INTERNSHIP AT

TURN WELL ENGINEERING

An INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted by

PATEL DEEP DINESHBHAI

(210640119517)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Mechanical Engineering

KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SAVLI

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

AUG 2023
 KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SAVLI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the

interns hi p entitled Interns hi p at TURN W ELL ENGINEERING

has been carried out by PATEL DEEP DINESHBHAI under my

guidance in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Mechanical Branch, 7th Semester of Gujarat

Technological University, and Ahmedabad during the academic year

2022-23.

PROF. PRAKASH PATEL PROF. BHAVIN PANDYA

(INTERNAL GUIDE) (Head of Department)

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SAVLI

DECLARATION

I here by declare that the Internship report submitted along with the Internship
e n t i t l e d I n d u s t r i a l I n t e r n s h i p a t TURN WELL ENGINERING submitted
in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Branch to Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a
bonafide record of original project work carried out by me at TURN
WELL ENGINEERING u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f P r o f . PRAKASH
PATEL (Internal Guide) and that no part of this report has been directly
copied from any students reports of taken from any other source, without
providing due reference.

Name of the Student Sign of Student

PATEL DEEP DINESHBHAI

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 -: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :-

I am very thankful to TURN WELL ENGINEERING, G.I.D.C,

MAKARPURA, for giving me the opportunity to undertake my industrial training. It
was a very goodlearning experience for me to have worked at this company.

I would like to convey my heartiest thanks to Mr. Darshan Makvana who heartily
welcomed me for the internship, He guided and encouraged me all through the
training and imparted in-depth knowledge of the company. I would like to
thank all people in TURN WELL ENGINERING, for giving their
precious time and valuable guidance during my internship.

I am indebted to "KJ Institute of Engineering And Technology, Savli"for

providing us with the opportunity for an internship.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank all the staff of Turn well engineering,
for being so helpful during this internship.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 -: ABSTRACT :-

Industrial training plays a vital role in the progress of further engineers.

Not only does it provide insights about the industry concerned, it also bridges
the gap between theory and practical knowledge. I was fortunate that I was
provided with an opportunity of undergoing industrial training at
TURN WELL ENGINEERING , GIDC,MAKARPURA, VA D O D A R A .

The experience gained during this shorts period was fascinating to say the least.
It was a tremendous feeling to observe the operation of different equipment
and processes. It was overwhelming for us to notice how such a big refinery is
being monitored and operated with proper coordination to obtain desired results.
During my training I realized that in order to be a successful mechanical
engineer one needs to possess a sound theoretical base along with the
acumen for effective practical application of the theory. Thus, I hope that this
industrial training serves as a stepping stone for future opportunities.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Turn well engineering works ..................................................... 2

Figure 2: Different Products Manufactured in Company .......................... 3
Figure 3: Cut-off saw or Chop saw cutting machine ................................ 8
Figure 4: Bench Grinding Machine ....................................................... 13
Figure 5: CNC machine .......................................................................... 30
Figure 6: CNC Turning and Multi-Spindle Machining............................. 32
Figure 7: CNC machining process flow chart ........................................ 35
Figure 8: CNC machine control panel .................................................... 36
Figure 9: AutoCAD drawing of Steelnut ........................................................ 44
Figure 10: Raw material of Steelnut ........................................................ 45
Figure 11: Raw material to manufactured job in spindle .......................... 46
Figure 12: Completed manufactured Steelnut ................................................. 46
Figure 13: VMC machine................................................................................ 48

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Specification of Drilling Machine........................................ 22

Table 2: Specification of medium duty lathe ..................................... 26
Table 3: Specification of small duty lathe ......................................... 27
Table 4: Specification of VMC machine .......................................... 51

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE .................................................................................. I
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE ........................................................ II
DECLARATION .............................................................................III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................... IV
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... V
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................... VI
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................... VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................. VIII
DETAILS OF CHAPTERS ............................................................. IX

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 DETAILS OF CHAPTERS

1.0 Information about the Company................................................... 1

1.1 Turn well engneering Private Limited.............................................. 1
1.2 Different product / scope of work .................................................. 3
1.3 Different Materials are used in company ....................................... 4
1.4 Different Departments ....................................................................... 5
1.5 Organization Chart ............................................................................. 6
1.6 List of Machines used in the company ....................................... 7
2.0 CUTTING MACHINE ........................................................ 8
2.1 Cutoff-saw or Chop saw Machines Information ................................. 8
2.2 Configurations ................................................................................... 10
2.3 Specification and Features ................................................................ 10
2.4 Advantages ................................................................................ 11
2.5 Disadvantages............................................................................ 12
3.0 GRINDING MACHINE ................................................................ 13
3.1 Bench Grinding Machine .......................................................................13
3.2 Operation (including safety standards) .......................................... 14
3.3 Basic Principle of Bench Grinding Machine ................................ 16
3.4 Uses for Bench Grinders ........................................................................16
3.5 Advantages ....................................................................................... 16
3.6 Disadvantages ................................................................................... 17

4.0 CNC Machine ............................................................................... 18

4.1 What is CNC ? ................................................................................. 18
4.2 What is a CNC Machine ? ................................................................ 18
4.3 The Importance of CNC Machining ................................................ 18
4.4 Types of CNC Machining Operations .............................................. 20
4.5 Directions of CNC Machining ........................................................ 21
4.6 Advantages of CNC machines ......................................................... 21
4.7 Disadvantages of CNC machines ..................................................... 22
4.8 Applications of CNC machines ........................................................ 22
4.9 CNC Coding ..................................................................................... 23
4.10 CNC machining process flow chart................................................. 24
4.11 Working of control panel ................................................................ 26
4.12 Turret Tools .................................................................................... 27
4.13 FANUC Panel Keyboard Keys Overview ..................................... 28
4.14 Fluid used in machine .................................................................... 32
4.15 CNC machine in Controllers .......................................................... 32
4.16 Manufactured hexagonal nut in CNC machine ............................... 33
4.18 CNC Machine Safety ...................................................................... 36
4.19 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 36
5.0 VMC Machine................................................................................. 37
5.1 What is a VMC Machine? .............................................................. 37
5.2 What Is VMC Machining? .............................................................. 38
5.3 How many axis are in vmc machines? ............................................ 38
5.4 Advantages of VMC Machining ..................................................... 38
5.5 Applications of VMC Machining.................................................... 39
5.6 Disadvantages of Vertical Machining Centers ............................................... 39
5.7 VMC machine specification ............................................................ 40
5.8 The future of VMC machines ......................................................... 41
5.9 Types of VMC Machines ................................................................ 41
5.10 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 41
6.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 42
6.1 Aims & Objective of Internship .................................................... 42
6.1 Internship Summary ........................................................................ 43

