ABSTRACT

In the present era an AUTOMOBILE has become the part and parcel of our life even after the
Introduction of new range of tubeless tires a most common problem with us is the punctured wheel
which is really a cumbersome &tedious task and the most tiring amongst the whole process is
placing jack and lifting it.But what if this tiring task is done by the just one click.The titled "DESIGN
AND FABRICATION OF MOBILE CONTROLLED SCREW JACK"is the solution for the same.in
this we have primarily designed a screw jack and then by assembling motors and other
components we have also simulated the design on the same which give the exact and virtual idea
of our project.After successful design and procurement of the materials all the necessary
components were manufactured and assembled.The entire assembly is controlled by an android
mobile.The moment of the jack done by the assembly of an DC motors and lifting operation is
obtained.

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 INDEX

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Types of Screw Jack

1.1 Operational Considerations of a screw jack

1.1.0 Maintain low surface contact pressure:
1.1.1Keep the mating surfaces well lubricated:
1.1.2 Keep the mating surfaces clean:
1.1.3 Keep heat away

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.0 Existing Work

3.1 MOTORIZED SCREW JACK.

3.2 WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF SCREW JACK?

3.3 WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLE OF SCREW JACK

3.4 PARTS OF MOTORISED SCREW JACK:

3.4.0.D.C. Motor.

3.4.1 Electromagnetic motors

3.4.2 Brushed

3.4.3 Brushless

3.4.4 Uncommutated

3.4.5 Permanent magnet stators

3.5 Wound stators

3.5.0 Series connection

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3.5.1 Shunt connection
3.5.2 Compound connection
3.6 Power screw.

3.6.0 Types

3.6.0.1 Square thread

3.6.0.2 Buttress thread
3.6.1 Advantages & disadvantages

3.7.Spur gear.

3.8 PCD and MOD

3.9 .Battery.

3.9.0 Categories and types of batteries

3.9.1 Primary
3.9.2 Secondary
3.10 Cell types
3.10.0 Wet cell
3.10.1 Dry cell
3.10.2 Molten salt.
3.10.3 Reserve
3.11 Cell performance
3.12 Lifetime

3.13 Self-discharge
3.14 Corrosion
3.15 Environmental conditions
3. 16.Android app control.

3.17 Overview

3.18 Types

3.18.0 Native app

3.18.1 Web-based app
3.18.2 Hybrid app
3.19 Development

3.20 FEATURES AND BENEFITS

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3.21 ADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED SCREW JACK

3.22 DISADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED SCREW JACK

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION.

4.1 Blynk application:

4.2 Connection types
4.3 Blynk ecosystem.
4.4 IOT circuit
4.4.0 Nodemcu
4.5 Arduino
4.5.0 History

4.5.1 Trademark dispute

4.5.2 Post-dispute
4.5.3 Hardware

4.5.6 Official boards

4.5.7 Shields
4.5.8 Software

4.5.9 IDE
4.5.10 Pro IDE
4.5.11 Sketch
4.5.12 Libraries
4.5.13 Applications

5.0 RESULTS

6.0 CONCLUSION

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.1 conventional screw jack

FIG 2: Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

FIG 3 MOTOR operated screw jack

FIG 4: drawing of a dry cell

FIG 5: An analog camcorder [lithium ion] battery FIG 6: Application

FIG 7: Blynk Application

FIG 8: Controller Boards

FIG 9 : Board Parts

FIG 11: Blink example

FIG 11: Circuit diagram,

FIG 12: ENTIRE PROJECT PIC-1

FIG 13: PIC-2

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Test cases

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 INTRODUCTION

Everyday humans strive to develop the new and existing products to ease the operation
and reduce the manual work. A jack is a device used for lifting heavy objects. Car jacks
usually use mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone.
More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift over the greater distance.
The jack work on the principle of mechanical advantage and the mechanical advantage is
the factor by which a mechanism multiplies the force or torque applied to it. A car jack is a
device used to lift up the cars while changing the tires, under chassis works or during an
emergency. Car jacks available in the markets has some disadvantages such as requiring
more energy to operate, are not suitable for women. The purpose of this work is to modify
the design of the existing car jack in terms of its functionality. In this “Android-based
advanced car lifting system using Bluetooth”, the scopes of research were on developing
an integrated system to the car that can be used through wireless remote control. In the
process of obtaining a suitable design, the customer needs will translate to the engineering
characteristic to obtain the concepts that need to be modified and fabricated. From the
house of quality, the best concept will be valued, based on the weighted rating method.

Then the configuration design was analyzed according to the function factor and critical
issue that the design that had been implementing was according to the specification. In
this paper, we employed a reduction gearbox to transmit the motor power to the lead
screw to facilitate the motion of Jack. The power supply to the motor which is derived from
the car battery is monitored and directed using a circuit built to serve the purpose. An
automotive jack is a device used to raise all or part of a vehicle into the air in order to
facilitate repairs. Most of the people are familiar with the basic auto jack that was still
included as standard equipment with most new cars. In the US Patent 6237953, the author
mentions that at least one inverted jack driven by an electric motor permanently attached
to the vehicle . The system may employ a jack disposed between the front and rear wheel
on each side of the vehicle, or it may be equipped with a jack at each of the four wheels.
The system also features a novel wheel and hub axle assembly featuring a split axle

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whose length may be adjusted by operation of an electric motor. Both the motor for raising
the jack and the motor for adjusting the length of the axle may be operated by remote
control. Manoj and Kacahve proposed a new method of manufacturing a Jack to reduce
weight . This new jack reduces the no. of parts for simplifying the assembly process.

Only rivet joints are induced by in the place of welded joints to avoid distortion. Many
improvements have been made in this field. Shraddha et al. developed automatic
hydraulic lifting system using a hydraulic cylinder. M.M.Noor et al. proposed a new
automated jack system controlled by a wired remote which derives power from the car
battery. Ivan Sunit Rout et. al. proposed a motorized jack system built using a screw jack
deriving power from an external battery. Manoj Patil et al. developed a new automated
jack system which is controlled by a wired remote control to operate the jack. In many
situations, jacks fail and cause a serious accident. Asonye et al. built hydraulic jack
systems which consist of a base, gearing system, and crank mechanism. This derives
power from the car battery through the lighter adapter. A new method of manufacturing
was introduced by using different materials for different parts of the jack to attain the
maximum efficiency . The rest of the paper is structured with the preliminary concept of
proposed design in Section II. The Proposed methodology is explained briefly in Section III
and finally, the paper concludes in Section IV.

A screw jack is a portable device consisting of a screw mechanism used to raise or lower
the load. The principle on which the screw jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane.
There are mainly two types of jacks-hydraulic and mechanical. A hydraulic jack consists of
a cylinder and piston mechanism. The movement of the piston rod is used to raise or lower
the load. Mechanical jacks can be either hand operated or power driven.

Jacks are used frequently in raising cars so that a tire can be changed. A screw jack is
commonly used with cars but is also used in many other ways, including industrial
machinery and even aeroplanes. They can be short, tall, fat, or thin depending on the
amount of pressure they will be under and the space that they need to fit into. The jack is
made out of various types of metal, but the screw itself is generally made out of lead.
While screw jacks are designed purposely for raising and lowering loads, they are not ideal
for side loads, although some can withstand side loads depending on the diameter and
size of the lifting screw. Shock loads should also be avoided or minimized. Some screw

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jacks are built with anti-backlash. The anti-backlash device moderates the axial backlash
in the lifting screw and nut assembly to a regulated minimum. A large amount of heat is
generated in the screw jack and long lifts can cause serious overheating. To retain the
efficiency of the screw jack, it must be used under ambient temperatures, otherwise
lubricants must be applied. There are oil lubricants intended to enhance the equipment’s
capabilities. Apart from proper maintenance, to optimize the capability and usefulness of a
screw jack it is imperative to employ it according to its design and manufacturer’s
instruction. Ensure that you follow the speed, load capacity, temperature recommendation
and other relevant factors for application.

1.0 Types of Screw Jack

Jacks are of mainly two types- mechanical and hydraulic. They vary in size depending on
the load that they are used to lift.

(a) Mechanical Jacks: A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The
most common form is a car jack, floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that
maintenance can be performed. Car jacks usually use mechanical advantage to allow
a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More powerful jacks use hydraulic
power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks are usually rated
for maximum lifting capacity.

