of
living for many families but as local companies close and unemployment rises
overall economic activity is likely to fall and levels of poverty will rise.
8. In effect these two agencies have become two of the strongest proponents of today's
form of globalisation - a process whereby all the countries of the world are forced to
open their markets, thereby maximising the opportunities for the largest and most
powerful companies in the world.
9. Some people have called the new philosophy of the IMF and the World Bank "market
fundamentalism". This means an insistence upon free markets that disregards the
consequences for local communities and their traditional ways of life.
10. Take, for example, the poor African countries that previously subsidised agricultural
activities in remote rural areas. When they needed help from the IMF they were
forced to stop these subsidies and let the local markets operate without the
"distortions" introduced by government intervention. As a result, incomes in remote
rural areas dropped so low that their communities were no longer viable.
#1) Unemployment consequences are less severe than they used to be since two people
per family are more often employed.
#2) Some employed people earn so little that their families still live in poverty.
#3) Those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed
part-time workers and those not actively seeking work.
#4) Unemployment and earnings figures can exaggerate the amount of economic
hardship since earnings may be received from more than one job per worker.
#5) Unemployment is a social policy issue.
Unemployment statistics
1. How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most
critical yet contentious social policy questions.
2. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment
does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930's when most of
the unemployed were primary bread-winners, when income and earnings were
usually much closer to the margin of subsistence.
3. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing
predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social
welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
4. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the
millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the
overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.
5. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have
family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty
statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.
6. Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labour-
market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully
employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.
7. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several
times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer a result of forced
idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a
minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.
8. For every person counted in the month unemployment tallies, there is another working
part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor
force but wanting a job.
9. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled,
and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic
expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in
the labor market are adequately protected.
10. There is only one area of agreement in this debate that the existing poverty,
employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary
applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.
#1) Purchasers of free-standing appliances are tending to buy more expensive models.
#2) Among built-in ovens, the proportion of gas ovens has grown.
#3) Sales of dishwashers have been influenced by an increase in the number of types of
dishwasher available.
#4) Cooking appliances account for a higher proportion of built-in appliances than of
free-standing ones.
#5) Sales of extractor hoods have been affected by trends in sales of cooking appliances.
1. Growth continued in the market last year, although at a much lower rate than in
previous year. The trend from free standing towards built-in appliances is gathering
pace.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
2. In the free-standing sector, growth has mainly been concentrated at the upper end of
the market, as an increasing proportion of consumers trade up to higher-specification
appliances.
3. The major sector within built-in appliances is cooking (including microwaves) with
79% by volume.
6. The built-in oven sector is the largest by value. Although gas has made some gains in
share in recent years, the sector is primarily electric, estimated at 65 per cent.
7. Unlike ovens, the hob sector is predominantly gas, which accounts for around 59 per
cent, with electric hobs accounting for the balance.
8. The built-in cooking market has experienced considerable growth in terms of volume,
and this has spread to increased demand for extractor hoods.
10. The wider product range, including slimline and compact dishwashers, and increased
consumer awareness of the benefits the dishwasher can offer, have contributed to
growth in this sector.
2. As a result, you feel growing dissatisfaction, as you find the boundaries between life
and work beginning to blur.
3. On the other hand, finding your job satisfying does not make you want to spend all
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
your time at work either, as other things in your life matter, too
4. The good news is that some employees are making it easier to find a balance. For
example, you can discuss your free-time activities commitment with your boss who
will do his best to build them into the work schedule.
5. You will find it easier to arrange time off when you want it as you become more
experienced in the job- and more important to your employer.
7. When it works, it's a win-win situation. The employee has greater flexibility, and the
employer is rewarded with greater commitment.
8. Work/life balance developed out of the 'family-friendly' policies introduced in the late
80s and early 90s.
10. A number of policies and practices, such as flexible working hours, working from
home and job sharing, make an organization more responsive to the needs of its
workforce
#1) Downshifting challenges society's preoccupation with consumer choice and its
recent elevation in importance.
#2) The current volume of people opting to downshift makes it a numerically important
phenomenon.
#3) Downshifting involves the individual concerned in a form of withdrawal from the
social expectations that pervade all strata of modern life.
#4) One negative aspect of downshifting is that the individual's social status may be
diminished.
#5) It is inevitable that the decision to downshift and consequent lifestyle changes will
have an impact on the voting patterns of those concerned.
Downshifting
2. Evidence suggests that the decision to downshift requires a process of untying oneself
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
from overriding social expectations, which are manifested at the broadest level of
society and which seep down to the personal reactions of close friends and family.
4. Downshifting is not yet a conscious political force, although the shift in priorities of
this segment of the electorate must be beginning to influence voting patterns.
6. For most downshifters, the change is one which involves taking control of one's life
and living more consciously, and that making the change takes courage.
7. This is paradoxical in a society that celebrates individual freedom and which, over the
last two decades, has been dominated by the modern politics of neoliberalism that
places so much importance on consumer choice.
8. Why does it take an act of courage to choose to devote less time to earning money and
acquiring things and more time to other pursuits?
9. The answer is that, despite all of the rhetoric, only certain forms of choice are socially
permissible, those that are consistent with acquisitiveness and the desire to get on.
10. The result is that downshifters often lose friends and lose status, and their relationship
to society changes, sometimes in a fundamental way.
1. If the police in the UK or the USA receive information alleging that someone is
connected somehow with a terrorist organization, they can arrest the person and hold
him in a prison cell indefinitely.