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

CHAPTER 1: INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.1 Turn well engineering Private Limited :-

Turn well engineering in Makarpura Industrial Estate, Vadodara is known to

satisfactorily cater to the demands of its customer base. The business
came into existence in 2015 and has, since then, been a known name in
its field. It stands located at 1283, Gidc, Makarpura Industrial Estate-390010.

Having started in 2015 with conventional machines, Turn well engineering has

now totally CNC machinery. Turn well engineering is now one of the leading
manufacturer of the all types of CNC precision job works and tube & pipe fitting.

Through constant innovation and providing customized solutions, Turn well

engineering has achieved steady annual growth. Through a dedicated and
highly experienced team of employees and machinery Turn well engineering
caters to its customer requirements and provide quality service and after-
sales support.

Turn Well Engineering currently provides services to some

majorbig clients like :-

ABB
GMM
MEC Engineering
Sameer Engineering
L.D. Engineering
Maruti Fabrication
Mespack - S.L. (Spain)
 CHAPTER-1

Figure 1: Turn Well Enginering

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

1.2 Different product / scope of work :-

1.2.1. Products:

Mechanical Components
Electric Components
Auto Components
Pharmaceutical components
Different types of job as a customer or company requirements.

Figure 2: Different Products Manufactured in Company

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

1.3 Different Materials are used in company :-

1. Mild steel (MS) :- Due to its excellent properties, mild steel has become an
in-demand material in various industries. It has unparalleled weldability and
machinability, which has led to an exponential increase in its usage.

2. Stainless steel (SS) :- Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that is resistant to

rusting and corrosion. It contains at least 11% chromium and may contain
elements such as carbon, other nonmetals and metals to obtain other
desired properties. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the
chromium, which forms a passive film that can protect the material and self-
heal in the presence of oxygen. The alloy's properties, such as luster and
re s is ta n c e to c o rr o s io n , a re u s e fu l in m a n y a p p li c a ti o n s .

3. Aluminum (AL) :- Aluminum (Al), also spelled aluminium, chemical element,

a lightweight silvery white metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of
the periodic table. Aluminum is the most abundant metallic element in
e art h’ s c rus t and t he m os t w i d ely us e d n o n f e r r o u s m et al.

4. Copper :- Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin:

cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal
with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface
of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor
of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various
metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make
marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and
thermocouplesfortemperaturemeasurement.

5. Brass :- Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which
can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, and
chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion. In use
since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents
may replace each other within the same crystal structure.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

1.4 Different Departments :-

Stores Department

Fitting and Maintenance Department

CNC Department

VMC Department

Administration Department which includes procurement,

finance and supply chain

Receipt of incoming goods

Inspection of all receipts

Storage and preservation

Identification of all materials stored

Materials handling

Packaging

Issue and despatch

Maintenance of stock records

Stores accounting

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

1.5 Organization Chart :-

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-1

1.6 List of Machines used in the company :-

Chop saw (cut-off saw) Cutting Machine

Grinding Machine

Pillar Type Drilling Machine

Lathe Machine

CNC Machine

FANUC - Series Oi-TF (Plus)

FANUC - Series Oi-TF

VMC Machine

Lokesh VM-9 VMC Machine

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-2

CHAPTER 2: CUTTING MACHINE

2.1 Cut-off saw or Chop saw Machines Information :-

Cut-off saw machines are designed to cut hard materials such as metal pipe

and tube, concrete and masonry. Applications for cutoff machines include

building and construction, emergency rescue and concrete and paving.

They are also known as chop saws and abrasive saws.

An abrasive saw, also known as a cut-off saw or chop saw, is a circular saw
(a kind of power tool) which is typically used to cut hard materials, such as
metals, tile, and concrete. The cutting action is performed by an abrasive
disc, similar to a thin grinding wheel. Technically speaking this is not a saw,
as it does not use regularly shaped edges (teeth) for cutting.

Figure 3: Cut-off saw or Chop saw cutting machine

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-2

These saws are available in a number of configurations, including table top,

free hand, and walk behind models. In the table top models, which are
commonly used to cut tile and metal, the cutting wheel and motor are
mounted on a pivoting arm attached to a fixed base plate. Table top saws
are often electrically powered and generally have a built-in vise or other
clamping arrangement. The free hand designs are typically used to cut
concrete, asphalt, and pipe on construction sites. They are designed with
the handles and motor near the operator, with the blade at the far end of
the saw. Free hand saws do not feature a vise, because the materials being
cut are larger and heavier. Walk-behind models, sometimes called flat saws
are larger saws which use a stand or cart to cut into concrete floors as well
as asphalt and concrete paving materials.

Abrasive saws typically use composite friction disk blades to abrasively cut
through the steel. The disks are consumable items as they wear throughout
the cut. The abrasive disks for these saws are typically 14 in (360 mm) in
diameter and 7/64 in (2.8 mm) thick. Larger saws use 410 mm (16 in)
diameter blades. Disks are available for steel and stainless steel. Abrasive
saws can also use superabrasive (i.e., diamond and cubic boron nitride or
CBN) blades, which last longer than conventional abrasive materials and
do not generate as hazardous particulate matter. Superabrasive materials
are more commonly used when cutting concrete, asphalt, and tile; however,
they are also suitable for cutting ferrous metals. A member of the
Te c h n i s c h e s Hilfswerk using an abrasive s aw.

