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“VENTILATION SYSTEM”
COLLEGE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this internship report titled “VENTILATION SYSTEM”
carried out by JUNAID KHAN A bearing USN 1HK17ME036, a bonafide student of HKBK
College of Engineering, in partial fulfillment for the award of B.E Degree in Mechanical
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021-22 is
a genuine curriculum program.
It is certified that all the corrections / suggestions indicated before the assessment and evaluation
have been incorporated by the intern in this internship report. The internship report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements prescribed by the relevant VTU notifications
and institute for the award of B.E degree.
_____________
Prof. RAMACHANDRA KULKURNI
Internal Guide
Department of ME
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP
This is to certify that JUNAID KHAN A has undergone internship in our organization in
the field of quality improvement and control techniques in our press / machine shops
/hangars from 01/09/2021 to 30/09/2021 spanning four (4) weeks.
He reviewed the HVAC Design for Commercial Buildings in our organization and
analyzed the existing records with earnestness and enthusiasm. He has recorded his
observations and recommendations regarding the ways and means to eliminate low
performing operations and control the overall process defect. The conduct and demeanor
of the intern was excellent with us and we wish him all the best in his endeavors towards
successful completion of B.E Degree.
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
DECLARATION
I, JUNAID KHAN A bearing USN No.1HK17ME036 student of VIII semester, B.E degree in
Mechanical Engineering declare that this internship program titled “VENTILATION SYSTEM ”
is original work carried out by me, the undersigned at Prinston Smart Engineers, Electronic City,
Begur Road, , after endorsement and authorization from HKBK College of Engineering, in partial
fulfillment of the curriculum requirements prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University
, Belagavi in the 2017 B.E Degree choice based credit system scheme.
The content in this report is not submitted to any other university partially or completely for the
award of any other degree
JUNAID KHAN A
USN: 1HK17ME036
Date: 25/04/2022 VIII Sem, B.E
Place: Bengaluru Mechanical Engineering
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The euphoria that accompany the acquisition of vocational skills by professing internship
program and compiling internship report would be complete only by acknowledging the
governing bodies and the personnel, who by their supervision steered and crowned out my
effort with success.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to our Director, Mr. Faiz Mohammed for
setting up a vibrant learning atmosphere and quality procedures that fetched the institution
NAAC and NBA accreditation and transcend the institution to the forefront of literary
renaissance.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to our Principal Dr. Tabassum Ara, HKBK
College of Engineering for his dynamic and on-time support to the students in academic and
co-curricular pursuits.
I would like to express my genuine thanks to our Head of Department, Dr. Salim Sharieff for
facilitating the internship program and his support in our academic and co-curricular activities.
I would like to extend my impassioned thanks and admiration to my Internal Guide Prof.
Ramachandra Kulkurni, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his enduring
encouragement, critical comments and constant guidance
My profound thanks to the Director, Atif Akher, Prinston Smart Engineers Bengaluru for
granting me the opportunity to profess internship in his organization and my External Guide
Sheikh Imtiyaz for his whole hearted co-operation and supervision of my
Internship.
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
ABSTRACT
To work directly with clients to design new Heating, ventilation and air conditioning system
specific to customer needs and building specification. To work on residential, commercial, and
industrial project. The task includes completing heating and air conditioning-related drawings,
preparing project estimates and overseeing the installation of projects to completion. HVAC, a system
of vents and drafts installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable atmospheric and
purified air and the removal of airborne bacteria, dusts ad pollutants. It is usually distinguished from
smoke and filtration systems that serve a group of buildings or a city.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... 5
1. COMPANY INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 8
2. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................13
3. MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND HVAC ........................................................................18
4. BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE .........................................................................................21
5. AIR CONDITIONING ................................................................................................................23
6. AIR DUCTS ..................................................................................................................................24
7. VENTILATION ………...............................................................................................................27
8. TYPES OF VENTILATION........................................................................................................28
9. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................................29
10. CALCULATION …………………………….............................................................................31
11. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION ...................................................................................................55
12. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING E-20 EXCEL SHEET ...............................................56
13. HEAT LOAD CALCUATION USING HAP-49 .......................................................................57
14. HAP-49 RESULT ........................................................................................................................61
15. AUTOCAD ...................................................................................................................................62
16. SAFETY AND RESCUE ............................................................................................................ 65
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Company Introduction
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PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS works with the highest efficiency and in accordance
with the latest technologies in conformity with international standards of quality, security and
safety.