2. Suspects have been locked up for years like this, without being taken to court and tried
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
and without even being told why the authorities suspect that they are terrorists.
3. This contravenes one of the basic principles established over the centuries in our legal
systems. There may be a number of people the government would like to lock up or
execute or deport but if there is respect for the rule of law it will have to gather the
evidence and prove its case in court.
4. Instead, it is argued that when you have someone who may be plotting to kill hundreds
of thousands of people, you don't want to take any risks, even when it means
trampling on a few long-established principles.
5. The problem is many innocent people are locked up along with the few individuals
who are determined to wreak havoc.
6. One of the reasons why it happens concerns the intelligence reports that are usually the
basis for the arrest.
7. Some experts say they have seen reports which were little more than gossip – reports
which relied, for instance, on unproven allegations.
9. In Sweden, when the government debated the issue of whether to detain terrorist
suspects without a proper trial or to maintain the high standards of their legal system,
they chose the latter.
10. When evidence was lacking they adopted the policy of releasing suspects and then
keeping them under constant surveillance.
#1) Three different suppliers will most likely be involved in the production of apple's
new iPhone screens.
#2) Companies are making bigger display screens because consumers are using phones
for things they used to do on their laptops.
#3) Apple's new screen will be bigger, compared to the old one.
#4) Apple is competing against a South Korean company.
#5) Not all the suppliers are in Japan.
1. Apple Inc plans to use a larger screen on the next generation iPhone and has begun to
place orders for the new displays from suppliers in South Korea and Japan.
2. The new iPhone screens will measure 4 inches from corner to corner. That would
represent a roughly 30 per cent increase in viewing area, assuming apple keeps other
dimensions proportional.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
3. Apple has used a 3.5 inch screen since introducing the iPhone in 2007.
4. Early production of the new screen has begun at three suppliers: Korea's LG Display
Co LTD, Sharp Corp and Japan Display Inc, a Japanese government-brokered merger
combining the screen production of the companies.
5. It is likely all the screen suppliers will get production orders from Apple, which could
begin as soon as June.
6. That would allow the new iPhone to go into production as soon as August, if the
company follows its own precedent in moving from orders for prototypes for key
components to launch.
7. Apple's decision to equip the next iPhone with a larder screen represents part of a
competitive Response to Samsung Electronics Co Ltd.
8. Samsung unveiled its top-of-the line Galaxy smartphone with a 4.8-inch touch-screen
and a faster processor earlier this month.
9. With consumers becoming more and more comfortable using smartphones for tasks
they once performed on laptops, like watching video, other smartphone
manufacturers have also moved toward bigger displays.
10. A report in March by a South Korea business newspaper said Apple would use a
"retina" display on the next iPhone, the same technology in its latest iPad that
enhance image quality.
1. International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis. The systemic
level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international
environment.
3. Hard power relates primarily to coercive power, such as the use of force, and soft
power commonly covers economics, diplomacy and cultural influence.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
4. Polarity in international relations refers to the arrangement of power within the
international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the Cold War, with
the international system dominated by the conflict between two superpowers. The
collapse of the Soviet Union led to ‘unipolarity’, with the United States as a sole
superpower.
6. The balance of power was a concept prevalent in Europe prior to the First World War,
the thought being that by balancing power blocs it would create stability and prevent
war.
7. Hegemonic stability theory also draws upon the idea of polarity, specifically the state
of unipolarity. Hegemony is the preponderance of power at one pole, and the theory
argues this is a stable configuration because of mutual gains by both the dominant
power and others in the international system.
9. Dependency theory is most commonly associated with Marxism, stating that a set of
core states exploit a set of weaker periphery states for their prosperity.
10. States can be classified by whether they accept the international status quo, or are
revisionist seeking to fundamentally change the rules and practices of international
relations, feeling disadvantaged by the status quo.
1. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to
facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic
development, social progress and human rights issues.
2. The UN was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between
nations and to provide a platform for dialogue.
6. The Charter is the constituting instrument of the United Nations, setting out the rights
and obligations of Member States, and establishing the organisation’s organs and
procedures.
7.The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain
international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to
cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and
to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these ends.
8. There are now 192 member states. The organisation is divided into administrative
bodies, primarily: The General Assembly, The Security Council, The Economic and
Social Council, The Secretariat and The International Court of Justice.
9. The programmes, funds and agencies have their own governing bodies and budgets,
and set their own standards and guidelines. Together, they provide technical
assistance and other forms of practical help in virtually all areas of economic and
social endeavour.
10. The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states
which are assessed on a scale approved by the General Assembly.
#1) One of the techniques of negotiations involves convincing the other side by degrees.
#2) Negotiation is an important means of solving conflicts.
#3) Negotiators are usually experts in a particular area.
#4) Negotiations are common in everyday life
#5) In addition to the conflicting parties, negotiation can involve a neutral participant.
Negotiations
7. It can be compared to mediation where a disinterested third party listens to each side’s
arguments and attempts to help craft an agreement between the parties.
8. It is also related to arbitration which, as with a legal proceeding, both sides make an
argument as to the merits of their “case” and then the arbitrator decides the outcome
for both parties.
9. Salami sausages are eaten a slice at a time, they would be indigestible if taken in a
single large piece. This aspect has led negotiators to use salami tactics for a
negotiating technique that tries to do just that: to win concessions in small doses
(slices) when the other party would probably reject them if they were put on the table
all at once.
Salami Tactics
1. Some negotiators just love to play tactical games. If the union negotiators decide to
use the salami tactic they will present just one of their demands for discussion and
push hard to reach agreement on it.