(b) (b) Hydraulic Jacks: Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an
emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific
vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking
point on the vehicle, and to ensure stability when the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks
are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise buildings. A hydraulic jack uses
a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is
used since it is self lubricating and stable. When the plunger pulls back, it draws oil out
of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pumpchamber. When the
plunger moves forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the
cylinder. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the
plunger. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is
pushed into the cylinder. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut
and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.
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1.1 Operational Considerations of a screw jack

1.1.0 Maintain low surface contact pressure:

Increasing the screw size and nut size will reduce thread contact pressure for the same
working load. The higher the unit pressure and the higher the surface speed, the more
rapid the wear will be.
Maintain low surface speed:

Increasing the screw head will reduce the surface speed for the same linear speed.

1.1.1Keep the mating surfaces well lubricated:

The better the lubrication, the longer is the service life. Grease fittings or other lubrication
means must be provided for the power screw and nut.

1.1.2 Keep the mating surfaces clean:

Dirt can easily embed itself in the soft nut material. It will act as a file and abrade the
mating screw surface. The soft nut material backs away during contact leaving the hard
dirt particles to scrap away the mating screw material.

1.1.3 Keep heat away:

When the mating surfaces heat up, they become much softer and are more easily worn
away. Means to remove the heat such as limited duty cycles or heat sinks must be
provided so that rapid wear of over-heated materials can be avoided

To reduce the human efforts and make the screw jack more feasible to use, the idea of
automated screw jack was utilised to render a much needful product for those who find
changing of punctured tyre a tedious and cumbersome job. A paper titled "Automated Car
Jack" by Manoj Patil et.al described the use of DC motor to drive a screw jack.

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A screw jack is a type of jack that is operated by turning a lead screw. It is commonly
used to lift moderately heavy weights, such as vehicles. With the increasing levels of
technology, the efforts being put to produce any kind of work has been continuously
decreasing. The efforts required in achieving the desired output can be effectively and
economically be decreased by the implementation of better designs. Power screws are
used to convert rotary motion into translator motion. A screw jack is an example of a power
screw in which a small force applied in a horizontal plane is used to raise or lower a large
load. The principle on which it works is like that of an inclined plane. The mechanical
advantage of a screw jack is the ratio of the load applied to the effort applied. The screw
jack is operated by turning a lead screw. The height of the jack is adjusted by turning a
lead screw and this adjustment
can be done either
manually.

conventional screw jack Most people are familiar with the basic car jack (manually
operated) that is still included as standard equipment with most new cars. In the repair and
maintenance of automobiles (car), it is often necessary to raise an automobile to change a
tire or access the underside of the automobile. Accordingly, a variety of car jacks have
been developed for lifting an automobile from a ground Surface. A typically manually
operated (basic model) is taken as a Product for project in the course DESIGN AND

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FABRICATION OF ANDROID APP CONTROLLED AUTOMATIC SCREW JACK to modify
it into automated screw jack. The idea behind making the jack automatic was the
automatic placement of the jack at the jack point by one click and lifting of vehicle by
another click.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Screw type mechanical jacks were very common for jeeps and trucks of World War II
vintage. For example, the World War II jeeps (Willys MB and Ford GPW) were issued the
"Jack, Automobile, Screw type, Capacity 1 1/2 ton", Ordnance part number 41-J-66. This
jacks, and similar jacks for trucks, were activated by using the lug wrench as a handle for
the jack's ratchet action to of the jack. The 41-J-66 jack was carried in the jeep's tool
compartment. Screw type jack's continued in use for small capacity requirements due to
low cost of production raise or lower it.

A control tab is marked up/down and its position determines the direction of movement
and almost no maintenance. The virtues of using a screw as a machine, essentially an
inclined plane wound round a cylinder, was first demonstrated by Archimedes in 200BC
with his device used for pumping water. There is evidence of the use of screws in the
Ancient Roman world but it was the great Leonardo da Vinci, in the late 1400s, who first
demonstrated the use of a screw jack for lifting loads. Leonardo‟s design used a threaded
worm gear, supported on bearings, that rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a
lifting screw to move the load - instantly recognizable as the principle we use today. We
can’t be sure of the intended application of his invention, but it seems to have been
relegated to the history books, along with the helicopter and tank, for almost four centuries.
It is not until the late 1800s that we have evidence of the product being developed further.

With the industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries came the first use of
screws in machine tools, via English inventors such as John Wilkinson and Henry
Maudsley The most notable inventor in mechanical engineering from the early 1800s was
undoubtedly the mechanical genius Joseph Whitworth, who recognised the need for
precision had become as important in industry as the provision of power. While he would
eventually have over 50 British patents with titles ranging from knitting machines to rifles, it
was Whitworth’s work on screw cutting machines, accurate measuring instruments and
standards covering the angle and pitch of screw threads that would most influence our
industry today. Whitworth’s tools had become internationally famous for their precision and
quality and dominated the market from the 1850s. Inspired young engineers began to put

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Whitworth’s machine tools to new uses. During the early 1880s in Coaticook, a small town
near Quebec, a 24- year-old inventor named Frank Henry Sleeper designed a lifting jack.

Like da Vinci’s jack, it was a technological innovation because it was based on the
principle of the ball bearing for supporting a load and transferred rotary motion, through
gearing and a screw, into linear motion for moving the load. The device was efficient,
reliable and easy to operate. It was used in the construction of bridges, but mostly by the
railroad industry, where it was able to lift locomotives and railway cars. Local Coaticook
industrialist, Arthur Osmore Norton, spotted the potential for Sleeper’s design and in 1886
hired the young man and purchased the patent. The Norton‟ jack was born. Over the
coming years the famous “Norton” jacks were manufactured at plants in Boston, Coaticook
and Moline, Illinois. Meanwhile, in Alleghany County near Pittsburgh in 1883, an
enterprising Mississippi river boat captain named Josiah Barrett had an idea for a ratchet
jack that would pull barges together to form a „tow‟.

The idea was based on the familiar lever and fulcrum principle and he needed someone to
manufacture it. That person was Samuel Duff, proprietor of a local machine shop,
together, they created the Duff Manufacturing Company, which by 1890 had developed
new applications for the original “Barrett Jack” and extended the product line to seven
models in varying capacities. Over the next 30 years the Duff Manufacturing Company
became the largest manufacturer of lifting jacks in the world, developing many new types
of jack for various applications including its own version of the ball bearing screw jack. It
was only natural that in 1928, The Duff Manufacturing Company Inc. merged with A.O.
Norton to create the Duff-Norton Manufacturing Company. Both companies had offered
manually operated screw jacks but the first new product manufactured under the joint
venture was the air motor-operated power jack that appeared in 1929.

With the aid of the relatively new portable compressor technology, users now could move
and position loads without manual effort. The jack, used predominantly in the railway
industry, incorporated an air motor manufactured by The Chicago Pneumatic Tool
Company. There was clearly potential for using this technology for other applications and
only 10 years later, in 1940, the first worm gear screw jack, that is instantly recognizable
today, was offered by Duff-Norton, for adjusting the heights of truck loading platforms and
mill tables. With the ability to be used individually or linked mechanically and driven by

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either air or electric motors or even manually, the first model had a lifting capacity of 10
tons with raises of 2” or 4”. Since then the product has evolved to push, pull, lift, lower and
position loads of anything from a few kilos to hundreds of tonnes. One of the biggest single
screw jacks made to date is a special Power Jacks E-Series unit that is rated for 350
tonnes –even in earthquake conditions for the nuclear industry.

More recent developments have concentrated on improved efficiency and durability,

resulting in changes in both lead screw and gearbox design options for screw jacks. A
screw jack that has a built-in motor is now referred to as a linear actuator but is essentially
still a screw jack. Today, screw jacks can be linked mechanically or electronically and with
the advances in motion-control, loads can be positioned to within microns. Improvements
in gear technology together with the addition of precision ball screws and roller screws
mean the applications for screw jacks today are endless and a real alternative to
hydraulics in terms of duty cycles and speed at a time when industry demands cleaner,
quieter and more reliable solutions. Screws Application is used in the elevation of vehicles
or objects. The operation of the screw jack is such that it comprises a handle for driving a
bolt element (Lead Screw) manually so as to adjust the height of the Jack to elevate a
vehicle or the object.

The operation of the jack manually makes it difficult for most women and the elderly to
operate since much effort is needed to drive the screw jack which results in low linear
speed and time consuming. These presently available jacks further require the operator to
remain in prolonged bent or squatting position to operate the jack. Doing work in a bent or
squatting position for a period of time is not ergonomic to human body. It will give back
ache problem in due of time. Suppose car jacks must be easy to use by women or
whoever had problem with the tyres along the road. The objective of this paper is therefore
to modify the existing design of car jack by incorporating an electric motor into the existing
screw jack to make the operation easier, safer faster and more reliable. 3. Motorized
Screw Jack Our survey in the regard in several automobile garages, revealed the facts
that mostly some difficult methods were adopted in lifting the vehicles for reconditioning.
Now the research paper has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and hence a suitable
device has been designed, such that the vehicle can be lifted from the floor land without
application of any impact force. The fabrication part of it has been considered with almost
case for its simplicity and economy, such that this can be accommodated as one of the

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essential tools on automobile garages The motorized screw jack has been developed to
cater to the needs of small and medium automobile garages, which are normally man
powered with minimum skilled labor.