We utilize trained and experienced staff for the implementation and delivery of projects with
commitment to contract terms, conditions, and preservation to the environment.
PRINSTON SMART ENGINEERS has specialized Partner company and each company
and Department is divided to cover the different types of Projects. The divisions based on
distinctive features are as follows:
• Residential & Housing
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Altogether, Prinston Smart Engineers has employed over 65 employees of which 20 employees are
situated in India and 45 in are based in Qatar.
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Accomplishment
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2. INTRODUCTION
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. “Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the
field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or “ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the
designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).
HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single-family homes, apartment
buildings, hotels, and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such
as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships, and submarines, and in
marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to
temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any
space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen
replenishment, and removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon
dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior
air.
Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the
building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in
buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural
types.
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) refers to these aspects of building design and
construction. In commercial buildings these aspects are often designed by an engineering firm
specializing in MEP. MEP design is important for design decision-making, accurate
documentation, performance and cost-estimation, construction planning, managing, and operating
the resulting facility.
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As per ASHRAE standard 62 ventilations should be done for acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
standard. The purpose of ASHRAE standard 62 is to specify minimum ventilation rates and indoor
air quality that will be acceptable to human occupants and are intended to minimize the potential
of adverse health effects. The World Health Organization estimates that 30 % of all buildings suffer
from Sick Building Syndrome due to improper indoor air quality and improper ventilation and air
treatment.
Construction is an ever-growing industry. Any building construction project includes Mechanical
/ Electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems. The MEP system gives life to a building, through Air
conditioning, ventilation, power distribution, lighting, water supply, drainage, and firefighting
systems.
The three major functions of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning are interrelated, especially
with the need to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality within reasonable
installation, operation, and maintenance costs. HVAC systems can be used in both domestic and
commercial environments. HVAC systems can provide ventilation and maintain pressure
relationships between spaces. The means of air delivery and removal from spaces is known as
room air distribution
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• Temperature
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There are three modes of heat transfer conduction, convection and radiation
1.3.1 Conduction
Conduction is the method of transfer of heat within a body or from one body to the other due to
the transfer of heat by molecules vibrating at their mean positions. The bodies through which the
heat transfer must be in contact with each other. There is no actual movement of matter while
1.3.2 Convection
Convection is the mode of heat transfer which occurs mostly in liquids and gases.In this method,
heat transfer takes place with the actual motion of matter from one place within the body to the
other. Often when we boil water we have seen bubbles and currents develop in the water on careful
observation.
1.3.3 Radiation
Radiation is another form of heat transfer. It does not require any medium and can be used for
transfer of heat in a vacuum as well. This method uses electromagnetic waves which transfer heat
from one place to the other. The heat and light from the sun in our solar system reach our planet using
radiation only.
In fact, radiation is the most potent method of heat transfer. In winters when we sit near a fire we
feel warm without actually touching the burning wood. This is possible by radiation only.
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Mechanical
The mechanical design elements of a building, most especially the heating and cooling systems,
help make life inside more comfortable. These systems allow us to occupy buildings in hot and
cold temperatures, under all weather conditions.
The basic components or equipment of an HVAC system that delivers conditioned air to satisfy
thermal comfort of space and occupants and the achieve the indoor air quality are listed below
1. Fans / Blowers:
A mechanical device that creates a current of air.
3. Filters:
A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that passes through it.
4. Compressor:
A machine used to supply air or other gas at increased pressure, located in the outdoor
condenser unit.
5. Condensing units:
This unit is found on the outside of your home and filled with what is called refrigerant gas.
When the refrigerant is cooled, the condensing unit pumps this liquid to the evaporator coil to
be transformed into gas again.
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7. Control System:
This is the most obvious portion of your HVAC system, and the piece you'll interact with most.
Usually installed on an easily accessed walls, it can be set manually and programmed to keep your
home at your ideal temperature.
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STEP 1: COMPRESSION
The refrigerant enters the compressor at low temperature and low pressure. It is in a gaseous state.
Here, compression takes place to raise the temperature and refrigerant pressure. The refrigerant
leaves the compressor and enters to the condenser. Since this process requires work, an electric
motor may be used.