2. Let’s say they focus on a 6% pay rise and after a long discussion they agree on 4%.
That’s just the first slice of the salami and there is a whole sausage yet to come.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
3. The next slice of salami might be to try to implement the pay deal earlier than usual.
Whatever happens to the timing of the pay deal they have yet another slice of salami
waiting – the holiday arrangements.
4. And so the slicing of the salami sausage continues: private health, pension, canteen,
allowances, and so on.
6. Try it when you next buy a car. Are you buying just one item, the car? Or are you
gaining agreement on several things: buying the car, filling the petrol tank, replacing
worn tires if it’s a used car, a free service next year … and whatever else you can
think of.
7. So, what do you do if you are on the receiving end and the other party tries to salami
you? Your first line of defense is to recognize what they are doing and your second is
to put a stop to it.
8. You will need to be assertive about this but the response is quite straightforward. The
salami tactic works because the person being sliced does not recognize what is
happening. Once you do, you can fight it.
9. How? Simply refuse agreement on any one slice until you have everything out on the
table. Once everything is out in the open put forward a proposal on a collective
agreement – bundle the lot together.
10. Then the discussion can begin in earnest and you can now bring out your negotiating
skills. Continue like that until you are happy with the deal, then close.
#1) Use of the Internet enables epidemics of diseases to be controlled in poor countries.
#2) The Internet provides people with a source of information, so they can make their
own choices in life.
#3) A company's telecommunications bill demonstrates how information and
communication technology can cut costs.
#4) Important issues that need to be addressed include improving computer skills.
#5) An international organization has submitted a distance learning scheme in Africa
which depends on ICTs.
Information technology
5. Using the Internet, doctors can keep up with the latest developments in their field as
well as seek help from their peers.
6. Throughout Africa, for instance, individual cases of meningitis are tracked over the
internet so that epidemics can be stopped early.
7. ICTs can make it easier to reach a broad segment of the population in education too.
8. The African Virtual University is a project which is partly financed by the World Bank
and uses satellites to broadcast televised courses to students who communicate with
teachers by e-mail and telephone.
9. In addition, the Internet gives people access to information which allows them to make
informed decisions on subjects that affect their lives.
10. Finally, in order to allow global use of Icts, people need to have confidence to use this
technology as well as practice.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
PART 6
#1. The parties undertake to refrain from the threat or use of force in any manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the UN.
#2. The parties will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and
will encourage economic collaboration.
#3. The officials agreed to increase public awareness of the enhanced political dialogue
between the two countries.
#4. The terrorists invalidated the cease-fire agreement by launching the attack on the
embassy.
#5. The high-ranking official dismisses the corruption allegations as pure conjecture.
#1. The agreement stipulates that two countries will cooperate in the sphere of nuclear
tests.
#2. The state promotes the development of science and the establishment of scientific
relations with the world community.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
1) держава пропагує 2) держава нав’язує 3) держава допомагає 4) держава
контролює 5) держава рекламує
#3. After a long discussion the parties decided to make amendments to the agreement.
#4. The objectives of the OSCE is to foster the protection of human rights, democratic
freedoms and settlements of regional conflicts.
#5. The law envisages criminal liability for involving juveniles in criminal activities.
#1. The speaker announced that such political statements would engender resentment,
mistrust and disrespect among people.
#2. Apparently the purpose of the meeting is not so much to improve the relations but to
prevent their further deterioration.
#3. According to the expert, the employment of the explosive devices caused an
enormous number of casualties.
#4. They admit they made a mistake by not considering the issue of financial assets.
#5. The agreement will encompass the whole range of political, financial and economic
issues.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
1) великий обсяг 2) великий об’єм 3) цілий спектр 4) повний ряд 5) загальний
спектр
#1. This issue has been a stumbling block during all talks between the countries.
#3. Ukraine welcomes investments in Ukraine’s economy and creates favorable climate
for international investors.
#4. The exercise of some rights may be restricted by law only in the interests of national
security and territorial indivisibility.
#5. All goods transported through customs territory are subject to close inspection.
#1. In modern democracies' supreme authority is exercised for the most part by
representatives elected by popular suffrage.
#2. The new prime minister has launched far-reaching reforms necessary to sustain the
country's economic growth.
#3. Members may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
membership or expelled by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the
Security Council.
#4. Politicians seeking office make extensive use of counseling services provided by
public relations specialists.
#5. The preparation of the budget was complicated when parliament approved a motion
put forward by the rightwing alliance.
#2. The fact that the opposition didn't muster its full numbers in the chamber of deputies
ensured a narrow majority for the government.
#3. The president announced that he had decided to accept the premier's resignation and
that he would be obliged to dissolve parliament.
#4. Such a collapse would be sure to cause some social upheaval and short-term
economic pain.
1) потрясіння 2) покращення 3) розвиток 4) діяльність 5) реформування
#5. Consuls are entitled to some but not all diplomatic privileges and immunities.
1) позбавлені права 2) мати право 3) брати до уваги 4) приймати до розгляду
5) заслуговувати на титули
#2. The term 'statute' is a used to denote an accessory instrument to a convention setting
out certain regulations to be applied.
1) основний 2) установчий 3) допоміжний 4) остаточний 5) керівний
#3. Distant events often have an immediate and significant impact, blurring the
boundaries of our personal worlds.
1) розмиваючи 2) укріплюючи 3) захищаючи 4) встановлюючи
5) розмежовуючи
#4. These documents denote agreements of a binding nature between the states
concerned.