In most of the garages the vehicles are lifted by using screw jack. This needs high man
power and skilled labour. In order to avoid all such disadvantages, the motorized jack has
been designed in such a way that it can be used to lift the vehicle very smoothly without
any impact force.
The operation is made simple so that even unskilled labour can use it with ease. The D.C.
motor is coupled with the screw jack by gear arrangement. The screw jack shaft’s rotation
depends upon the rotation of D.C motor. This is a simple type of automation project. This
is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by
mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains to be an essential
part of the system although with changing demands on physical input, the degree of
mechanization is increased. 4. Parts of Motorized Screw Jack The main parts of the
motorized screw jack are as follows: (i) D.C. motor: An electric motor is a machine which
converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its action is based on the principle that
when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic
force whose direction is
given by Fleming’s left
hand rule.

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 FIG 2: Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Keep the force finger, middle finger and thumb of the left hand
mutually perpendicular to one another. If the fore finger indicates the direction of magnetic
field and middle finger indicates the direction of current in the conductor, then the thumb
indicates the direction of the motion of conductor. When a motor is in operation, it
develops torque. This torque can produce mechanical rotation. DC motors are also like
generators classified into shunt wound or series wound or compound wound motors.
Principle of Operation of Dc Motor A simplified model of such a motor is shown in figure.
The conductors are wound over a soft iron core. DC supply is given to the field poles for
producing flux. The conductors are connected to the DC supply through brushes.

A simple 2-pole DC electric motor has 6 parts, as shown in the diagram below. An
armature or rotor A commutator Brushes An axle A field magnet A DC power supply of
some sort An electric motor is all about magnets and magnetism: a motor uses magnets to
create motion. Opposites attract and likes repel. So if there are 2 bar magnets with their
ends marked north and south, then the North end of one magnet will attract the South end
of the other. On the other hand, the North end of one magnet will repel the North end of
the other (and similarly south will repel south). Inside an electric motor these attracting and
repelling forces create rotational motion.

In the diagram above, you can see two magnets in the motor, the armature (or rotor) is an
electromagnet, while the field magnet is a permanent magnet (the field magnet could be
an electromagnet as well, but in most small motors it is not to save power). (ii) Universal
Joint: A universal joint is a positive, mechanical connection between rotating shafts, which
are usually not parallel, but intersecting. They are used to transmit motion, power, or both.
The simplest and most common type is called the Cardan joint or Hooke joint. It is shown
in Figure.

It consists of two yokes, one on each shaft, connected by a cross-shaped intermediate

member called the spider. The angle between the two shafts is called the operating angle.
It is generally, but not necessarily, constant during operation. Good design practice calls
for low operating angles, often less than 25°, depending on the application. Independent of

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this guideline ne, mechanical interference in the construction of Cardan joints limits the
operating angle to a maximum (often about 37½°), depending on its proportions. Typical
applications of universal joints include aircraft, appliances, control mechanisms,
electronics, Instrumentation, medical and optical devices, ordnance, radio, sewing
machines, textile machinery and tool drives. Universal joints are available in steel or in
thermoplastic body members. Universal joints made of steel have maximum load-carrying
capacity for a given size. Universal joints with thermoplastic body members are used in
light industrial applications in which their self-lubricating feature, light weight, negligible
backlash, corrosion resistance and capability for high-speed operation are significant
advantages. (iii) Remote control: A remote control is a component of an electronics device,
most commonly a television set, DVD player and home theater systems

originally used for operating the device wirelessly from a short line-of-sight distance.
Remote control has continually evolved and advanced over recent years to include
Bluetooth connectivity, motion sensor enabled capabilities and voice control.

Process involved Fabrication and assembly of remote control lifting Jack is as follows:
(a) Making of coupling: We have cut the blank of mild steel rod having diameter 60 mm
and length 70mm by using power hacksaw machine from the given rod. Turning
operation of MS rod has done on lathe machine which reduces the diameter up to 50
mm. Machining operation has done on CNC milling machine for making slot. Drilling
operation has done on drilling machine for making hole of 10mm diameter for fixing
bolt and nut. Surface finishing operation has done by grinding machine and filing.
(c) Supporting component: Supporting component has used for fixing the D.C. motor. It
has cut from the channel by using power hacksaw machine in required size. Drilling
operation has done on drilling machine for fixing bolt. Finishing operation has done on
bench vice using file.
(d) Base plate: Base plate is made from mild steel plate. It has used for fixing all
components of motorized lifting jack. Base plate has cut from mild steel plate of bigger
size in to required size of 120mmx100mm. by using gas cutter machine. Surface
finishing operation has done by using grinding machine. There are 4 holes made in the
base plate by using drill bit of 10mm diameter on drilling machine.
(e) D.C. Motor: A DC Motor of 12 Volt with a Current of 14 Amps is to produce the
movement of the machine. The motor is internal geared one. So it is strong enough to

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 give the required torque. It can give two different speeds in one direction and two
different speeds in the opposite direction.
(f) Final finishing work: First power screw jack of 2 ton capacity has fixed on the base
plate using bolt and nut. Power screw jack has connected to one end of first coupling
by using nut bolt. First coupling has connected to one end of universal joint with the
help of bolt and nut. The other end of universal joint connected to second coupling with
the help of bolt and nut. Finally DC motor is connected to other end of second coupling
with the help of nut and bolt. DC motor has connected to main supply through DC
power supply.
(g) Testing: After assembly of all components on base plate, the remote controller circuit
was made and tested to lift the car. But the battery capacity is not enough to run the
motor. So it has removed. Test was conducted by using main power supply instead of
battery

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 3.EXISTING WORK

3.1 MOTORIZED SCREW JACK.

This Project, “Motorized Screw Jack”, is a device used to fully or partially lift, lower
or position an object. Screw jacks are often found in machine shops, auto repair
facilities
and in the
automotive
racing
industry.
Many
vehicles
also have a
screw jack
included
with the
spare tire
kit, so drivers can repair a tire easily. Very large screw jack systems are even used
to lift houses for foundation repair or replacement.

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 fig.3 MOTOR operated screw jack

With this model, we have designed and developed a working prototype of a

motorized screw jack. The construction mainly consists of an aluminum framework
and a wooden base to provide low weight and high rigidity model.
To activate the lead screw, a high torque motor is used which is connected to the
screw with the help of a coupler. To control DC Motor, we have used DPDT
switches which in turn control the overall motion of the jack.

3.2 WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF SCREW JACK?

A screw is a mechanism that converts rotational motion to linear motion, and a

torque (rotational force) to a linear force. It is one of the six classical simple
machines. … Other mechanisms that use the same principle, also called screws,
don’t necessarily have a shaft or threads.

3.3 WHAT ARE THE EXAMPLE OF SCREW JACK

Some examples of the uses of a screw are in a jar lid, a drill, a bolt, a light bulb,
faucets, bottle caps, and ballpoint pens. Circular stairways are also a form of a
screw. Another use of the screw is in a device known as a screw pump.

Types of Screw Jack;-

There are a few variations of screw jack available depending on the specific
application. These variations can be achieved with either a machine screw jack or
ball screw jack and are largely chosen based upon the system architecture in which
they are to be fitted-

1. Translating Screw Jack;- The rotation of the worm wheel acts directly on the lead
screw and the lead screw translates linearly. Unless the end of the lead screw is
fixed (dependent on customer requirements), the lead screw will tend to rotate
due to friction between the screw threads.
2. Translating Keyed Screw Jack;- As above but the lead screw is keyed such that it
cannot rotate. This is important if the lead screw end is not to be fixed to the load.
Both the keyed and un-keyed translating screws are commonly used in
applications where more than one screw jack is attached to a common load.
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3. Rotating Screw Jack;- The lead screw is fixed to the worm wheel so rotation of
the worm wheel causes rotation of the lead screw thus translating the nut along
the lead screw when the nut is attached to the load.
4. Translating Screw Jack System;- 6x Screw Jack System. The lead screw ends
are to be attached to a common load. Clearance is required under the bottom
mounting plate of the jack body to accommodate the translating screw cover.
5. Rotating Screw Jack System;- 4x Screw Jack System. The lifting nuts translate.
Clearance under the bottom mounting plate of the jack body is not required but
allowance must be made in the lifting platen design to allow the platen to pass
over or past the lifting screw.