STEP 2: CONDENSATION
The condenser is essentially a heat exchanger. Heat is transferred from the refrigerant to a flow of
water. This water goes to a cooling tower for cooling in the case of water-cooled condensation. As
the refrigerant flows through the condenser, it is in a constant pressure.
STEP 4: EVAPORATION
At this stage of the Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle, the refrigerant is at a lower
temperature than its surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and absorbs latent heat of vaporization.
Heat extraction from the refrigerant happens at low pressure and temperature. Compressor suction
effect helps maintain the low pressure.
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5. AIR CONDITIONING
An air conditioning system, or a stand alone air conditioner, provides cooling and humidity control
for all or part of a building. Air-conditioned buildings often have sealed windows, because open
windows would work against the system intended to maintain constant indoor air conditions.
Outside, fresh air is generally drawn into the system by a vent into the indoor heat exchanger
section, creating positive air pressure. The percentage of return air made up of fresh air can usually
be manipulated by adjusting the opening of this vent. Typical fresh air intake is about 10%.
Air conditioning and refrigeration are provided through the removal of heat. Heat can be removed
through radiation, convection, or conduction.
Refrigeration conduction media such as water, air, ice, and chemicals are referred to as refrigerants.
A refrigerant is employed either in a heat pump system in which a compressor is used to drive
thermodynamic refrigeration cycle, or in a free cooling system which uses pumps to circulate a
cool refrigerant (typically water or a glycol mix).
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6. DUCTS
Ducts are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to
deliver and remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and
exhaust air. Ducts commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air
ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.
A duct system is also called ductwork. Planning (laying out), sizing, optimizing, detailing, and
finding the pressure losses through a duct system is called duct design.
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FLEXIBLE DUCT
Volume control dampers are offered with either parallel or opposed blade operation and
each style has distinguishing characteristics about the type of operation. They also
provide access to remove out the ashes collected in the ash- pan and eliminate the clinker
accumulated. The basic function of volume control Damper is:
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
A device used to condition and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) system. An air handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling
elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect
to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the building and
returns it to the AHU.
FIRE DAMPER:
Fire dampers begin operation when room temperatures rise to around 165 degrees Fahrenheit, at
which point the damper’s fusible link will melt, causing its door to close. Fire dampers are passive
fire protection products used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent
the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire resistance related walls and floors. Fire/smoke
dampers are similar to fire dampers in fire resistance rating, and also prevent the spread of smoke
inside the ducts. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes, usually activated by a
thermal element which melts at temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate the
presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades. Fire dampers can also close
following receipt of an electrical signal from a fire alarm system utilizing detector remote from the
damper, indicating the sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied spaces or in the HVAC
duct system.
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VENTILATION:
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to control temperature or
remove any combination of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon
dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside as
well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into
mechanical/forced and natural types.
A building ventilation system that uses powered fans or blowers to provide fresh air to rooms when
the natural forces of air pressure and gravity are not enough to circulate air through a building.
Mechanical ventilation is used to control indoor air quality, excess humidity, odors, and
contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in
humid climates specialized ventilation systems can remove excess moisture from the air. Ceiling
fans are commonly seen as ventilation systems as they are usually the most visible mechanical
system in a building; however, ceiling fans do not provide real ventilation, as there is no
introduction of fresh air. Ceiling fans only circulate air within a room for the purpose of reducing
the perceived temperature by method of evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.
Also, hot air rises; therefore, ceiling fans may be used to keep a room warmer in the winter by
circulating the warm from the ceiling to the floor.
Natural ventilation
The process of pulling fresh air into a building from the outside. In turn, this
fresh air helps force the warm, dirty air inside of the building out through the
opening in the roof. This becomes done, without mechanical assistance
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• ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economic It cannot ensure a specifed air change
• Save space It is not possible to filter the air before it enter
the building
• No complicated installation needed If the air inside and outside is the same
temperature and there is no wind- natural ventilation will
be non existent.
NATURAL TYPE
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MECHANICAL/FORCED TYPE
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PURPOSE
To remove foul air necessary for human survival
• To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for
• human existence.
• To remove contaminants such as:
- water vapour heat and smells from cooking
- gases and vapours from industrial processes.