1) обов'язковий 2) суперечливий 3) спільний 4) непостійний 5) факультативний
#5. The act affirms the principle of inviolability of one another's frontiers of all states in
Europe.
1) захист 2) непорушність 3) розширення 4) визнання 5) суперечність
#2. Each year, hundreds of exhibitors gather from all parts of the world and thousands of
transactions are concluded.
1) залучати 2) укладати 3) змінювати 4) скасовувати 5) завершувати
#3. Whatever the constitution or legal system of a nation, it cannot use its domestic law
as an excuse to breach an international agreement or violate an international rule.
1) дотримуватись 2) досягати 3) порушувати 4) втручатись 5) доповнювати
#5. We have to remove the causes which stir up enmity among multinational
communities.
1) загрожувати 2) провокувати 3) засуджувати 4) враховувати 5) обмежувати
#2. In 1990 the United Nations condemned Iraqi occupation of Kuwait and imposed a
trade embargo on Iraq.
1) схвалити 2) обмежити 3) підтримати 4) засудити 5) обуритись
#3. Realization of this project depends not on economic expediency or national interests
but functionaries.
1) доцільність 2) досвід 3) очікування 4) видатки 5) втручання
#4. By the end of World War II in 1945, the United Sates had the greatest productive
capacity of any country in the world, and the words “Made in the USA” were a seal
of high quality.
1) виробничі потужності 2) продуктивний обсяг 3) продуктивна правоздатність
4) товарна спроможність 5) виробничі потреби
#5. Most Americans believe that the rise of their nation as a great economic power could
not have occurred under any system except capitalism.
1) економічний авторитет 2) держава з розвиненою економікою
3) економічна влада 4) економічна держава 5) економна держава
#1. Although the matter can still provoke heated discussion, the argument in favour of
dropping the bombs was that casualties on both sides would have been greater if the
allies had been forced to invade the country.
1) сторони 2) союзники 3) вороги 4) суперники 5) сусіди
#2. Although Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had promised to support free elections in all the
liberated nations of Europe, Soviet forces imposed Communist dictatorships in
Eastern Europe.
1) засудити диктатуру 2) встановлювати диктатуру 3) призначати диктатуру
4) оголошувати диктатуру 5) скинути диктатуру
#3. The Korean War and the Soviet development of atomic and hydrogen bombs
instilled fear in Americans.
1) зменшити страх 2) розвіяти страх 3) вселяти страх 4) підсилити страх
5) збільшити страх
#4. Foreign leaders are voicing concerns over the crisis but seem to be in disagreement.
1) заявляти протест 2) приймати рішення 3) відкидати застереження
4) висловлювати занепокоєння 5) виголосити протест
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#5. Let’s hope that the international community’s recent efforts to facilitate a peaceful
solution will pay off.
1) сприяти вирішенню 2) знайти вирішення 3) домагатися вирішення
4) отримати вирішення 5) шукати вирішення
#1. The Russia-Georgia War in 2008, brief but bloody, resulted in a humiliating defeat
for US-ally Georgia.
#2. Main tasks of the Press Service lie in meeting information needs of Ukrainian and
foreign communities concerning both foreign policy activities of Ukraine and day-to-
day work of the MFA.
#3. The opposition’s leaders refused to accept the government’s concessions, which
included the resignation of Prime Minister and his Cabinet.
#4. Due to the President’s refusal to release the opponent during the height of the
protests, the opposition leader even turned down a concessionary offer made by the
president that would have allowed him to become Prime Minister.
#5. The IMF has refused to loan money because the government did not implement the
financial reforms that the IMF required.
#1. The answer to the question if the president should step down seems to depend on the
extent to which the government is to blame for restricting civil liberties and inciting
riots.
#3. The United States followed the lead of northern European nations in asserting a right
to “civilize” the peoples of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
#4. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human
rights are the core values of the EU.
#5. Foreign Ministry spokesman stated that the OSCE Monitoring Mission is
withholding information on the use of force by security services against civilians in
the southeast of the country.
#1. When there is peace to keep between warring factions, the world asks the UN to
mobilize peacekeepers, oversee elections, and create stability.
#2. The United Nations Foundation links the UN’s work with others around the world,
mobilizing the energy and expertise of business and non-governmental organizations
to help the UN tackle issues including climate change, global health, peace and
security.
#3. Today's peacekeeping operations facilitate the political process, protect civilians,
assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants;
protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
1) роззброєння 2) озброєння 3) оснащення 4) екіпірування 5) постачання зброї
#4. On Election Day, observers monitor the opening of polling stations, checking
whether ballot boxes are empty and properly sealed, and whether all ballots are
accounted for.
#5. Chemical weapons were used in the Iraq-Iran war, when the Iraqi army used
weaponized mustard to repel attacks by Iranian forces.
#1. Nowadays, terrorists resort to violence and other overwhelming scenarios such as
kidnapping, explosions, murder and hostage taking.
#3. Legal and Treaty Department provides support for the foreign policy activities of the
country.
#4. Production requires raw materials, tools and workers to operate the machinery.
#5. One of the main tasks of the Ministry is to ensure integrity of the country.
#1. Since no more funds will be made available for this project, we cannot afford to
squander money.
#2. The President has dissolved the parliament to pave the way for fresh elections.
#3. Top officials of both countries who have met for the first time since last year have
pledged to conduct negotiations.
1) закликати до перемовин 2) провести перемовини 3) запланувати перемовини 4)
ігнорувати перемовини 5) відмовитись від перемовин
#4. Following long negotiations the US President visited the country to resume
diplomatic relations.