3.4 PARTS OF MOTORISED SCREW JACK

3.4.0.D.C. Motor.

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current

electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the
forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change
the direction of current in part of the motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can
be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by
changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in
tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is
a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger
DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made
replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

3.4.1 Electromagnetic motors

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A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field
aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the
current flowing through it.

A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and

an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron
core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns
around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths.
The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator
allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils
with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have
electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)

The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size, and what it is wrapped
around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the
effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence,
a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with
the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary
part of the motor (stator) to create a torque on the armature which causes it to
rotate. In some DC motor designs, the stator fields use electromagnets to create
their magnetic fields which allows greater control over the motor.

At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected
provide different inherent speed and torque regulation characteristics. The speed of
a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature.
Variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allows speed control.
Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust
the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an
effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is
often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC
motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric
locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The

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introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in
the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate
directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric
vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host
of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys
and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines.
Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder
drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using
thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable
frequency drives.

If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator,

a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid and
electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or
electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative
braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their
DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks.
Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

3.4.2 Brushed

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to

the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets
(permanent or electromagnets), and rotating electromagnets.

Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and
simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-
span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon
brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or
replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for transferring
electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor
inside the motor.

Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added dispersed
copper to improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material wears to fit the

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diameter of the commutator, and continues to wear. A brush holder has a spring to
maintain pressure on the brush as it shortens. For brushes intended to carry more
than an ampere or two, a flying lead will be molded into the brush and connected to
the motor terminals. Very small brushes may rely on sliding contact with a metal
brush holder to carry current into the brush, or may rely on a contact spring
pressing on the end of the brush. The brushes in very small, short-lived motors,
such as are used in toys, may be made of a folded strip of metal that contacts the
commutator.

3.4.3 Brushless

Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the rotor
and electromagnets on the motor housing for the stator. A motor controller converts
DC to AC. This design is mechanically simpler than that of brushed motors because
it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the
spinning rotor. The motor controller can sense the rotor's position via Hall
effect sensors or similar devices and can precisely control the timing, phase, etc., of
the current in the rotor coils to optimize torque, conserve power, regulate speed,
and even apply some braking. Advantages of brushless motors include long life
span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high
initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless
motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no
external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal
AC synchronous motors.

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 3.4.4 Uncommutated

• Homopolar motor – A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of
rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the magnetic
field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity change. Homopolar
motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to very low voltages.
This has restricted the practical application of this type of motor.
• Ball bearing motor – A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that
consists of two ball bearing-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a
common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low
voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races inside a
metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive
section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method has the advantage
that the tube will act as a flywheel. The direction of rotation is determined by the
initial spin which is usually required to get it going.

3.4.5 Permanent magnet stators

A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on
PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce
torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large
motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be
adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to
eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of
the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made
to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to
obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as
dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.

To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy
magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are
neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with
high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly
fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the
structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to
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ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube
that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.

3.5 Wound stators

There are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor
possible for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound (various
blends of series and shunt/parallel) and each has unique speed/torque
characteristics appropriate for different loading torque profiles/signatures.[1]

3.5.0 Series connection

A series DC motor connects the armature and field windings in series with

a common D.C. power source. The motor speed varies as a non-linear function of
load torque and armature current; current is common to both the stator and rotor
yielding current squared (I^2) behavior[citation needed]. A series motor has very
high starting torque and is commonly used for starting high inertia loads, such as
trains, elevators or hoists.[2] This speed/torque characteristic is useful in
applications such as dragline excavators, where the digging tool moves rapidly
when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load.

A series motor should never be started at no load. With no mechanical load on the
series motor, the current is low, the counter-Electro motive force produced by the
field winding is weak, and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient
counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor can be damaged by
overspeed. This is called a runaway condition.

Series motors called universal motors can be used on alternating current. Since the

armature voltage and the field direction reverse at the same time, torque continues
to be produced in the same direction. However they run at a lower speed with lower
torque on AC supply when compared to DC due to reactance voltage drop in AC
which is not present in DC.[3] Since the speed is not related to the line frequency,
universal motors can develop higher-than-synchronous speeds, making them lighter

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than induction motors of the same rated mechanical output. This is a valuable
characteristic for hand-held power tools. Universal motors for commercial utility are
usually of small capacity, not more than about 1 kW output. However, much larger
universal motors were used for electric locomotives, fed by special low-
frequency traction power networks to avoid problems with commutation under
heavy and varying loads.

3.5.1 Shunt connection

A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt with
a common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation even
as the load varies, but does not have the starting torque of a series DC motor. [4] It
is typically used for industrial, adjustable speed applications, such as machine tools,
winding/unwinding machines and tensioners..

3.5.2 Compound connection

A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and a
series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC motor.
[5] This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation
is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or
differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series field to aid the shunt
field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed regulation. Differential
compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are typically operated at
constant speed.

3.6 Power screw.

A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw[1] or translation screw,

[2] is a screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear
motion. Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and
female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to
other linkages. They are not typically used to carry high power, but more for

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intermittent use in low power actuator and positioner mechanisms. Leadscrews are
commonly used in linear actuators, machine slides (such as in machine
tools), vises, presses, and jacks.[3] Leadscrews are a common component in
electric linear actuators.

Leadscrews are manufactured in the same way as other thread forms (they may
be rolled, cut, or ground).

A lead screw is sometimes used with a split nut also called half nut which allows the
nut to be disengaged from the threads and moved axially, independently of the
screw's rotation, when needed (such as in single-point threading on a manual
lathe). A split nut can also be used to compensate for wear by compressing the
parts of the nut.

A hydrostatic leadscrew overcomes many of the disadvantages of a normal

leadscrew, having high positional accuracy, very low friction, and very low wear, but
requires continuous supply of high pressure fluid and high precision manufacture
leading to significantly greater cost than most other linear motion linkages.[4]

3.6.0 Types

Power screws are classified by the geometry of their thread. V-threads are less
suitable for leadscrews than others such as Acme because they have more friction
between the threads. Their threads are designed to induce this friction to keep the
fastener from loosening. Leadscrews, on the other hand, are designed to minimize
friction.[5] Therefore, in most commercial and industrial use, V-threads are avoided
for leadscrew use. Nevertheless, V-threads are sometimes successfully used as
leadscrews, for example on microlathes and micromills

3.6.0.1 Square thread

Main article: Square thread form

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 Square threads are named after their square geometry. They are the most efficient,
having the least friction, so they are often used for screws that carry high power.
But they are also the most difficult to machine, and are thus the most expensive.

Acme thread / Trapezoidal thread

Acme threads have a 29° thread angle, which is easier to machine than square
threads. They are not as efficient as square threads, due to the increased friction
induced by the thread angle.[3] Acme threads are generally also stronger than
square threads due to their trapezoidal thread profile, which provides greater load-
bearing capabilities.[7]

3.6.0.2 Buttress thread

Buttress threads are of a triangular shape. These are used where the load force on
the screw is only applied in one direction.[8] They are as efficient as square threads
in these applications, but are easier to manufacture.

3.6.1 Advantages & disadvantages

The advantages of a leadscrew are:[2]

• Large load carrying capability

• Compact
• Simple to design
• Easy to manufacture; no specialized machinery is required
• Large mechanical advantage
• Precise and accurate linear motion
• Smooth, quiet, and low maintenance
• Minimal number of parts
• Most are self-locking (cannot be back-driven)
The disadvantages are that most are not very efficient. Due to the low efficiency
they cannot be used in continuous power transmission applications. They also have
a high degree of friction on the threads, which can wear the threads out quickly. For
square threads, the nut must be replaced; for trapezoidal threads, a split nut may be
used to compensate for the wear.[5]

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 3.7.Spur gear.

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a

cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided
(but usually of special form to achieve a constant drive ratio, mainly involute but
less commonly cycloidal), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to
the axis of rotation. These gears mesh together correctly only if fitted to parallel
shafts.[1] No axial thrust is created by the tooth loads. Spur gears are excellent at
moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high speeds.[2]

Spur gear can be classified into two pressure angles, 20° being the current industry
standard and 14½° being the former (often found in older equipment).[3] Spur gear
teeth are manufactured by either involute profile or cycloidal profile. When two
gears are in mesh at one instant there is a chance to mate involute portion with
non-involute portion of mating gear. This phenomenon is known as "interference"
and occurs when the number of teeth on the smaller of the two meshing gears is
less than a required minimum. To avoid interference we can have undercutting, but
this is not a suitable solution as undercutting leads to weakening of tooth at its
base. In this situation Corrected gears are used. In corrected gears Cutter rack is
shifted upwards or downwards.

