RAJAT Internship Report

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TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS
“AN INTERNSHIP REPORT ON SAI ENCLAVE

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION”
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
GOHIL RAJAT D.
191123106003
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Civil Engineering Department
Pacific School of Engineering-Surat
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
[May, 2023]
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PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
At & Po. Sanki, Kadodara- Palsana Highway (NH-48),
Surat – 394305 (Gujarat)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled
An Internship Report on Sai enclave commercial and residential building
construction has been carried out by Gohil Rajat D. under my guidance in
partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil, 8 th
semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic
year 2022-2023.
Asst. Prof. Bhumika Mistry Asst. Prof. Mayur Vekariya

Internal Guide Head of Department
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CERTIFICATE
Date : 10/12/2023
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to certify that Rajat Gohil, a student of Pasific School of Engineering

has successfully completed his/her internship in the field of Internship
area/Field from <starting date> to <End date> (Total number of weeks :**)
under the guidence of <Industry Mentor Name>.
His internship activites include < Internship Activity>.
During the Period of her/his internship program with us, he/she had been
exposed to different processes and was found diligent, hardworking and
inquisitive.
We wish him every success in his life and career.
For <Industry Name>
Authorised Signature with Industry Stamp

`

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PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
At & Po. Sanki, Kadodara- Palsana Highway (NH-48),
Surat – 394305 (Gujarat)
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the Internship
entitled An Internship report on sai enclave commercial and residential
building construction submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering to Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad, is a Bonafede record of original internship work
carried out by me at pacific school of engineering under the supervision of asst.
Prof. Bhumika Mistry and that no part of this report has been directly copied
from any students’ reports or taken from any other source, without providing
due reference.
Name of Student Sign of Student
GOHIL RAJAT D _______________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to highly acknowledge and pay respect to all associates with this
internship at different stages in presenting the report of my internship on An
Internship Report on Sai enclave commercial and residential building
construction. My sincere thanks to Head of Civil Engineering Department,
Prof. Mayur Vekariya for his kind help in project. I am also thankful to my
guide Prof. Bhumika Mistry for their valuable tips during this study. During
this period my guide helped how to start this internship and how to do it and
complete it. I thankful to Mr Bharatbhai Mistry sir for accepting and providing
me the opportunity to work under their guidance and continuous encouragement
during my internship work. Internship work is most practical and existing of my
learning experience which could be assets for me in my future career. It is my
sincere duty to thanks all those people who helped me directly and indirectly in
this project. I am heartily thankful to My parents who have always inspired and
encouraged us throughout my life through all odds and blessed me to achieve
all our goals. Last but not the least, I am thankful to all those who have directly
or indirectly helped me in bringing my work to its present form.
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ABSTRACT
This report is a summer internship report submitted as the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering as per norms of
Gujarat technological University Ahmedabad. this training period at Sai
enclave commercial and residential building construction and gained technical
and practical knowledge during the training, after which I was able to compile
this report. The report consists of brief study and description of materials,
equipment’s and procedures used at site for construction of a high-rise
Building. best to elaborate the actual site conditions, and problem faced at site
and the tactics used to deal with them. and also know the part of checklist of
different members and materials.
The main objective of this report is to present a systematic text on the execution
of construction process of a building based on the Indian Standard codes. The
report also covers the fundamental aspects of practical requirement such as
safety, feasibility, and economy at site.
 Key words:
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CONTENTS
TITLE .............................................................................................................................1
CERTIFICATE..........................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATE..........................................................................................................................3
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................6
ABSTRACT 7
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................13
1.1 OVERVIEW OF COMPANY:..................................................................................13
1.2 HISTORY OF COMPANY:......................................................................................13
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK:...................................................................................................14
1.4 ORGANIZATION CHART:......................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF DEPARTMENT...........................................................4
2.1 THE WORK EXECUTED BY DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS ARE LISTED
BELOW:.............................................................................................................................4
2.2 SPECIFICATION FOR MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:......................................................6
2.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM...........................................................................................9
2.4 STAGES OF PRODUCTION:...................................................................................10
2.4.1 Site clearance and excavation:.............................................................................10
2.4.2 P.C.C Work For Foundation:...............................................................................11
2.4.3 Foundation And D.P.C:.......................................................................................11
2.4.4 Earth Filling Work:..............................................................................................12
2.4.5 Superstructure Work:...........................................................................................12
2.4.6 Electrical Services:..............................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP AND PROJECT......................15
3.1 SUMMARY OF OUR PROJECT:.............................................................................15
3.2 PURPOSE OF PROJECT:.........................................................................................17
3.3 OBJECTIVE AND GOAL OF INTERNSHIP:.........................................................17
3.4 SCOPE OF WORK....................................................................................................18
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3.5 TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................18