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where
Air Cooling
If air is used for cooling, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as
where
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= 0.041 m3/s
= 149 m3/h
Moisture
Humidifying
If the outside air is more humid than the indoor air - then the indoor air can be humidified by supplying air
from the outside. The amount of supply air can be calculated as
where
Dehumidifying
If the outside air is less humid than the indoor air - then the indoor air can be dehumidified by supplying
air from the outside. The amount of supply air can be calculated as
where
Example - Humidifying
If added moisture Qh = 0.003 kg/s, room humidity x1 = 0.001 kg/kg and supply air humidity x2 = 0.008
kg/kg, the amount of air can expressed as:
= 0.36 m3/s
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where
k = heat loss coefficient of duct walls (W/m2 K) (5.68 W/m2 K for sheet metal ducts, 2.3 W/m2 K for
insulated ducts)
where
Note that for larger temperature drops logarithmic mean temperatures should be used.
5. Boiler
Boiler rating can be expressed as
B = H (1 + x) (6)
where
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H = total heat load of all heater units in system (kW) x = margin for heating up the system, it is common
to use values 0.1 to 0.2
6. Sizing Ducts
Air speed in a duct can be expressed as:
v=Q/A (7)
where
where
dpc = minor pressure loss in components as filters, heaters etc. (Pa, N/m2)
dpf = R l (9)
where
R = duct friction resistance per unit length (Pa, N/m2 per m duct)
R = λ / dh (ρ v2 / 2) (10)
where
λ = friction coefficient
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dh = hydraulic diameter (m
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CALCULATIONS:
A much simpler example for calculating the CFM of a kitchen hood
Here is another much simpler example to calculate the CFM of a kitchen hood:
CFM is equal to the area of the hood in (square feet) multiplied by 90.
CFM= hood area x 90
• For example:
If you have a hood that measures 4′ x 7′, the calculation to know the CFM would be as follows:
4′ x 7′ = 28 P2
28 x 90= 2,520 CFM
• Usually a kitchen requires 350 CFM
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8. SELECTION PARAMETERS
Air conditioning is a combined process that performs many functions simultaneously. It conditions
the air, provides heating and cooling, controls and maintains the temperature, and humidity,
ensures air movement, air cleanliness, sound level, and pressure differential in a space within
predetermined limits for the comfort and health of the occupants. A cooling system is a part of a
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system that provides space cooling.
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EXHIBIT 5: DX SYSTEM
In this schematic, the heat is extracted from the space and expelled to the outdoors (left to right)
through 3 loops of heat transfer.
In the leftmost loop, a supply air fan drives the indoor air across the evaporator, where it
transfers its heat to the liquid refrigerant. The resultant cooled air is thrown back to the indoor
space. The liquid refrigerant is vaporized in the tubes of the evaporator.
In the middle loop, a refrigeration compressor drives the vapor refrigerant from evaporator to
the condenser and back to the evaporator as a liquid refrigerant. The cycle continues in closed
loop copper tubing.
In the rightmost loop, a condenser air fan drives the ambient air across the condenser, where
it transfers heat of refrigerant to the outdoors. The refrigerant is cooled and liquefied after
expanding it through an expansion valve located between condenser and the evaporator.
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The most common types of DX systems are also referred as “unitary” air conditioning
systems. These are factory assembled; self-contained units commonly sold as "off the
shelf," package units of varying capacity and types. Each package consists of
refrigeration and/or heating units with fans, filters and controls. Depending upon the
requirement these are available in the form of room air conditioners, split air
conditioners, heat pumps, ductal systems with air cooled or water-cooled condensing
options.
In the split system, the condensing unit comprising of the condenser, compressor and
condenser fan with motor are located outside, while the indoor unit consisting of the
evaporator, evaporator fan with motor, expansion valve and air filter is located inside the
conditioned room. The indoor and outdoor units are connected by refrigerant piping.
Flexibility is the overriding advantage of a split system. Because a split system is connected
through a custom designed refrigerant piping system, the engineer has a large variety of
possible solutions available to meet architectural and physical requirements particularly for
buildings with indoor and/or outdoor space constraints.
DX systems operating in reverse cycle are called “Heat pumps”. Through an addition of a
special 4-way reversing valve, heat flow in mechanical refrigeration loop can be reversed so
that heat is extracted from outside air and rejected into the building. Heat pumps provide both
heating and cooling from the same unit and due to added heat of compression, the efficiency of
heat pump in heating mode is compared to the cooling cycle.