The spur gears can be classified into two main categories: External and Internal.
The gears with teeth cut outside of the cylinder are known as external gears. The
gears with teeth cut on the internal side of the cylinder are known as internal gears.
An external gear can mesh with an external gear or an internal gear. When two
external gears mesh together they rotate in the opposite directions. An internal gear
can only mesh with an external gear and the gears rotate in the same direction. Due
to the close positioning of shafts internal gear assemblies are more compact then
external gear assemblies.

3.8 PCD and MOD

In the case of Module (MOD) 4.0 spur gears:

• Normal spur gears (over 17 teeth) have a pitch circle diameter (PCD) equal to
MOD × number of teeth.[4]
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• Corrected spur gears (under 17 teeth) have a PCD equal to MOD × number of
teeth + MOD.
There are two types of corrected gears:

1. S0 gearing (x1 + x2 = zero)

2. S gearing (x1 + x2 ≠ zero)

3.9 .Battery.

A battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical

cells with external connections[1] for powering electrical devices such
as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric
power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode.
[2] The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an
external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an
external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-
energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit
as electrical energy.[3] Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device
composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices
composed of a single cell.[4]

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as

the electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common
example is the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and
recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the original composition
of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the lead-
acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics
such as laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to
large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries in vehicles, and at the largest
extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or emergency
power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than

common fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the
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 higher efficiency of electric motors in converting electrical energy to mechanical
work, compared to combustion engines.

3.9.0 Categories and types of batteries

Batteries are classified into primary and secondary forms:

• Primary batteries are designed to be used until exhausted of energy then

discarded. Their chemical reactions are generally not reversible, so they cannot
be recharged. When the supply of reactants in the battery is exhausted, the
battery stops producing current and is useless.[22]
• Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical
reactions reversed by applying electric current to the cell. This regenerates the
original chemical reactants, so they can be used, recharged, and used again
multiple times.[23]
Some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits, were
restored to operation by replacing the electrodes.[24] Secondary batteries are not
indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active materials, loss of
electrolyte and internal corrosion.

3.9.1 Primary

Primary batteries, or primary cells, can produce current immediately on assembly.

These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are
used only intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source,
such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only
intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since
the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return
to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to
recharge primary cells.[25] In general, these have higher energy densities than
rechargeable batteries,[26] but disposable batteries do not fare well under high-

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 drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75 Ω). Common types of disposable
batteries include zinc–carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

3.9.2 Secondary

Secondary batteries, also known as secondary cells, or rechargeable batteries,

must be charged before first use; they are usually assembled with active materials
in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries are (re)charged by applying electric
current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during discharge/use.
Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers.

The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead–acid battery, which are widely
used in automotive and boating applications. This technology contains liquid
electrolyte in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and
the area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas it produces
during overcharging. The lead–acid battery is relatively heavy for the amount of
electrical energy it can supply. Its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current
levels make it common where its capacity (over approximately 10 Ah) is more
important than weight and handling issues. A common application is the modern car
battery, which can, in general, deliver a peak current of 450 amperes.

The sealed valve regulated lead–acid battery (VRLA battery) is popular in the

automotive industry as a replacement for the lead–acid wet cell. The VRLA battery
uses an immobilized sulfuric acid electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and
extending shelf life.[27] VRLA batteries immobilize the electrolyte. The two types
are:

• Gel batteries (or "gel cell") use a semi-solid electrolyte.

• Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in a special fiberglass
matting.
Other portable rechargeable batteries include several sealed "dry cell" types, that
are useful in applications such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of this
type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel–
cadmium (NiCd), nickel–zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-
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ion (Li-ion) cells. Li-ion has by far the highest share of the dry cell rechargeable
market. NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due to its higher capacity, but
NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and medical equipment.

In the 2000s, developments include batteries with embedded electronics such

as USBCELL, which allows charging an AA battery through a USB connector,
[28] nanoball batteries that allow for a discharge rate about 100x greater than
current batteries, and smart battery packs with state-of-charge monitors and battery
protection circuits that prevent damage on over-discharge. Low self-
discharge (LSD) allows secondary cells to be charged prior to shipping.

3.10 Cell types

Many types of electrochemical cells have been produced, with varying chemical
processes and designs, including galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, fuel cells, flow
cells and voltaic piles.[29]

3.10.0 Wet cell

A wet cell battery has a liquid electrolyte. Other names are flooded cell, since the
liquid covers all internal parts or vented cell, since gases produced during operation
can escape to the air. Wet cells were a precursor to dry cells and are commonly
used as a learning tool for electrochemistry. They can be built with common
laboratory supplies, such as beakers, for demonstrations of how electrochemical
cells work. A particular type of wet cell known as a concentration cell is important in
understanding corrosion. Wet cells may be primary cells (non-rechargeable)
or secondary cells (rechargeable). Originally, all practical primary batteries such as
the Daniell cell were built as open-top glass jar wet cells. Other primary wet cells
are the Leclanche cell, Grove cell, Bunsen cell, Chromic acid cell, Clark cell,
and Weston cell. The Leclanche cell chemistry was adapted to the first dry cells.
Wet cells are still used in automobile batteries and in industry for standby power
for switchgear, telecommunication or large uninterruptible power supplies, but in
many places batteries with gel cells have been used instead. These applications
commonly use lead–acid or nickel–cadmium cells.

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3.10.1 Dry cell
Further information: Dry cell

FIG 4: drawing of a dry cell

Line art drawing of a dry cell:

1. brass cap, 2. plastic seal, 3. expansion space, 4. porous cardboard, 5. zinc can,
6. carbon rod, 7. chemical mixture
A dry cell uses a paste electrolyte, with only enough moisture to allow current to
flow. Unlike a wet cell, a dry cell can operate in any orientation without spilling, as it
contains no free liquid, making it suitable for portable equipment. By comparison,
the first wet cells were typically fragile glass containers with lead rods hanging from
the open top and needed careful handling to avoid spillage. Lead–acid batteries did
not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until the development of the gel
battery.

A common dry cell is the zinc–carbon battery, sometimes called the dry Leclanché

cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts, the same as the alkaline battery (since both
use the same zinc–manganese dioxide combination). A standard dry cell comprises
a zinc anode, usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode in the
form of a central rod. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form of a paste
next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between the electrolyte and carbon
cathode is taken up by a second paste consisting of ammonium chloride and

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manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolariser. In some designs, the
ammonium chloride is replaced by zinc chloride.

3.10.2 Molten salt

Molten salt batteries are primary or secondary batteries that use a molten salt as
electrolyte. They operate at high temperatures and must be well insulated to retain
heat.

3.10.3 Reserve

A reserve battery can be stored unassembled (unactivated and supplying no power)

for a long period (perhaps years). When the battery is needed, then it is assembled
(e.g., by adding electrolyte); once assembled, the battery is charged and ready to
work. For example, a battery for an electronic artillery fuze might be activated by the
impact of firing a gun. The acceleration breaks a capsule of electrolyte that
activates the battery and powers the fuze's circuits. Reserve batteries are usually
designed for a short service life (seconds or minutes) after long storage (years).
A water-activated battery for oceanographic instruments or military applications
becomes activated on immersion in water.

3.11 Cell performance

A battery's characteristics may vary over load cycle, over charge cycle, and over
lifetime due to many factors including internal chemistry, current drain, and
temperature. At low temperatures, a battery cannot deliver as much power. As
such, in cold climates, some car owners install battery warmers, which are small
electric heating pads that keep the car battery warm.

3.12 Lifetime

Battery life (and its synonym battery lifetime) has two meanings for rechargeable
batteries but only one for non-chargeables. For rechargeables, it can mean either
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the length of time a device can run on a fully charged battery or the number of
charge/discharge cycles possible before the cells fail to operate satisfactorily. For a
non-rechargeable these two lives are equal since the cells last for only one cycle by
definition. (The term shelf life is used to describe how long a battery will retain its
performance between manufacture and use.) Available capacity of all batteries
drops with decreasing temperature. In contrast to most of today's batteries,
the Zamboni pile, invented in 1812, offers a very long service life without
refurbishment or recharge, although it supplies current only in the nanoamp range.
The Oxford Electric Bell has been ringing almost continuously since 1840 on its
original pair of batteries, thought to be Zamboni piles.[citation needed]

3.13 Self-discharge

Disposable batteries typically lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge per year
when stored at room temperature (20–30 °C).[40] This is known as the "self-
discharge" rate, and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions that
occur within the cell even when no load is applied. The rate of side reactions is
reduced for batteries stored at lower temperatures, although some can be damaged
by freezing.