Since their introduction, portable cut-off saws have made many building site
jobs easier. With these saws, lightweight steel fabrication previously performed
in workshops using stationary power bandsaws or cold saws can be done on-
site. Abrasive saws have replaced more expensive and hazardous acetylene
torches in many applications, such as cutting rebar. In addition, these saws
allow construction workers to cut through concrete, asphalt, and pipe on job
sites in a more precise manner than is possible with heavy equipment.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-2

2.2 Configurations :-

Cut-off saws are commonly bench top or hand operated saws but may also
come as a free-standing saw on its own. All cutoff machines use an abrasive
blade which allows it to cut through very hard materials and that blade can
be powered by either a gasoline engine or electric motor.

2.3 Specifications and Features :-

Specification :

The following specifications determine the functionality of a cut-off machine.

Power source: The power source of the cutoff machine is an important

specification. A bench top cutoff machine is almost always electric while a
hand-held cutoff machine may be electric or have a small gas engine. The
two most important aspects of the power source are the weight it ads to the
cutoff machine and the power.

Blade diameter: The blade diameter of a cutoff machine is important to

cutoff machines, as it plays a part in which material and how much
of it the machine can cut.

Cutting capacity: The size of the medium that can be cut.

Motor power: The actual power of the motor or engine that powers the
cutoff machine.

Features :

These features provide additional utility or ease-of-use.

Miter cutting: The cut off machine can cut intricate angles.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-2

2.4 Advantages :-

Speed: Cut-off machines are designed to make quick, precise cuts through a
variety of materials, including metal, plastic, and wood.
Accuracy: Cut-off machines are equipped with guides and stops to help ensure
that cuts are straight and accurate.
Versatility: These can be used to make a wide range of cuts, including straight,
angled, and curved cuts.
Safety: Cut-off machines are equipped with guards and other safety features to
help reduce the risk of accidents.
Efficiency: These can be used to make multiple cuts in a single pass, which can
save time and increase productivity.
Precision: Cut-off machines are designed to make very precise cuts, which is
important when working with materials that need to fit together perfectly.
Cost: These are generally less expensive than other types of cutting equipment,
making them a good choice for businesses on a budget.
Durability: Cut-off machines are built to handle heavy use and are designed to
last for many years with proper maintenance.
Power: These are typically powered by electricity, which makes them more
convenient to use than hand-powered tools. They also offer a consistent level
of power, which can be important when cutting through tougher materials.
Portability: Some cut-off machines are portable and can be easily transported to
different job sites. This can be especially useful for Contractors who work on a
variety of projects in different locations.
Quality: These are designed to make high-quality cuts that are smooth and
precise. This can be important for applications where appearance and function
are both important, such as in the construction of furniture or other finished
products.
Ease of use: Cut-off machines are generally easy to use, even for people with
limited experience. Many models have user-friendly controls and features that
make it easy to get started and make precise cuts.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-2

2.5 Disadvantages :-

Severe cuts to or amputations of the fingers or hands can

oc cur i f t hey com e in co n ta c t with the saw bl a de .

If the rotating blade is not properly guarded, exposure can occur

during operation or when the saw is idling.

Overhead swing saws can pose additional hazards if the return device
fails, if the saw bounces forward from aretracted position, or if the saw
blade is able to go past theedge of the table, possibly contacting the
operator’s body.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-3

CHAPTER 3: GRINDING MACHINE

3.1 Bench Grinding Machine :-

A bench grinder is a benchtop type of grinding machine used to drive abrasive

wheels. A pedestal grinder is a similar or larger version of grinder that is

mounted on a pedestal, which may be bolted to the floor or may sit on rubber

feet. These types of grinders are commonly used to hand grind

v a ri o u s c u tt in g to o ls and p e rf o rm o th e r ro u g h g ri n d in g .

Depending on the bond and grade of the grinding wheel, it may be used for

sharpening cutting tools such as tool bits, drill bits, chisels, and gouges.

Alternatively, it may be used to roughly shape metal prior to welding or fitting.

Figure 4: Bench Grinding Machine

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-3

A wire brush wheel or buffing wheels can be interchanged with the grinding
wheels in order to clean or polish workpieces. Stiff buffing wheels can also
be used when deburring is the task at hand. Some buffing machines (buffers)
are built on the same concept as bench grinders except for longer housings
and arbors with buffing wheels instead of grinding wheels.

Bench grinders are standard equipment in metal fabrication shops and

machine shops, as are handheld grinders (such as angle grinders and
die grinders).

3.2 Operation (including safety standards) :-

Wheel speed

Wheels come with maximum RPM ratings printed on the label (paper blotter). The
grinder's RPM must be equal or lower; "the maximum operating speeds indicated on
the wheel's tag must never be exceeded". Greatly overspeeding a grinding wheel
makes it explode, which can injure or kill the operator.

Workpiece material suited to wheel grade

The typical wheels on most bench grinders are vitreous-bond wheels. They work best to
do their intended task, but they inherently have a risk of cracking. Grinding wheels
designed for steel are not to be used for grinding softer metals, like aluminum. The soft
metal gets lodged in the pores of the wheel and later expands with the heat
of grinding. This can dislodge pieces of the grinding wheel, causing injury.

Sides of wheel versus periphery

Grinding is prohibited on the side of a typical (disk-shaped) bench grinder wheel, which
is designed for grinding on the periphery only. Grinding on the side of a
wheel can cause the wheel to explode. Some tool and cutter grinders
h a v e c u p - s h a p e d wh e e l s d e s i g n e d t o do g ri n d i n g o n t h e si d e .

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-3

Tool rest and spark arrester placement

The tool rest needs to be tight and within 2 to 3 mm of the wheel (1/16" to 1/8"). This
prevents the workpiece from slipping down between the wheel and the tool rest. The
spark arrestors catch stray sparks.

Grinding is usually done with the workpiece resting on the tool rest. This prevents
sudden slips in which the wheel grabs the work momentarily and yanks it
out of the operator's hand or pulls the hand toward the wheel.

Wheel guards

The wheel guards serve to intercept the fragments of an exploding wheel, keeping
them from killing people or damaging surroundings. This is why running a grinder
without the guards is prohibited.