#5. The department coordinates the activities in the field of external relations in
accordance with delegated powers.
#2. No one seems to know why he declined the invitation to take part in the talks.
#4. Corporations often have subsidiaries that are more or less autonomous.
#5. The peace treaty ended hostilities between the two countries.
НІМЕЦЬКА МОВА
#3. Im Leben kann man Vieles planen, aber nicht alles; auch der (...) spielt eine große
Rolle.
1) Anfall
2) Überfall
3) Beifall
4) Zufall
5) Verfall
#5. Sie haben keine Ahnung, wie mir manche Übungen auf die Nerven (...).
1) gehen
2) kommen
3) setzen
4) spielen
5) geraten
#3. Das Gespräch der beiden Präsidenten fand in einer sehr (...) Atmosphäre statt.
1) öffentlichen
2) offenen
3) offensichtlichen
4) geöffneten
5) offenbaren
#4. Das Formular ist richtig ausgefüllt, aber hier fehlt nochIhre (...).
1) Aufschrift
2) Überschrift
3) Unterschrift
4) Beschreibung
5) Überweisung
#5. Wir sind zur Überzeugung (...), dass es die richtige Lösung des Problems ist.
1) geführt
2) gefunden
3) geschlossen
4) gekommen
5) gebracht
#2. Durch diese Diät habe ich in einer Woche 5 Kilo (...).
1) abgelassen
2) weggeben
3) abgenommen
4) verlassen
5) abgetragen
#5. Ich habe die Regeln wiederholt und alle Fehler in der Aufgabe (...).
1) berichten
2) berechtigen
3) errichten
4) berichtigen
5) verrichten
#4. Ein schönes Zimmer hast du! Das kostet doch (...) 200Euro?
1) mindestens
2) weniges
3) geringstes
4) mehr
5) weniger
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#5. Auch für dieses Problem wird sich eine Lösung (...).
1) kommen
2) machen
3) geben
4) stellen
5) finden
#4. Als sie die traurige Nachricht hörte, brach sie in (...) aus.
1) Traum
2) Tritt
3) Tat
4) Tuch
5) Tränen
#5. Nach dem langen Zögern habe ich mich doch (...), die neue Stelle anzunehmen.
1) entdeckt
2) beschlossen
3) ergriffen
4) entschlossen
5) erzogen
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#2. Die Firma (…) sich auf die Produktion von Ersatzteilen spezialisiert.
1) ist
2) hat
3) wird
4) würde
#3. Dieses Geräusch auf der Straße hat (...) im Schlaf gestört.
1) mir
2) mich
3) mein
4) meinem
#4. Ich will nicht viel reden und mich nur auf wichtigste Punkte (…).
1) beschränken
2) zu beschränken
3) beschränkt
4) beschränkte
#5. Alle Fehler (...) im Aufsatz verbessert.
1) wurde
2) werden
3) haben
4) war
#2. Der Mensch dringt mit seinem Wissen immer (...) in die Gesetzmäßigkeiten ein.
1) tiefer
2) tief
3) am tiefsten
4) tieferer
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#3. Der Asylbewerber musste das Land verlassen, nachdem sein Antrag endgültig (…).
1) abgelehnt werden war
2) abgelehnt worden ist
3) abgelehnt worden war
4) abgelehnt worden hat
#5. Die (…) Menschen treten für die Abschaffung der Todesstrafe.
1) mehrere
2) meisten
3) viele
4) wenige
#3. Die Reisen des Präsidenten nach Tokio und Peking (…) eine große Überraschung.
1) wurden zu
2) wäre
3) waren
4) ist
#4. Die Regierung hat für das nächste Jahr eine Steuersenkung für mittlere Einkommen
(…).
1) versprochen
2) versprachen
3) verspricht
4) verspracht
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#5. Der Rückgang der Bauanträge ist auf die Hochzinspolitik (…).
1) zurückkehren
2) zu zurückführen
3) zurückzuführen
4) zurückführend
#2. Der Rücktritt des Innenministers ist von der Opposition (…).
1) verlangt werden
2) verlangt zu werden
3) verlangt worden
4) verlangt geworden
#3. Manche rechnen damit, dass die Parlamentswahlen auf die nächste Hälfte des Jahres
(…).
1) verschieben werden
2) verschoben werden
3) verschoben worden
4) verschoben geworden
#4. Bei Gesprächen mit ausländischem Außenminister bediente sich der Bundeskanzler
immer (…) eines Dolmetschers.
1) der Hilfe
2) die Hilfe
3) den Hilfen
4) dem Hilfe
#5. Nur während der Öffnungszeiten (…) kann das Geld gewechselt werden.
1) der Bänke
2) der Banke
3) der Banken
4) den Banken
#2. Sofort nach seiner Wahl (…) Regierungschef begann er mit der Bildung seines
Kabinetts.
1) zur
2) zum
3) zu einen
4) zu den
#3. Zur Begründung seiner (…) Haltung hielt der Abgeordnete eine längere Rede.
1) ablehnender
2) abgelehnten
3) ablehnenden
4) abgelehnter
#4. Der neue Film, (…) wir uns angesehen haben, hat uns ganz gut gefallen.
1) dem
2) den
3) der
4) dessen
#5. Seit gestern denke ich intensiv an die Sommerferien. Und (…) denkst du?
1) an was
2) woran
3) an wo
4) daran
#2. Das zur Abstimmung vorgelegte Gesetz wird helfen, den Frieden (…).