Old rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline

batteries, especially nickel-based batteries; a freshly charged nickel cadmium
(NiCd) battery loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and thereafter
discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. However, newer low self-discharge
nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries and modern lithium designs display a lower
self-discharge rate (but still higher than for primary batteries).

3.14 Corrosion

Internal parts may corrode and fail, or the active materials may be slowly converted
to inactive forms.

Physical component changes

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The active material on the battery plates changes chemical composition on each
charge and discharge cycle; active material may be lost due to physical changes of
volume, further limiting the number of times the battery can be recharged. Most
nickel-based batteries are partially discharged when purchased, and must be
charged before first use.[41] Newer NiMH batteries are ready to be used when
purchased, and have only 15% discharge in a year.[42]

Some deterioration occurs on each charge–discharge cycle. Degradation usually

occurs because electrolyte migrates away from the electrodes or because active
material detaches from the electrodes. Low-capacity NiMH batteries (1,700–
2,000 mA·h) can be charged some 1,000 times, whereas high-capacity NiMH
batteries (above 2,500 mA·h) last about 500 cycles.[43] NiCd batteries tend to be
rated for 1,000 cycles before their internal resistance permanently increases
beyond usable values.

Charge/discharge speed
Fast charging increases component changes, shortening battery lifespan.[43]

Overcharging
If a charger cannot detect when the battery is fully charged then overcharging is
likely, damaging it.[44]

Memory effect
NiCd cells, if used in a particular repetitive manner, may show a decrease in
capacity called "memory effect".[45] The effect can be avoided with simple
practices. NiMH cells, although similar in chemistry, suffer less from memory effect.

Page 39 of 65
 FIG 5: An analog camcorder [lithium ion] battery

3.15 Environmental conditions

Automotive lead–acid rechargeable batteries must endure stress due to vibration,

shock, and temperature range. Because of these stresses and sulfation of their lead
plates, few automotive batteries last beyond six years of regular use.
[47] Automotive starting (SLI: Starting, Lighting, Ignition) batteries have many thin
plates to maximize current. In general, the thicker the plates the longer the life.
They are typically discharged only slightly before recharge.

"Deep-cycle" lead–acid batteries such as those used in electric golf carts have
much thicker plates to extend longevity.[48] The main benefit of the lead–acid
battery is its low cost; its main drawbacks are large size and weight for a given
capacity and voltage. Lead–acid batteries should never be discharged to below
20% of their capacity,[49] because internal resistance will cause heat and damage
when they are recharged. Deep-cycle lead–acid systems often use a low-charge

Page 40 of 65
warning light or a low-charge power cut-off switch to prevent the type of damage
that will shorten the battery's life.[50]

Storage
Battery life can be extended by storing the batteries at a low temperature, as in
a refrigerator or freezer, which slows the side reactions. Such storage can extend
the life of alkaline batteries by about 5%; rechargeable batteries can hold their
charge much longer, depending upon type.[51] To reach their maximum voltage,
batteries must be returned to room temperature; discharging an alkaline battery at
250 mA at 0 °C is only half as efficient as at 20 °C.[26] Alkaline battery
manufacturers such as Duracell do not recommend refrigerating batteries.[25]

3.16.Android app control.

A mobile application, also referred to as a mobile app or simply an app, is

a computer program or software application designed to run on a mobile
device such as a phone, tablet, or watch. Apps were originally intended for
productivity assistance such as email, calendar, and contact databases, but the
public demand for apps caused rapid expansion into other areas such as mobile
games, factory automation, GPS and location-based services, order-tracking, and
ticket purchases, so that there are now millions of apps available. Apps are
generally downloaded from application distribution platforms which are operated by
the owner of the mobile operating system, such as the App Store (iOS) or Google
Play Store. Some apps are free, and others have a price, with the profit being split
between the application's creator and the distribution platform. Mobile applications
often stand in contrast to desktop applications which are designed to run
on desktop computers, and web applications which run in mobile web
browsers rather than directly on the mobile device.

In 2009, technology columnist David Pogue stated that smartphones could be

nicknamed "app phones" to distinguish them from earlier less-sophisticated
smartphones.[1] The term "app", short for "software application", has since become
very popular; in 2010, it was listed as "Word of the Year" by the American Dialect
Society

Page 41 of 65
3.17 Overview

Most mobile devices are sold with several apps bundled as pre-installed software,
such as a web browser, email client, calendar, mapping program, and an app
for buying music, other media, or more apps. Some pre-installed apps can be
removed by an ordinary uninstall process, thus leaving more storage space for
desired ones. Where the software does not allow this, some devices can
be rooted to eliminate the undesired apps.

Apps that are not preinstalled are usually available through distribution platforms
called app stores. They began appearing in 2008 and are typically operated by the
owner of the mobile operating system, such as the Apple App Store, Google
Play, Windows Phone Store, and BlackBerry App World. However, there
are independent app stores. Some apps are free, while others must be bought.
Usually, they are downloaded from the platform to a target device, but sometimes
they can be downloaded to laptops or desktop computers. For apps with a price,
generally a percentage, 20-30%, goes to the distribution provider (such as iTunes),
and the rest goes to the producer of the app.[3] The same app can, therefore, cost
a different price depending on the mobile platform.

Apps can also be installed manually, for example by running an Android application
package on Android devices.

FIG 6: Application
Page 42 of 65
The official US Army iPhone app presents the service's technology news, updates
and media in a single place
Mobile apps were originally offered for general productivity and information retrieval,
including email, calendar, contacts, the stock market and weather information.
However, public demand and the availability of developer tools drove rapid
expansion into other categories, such as those handled by desktop application
software packages. As with other software, the explosion in number and variety of
apps made discovery a challenge, which in turn led to the creation of a wide range
of review, recommendation, and curation sources, including blogs, magazines, and
dedicated online app-discovery services. In 2014 government regulatory agencies
began trying to regulate and curate apps, particularly medical apps.[4] Some
companies offer apps as an alternative method to deliver content with certain
advantages over an official website.

With a growing number of mobile applications available at app stores and the
improved capabilities of smartphones, people are downloading more applications to
their devices.[5] Usage of mobile apps has become increasingly prevalent across
mobile phone users.[6] A May 2012 comScore study reported that during the
previous quarter, more mobile subscribers used apps than browsed the web on
their devices: 51.1% vs. 49.8% respectively.[7] Researchers found that usage of
mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location
and time of the day.[8] Mobile apps are playing an ever-increasing role within
healthcare and when designed and integrated correctly can yield many benefits.[9]
[10]

Market research firm Gartner predicted that 102 billion apps would be downloaded

in 2013 (91% of them free), which would generate $26 billion in the US, up 44.4%
on 2012's US$18 billion.[11] By Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone
generated $5 billion. An analyst report estimates that the app economy creates
revenues of more than €10 billion per year within the European Union, while over
529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app
market.[12]

Page 43 of 65
3.18 Types

Mobile applications may be classified by numerous methods. A common scheme is

to distinguish native, web-based, and hybrid apps.

3.18.0 Native app

All apps targeted toward a particular mobile platform are known as native apps.
Therefore, an app intended for Apple device does not run in Android devices. As a
result, most businesses develop apps for multiple platforms.

While developing native apps, professionals incorporate best-in-class user interface

modules. This accounts for better performance, consistency and good user
experience. Users also benefit from wider access to application programming
interfaces and make limitless use of all apps from the particular device. Further,
they also switch over from one app to another effortlessly.

The main purpose for creating such apps is to ensure best performance for a
specific mobile operating system.

3.18.1 Web-based app

A web-based app is implemented with the standard web technologies
of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Internet access is typically required for proper
behavior or being able to use all features compared to offline usage. Most, if not all,
user data is stored in the cloud.

The performance of these apps is similar to a web application running in a browser,

which can be noticeably slower than the equivalent native app. It also may not have
the same level of features as the native app.

3.18.2 Hybrid app

The concept of the hybrid app is a mix of native and web-based apps. Apps
developed using Apache Cordova, Xamarin, React Native, Sencha Touch, and
other frameworks fall into this category.

These are made to support web and native technologies across multiple platforms.
Moreover, these apps are easier and faster to develop. It involves use of
single codebase which works in multiple mobile operating systems.
Page 44 of 65
Despite such advantages, hybrid apps exhibit lower performance. Often, apps fail to
bear the same look-and-feel in different mobile operating systems.