Coolant

Grinding metal on a power-driven grinding wheel quickly heats up the workpiece. Most
bench grinders are of the dry type, in which no cutting fluid (coolant) is used at the
grinding interface, but often the workpiece is recurrently dunked into a pan or pot of
water for cooling so as to keep it from getting hot enough to lose its temper, burn the
operator's hand, or both. Such pots are often mounted just below the grinder for safe
and easy reach. For medium-carbon or high-carbon workpieces that are already
hardened and tempered (such as tool bits and drill bits), the dipping of the piece into
the water must be frequent enough to avoid very high heat followed by substantial
q u e n c h i n g , w h i c h c a n e a s i l y d e s t r o y t h e e xi s t i n g h e a t t r e a t me n t .

Some grinders for knife sharpening duty are of the wet type, in which the bottom of the
wheel runs within a pan of water or other coolant. A tube may also deliver a stream of
coolant near the top of the wheel. These grinders are not always called bench grinders,
but they are among the class of benchtop grinding machines.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-3

3.3 Basic Principle of Bench Grinding Machine :-

The motor runs the two grinding wheels with which the surface of the respective

workpiece can be machined. The higher the power of the motor is, the larger

workpieces can be processed.

3.4 Uses for Bench Grinders :-

There are many different uses for bench grinders in machine shops. They can be

used to sharpen tools, remove rust from metal pieces, and polish surfaces.

Bench grinders are also commonly used to grind down welds to create a smooth

finish. The most common use for a bench grinder is sharpening tools.

When sharpening chisels or other cutting tools, it is important to use a consistent

angle and pressure to ensure a clean, sharp edge. The best way to do this is by

using a jig or guide that attaches to the bench grinder and holds the tool at the

correct angle.

3.5 Advantages :-

Less pressure can be applied to work.

Ability to work at high temperature.

Offers high accurate dimensions.

Ability to cut any type of metal at a speed rate.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-3

3.6 Disadvantages :-

Required tool is high cost.

Process is also a costly one.

It cannot remove the high amount of material, it only removes a little amount.

For removing the required amount from work it consumes more time.

You should work carefully, because imperfect contact may lead to damages.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-4

CHAPTER 4: CNC MACHINE

4.1 What is CNC? :-

CNC stands for Computerized Numerical Control. It is a computerized
manufacturing process in which pre-programmed software and code controls
the movement of production equipment. CNC machining controls a range of
complex machinery, such as grinders, lathes, and turning mills, all of which
are used to cut, shape, and create different parts and prototypes. On the day
to day, CNC machinists combine elements of mechanical design, technical
drawings, mathematics, and computer programming skills to produce a
variety of metal and plastic parts. CNC operators can take a sheet of metal
and turn it into a critical airplane or automobile part.

4.2 What is a CNC Machine? :-

Computer Numerical Control machines are automated machines, which are
operated by computers executing pre-programmed sequences of controlled
commands. CNC machines are essentially the opposite of “old-school”
devices that are manually controlled by hand wheels or levers, or
mechanically automated by cams alone. Today’s modern CNC machines
u n de r st an d and f unction using CNC ma ch i nin g la ngu age –
called G- code – w hich tells them prec is e m e as urem ent s for
production, like feed rate, speed, location, and coordination.

Today’s design and mechanical parts for CNC systems are highly automated –
unlike the old, dangerous, factory machines you’d think of back in the day.
The parts’ mechanical dimensions are defined using computer-aided design
(CAD) software, and then translated into manufacturing directives by computer-
aided manufacturing (CAM) software. Therefore, it is important to have
knowledgeable CNC machinists and programmers in the industry to operate
this high-tech machinery.

4.3 The Importance of CNC Machining :-

Manufacturers in Connecticut are leaders in making vital products in the industry,
such as jet engines, helicopters, and submarines. And, thanks to recent
advancements in technology, gone are the days of gritty factory life. Workers
today use their machining skills in a clean, professional setting with advanced
and cutting-edge technology.

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-4

Figure 5: CNC Machine

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KJ INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

 CHAPTER-4

4.4 Types of CNC Machining Operations :-

CNC machining is a manufacturing process suitable for a wide variety of industries,
including automotive, aerospace, construction, and agriculture, and able to produce a
range of products, such as automobile frames, surgical equipment, airplane engines,
gears, and hand and garden tools. The process encompasses several different
computer-controlled machining operations—including mechanical, chemical, electrical,
and thermal processes—which remove the necessary material from the workpiece to
produce a custom-designed part or product. While chemical, electrical, and thermal
machining processes are covered in a later section, this section explores some of the
mos t c o m m o n m e c h a n i c a l CNC m a c hi ni n g o p e r a t i o n s i n c l u di n g:
Drilling
Milling
Turning

CNC Drilling :-
Drilling is a machining process which employs multi-point drill bits to produce
cylindrical holes in the workpiece. In CNC drilling, typically the CNC machine feeds
the rotating drill bit perpendicularly to the plane of the workpiece’s surface, which
produces vertically-aligned holes with diameters equal to the diameter of the drill bit
employed for the drilling operation. However, angular drilling operations can also be
performed through the use of specialized machine configurations and workholding
devices. Operational capabilities of the drilling process include counterboring,
countersinking, reaming, and tapping.

CNC Milling :-
Milling is a machining process which employs rotating multi-point cutting tools to
remove material from the workpiece. In CNC milling, the CNC machine typically feeds
the workpiece to the cutting tool in the same direction as the cutting tool’s rotation,
whereas in manual milling the machine feeds the workpiece in the opposite direction
to the cutting tool’s rotation. Operational capabilities of the milling process include
face milling—cutting shallow, flat surfaces and flat-bottomed cavities into the
workpiece—and peripheral milling—cutting deep cavities, such as slots and threads,
into the workpiece.

CNC Turning :-
Turning is a machining process which employs single-point cutting tools to remove
material from the rotating workpiece. In CNC turning, the machine —typically a CNC
lathe machine—feeds the cutting tool in a linear motion along the surface of the
rotating workpiece, removing material around the circumference until the desired
diameter is achieved, to produce cylindrical parts with external and internal features,
such as slots, tapers, and threads. Operational capabilities of the turning process
include boring, facing, grooving, and thread cutting. When it comes down to a CNC
mill vs. lathe, milling, with its rotating cutting tools, works better for more complex
parts. However, lathes, with rotating workpieces and stationary cutting tools, work
best for faster, more accurate creation of round parts.