Types:
Room air conditioners provide cooling to rooms rather than the building. These provide cooling
only when and where needed and are less expensive to operate. These units are normally mounted
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either in the window sill or through the wall. For rooms that do not have external windows or walls,
a split type room air conditioner can be used.
In the room air conditioners (both window mounted and split type), the cooling capacity is
controlled by switching the compressor on-and-off. Sometimes, in addition to the on-and-off, the
fan speed can also be regulated to have a modular control of capacity. It is also possible to switch
off the refrigeration system completely and run only the blower for air circulation.
Both the split type air conditioner and room air conditioners are equally reliable but it is not
possible to provide fresh air in split air conditioners. Room air conditioners generally have small
damper for letting the fresh air in. Room air conditioners are generally available in capacities
varying from about 0.5 TR to 3 TR.
Packaged air conditioning systems are available in capacities ranging from about 5 TR to up to
about 100 TR. This type of system can be used for providing air conditioning in a large room or it
can cater to several small rooms with suitable supply and return ducts. It is also possible to house
the entire refrigeration in a single package and may also include heating coils along with the
evaporator. The condenser used in these systems could be either air cooled or water cooled. Figure
-3 shows a packaged air-conditioning water cooled unit designed to operate with dual compressors.
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Small capacity Individual room air conditioning systems are essentially ductless while larger
package units use ductwork for air distribution. Ductless products are fundamentally different from
ducted systems in that heat is transferred to or from the space directly by circulating refrigerant to
evaporators located near or within the conditioned space. In contrast, ducted systems transfer heat
from the space to the refrigerant by circulating air in ducted systems. A standard DX unit is
typically rated at 400 CFM (cubic feet per minute) supply air flow rate per ton of refrigeration.
Obviously the larger airflow, high tonnage units will need ductwork to cover all spaces and to
reduce noise.
Refrigeration systems expel heat through condenser by two methods. One method is air cooling
where the refrigerant is cooled by air forced over the finned tube coils and the second method is
water cooled systems, which reject heat into water that is re-circulated through a cooling tower.
The water-cooled systems use shell and tube type condenser. Most DX systems use air-cooled
finned tube condensers to expel heat. The larger packaged air conditioners may be water cooled or
air cooled.The economics of a water-cooled system v/s an air-cooled system can be summarized
as under:
• At peak load conditions air cooled machines consume over 30% more power than water units.
• Compressor capacity drops by over 10% for air cooled machines compared to water cooled.
• The paucity of good quality soft water makes it imperative to opt for air cooled systems in most
installations.
• The air-cooled condenser has to be generally kept very close to the evaporator units and for
smaller sized equipment, the length should be 30 to 40 feet whereas for larger systems it may go
up to 3 to 4 times this figure. In the case of water-cooled equipment, the cooling tower which is
the final heat rejection point may virtually be placed at any distance from the cooling equipment.
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In chilled water system the air is cooled with chilled water passing through the chilled watercooling
coil.
Since the liquid water needs to be at a cold temperature, a “cooling plant” is required. The plant is
typically referred to as a chiller. These are usually pre-packaged by the manufacturer with the
evaporator and condenser attached, so that only water pipes and controls must be run in the field.
The components of a chilled-water system include a chiller, air-handling units with chilled-water
coils, chilled-water loop(s) with chilled-water pump(s), a condenser water loop, condenser water
pump(s), and cooling tower.
Here the heat is extracted from the space and expelled to the outdoors (left to right) through 5 loops
of heat transfer. The chilled water is produced in the evaporator of the refrigeration cycle and is
passed through a single or multiple cooling coils. The heat is rejected through a water-cooled
condenser and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. The cooling tower’s fan
drives air across an open flow of hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors.
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
The main equipment used in the chilled water system is a chiller package that includes a
refrigeration compressor (reciprocating, scroll, screw or centrifugal type), Shell and tube heat
exchanger (evaporator) for chilled water production. Shell and tube heat exchanger (condenser)
for heat rejection in water cooled configuration, Copper tube/Aluminum finned condenser coil and
fan (condensing unit) for air cooled configuration An expansion valve between condenser and the
evaporator
The middle refrigerant loop is connected through a copper piping forming a closed loop. The water
circuit on the chilled waterside is connected through an insulated carbon steel pipe and is a closed
loop. The condenser water connected through a carbon steel piping is an open loop and requires 2
to 3 % make up water as a result of evaporation, drift and blow down losses of the cooling tower.