3.19 Development

Developing apps for mobile devices requires considering the constraints and
features of these devices. Mobile devices run on battery and have less
powerful processors than personal computers and also have more features such
as location detection and cameras. Developers also have to consider a wide array
of screen sizes, hardware specifications and configurations because of intense
competition in mobile software and changes within each of the platforms (although
these issues can be overcome with mobile device detection).

Mobile application development requires the use of specialized integrated

development environments. Mobile apps are first tested within the development
environment using emulators and later subjected to field testing. Emulators provide
an inexpensive way to test applications on mobile phones to which developers may
not have physical access.[13][14]

Mobile user interface (UI) Design is also essential. Mobile UI considers constraints

and contexts, screen, input and mobility as outlines for design. The user is often the
focus of interaction with their device, and the interface entails components of both
hardware and software. User input allows for the users to manipulate a system, and
device's output allows the system to indicate the effects of the users' manipulation.
Mobile UI design constraints include limited attention and form factors, such as a
mobile device's screen size for a user's hand. Mobile UI contexts signal cues from
user activity, such as location and scheduling that can be shown from user
interactions within a mobile application. Overall, mobile UI design's goal is primarily
for an understandable, user-friendly interface.

Mobile UIs, or front-ends, rely on mobile back-ends to support access to enterprise

systems. The mobile back-end facilitates data routing, security, authentication,
authorization, working off-line, and service orchestration. This functionality is
supported by a mix of middleware components including mobile app servers, Mobile
Backend as a service (MBaaS), and SOA infrastructure.

Page 45 of 65
 Conversational interfaces display the computer interface and present interactions
through text instead of graphic elements. They emulate conversations with real
humans.[15] There are two main types of conversational interfaces: voice assistants
(like the Amazon Echo) and chatbots.[15]

Conversational interfaces are growing particularly practical as users are starting to

feel overwhelmed with mobile apps (a term known as "app fatigue").[16][17]

David Limp, Amazon's senior vice president of devices, says in an interview with
Bloomberg, "We believe the next big platform is voice.

3.20 FEATURES AND BENEFITS

Safety Features;-
Screw Jacks are inherently safe and comply with a number of ISO EN standards for
machinery, lifting tables and platform. Some of the main safety features are:-

1. Safety Nuts- Secondary follow Nuts can allow monitoring of wear and secondary
redundancy if Nut fails in service. Sensors can be fitted to detect failure/max wear
reached.
2. Self-Locking- Gearbox: All screw jacks ratios are self-locking and will not
backwind when power off. Standard ratio with trapezoidal spindles will remain
self-locking when static (comes to rest), Low ratio worm gearbox will offer a
dynamic self-lock and will slow and lock the moving load when powered off.
3. Secondary Safety- For lift systems for personnel; redundancy or secondary safety
is required. Screw jacks can be offered with Self-locking jacks, Safety Nuts, Brake
motors, and even linear braking elements so a secondary safety measure is
always in place.
 SCOPE;-
1. There is a scope of improvement that is by replacing the remote control with
Bluetooth operating technology.
2. The device can also be designed to operate using an android application.

3.21 ADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED SCREW JACK

1. The loaded light vehicles can be easily lifted

4.  Handling is easy

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5. No manual power required
6.  Replacement of parts is easy

3.22 DISADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED SCREW JACK

1. Cost of the equipment is high when compared to ordinary hand jack

7. Care must be taken for handling the equipment such as proper wiring connection,
battery charging checkup, etc.

Page 47 of 65
 4.0 IMPLEMENTATION

After successful designing and simulation of the model, all the necessary parts were
procured, manufactured and assembled. Manufacturing was done using various machines
such as Milling for slot cutting, drilling machine or making holes and CutterGrinder for
various cutting and grinding operations. After the fabrication and assembly of the entire
assembly, the app and coding was done. to control the entire assembly using app, a
proper circuitry and coding is needed, the brain of the entire assembly is Arduino Uno
which is used to drive and control both the motors using app. The coding on Arduino UNO
was done with the help of Arduino IDE software. After coding the Arduino, the required app
was made on MIT app maker. After making the app the Arduino was patched up with the
app to command the Arduino using the app.
To control the motors using app wirelessly a
device known as HC-05 Bluetooth module was
connected to Arduino.

Page 48 of 65
 FIG 7: Blynk Application

4.1 Blynk application:

Blynk supports hardware platforms such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and similar
microcontroller boards to build hardware for your projects. The following is a list of some
microcontroller boards that can be coupled with Blynk:
•

• Esp
ressif (ESP8266, ESP32, NodeMCU, WeMos D1, Adafruit HUZZAH, SparkFun Blynk
Board, SparkFun ESP8266 Thing)
• Lin
ux (C++) (Raspberry Pi, Ubuntu)
• Ard
uino (Arduino UNO, Arduino MKR1000, Arduino MKRZero, Arduino Yun, Arduino
101, Arduino Zero, Arduino M0, Arduino M0 Pro, Arduino Nano, Arduino Leonardo,
Arduino Due, Arduino Mega 2560, Arduino Mega 1280, Arduino Mega ADK, Arduino
Micro, Arduino Pro Micro, Arduino Mini, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino Fio, Arduino
Decimilia, Arduino Duemilanove, Arduino Pro, Arduino Ethernet, Arduino Leonardo
ETH, Arduino Industrial 101)
• Par
ticle (particle core, particle photon, particle electron)

4.2 Connection types

Blynk supports the following connection types to connect your microcontroller board
(hardware) with the Blynk Cloud and Blynk's personal server:
• Eth
ernet

Page 49 of 65
 • Wi-
Fi
• Blu
etooth
• Cell
ular
• Seri
al
•
However, throughout this book, you will only focus on Wi-Fi and Ethernet connection types
to connect with Blynk Cloud and Blynk's personal server.
Blynk architecture
The Blynk platform includes the following components:
• Bly
nk app builder: Allows to you build apps for your projects using various widgets. It is
available for Android and iOS platforms.
• Bly
nk server: Responsible for all the communications between your mobile device that's
running the Blynk app and the hardware. You can use the Blynk Cloud or run your
private Blynk server locally. It's open source, could easily handle thousands of
devices, and can even be launched on a Raspberry Pi.
• Bly
nk libraries: Enables communication with the server and processes all the incoming
and outcoming commands from your Blynk app and the hardware. They are
available for all the popular hardware platforms.
•
All the aforementioned components communicate with each other to build a fully functional
IoT application that can be controlled from anywhere through a preconfigured connectivity
type. You can control your hardware from the Blynk app running on your mobile device
through the Blynk Cloud or Blynk's personal server. It works the same in the opposite
direction by sending rows of processed data from hardware to your Blynk app.

4.3 Blynk ecosystem

Page 50 of 65
The Blynk ecosystem consists of the following partners. They can cover anything from
electronic components, to manufacturing and data plans:

1. Inte
l IoT Solutions Alliance
2. Spa
rkFun Electronics
3. Esp
ressif
4. Ard
uino
5. Tex
as Instruments
6. Pro
ximus
7. De
utshe Telekom
8. Par
ticle
9. Sa
msung
10. little
Bits
11. Hol
ogram
12. Thi
ngSpeak.com
13. Ele
ctric Imp
14. Pun
ch Through
15. Co
debender
16. Re
dBearLab

Page 51 of 65
17. Wic
ked device
18. Tin
yCircuits

4.4 IOT circuit

4.4.0 Nodemcu
NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform.[4][5] It initially
included firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems,
and hardware which was based on the ESP-12 module.[6][7] Later, support for
the ESP32 32-bit MCU was added.
NodeMCU is an open source firmware for which open source prototyping board
designs are available. The name "NodeMCU" combines "node" and "MCU" (micro-
controller unit).[8] The term "NodeMCU" strictly speaking refers to the firmware
rather than the associated development kits.[citation needed]

Both the firmware and prototyping board designs are open source.[8]

The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. The firmware is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson[9] and SPIFFS.[10] Due to resource constraints,
users need to select the modules relevant for their project and build a firmware
tailored to their needs. Support for the 32-bit ESP32 has also been implemented.

The prototyping hardware typically used is a circuit board functioning as a dual in-
line package (DIP) which integrates a USB controller with a smaller surface-
mounted board containing the MCU and antenna. The choice of the DIP format
allows for easy prototyping on breadboards. The design was initially based on the
ESP-12 module of the ESP8266, which is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with
a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications (see related
projects).

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors

like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify
the Arduino IDE so that it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support
alternate toolchains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for these new
processors. They did this with the introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM

Page 52 of 65
 Core. A "core" is the collection of software components required by the Board
Manager and the Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the target
MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino core
for the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino
IDE".[18] This has become a leading software development platform for the various
ESP8266-based modules and development boards, including NodeMCUs.