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Figure 6: CNC Turning and Multi-Spindle Machining

4.5 Directions of CNC Machining :-

X-axis allows movement “left” and “right”
Y-axis allows movement “forward” and “backward”
Z-axis allows movement “up” and “down”

4.6 Advantages of CNC machines :-

Machining is accurate and have very high precision
Time taken to perform a job is very less
Safe to operate
Number of operators required to operate a machine are reduced
No possibility of human error
Reliable
Even very complex designs can also be made
Low maintenance required
They are versatile

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Uniformity in designs
They could run for all 24 hours a day
Wastage generated by CNC machining is low as compared to conventional
machining
It reduces the number of defective products produced to almost zero
It is more efficient and faster compared to conventional machining
It is energy efficient
It reduces overall production cost
Products manufactured by CNC machines are highly consistent in nature
Prototyping of the product is not required
By updating the software machine can be updated to some extent
One operator can supervise more than one machine at a time
It can work on a wide range of materials

4.7 Disadvantages of CNC machines :-

They are costly

Trained operator is required to operate the machine
In case of breakdown a highly skilled professional is required to solve the
problem
Reduction in manual labour can lead to unemployment
Its installation cost is high

4.8 Applications of CNC machines :-

Metal removal industries

Material fabrication industries
For non-conventional machining industries where the machining task is
difficult to perform manually

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4.9 CNC Coding :-

G-Codes and M-Codes are used for CNC machine programming. They are
based on three dimensional cartesian coordinate system.

G-Codes :
G-Codes are used for specific machine movements. Following are some
widely used G-Codes.

G00: Rapid Motion Positioning

G01: Linear Interpolation Motion
G02: Circular Interpolation Motion-Clockwise
G03: Circular Interpolation Motion-Counter Clockwise
G04: Dwell
G10: Set offsets
G12: Circular Pocketing-Clockwise
G13: Circular Pocketing-Counter Clockwise

M-Codes :

M-Codes are for miscellaneous command they do not control the axial
movement of the machine.

M02: End of Program

M03: Start Spindle – Clockwise
M04: Start Spindle – Counter Clockwise
M05: Stop Spindle
M06: Tool Change
M07: Coolant on mist coolant
M08: Flood coolant on
M09: Coolant off
M10: Chuck open
M11: Chuck close
M13: BOTH M03 & M08, Spindle clockwise rotation & flood coolant
M14: BOTH M04 & M08, Spindle counter clockwise rotation & flood coolant
M16: Special tool call
M19: Spindle orientation
M29: DNC mode
M30: Program reset & rewind

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M38: Door open

M39: Door close
M40: Spindle gear at middle
M41: Low gear select
M42: High gear select
M53: Retract Spindle
M68: Hydraulic chuck close
M69: Hydraulic chuck open
M78: Tailstock advancing
M79: Tailstock reversing

4.10 CNC machining process flow chart :-

Figure 7: CNC machining process flow chart

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Figure 8: CNC machine control panel

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4.11 Working of control panel :-

Offset / Wear in control panel

Types of offset

Work Wear Geometry

Length Boring & Width 1. Tool control by geometry

Size setting by boring design
2. Geometry is a object guider
for job working

Machine processing (Work)

Spindle speed override %

50 to 120 speed in %
It rotate spindle in machine by requirement of job and depend on work timing.
Usually used in machine is 100%

Rapid over % MPG-STEP FEED (Turret)

In turret, total chuck & tool is (Eight - 8)

It is moving turret in machine as per job requirement.

Speed ratio on machine 0-25-50-100-001-.01-.1-1.0.
In machine, Generally 100% (1.0) is used for processing.
Tools are set in turret & tools working through turret by used coding.

Feed override %
0-50-100-150 (It is cutting speed of machine).

Mode selector
Edit Mode
Auto Mode
MDI (Manual data input) Mode
MPG (Manual Pulse Generator) Mode
JOG Mode
ZRN (Zero Return Mode)

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Spindle Control

1. SPNDL 2. SPNDL 3. SPNDL

CW STOP CCW

Auxiliary Functions

1. CONUR 2. CONVR 3. DOOR

FWD REV OPN/CLS

4.CLNT-1 5. LUB-1 6. TURRET

ON/OFF INCH INDEX

7. CLNT-2 8. LUB-2 9. CHUCK

ON/OFF INCH HIGH/LOW

JOG

Z RAPID Z

4.12 Turret Tools :-

Turning (TNMG)
Boring (CCMT)
Drill (U drill - 18 mm)
Threading (Internal & External)
Parting (3 mm)

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4.13 FANUC Panel Keyboard Keys Overview :-

FANUC Alarm keys: These keys are located on the machine panel that displays
alarm intelligence for the machine panel. MRO Electric has several FANUC part
numbers starting with A06B, A20B, and A16B in-stock. These keys differ from the
alarm keys correlated with the control panel.

FANUC Auto key: This is the key on the CNC machine (including the A16B, A17B &
A20B product line) that reshapes the operation mode to automatic. Automatic mode
authorizes an operator to contact and execute a part program stored in memory.
Automatic mode is called memory mode on some FANUC CNC controls at times.

A safety function that determines if the tool has moved beyond its set boundaries.
Forbidden zones can be programmed to specify areas where the tool can and
cannot enter.

Page keys: The up and down arrow keys located on the MDI keypad (A20B ) that
allow an operator to move through various screens and fields one page at a time.

Parentheses: ( ). Curved brackets used to separate program

text information from CNC program commands.

Part program: A series of instructions used by a CNC machine to perform the

necessary sequence of operations to machine a specific workpiece.

POS: A function key located on the MDI keypad that displays the position screen
that shows axis locations.

Power off: The red button on a CNC control panel that shuts off power to the control.

Power on: The green button on a CNC control panel that provides power to the control.

PRGRM: A function key located on the MDI keypad that displays the program screen
and blocks of the current part program.