1) zu versichern
2) zu sichern
3) sichern
4) besichern
#3. Der Appel (…) Gefühle der Bevölkerung hat dem Politiker geholfen.
1) an die
2) an den
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
3) zu den
4) auf die
#5. Die Verhandlungen über den Abzug der Truppen erweisen sich (…) schwierig.
1) wie
2) als
3) sowie
4) am
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
Bundesstaat
1. Schon im Staatsnamen «Bundesrepublik Deutschland» kommt ihre föderative Struktur
zum Ausdruck. Das bedeutet, dass die Staatsgewalt zwischen der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland (Bund) und den Ländern aufgeteilt ist. Dabei bewahren der Gesamtstaat
(Bund) und die Gliedstaaten (Länder) ihre Staatlichkeit. Beide bewahren drei wichtige
Elemente jedes Staates: Staatsvolk, Staatsgebiet, Staatsgewalt.
Bund und Länder haben eigene Verfassungsorgane: Bundestag, Bundesrat und
Landtage, Bundesregierung - Landesregierungen, Bundesverfassungsgericht - Staats -
und Verfassungsgerichtshöfe.
Kompetenzverteilung zwischen Bund und Ländern wird im Artikel 30 geregelt:
Die Ausübung der staatlichen Befugnisse und die Erfüllung der staatlichen Aufgaben
ist Sache der Länder, soweit dieses Grundgesetz keine andere Regelung trifft oder
zulässt.
2. Die Bundesrepublik besteht aus l6 Ländern. Die Länder sind keine Provinzen, sondern
Staaten mit eigener Staatsgewalt. Sie haben eine eigene Landesverfassung, die den
Grundsätzen des republikanischen, demokratischen und sozialen Rechtstaates
entsprechen muss. Im Übrigen haben die Länder weitgehend freie Hand bei der
Gestaltung ihrer jeweiligen Verfassung.
3. Das Bundesstaatsprinzip gehört zu den unantastbaren Verfassungsgrundsetzen. Der
Bestand der heutigen Länder ist aber nicht unveränderbar. Für eine Neugliederung des
Bundesgebiets enthält das Grundgesetz entsprechende Regelungen.
Die Verteilung der Aufgaben zwischen Bund und Ländern ist ein wesentliches
Element im System der Gewaltenteilung und -balance. Dazu gehört auch die
Beteiligung der Länder an der politischen Willensbildung auf Bundesebene, wo sie
über den Bundesrat mitwirken.
4. Der Bundesstaat stärkt auch das demokratische Prinzip. Er ermöglicht das politische
Engagement des Bürgers in seinem Umkreis. Demokratie wird lebendiger, wenn der
Bürger gerade im vertrauten Bereich seines Landes durch Wahlen und Abstimmungen
am politischen Prozess teilnimmt.
5. Das föderative System bietet weitere Vorzüge, so z.B. die Chance des Experiments im
kleineren Bereich und des Wettbewerbs unter den Ländern. So kann ein einzelnes
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
Land - etwa im Bildungswesen - Neues erproben und Modelle für bundesweite
Reformen liefern.
Зразки тестових завдань з іноземної мови
для вступників на програму підготовку магістра
факультету міжнародних відносин
Львівського національного університету імені Івана Франка
Англійська мова
#3. Die Bestimmungen für das außenpolitische Handeln der Europäischen Union sind in
einigen Titeln des Verfassungsentwurfs festgelegt. (…)
1) преамбула
2)проект Конституції
3) стаття
4) розділ
5) конвенція
#4. Im Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen kann im Namen der Union der
Außenminister jedes einzelnen Staates sprechen. (…)
1) Рада з питань Безпеки і Співробітництва
2) Рада Європи
3) Рада Безпеки
4) Рада Оборони
5) Рада Опіки
#5. Die Beitrittsverhandlungen zur EU-Erweiterung traten in ihre letzte Phase. (…)
1) перемовини щодо укладення угоди
2) переговори щодо вступу
3) переговори щодо створення комітету
4) бесіда щодо загального простору
5) розмова щодо взаємодопомоги
#2. Die Sozialabkommen der Europäischen Union stärken die Rechte aller EU-Bürger.
(…)
1) соціальні дотації
2) соціальна підтримка
3) соціальні угоди
4) соціальні виплати
5) соціальні гарантії.
#3. EU-Bürger brauchen innerhalb der EU auch keine Aufenthaltserlaubnis, denn es gilt
ein unbefristetes Aufenthaltsrecht. (…)
1) візова підтримка
2) дозвіл на проживання
3) документи на в’їзд
4) реєстраційні картки
5) реєстрація місця проживання
#5. Der Redner ist auf der Versammlung mit dem Referat aufgetreten. (…)
1) стаття
2) презентація
3) доповідь
4) вітальне слово
5) тези
#2. Was es noch zu machen gilt, ist die Abschlusserklärung zu vereinbaren. (…)
1) затвердити
2) підписати
3) ратифікувати
4) обговорити
5) узгодити
#3. Die Verhandlungspartner erwarten ein völliges Einvernehmen von beiden Seiten. (…)
1) сприйняття
2) допомога
3) взаєморозуміння
4) підтримка
5) забезпечення
#4. Die Regierungsdelegation mit dem Staatsoberhaupt an der Spitze ist gestern in die
Hauptstadt angekommen. (…)
1) державний секретар
2) прем’єр-міністр
3) глава парламенту
4) глава держави
5) глава уряду
#5. Dem Empfang haben auch zahlreiche Journalisten der Süddeutschen Zeitung
beigewohnt. (…)
1) прес-конференція
2) брифінг
3) атестація
4) святкування
5) прийом
#2. Die beiden Länder haben sich zu der Anerkennung der bestehenden Grenzen
verpflichtet. (…)
1) обмеження
2) перешкода
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3) визнання
4) об’єднання
5) зближення
#3. Die Verhandlungspartner gehen in ihren Handlungen von der Gleichberechtigung der
Teilnehmerstaaten aus. (…)
1) рівноправність
2) суверенітет
3) одностайність
4) мотивація
5) голосування
#4. Es wurden die Prinzipien der Unantastbarkeit der bestehenden Grenzen festgelegt.