4.4.1 Arduino
Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an open-source hardware and software company, project and
user community that designs and manufactures single-board
microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products
are licensed under a CC-BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting
the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards
are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits.
The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB)
on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be
programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is
also known as the "Arduino language". In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains,
the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a
command line tool (arduino-cli) developed in Go.

The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy,[2] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and
professionals to create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner
hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors.

Page 53 of 65
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the
project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of
the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014

4.5.0 History

The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea,
Italy.[2] At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50. In
2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis
project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is
known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project
goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The
Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the
microcontroller.[4] In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and
David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino.[4]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe,
Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.[2]

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000
official Arduinos had been commercially produced,[5] and in 2013 that 700,000 official
boards were in users' hands.

4.5.1 Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,
[7] to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the
boards was to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from
them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer
ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company.[citation needed]

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino
trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years.
This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other
areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was
Page 54 of 65
already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark
under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began
refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed
the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and
layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.[8]
[9][10]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.[11]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name
outside the United States.[12]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and
CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the
two companies.[13] Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to
the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for
Arduino.", but this decision was withdrawn later.[14][15]

In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record.... On his
company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents,
Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York
University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance,
and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those
degrees.[16] The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he
reportedly pulled many Open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino
website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.[17]

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by
Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and
all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who
no longer works for Arduino AG.[

4.5.2 Post-dispute

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The

announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ...
without any lock-in with the ARM architecture.” Arduino intends to continue to work with all
technology vendors and architectures.[20]

Page 55 of 65
Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new
designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with
the Arduino name. As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million
active users based on the IDE downloads.[21]

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool ( arduino-cli),
which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell.[22]

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create
online environment.

4.5.3 Hardware

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses,
the developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official
product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document
on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by
others into the official product.[24] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially
released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino.[25]

Fig 8: Controller Boards

An early Arduino board[26] with an RS-232 serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel

ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at the top, the
6 analog input pins at the lower right, and the power connector at the lower left.

Page 56 of 65
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,
[27] ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of
flash memory, pins, and features.[28] The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the
Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[29] The boards use single or double-row pins or
female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other
circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly
stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include
a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs,
such as the LilyPad,[30] run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator
due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading

of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the
Optiboot bootloader.[31] Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to
another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert
between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current
Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-
to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno
boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial
firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the
Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board
or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools,
instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is
used.

FIG 9 : Board Parts

An official Arduino Uno R2 with descriptions of the I/O locations

Page 57 of 65
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits.
The Diecimila,[a] Duemilanove,[b] and current Uno[c] provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of
which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also
be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch
(2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available.
The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board[32] and
Boarduino[33] boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that
can plug into solderless breadboards.

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally

equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic
Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,[34] to simplify
making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form
factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use
different processors, of varying compatibility.

4.5.6 Official boards

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.
[35] Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American
companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries.[36] As of 2016, 17 versions of
the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced.

4.5.7 Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards
called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[53] Shields can
provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation),
Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can
also be made do it yourself (DIY)

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4.5.8 Software

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with

compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a
development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based
microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).

4.5.9 IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
(for Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the Java programming language. It
originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor
with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-
click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy
of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General
Public License, version 2.[61]

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code

structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which
provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and
linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with
the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the
program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding
that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.

4.5.10 Pro IDE

On October 18, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha preview) was released. The system still
uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more
professional development environment, autocompletion support, and Git integration.
[62] The application frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. The main
features available in the alpha release are:[63]

• Modern, fully featured development environment

• Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro Mode (File
System view)
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 • New Board Manager
• New Library Manager
• Board List
• Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only)
• Git Integration
• Serial Monitor
• Dark Mode

4.5.11 Sketch
 sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.[64] Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-
1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions:[65]

• setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It
is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries
needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function main().[66]
• loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly
in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.
It is analogous to the function while(1).[67]

FIG 11: Blink example

Power LED (red) and User LED (green) attached to pin 13 on an Arduino compatible
board
Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current limiting resistor
connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and
program functions.[68] A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is
"blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This
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program uses the functions pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are provided by
the internal libraries included in the IDE environment.[69][70][71] This program is usually
loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer.

4.5.12 Libraries
The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free
software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.

Operating Systems / Threading[edit]

There is a Xinu OS port for the atmega328p (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip),
which includes most of the basic features.[72] The source code of this version is freely
available.[73]

There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "...
extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained
systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.
Protothreads provide linear code execution for event-driven systems implemented in C.
Protothreads can be used with or without an underlying operating system."[74]

Protothreading utilizes C switch() statement in a non-obvious way that is similar to Duff's

device.[75] The following is skeleton code for protothreads:

4.5.13 Applications
• Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
• Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
• Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
• ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino.
• C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.
• Data loggers for scientific research.[76][77][78][79]
• OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in
most modern cars
• OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
• XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

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FIG 11: Circuit
diagram,

Table 1: Test cases

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 5.0 RESULTS

FIG 12: ENTIRE PROJECT PIC-1

FIG 13: PIC-2

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 6.0 CONCLUSION

The proposed model is to reduce the manual work greatly. It uses least manual work for
the lifting of the jack. The proposed electric circuit is built using relays, Bluetooth module,
and an Arduino. The interface between the mobile phone and circuit is achieved through
Bluetooth module and that of between Jack and electronic circuit is gained by a reduction
gear box. All that needs to be done is to just tap on the mobile phone. The proposed work
can be extended to a single jack that can be fitted to the car and can be moved according
to the need.

Screw Jacks are the ideal product to push, pull, lift, lower and position loads of anything
from a couple of kilograms to hundreds of tonnes. The need has long existed for an
improved portable jack for automotive vehicles. It is highly desirable that a jack become
available that can be operated alternatively from inside the vehicle or from a location of
safety off the road on which the vehicle is located. Such a jack should desirably be light
enough and be compact enough so that it can be stored in an automobile trunk, can be
lifted up and carried by most adults to its position of use, and yet be capable of lifting a
wheel of a 4-5 ton vehicle off the ground. Further, it should be stable and easily
controllable by a switch so that jacking can be done from a position of safety. It should be
easily movable either to a position underneath the axle of the vehicle or some other
reinforced support surface designed to be engaged by a jack. Thus, the product has been
developed considering all the above requirements. This particular design of the motorized
screw jack will prove to be beneficial in lifting and lowering of loads.

Page 64 of 65
 7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Automatic jack and wheel change system, US Patent 6237953. (2001)

2) Manoj R Patil and S D Kachave, “Design and Analysis of Scissor Jack,” IJMERR, Vol.4, No.1,
pp. 327- 335, January 2015.

3) Shraddha S. Jadhav,Prajakta K. Patil, A .R .Kharat,"The Automatic Hydraulic Jack,"

International Journal of Engineering Development and Research, Volume 5, Issue 2, pp. 323-325.

4) Manoj Patil, Gaurav Udgirkar, Rajesh Patil and Nilesh,"Automated Car Jack," International
Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4, No.4 (Aug 2014), pp 2349-2351.

5) M.M.Noor,K.Kadirgama,M.M.Rahman, M.S.M.Sani, M.R.M.Rejab, "Development of Auto Car

Jack Using Internal Car Power," Malaysian Science and Technology Congress, MSTC08 (2008),
pp.593-598.

6) Ivan Sunit Rout, Dipti Ranjan Patra, Sidhartha Sankar Padhi, Jitendra Narayan Biswal, Tushar
Kanti Panda,"Design and Fabrication of motorized automated Object lifting jack," IOSRJEN, Vol.
04, Issue 05 (2014), PP 06-12.

7) Asonye G.U., Nnamani C.E., Alaka. C.A, "Design and fabrication of a remote controlled system
for a Hydraulic Jack," IRJET, Volume: 02 Issue: 07 (2015), pp. 1223-1236.

8) C.S.Dhamak, D.S.Bajaj, V.S.Aher,G.Nikam4, "Design and Standardization of Scissor Jack to

Avoid Field Failure," International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in
Education," Vol-1 Issue-3 2015.

BOOKS:

1. Design of machine elements by V.B.Bhandari

2. A text book of machine design by Rajendra Karwa 3.

3. Analysis and Design of Machine Elements by V K Jadon, Suresh Verma 4.

4. Tribology in Machine Design by T. A. Stolarski 5.

5. A text book of Machine Design by R.S.Khurmi,J.K.Gupta 6.

6. Design of Machine Elements by Farazdak Haideri 7.

7. Machine Design by S.G.Kulkarni 8.

8. Design of machine elements by K.Rao

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