Program edit keys: Keys located on the MDI keypad that allow an operator to alter,
insert, or delete data from stored memory.

Program protect switch: A switch located on the machine control panel that allows
the operator to secure current program information. The program protect switch
prevents accidental or intentional deletion of programs in memory.

Program source keys: The group of keys on the operator panel that control how
part programs are used. The AUTO, EDIT, and MDI keys that comprise the program
source keys are distinct machine modes.

Rapid traverse: The movement of machine components at the fastest possible rate
of travel. Rapid traverse motion merely requires an endpoint for the movement.

Reference position: A fixed position on a machine tool to which the tool can easily
be moved by the reference position return function.

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Reset key: A key located on the MDI keypad that stops all machine motion and places
the program cursor at the top of the current program.

Shift key: A key located on the MDI keypad that allows an operator to access letters
and special characters found on the address keys.

SINGL BLOCK key: A key that activates the single block feature on the GE FANUC
0-C control. The single block function runs the program one block at a time to prove
out the program.

Soft keys: Keys located directly below the display screen that have different purposes
depending on which function key has been chosen. The function of each soft key is
visible on the display screen between brackets.

SP: A key that allows an operator to enter a space when manually entering data.

Spindle jog key: A key located on the machine panel that rotates the spindle
incrementally in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

Spindle keys: The area of the CNC machine control that allows the operator to manually
control the rotation of the spindle in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. The
spindle keys include CW (clockwise) and CCW (counter-clockwise), STOP, and JOG.

TEACH key: A key that changes the operation mode of a CNC machine to allow tool
positions obtained by manual operation to be stored in memory.

Tool limit switch: The component that prevents a tool from exceeding the set direction
limit on an axis. The tool limit switch detects overtravel.

Zero return key: Also known as the home key, zero return automatically moves the
spindle to the machine zero position.

Auto mode: Auto mode is the mode that enables an operator to contact and execute
a part program stored in the machine.

AUX/Graph: AUX/Graph is a function key located on the MDI keypad (A20B) that
demonstrates the graphics screen.

Axis/direction keys: Axis/direction keys are located in the area of the machine control
that enables an operator to select a specific axis.

BLOCK DELET key: BLOCK DELET key is a machine control that delivers the option
of leaving out a predetermined series of program blocks. A block delete authorizes the
operator to run two versions of the identical program.

Brackets: [ ]. Punctuation marks used to distinguish CNC

program commands from macro statements.

CAN key: The CAN key is located on the MDI keypad that backspaces the cursor to
remove the last character entered. It also drops any program block that is highlighted
during a block edit.

Control Panel: The Control Panel is a group of controls on a CNC machine (A02B,
A16B, A17B & A20B) that runs, store, and edits the commands of a part program and
other coordinate details.

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Coolant keys: Coolant Keys are the area of the CNC machine control that enables
an operator to switch the coolant on and off, manually or automatically, during a
program cycle.

Cursor keys: Cursor keys are the up and down arrow keys located on the MDI
keypad that authorize an operator to move through numerous screens and fields in
the control, edit and search for CNC programs, and move the cursor through the
program or screen options.

Cycle start: Cycle start is the control button used to initiate a program or continue
a program that has been previously stopped.

Cycle stop: The control button used to bring a program to a temporary halt. Also
known as feed hold, cycle stop pauses tool feed but does not pause spindle
movement.

DGNOS/PARAM: A function key located on the MDI keypad that demonstrates the
diagnostics and parameters screens.

Display screen: The main screen of the machine that displays urgent information
for the operator.

DRY RUN key: A key that activates the dry run feature on a CNC machine (example: .
The dry run function checks a program quickly without cutting parts.

EDIT key: The key on the CNC machine that modifies the operation mode to edit.
Edit mode allows an operator to make changes to a part program and store those
changes.

EDIT mode: The mode that enables an operator to modify a part program and store
those changes.

Emergency stop: Used for emergencies only, the control button that automatically
shuts down all machine functions.

End-of-block key: EOB. A signal that marks the end of a part program block. An
end-of-block signal is symbolized by a semicolon (;) in a part program.

Execution keys: The area of the CNC machine control that enables an operator to
begin or end a part program. The execution keys include CYCLE START and
CYCLE STOP.

Feed hold: The control button used to pause a program. Also known as cycle stop,
feed hold pauses tool feed but does not stop spindle movement.

Function keys: Keys located on the MDI keypad that allows the operator to choose
between contrasting tasks.

HOME key: A key that automatically moves the spindle to the machine zero position.
The HOME key is called the zero return key on some machines at times.

Input buffer: A temporary location on a computer that holds all incoming information
before it continues to the CPU for processing.

Input key: A key located on the MDI keypad that enables an operator to enter data
into the input buffer. This key is also used to input data from an input/output unit.

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Jog feed: In JOG mode, the continuous movement of a tool in a direction along a
selected axis.

JOG key: The area of the machine control that allows an operator to move a
selected axis. Jog keys are often called axis direction keys.

Machine function keys: The area of the control panel that allows an operator to
perform different functions depending on what display or mode is selected. The
machine function keys include SINGL BLOCK, BLOCK DELET, and DRY RUN.

Machine panel: The group of controls on a CNC machine that allow an operator
to control machine components manually. Sometimes called the operator panel.

Machine zero: The position located at the farthest possible distance in a positive
direction along the machine axes. Machine zero is permanently set for each
particular CNC machine.

Manual data input keypad: The MDI keypad is located on the control panel and
houses the address, numeric, and navigation keys.

Manual pulse generator: A circular handwheel on a CNC machine that can

move a tool incrementally along an axis. On some machines, the MPG is known
as the “handle.”

Manual pulse generator keys: Keys located on the machine panel that allow
the operator to move the tool incrementally along an axis.

MDI key: The key on the CNC machine that changes the operation mode to
manual data input mode. Manual data input mode lets an operator enter and
execute program data without disturbing stored data.

MDI mode: An operation mode that lets an operator enter and execute program
data without disturbing stored data.

MPG keys: The keys on the operator panel that control the size of incremental
movement of the manual pulse generator.