Chilled water systems are typically applied to the large and/or distributed areas. Capacity ranges
from 20- 2000 TR.
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THERMAL ZONES:
A thermal zone is referred to a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and
cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g. temperature)
can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g. thermostat or temperature sensor).
Each thermal zone must be ‘separately controlled’ if conditions conducive to comfort are to be
provided by an HVAC system. Few examples below illustrate and clarify the concept of a
zone.
. In a building, the perimeter areas with large glazing & exposure are prone to larger solar
radiation. Such areas shall experience higher heat load than the indoor core spaces and must
be separately controlled.
. In an airport a smoking room shall be categorized as an independent zone for health and safety
reasons. A good air-conditioning system should not allow mixing of smoke contaminants with
return air of other public lounges.
. A 1000 seat theatre shall be treated an independent zone than the entrance concourse or cafeteria
as the dynamics of occupancy are different.
. A hotel lobby area is different from the guest rooms or the restaurant area.
. A hospital testing laboratory, isolation rooms and operation theatre demand different indoor
conditions/pressure relationships than the rest of areas and thus shall be treated as a separate
zone.
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VENTILATION SYSTEM DESIGN
. A control room or processing facilities in industrial set up may require a high degree of
cleanliness/positive pressure to prevent ingress of dust/hazardous elements and thus may be
treated as separate zone.
Any area that requires different temperature, humidity and filtration needs or is prone to huge
variations in thermal loads shall be categorized as an independent zone. The reason that most
modern offices interiors have low partitions is not to do only with aesthetic and spacious looks;
it has relevance to keep air-conditioning simple and effective. Zoning may very well be
categorized as an architectural responsibility since it requires a good understanding of building
function and schedules.
. DX systems tend to be distributed for larger buildings that increase reliability; a building
conditioned using DX system may have a dozen or hundreds of individual and independent
units located throughout the building. Failure of one or two of the units may not impact the
entire building. On a smaller scale this may be viewed as a disadvantage unless standby is
provided.
. If the tenants are paying the utility bills, multiple packaged DX units may make it easier to
track energy use, as only the specific unit serving that tenant would be used to meet the
individual cooling requirements.
. DX systems are not complicated by interconnections with other units. Maintenance of local
systems tends to be simple and available through numerous service providers.
. In buildings where a large number of spaces may be unoccupied at any given time, such as
dormitory, small hotels etc. the local DX systems may be totally shut off in the unused spaces
thus providing potential energy savings.
. For small areas within full scale offices like communication rooms or server / computer rooms,
where it is necessary to have 24 hour air conditioning - it is possible to have independent split,
ancillary AC units exclusively for these areas.
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. DX systems can be installed quickly and their operation is relatively simple. Offer short
delivery schedules and generally available as factory standard off the shelf unit. Easy to install
and replace. Compact and require a smaller footprint than alternatives.
. DX unitary systems are ideal for retrofitting applications. These may be used to supplement areas
of inadequate service by a building’s existing central system.
. Air cooled condensers can be located on the roof of the building or even within the perimeter
wall of the building. Cooling unit is available in wide variation of floor, wall as well the ceiling
suspended units.
Limitations of DX system:
. DX systems cannot benefit from economies of scale. Capital costs and the operating costs
generally tend to be higher for larger setups requiring 100TR or more. The building designer
must thoroughly evaluate all pertinent installation, operating, and maintenance costs to make an
informed decision.
. DX units have capacity control limitations; compressor unloading systems are generally step
devices, which limit capacity modulation. At low load conditions, the compressors will cycle
and unconditioned air will pass through the system during the off cycle, which may cause
temperature swings (i.e. hot and cold spots) in the conditioned space.
. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a DX system is low. Unitary systems consume more
power (kW per ton) compared to central systems of same capacity.
. Lack of interconnection between units also means that loads cannot be shared on a building
wide basis. Central HVAC systems deliver improved efficiency and lower first cost by sharing
load capacity across an entire building.
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. DX systems may not be suitable for the applications requiring high air delivery rates and the
areas requiring significant positive pressurization (unless the DX systems are engineered). The
standard unitary systems provide 400 cfm of air delivery capacity per ton of refrigeration.
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STEP 1.
STEP 2.