(…)
1) незалежність
2) обмеження
3) недоторканість
4) відокремлення
5) визначеність
#5. Die in diesem Land akkreditierten Diplomaten haben dem Regierungschef zum Tag
der deutschen Einheit gratuliert. (…)
1) суверенітет
2) єдність
3) незалежність
4) соборність
5) національність
#2. Der Korrespondent befasst sich in seinem Beitrag mit der Ernennung des neuen
Generalstaatsanwaltes. (…)
1) генеральний довірений
2) генеральний уповноважений
3) головнокомандувач
4) генеральний прокурор
5) генерал-губернатор
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#3. Die Ukraine hat auf den Bau neuer Atomkraftwerke verzichtet. (…)
1) погоджуватися
2) затверджувати
3) закласти бюджет
4) відмовлятися
5) проектувати
#4. Die Verhandlungspartner haben den Fortschritt in der weiteren Durchführung der
Verhandlungen erzielt. (…)
1) визнання
2) згода
3) компроміс
4) результат
5) погодження
#5. Die Teilnehmerstaaten haben ihre Bereitschaft zu der Begrenzung von strategischer
Rüstung bekundet. (…)
1) запевнювати
2) затверджувати
3) легалізовувати
4) підписувати
5) оголошувати
#2. Kaczynski und seine Begleiter waren auf dem Weg zu einer Gedenkfeier in Katyn.
(…)
1) уряд
2) команда
3) опоненти
4) пасажири
5) супроводжуючі особи
#3. Spätestens am 20. Juni soll ein Nachfolger gewählt werden. (…)
1) заступник
2) наступник
3) кандидат
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Англійська мова
4) претендент
5) учасник
#5. 75.000 Dollar Schmerzensgeld will der Geschädigte vor Gericht erstreiten. (…)
1) майнова шкода
2) моральна компенсація
3) штраф
4) відшкодування збитків
5) матеріальна шкода
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ФРАНЦУЗЬКА МОВА
1. Au cas où les prix à la consommation (...) de grimper, la situation sociale serait loin
d’être stabilisée.
1) avaient continué
2) aient continué
3) auraient continué
2. Dès que les Etats-Unis (...) la guerre contre les talibes, plusieurs pays firent part de
leur engagement à la riposte militaire.
1) eurent déclenché
2) a déclenché
3) auront déclenché
3. Après que les deux parties en cause (...) à conclure un nouvel accord, le porte-parole
anonça la satisfaction des résultats des pourparlers.
1) as abouti
2) eurent abouti
3) avons abouti
4. Le président déplore que les hostilités militaires (...) les autres pays de cette région.
1) auront affecté
2) ont affecté
3) aient affecté
5. Les deux présidents ont parlé de leur souci commun, de (...) de la crise financière.
1) celle
2) celui
3) ceux
6. Dès que le gouvernement (...) des aménagements fiscaux, les taux d’imposition se
réduiront.
1) aura voté
2) aurais voté
3) as voté
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7. Peu s’en faut que les répercussions de la crise (...) dans les pays du monde affectés
par la récession brutale économique.
1) se généneralisent
2) se sont généralisées
3) se généralise
8. Les experts ne sont pas sûrs que l’Ukraine (...) un pays attractif pour les
investisseurs étrangers.
1) soit
2) soient
3) fusses
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1) sur
2) envers
3) par
4) en
5) vers
2. M. Sarkozy et (...) brésilien ont donc parlé de leur souci commun, celui de la crise
mondiale.
1) son homologue
2) la partie
3) ses copains
4) la tâche
5) ses collègues
1) pourrait
2) allais
3) renversait
4) agaçait
5) est
4. Ce sont des mesures (…) régler la situation tendue au sein du parti politique.
1) sur
2) visant à
3) grace à
4) en vertu de
5) quitte à
5. Les grandes puissances (...) se tirer de la crise économique mondiale le plus vite
possible.
1) voit
2) essayons de
3) aura l’intention de
4) cherchent à
5) tient à
6. Le ministre des affaires étrangères (...) les violations des droits de l’homme dans ce
pays.
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1) a dénoncé
2) approuvais
3) soutenons
4) apportas
5) verront
7. Cependant, 25% des exportations du Brésil sont tournées (...) l’Union européenne.
1) contre
2) de
3) sous
4) vers
5) sur
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1) son rêve
2) son allocution
3) son allocation
4) sa compétence
5) son but
2. Les Américains ont plus de raison d’être inquiets que (...) se multiplient après les
attaques terroristes à Waschington.
1) les licenciements
2) la riposte
3) l’audience
4) l’argent
5) la paix
3. La Commission européenne (...) pour la création des centres d’accueil hors de l’UE
ce qui permettra de gérer la situation déplorable.