No. key: A key that allows an operator to enter a numerical value into the input
buffer. The SHIFT key must be used with the No. key.

Numeric keys: Keys located on the MDI keypad that allow an operator to enter
numbers, a minus sign, and a decimal point into the control. These keys also
contain the CAN key, manual JOG arrow keys, the EOB key, the BLOCK DELET, and
the right and left cursor move keys.

Offset register: Area of the machine control that holds tool geometry, wear, and
work offset settings.

OFSET: A function key located on the MDI keypad that displays tool offsets and
settings.

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OFSET MESUR key: A key on the CNC machine control panel that allows the operator
to determine and set a tool offset. It measures the current coordinate value and the
coordinate value of a command, and uses the difference as the offset value. If the
offset value is already known, pressing the OFSET MESUR key moves the tool to the
specified offset position.

Operation keys: The keys located on the operator panel that allow an operator to
move tools and set offsets.

Operation mode keys: The AUTO, EDIT, and MDI keys that change the operation
mode of the CNC machine.

Operator panel: The group of controls on a CNC machine that allow an operator
to control machine components manually. Sometimes called the machine panel.

OPR/ALARM: A function key located on the MDI keypad that displays the alarm screen.

Output/start key: A key located on the MDI keypad that allows an operator to start
an automatic operation and output data into an input/output unit.

Override: A machine control component that adjusts programmed values such as

speed and feed rate by a certain percentage during operation.

Over-travel check: A safety function that determines if the tool has moved beyond
its set boundaries. Forbidden zones can be programmed to specify areas where the
tool can and cannot enter.

4.14 Fluid used in machine :-

LUBECO GREEN FLUIDS & WATER is used in CNC machine.

20 litre water in 200 ml liquid adding for use as working fluid.

Friction reduced by water, this reason to used water in machine it less frictioning in
process.

And liquid adding in water for corrosion resistance working.(Coolant Fluid)

4.15 CNC machine in Controllers :-

Siemens
Fanuc
Mitsubishi
Haas
Mazatrol

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4.16 Manufactured hexagonal nut in CNC machine :-

I had completed manufactured of hexagonal Steelnut in CNC machine.

Figure 9: Autocad drawing of Steelnut

Process :-

Step 1:- I started making of 25 x 46 mm sized hexagonal steelnut in machine.

Step 2:- I took measurement of raw material by vernier caliper & checked it
surface.
Step 3:- Then, My Industry Trainer sir created required job programing by
using of G-code and M-code in control panel.

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Figure 10: Raw material of Steelnut

Step 4:- Next to set jaw in machine spindle.

Step 5:- Further, fitted a job in spindle jaw.
Step 6:- Then, closed the door and after cycle started to working for required
machining process.
Step 7:- Surface finishing process.
Step 8:- Drilling process.
Step 9:- Boring process.
Step 9:- Threading process.
Step 10:- Completed job manufacturing.
Step 11:- Dimension error job Re-surfacing.

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Figure 11: Raw material to manufactured job in spindle

Figure 12: Completed manufactured Steelnut

I had completed manufactured that types of many jobs in CNC machine
as below :-
3. Copper Pin
4. M-10 Bolt
5. Shaft
6. M-16 Threading on Shaft
7. M12 Stud bolt, Etc.

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4.18 CNC Machine Safety :-

DO:

Always ensure that you wear proper ear protection and a good pair of safety
glasses when operating a CNC machine.
Ensure that your safety glasses are firmly in place every time you are closely
observing the cutting tools.
Ensure that you wear suitable footwear such as safety boots at all times.
If you have long hair, ensure that you keep it covered when you operate the
CNC machine.
Keep your hands away from any moving parts during machining processes.
Stand clear of the machine whenever it is operational. You should also warn
any other people near the risk of being too close to it.
Whenever you are handling or passing tools, avoid touching the cutting edges.
Ensure that you turn the machine off completely and clean it whenever you have
finished using it.

DON’TS:

You should never wear gloves while operating the CNC machine.
You should never wear jewelry or any loose clothing.
You should never try to reach into the machine while it’s running
You should never put your hands anywhere near the spindle when it’s
revolving.
Never leave the machine when it’s not completely powered down.

4.19 Conclusion :-
CNC can carry out the most complicated cuts and angles on workpieces at
various levels quickly and accurately. CNC machines are beneficial
f o r p r o c e s s e s t h a t a r e r e p e t i t i v e a n d p r e d i c ta b l e i n n a t u r e .

CNC machining offers a reliable solution for rapidly manufacturing the parts. The
current approach, using an indexable tool, managed to eliminate multiple set-ups of
the workpiece.

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CHAPTER 5 : VMC MACHINE

5.1 What is a VMC Machine? :-

Vertical Machining Centers, also known as Vertical Milling Machines, create

holes in flat parts. The VMC technology is favored when three-axis work
i s do ne on a si n gl e f a c e, su c h a s i n-mo l d a nd di e wo r k s.

Multiple adjustments are available on VMCs. For example, on the worktable, there
are numerous angles of approach and rotating and other positioning devices. The
incorporated computerized controls enable automation, repeatability, tool selection/
change, and contour control. These new CNC machines raised the productivity of t
he “milling” machine to unprecedented heights, giving rise to the term VMC (Vertical
Machining Center).

Figure 13: VMC machine

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5.2 What Is VMC Machining? :-

VMC machining refers to machining operations that utilize vertical machining
centers (VMCs), which, as the name suggests, have vertically oriented machine
tools. These machines are primarily utilized to turn raw blocks of metal, such as
aluminum or steel, nto machined components. They can be used to perform a
variety of machining operations, including, but not limited to, the following:
cutting, drilling, tapping, countersinking, chamfering, carving, and engraving.
This versatility, combined with their relatively low cost, has made them a highly
common machine shop tool.

5.3 How many axis are in vmc machines? :-

Mainly VMC Machines have only three axis that move on x, y and z axises.
On Standard VMCs the cutter stays in vertical directions. To increase the
benefits of VMC additional axis can be added.