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STEP 3
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STEP 4
STEP 5
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TABLE: 1
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Right-sizing of an HVAC system is the selection of equipment and the design of the air distribution
system to meet the accurate predicted heating and cooling loads of the house. The equipment
effective capacity should match the loads generated in the load calculation procedure within the
sizing guidelines. Selection of the equipment can have a substantial impact on the overall
efficiency and operating costs of the installed system.
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The amount of heating that a building needs to maintain the indoor temperature at established
levels.
Heat capacity means the amount of heat that a piece of HVAC equipment can provide. When you
see the term 'heating capacity,' it refers to the actual heating equipment.
Parameters:
1. Project details
2. Heat co-efficient factor
3. Psychrometry chart to find RH, Humidity ratio
4. Outside air CFM
5. Infiltration
6. Solar gain through glass
7. Transmission gain through wall, Glass, floor. Roof
8. Internal heat
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.Procedure:
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Step 2: Input weather properties of a city required using ASHRAE data book
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Step 5: Input System setup and all the required input values
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15. AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design and drafting software application. Developed
and marketed by Autodesk. Here we will use AutoCAD to design the AC System. Project of
Homecare Hospital
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1) Protective Gear
Any time you’re exposed to contaminants like dust, gases and other debris, you will need a
respirator to avoid breathing in any harmful particles. If the respirator lacks eye protection, it’s
necessary to wear either goggles or a face shield to keep your eyes safe from contact with liquids
or flying particles. Gloves and arm protectors need to be worn when handling anything that could
lacerate you such as sheet metal and glass. Slip resistant shoes should ensure that you maintain
steady footing, which is important when dealing with potential leaks and slippery floors. If you’re
in an environment where objects may fall from above, a hardhat or some type of helmet is a good
idea. Also, earplugs should be worn whenever you’re in a loud environment for an extended period.
Part of being a professional HVAC technician is using the right HVAC tools for the specific job at
hand. Before starting out on jobs, you will need to have acquired an assortment of tools like
wrenches, wire strippers, an anemometer, clamp meter and vacuum gauge. With the ever-present
threat of gas and radiation leaks, having a leak detector is also important. Keeping everything in
working condition through routine maintenance is critical for staying safe on the job.
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3) Identifying Hazards
Before jumping right into a task, it’s critical to take the time to make an assessment and know
exactly what you’re up against. When you’re new to this profession, you should identify any
potential hazards on each job site and take the proper safety precautions before going forth. It’s
better to take a bit more time to get the job done right and stay safe than rush it and wind up
seriously injured. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention also suggests that it’s smart to
participate in “additional electrical safety training to those workers working with or around
electrical current, including proper rescue procedures.” If electrical safety isn’t part of on-the-job
training, one could consider taking a short 3-month electrician training program.
4) Chemical Safety
Daily, you’re likely to encounter a range of chemicals that can pose a serious threat to your health.
Everything from refrigerants and cleaning liquids to solvents and detergents can be problematic if
handled incorrectly. In some cases, certain combustible chemicals can explode and cause major
injury. That’s why you should always wear protective gloves when handling chemicals that can
cause skin burns.
You should always follow proper procedures when transporting and storing chemicals. In some
cases, newer technicians will lack in-depth knowledge on certain chemicals, so extra precaution is
needed during your learning curve. If you’re at all unsure about a particular substance, you should
familiarize yourself with it or ask an expert before handling it. It’s better to be safe than sorry.
5) Avoiding Shock
Because you’re often dealing with electrical equipment that you may not be fully familiar with
when starting out, you should be cautious and take preventative steps to minimize your risk of
shock or electrocution. This can be especially problematic whenever there is a water leak within
an HVAC system. As water drips onto the electrical parts, it’s the perfect recipe for equipment
failure and shock. Typically, the best way to stay safe is to turn off main circuit breakers
beforehand. Not only should this eliminate the threat of electrocution, but it should prevent any
expensive equipment from being damaged as well.
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18. CONCLUSION
During this course of internship, we got the full-time knowledge of how to design the HVAC
system for a school building. We observed the real time duty of a HVAC engineer and experienced
about what his/her work will be in this corporate world.
We got to use the HAP (Hourly Analysis Program) software for designing the accurate tonnage or
capacity of Air conditioning system for school’s ground floor plan.
Overall, the company’s interaction with the students was good and every student by clearing his/her
doubt.
Internship gave an exposure to professional activities and Experience. A bright study was made on
HVAC working and its environment.
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