1) plaide
2) s’opposent
3) soutient
4) commence
5) gère
1) en cas
2) à la demande
3) en vertu
4) pour
5) à moins
1) reporter
2) avoir raison
3) travailler
4) avoir beau
5) charger
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6. Il est nécessaire que le premier ministre (...) les conséquences des échecs évidents
de sa politique eronnée.
1) fait
2) remplissent
3) écriras
4) chargeai
5) tire
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Англійська мова
1) пришвидшення;
2) нагромадження;
3) крива;
4) коливання;
5) сповільнення
1) керівний склад;
2) юридичний акт;
3) правові основи;
4) правовий статус;
5) законодавчий документ
1) потребувати;
2) протестувати;
3) висувати претензії;
4) скаржитись;
5) не влаштовувати
1) підпорядковуватись;
2) припиняти роботу;
3) позбавляти;
4) подавати на розгляд;
5) скликати
1) виконувати;
2) покладати;
3) стежити;
4) керувати;
5) забезпечувати
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Англійська мова
6. Les investisseurs redoutent une contagion de la crise budgétaire à d'autres pays.
1) зв’язок
2) інфікування
3) заплямування
4) вміст
5) поширення
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A quel point du texte correspond chacune des affirmations?
10. Même chose pour le droit d'initiative citoyenne, qui permet à un million d'Européens
de réclamer de nouvelles initiatives législatives.Enfin, ce nouveau traité protège les
parlements nationaux : il leur donne la possibilité de s'opposer à un projet législatif
européen s'ils considèrent qu'il s'agit de sujets qui pourraient être mieux gérés au
niveau national.
#1. L'approche indulgente des règles relatives aux aides d'Etat est en réalité temporaire.
(…)
#2. Les Etats membres vont gérer la sortie des mesures de soutien industriel. (…)
#3. La nouvelle politique industrielle se concentrera sur la création d'une économie basée
sur le savoir. (…)
#4. La récession économique a lancé les projecteurs sur le besoin de restructuration. (…)
#5. Le projet adresse les thèmes rebattus de l'innovation. (…)
1. Les ministres européens chargés de l'industrie ont commencé à élaborer une nouvelle
politique industrielle pour l'Europe lors de leur rencontre à Bruxelles hier (1er mars),
mettant en avant la nécessité d'une stratégie de sortie de crise coordonnée et
opportune.
2. En accord avec le projet de stratégie UE 2020, les ministres en charge des entreprises
– qui souhaitent un rôle clef dans la mise en œuvre du projet – se sont engagés à
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développer une politique industrielle ambitieuse centrée sur une croissance et des
emplois durables.
3. Cependant, le projet des ministres reste assez flou et adresse les thèmes rebattus de
l'innovation, du soutien aux PME et d'une croissance respectueuse de
l'environnement.
6. Les ministres ont réaffirmé leur volonté de réduire les charges administratives pour
les entreprises et de mettre en place des collaborations entre chercheurs, industriels et
secteur de l'éducation.
7. Cependant, les Etats membres vont gérer la sortie des mesures de soutien industriel
chacun à son propre rythme, en prenant en compte l'impact que cela aura sur l'emploi.
8. Il en est aussi ressorti que l'approche indulgente des règles relatives aux aides d'Etat
qui a prévalu depuis le début de la crise est en réalité temporaire, adoptée en tant que
réponse à court terme aux difficultés économiques actuelles. Elle ne saurait perdurer
éternellement. Commerce du savoir et des produits.
1. Le président de la République est le chef de l’Etat français. Il est élu pour 7 ans au
suffrage universel et au scrutin majoritaire à deux tours. Il habite et travaille à Paris au
Palais de l’Elysée.
2. Avant 1958, c’était un président qui pratiquement ne dirigeait pas. Il représentait la
France à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur. Il était garant de l’application correcte des
lois, il avait le droit de grâce (droit qu’à le président de la République de gracier un
condamné), etc.
3. Après 1958, sous la Ve République, c’est le président qui gouverne. Tout en gardant
les droits qu’avaient les présidents d’avant 1958, il y ajoute des droits et des pouvoirs
nouveaux reconnus par la Constitution de la Ve République.
4. Ils sont énormes et variés : il nomme un certain nombre de personnalités aux postes-
clés : il nomme le premier ministre ainsi que les autres membres du gouvernement et
il met fin a leurs fonctions. Il nomme aux emplois civils et militaires les plus
importants.
5. Il préside un certain nombre d’organisations : il est le président du Conseil des
ministres, chef des Armées et dans cette qualité il préside les Conseils et Comités
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supérieurs de la Défense Nationale. Il dirige la diplomatie française : il négocie et
ratifie les traités. Il accrédite les ambassadeurs étrangers pour la cérémonie de la
remise des lettres de créance.
6. Il signe un certain nombre de documents d’une grande importance : il promulgue les
lois dans les 15 jours suivant leur adoption. Il peut prononcer la dissolution de
l’Assemblée nationale après la consultation du premier ministre et du président de
l’Assemblée.
7. Mais il existe le fameux « article 16 » qui prévoit le cas où le président estimera la
situation menaçante. Alors il peut « prendre les mesures exigées par ces
circonstances... ». Il informe la Nation par un message. Autrement dit, le président a
la possibilité d’obtenir les pouvoirs dictatoriaux et d’en user aussi longtemps qu’il lui
plaira.
9. La Constitution prévoit que de temps en temps pour prendre une décision politique
d’une grande importance, le président peut s’adresser directement au peuple pour le
consulter sous la forme d’un « référendum ». Lors de ces consultations nationales le
peuple n’a le droit que de répondre « oui » ou « non » à la question posée.