5.4 Advantages of VMC Machining :-

Compared to horizontal machining centers, vertical machining centers offer a
number of advantages, such as:

Simpler structure. The simple structure of VMCs makes it easy to clamp

the workpiece in the necessary position.
Better cooling efficiency. Gravity works with the VMC design. Coolant sprayed
at the top of the machine tool and workpiece trickles down to cover the rest of the
target.
Easier setup and operation. VMCs have a wide field of vision, enabling operators
to observe the operations and, if needed, make modifications to resolve any issues.
Smaller space requirements. The vertical design takes up less floor space
than a horizontal design.
Higher accuracy. VMCs can produce complex shapes and structures with a
high degree of accuracy.

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5.5 Applications of VMC Machining :-

Vertical machining centers can be used to manufacture parts and products for a wide
range of industries and applications. However, they are primarily used for high-
preci si on, high - acc uracy, and mass- produc ti on projects, i ncl udi ng
those involving the following machined components:

Complex curved parts. Examples of parts with complex curves include cams,
mpellers, and propellers. While these parts are difficult to manufacture with
precision and accuracy using conventional machining methods, a multi-axis
VMC with CNC technology can produce them easily and quickly.
Special or irregularly shaped parts. Examples of parts with irregular or special
shapes include brackets and bases. These components often have highly
complex designs, which are hard to produce using other manufacturing methods
but easy to produce using VMCs with automatic machining capabilities.
Military parts. The military industry is subjected to a variety of standards that
dictate how a part can be designed and built. The accuracy and
precision of VMCs ensure the machined components produced
fully meet the necessary application and industry specifications.

5.6 Disadvantages of Vertical Machining Centers :-

Limited Space

One of the primary disadvantages of vertical machining centres is that they are
limited in terms of the amount of space they can take up. This is because vertical
machining centres typically have a smaller footprint than horizontal machining
centres. This can be an issue for manufacturers with limited space in their facilities.

Limited Workpiece Size

Another disadvantage of vertical machining centres is that they are typically

limited in terms of the workpiece size that they can accommodate. This is because
vertical machining centres usually have smaller beds than horizontal machining
centres. This can be an issue for manufacturers who need to machine large
workpieces.

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Limited Tool Capacity

Another disadvantage of vertical machining centres is that they typically have a

smaller tool capacity than horizontal machining centres. This means
manufacturers who use vertical machining centres may need to change tools
more frequently than those who use horizontal machining centres.
This can lead to increased downtime and decreased productivity.

Increased Vibration

Another disadvantage of vertical machining centres is that they tend to vibrate

more than horizontal machining centres. This vibration can reduce accuracy and
increase wear on tooling and fixtures. Additionally, this vibration can be
an issue for manufacturers machining delicate parts or components.

Higher Operating Costs

Another disadvantage of vertical machining centres is that they typically have

higher operating costs than horizontal machining centres. This is because vertical
machining centres require more energy to use and often require unique cooling
systems to prevent overheating.

5.7 VMC machine specification :-

Brand Lokesh
Z - Axis Travel 500 mm
Spindle Speed 5000 Rpm
Spindle Power Fanuc 11 Kw
Model Name/Number VM-9
Automation Grade Automatic
Voltage 350 V
MaterialMild Steel
Usage Application Industrial
Table 1: Specification of VMC machine

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5.8 The future of VMC machines :-

The use of VMC machines is expected to continue to grow in the future, as
manufacturers look for ways to increase productivity and efficiency while
reducing downtime and maintenance requirements. As technology continues to
advance, VMC machines are expected to become even more capable and
versatile, with improved accuracy and precision and the ability to perform even
more complex cutting and machining operations.

5.9 Types of VMC Machines:-

There are several types of VMC machines available, including:

3-axis VMC machines: These machines have three axes of motion and
a r e d e s i g n e d f o r b a s i c m i l l i n g a n d d r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s . 4-
axis VMC machines: These machines have four axes of motion and are designed for
more complex milling and drilling operations, as well as rotary operations. 5-axis
VMC machines: These machines have five axes of motion and are designed for
even more complex cutting and machining operations, including contouring and
sculpting operations.

5.10 Conclusion :-
VMC machines are a vital tool for modern manufacturers, offering a wide range
of advantages over traditional machining methods. With their increased
accuracy and precision, increased productivity, improved efficiency, reduced
downtime, and increased versatility, VMC machines are an essential tool for
manufacturers looking to stay competitive in today's rapidly changing
manufacturing landscape.

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CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

6.1 Aims & Objective of Internship :-

To enhance & get deeper practical & some kind of theoretical

knowledgeby watching and performing tasks.

To get deep knowledge of whatever system, technologies, instruments

&equipment are used in Company.

To build endurance in working environment.

To know about the different equipment & instrument with their uses.

To know about process part of Company.

To understand why accuracy and tolerance is required.

To learn how to work in a team.

Learning about professionalism, and leadership.

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6.2 Internship Summary :-

This internship was a very useful experience that is needed to get

clarification about the reality of how the work is done in an company.
I have gained new set of skills and knowledge during this internship.
Imet a lot of people who were working in this field and they shared
theirexperience with me and gave me a brief exposure about the
companyand its working. I learned about the process of converting
a rawmaterial into the end product by using different machinery and
performing different processes. There is still a lot to discover and
learnaccording to it. This internship was also good to find out what
mystrengths and weaknesses are. However, I have to get more
exposureand knowledge to do things better if I want to be skillful
and contributeto the organization I will work for. It would be better
if I could present and express myself with more confidence.

In the end, I would like to summarize that this internship has given
me great exposure and motivation to build a career in an industrial
background.

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 CHAPTER 9: REFERENCES

Navnath Engineers Manual book

Company Pdf.

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/custom-manufacturing-
fabricating/understanding-cnc-machining/

https://phillipscorp.com/india/what-is-a-vmc-machine-its-types-
uses-and-processes/

https://www.erconengineering.co.uk/2021/08/04/what-is-a-
pillar-drill/

https://industrytoday.com/bench-grinder-basics-for-the-beginner/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_tool_(machining)

https://www.rapiddirect.com/blog/g-and-m-codes/

https://themechanicalengineering.com/lathe-machine/

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