3.6 THE STEP INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION...................................20
3.6.1 Excavation :.........................................................................................................20
3.6.2 P.c.c work:...........................................................................................................22
3.6.3 Footing:................................................................................................................23
3.6.4 Column:...............................................................................................................25
3.6.5 Lift:......................................................................................................................27
3.6.6 Slab work:............................................................................................................28
3.6.7 Electric wiring work:...........................................................................................29
3.6.8 Staircase work:.....................................................................................................30
3.6.9 Form work:..........................................................................................................31
3.7 BUILDING MATERIALS:........................................................................................32
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT DESIGN.................................................................................33
4.1 FOOTING:.................................................................................................................33
4.1.1 Isolated Footing:..................................................................................................33
4.1.2 Combined Footing:..............................................................................................35
4.1.3 Footing Beam:......................................................................................................37
4.2 COLUMN:..................................................................................................................39
4.3 BEAM:.......................................................................................................................43
4.4 SLAB:.........................................................................................................................46
4.5 LAYOUT PLANS:.....................................................................................................48
4.5.1 Column And Foundation Layout:........................................................................48
4.5.2 Working Drawing:...............................................................................................49
4.5.3 Basement Slab & Beam Layout & Detail:..........................................................50
4.5.4 Schedule Of Opning.............................................................................................51
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:....................................................52
5.1 OVERALL ANALYSIS OF INTERNSHIP:.............................................................52
5.2 CONCLUSION:.........................................................................................................52
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.3 Organization Chart........................................................................................................3

Fig 3.1 Summary Of Our Project.............................................................................................16
Fig 3.1 Excavation...................................................................................................................21
Fig 3.2 P.C.C Work.................................................................................................................22
Fig 3.3 Footing.........................................................................................................................24
Fig 3.4 Column........................................................................................................................26
Fig 3.5 Lift...............................................................................................................................27
Fig 3.6 Slab Work....................................................................................................................28
Fig 3.7 Electric Services..........................................................................................................29
Fig 3.8 Staircase Work.............................................................................................................30
Fig 3.9 Form Work..................................................................................................................31
Fig 4.1 Isolated Footing...........................................................................................................33
Fig 4.2 Combined Footing.......................................................................................................35
Fig 4.3 Footing Beam..............................................................................................................38
Fig 4.2 Column........................................................................................................................40
Fig 4.3 Beam............................................................................................................................43
Fig 4.4: Slab.............................................................................................................................46
Fig 4.5 Column And Foundation Layout:................................................................................48
Fig 4.6 Working Drawing:.......................................................................................................49
Fig 4.7 Basement Slab & Beam Layout & Detail:.................................................................50
Fig 4.7 Schedule Of Opning....................................................................................................51
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.2 Specific Information Related To Sai Platina.............................................................2

Table 3.1 Summary Of Our Project.........................................................................................16
Table 4.1.1 Isolated Footing....................................................................................................34
Table 4.2 Combined Footing...................................................................................................36
Table 4.2 Column....................................................................................................................41
Table 4.3 Beam........................................................................................................................44
Table 4.4 Slab..........................................................................................................................47
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LIST OF ABBREVIOTIONS AND SYMBOLS
R.C.C Reinforced Cement Concrete

P.C.C Plain Cement Concrete
BBS Bar Bending Schedule
cm Centimeter
mm Millimeter
Sqft Square Feet
Qty Quantity
3
m Cubic Meters
φ Diameter
' Inch
'' Foot
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW OF COMPANY:

 I had joined the Internship (07/01/2022) under the Giral Kapadiya having his own
company name sai kaival builder and developers.
 Sai builder and developers is located in Surat, Gujarat and is part of the Business
Support Services Industry.
 Currently Sai builder and developer company is working on Sai enclave project.
 Sai builder and developer company supply all the building materials (Cement, sand,
aggregate, wooden formwork, props etc.) to the Sai enclave project.
 Sai enclave project is the mixture of both Residential as well as Commercial
building.
 Residential building has 4 floors and Commercial building have 2 floors with two
basements.
 Carpet area of Shop is 258 sqft and for flat is 860sqft.
 Total area of project is 3247sqft.
 Sai Enclave project is being developed by Sai Kaival Builders.
 Sai Enclave project is started on date 01-01-2020 and planned to complete on or
before date 30-06-2027.
1.2 HISTORY OF COMPANY:
 First project of company is sai platina beside shlok building, opp. Om complex,
bamroli char rasta, bamroli, surat.
 Sai platina rera registered project is located at surat, sai platina project is being
developed by sai kaival builders.
 Rera number of sai platina project is pr/gj/surat/suratcity/suda/caa04128/271118.
 As per rera registration sai platina project is started on date 2014-01-20 and planned
to complete on or before date 2018-12-30.
 Some specific information related to sai platina are:
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Table 1.2 Specific Information Related to Sai Platina

Promoters Sai Kaival Builders
Developer name Giral Kapadia
Email: Saikaivalbuilders@gmail.com
Rera no Pr/gj/surat/suratcity/suda/caa04128/271118
Start date 2014-01-20
End date 2018-12-30
Area of Project 1,650.61
District Surat
State Gujarat
Project type Commercial
Architect Vatsal badlawala
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK:

 Different scope is enlisted below:
• Knowing information about the areas of construction labour suppliers,
particularly for specialized jobs.
• Maintaining good relationship with each worker in their work, so they will be
going back to work in next project.
• Ability to select any workers in order to obtain good employee.
• Understanding basic mathematic especially geometry and symbols that exist in
technical drawings.
• Finding information on the characteristic of the construction materials listed in
the picture.
• Knowing the quality of a job.
• Ability to coordinate and manage worker activities in the field consistently.
• The ability to do engineering work implementation.
• The ability to make cost estimation.
• Having the character as a leader.
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1.4 ORGANIZATION CHART:

 An organizational chart shows the internal structure of an organization or company.
This creates a clear visual depiction of the hierarchy and ranks of different people,
jobs and department that make up the organization.
owner
site project
contractor
investigator manager
engineer3 engineer 2 engineer 1
foreman
labour
Fig1.1 Organization Chart
Team ID: 199346 Chapter 2: Overview of department
CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF DEPARTMENT
2.1 THE WORK EXECUTED BY DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS ARE

LISTED BELOW:
a) Project management department:
• Main purpose of the project management is to prepare, schedule, coordinate and
monitor the assigned engineering project.
• Interact daily with the clients to interpret their needs and requirements and
represent them in the field.
• Perform overall quality control of the work (budget, schedule, plans, personnel's
performance) and report regularly on project status. Assign responsibilities and
mentor project team.
• Review engineering deliverables and initiate appropriate corrective actions.
b) Surveyor department:
• main purpose of surveyor is to Conduct surveys on land sites and properties.
• Examine previous records and evidence to ensure data accuracy.
• Research and design methods for survey processes.
• Use equipment and tools to accurately measure land features (e.g., longitudes,
latitudes).
• Build maps, sketches, and charts.
• Supervise and provide guidance to field staff.
• Report on survey results and present findings to clients.
• Collaborate with engineers and architects on several projects.
c) structural department:
• main purpose of structural engineering is to create structural models by using
computer-aided design software.
• Measure loads and pressures caused by environmental or human influence.
• Follow construction safety guidelines.
• Choose appropriate materials based on structural specifications.
• Monitor on-site construction processes and supervise construction workers.
• Collaborate with contractors and project managers.
d) Estimator and valuer department:

• main purpose of estimator and valuer department is to Collect different quotes
from subcontractors, vendors, and suppliers.
• Analyse company data, monitor budgets and prices using software packages.
• Review and assess cost estimates.
• Identify labour, material, costs and time requirements by researching proposals,
blueprints, and any related documents.
• Prepare detailed cost estimate reports.
• Conduct regular risk assessments.
• Oversee the different stages of a company project to ensure that expenses
follow the forecast plan.
e) Geotechnical engineering department:

• main purpose of geotechnical department is to study geological maps and aerial
photographs from a range of sources and from different time periods.
• examine construction plans to see how feasible they are based on your
understanding of the site.
• investigate risks or geological hazards for the site.
• search for environmentally sensitive features, such as landfill.
• start to develop factual and interpretive ground models.
• plan field investigations.
• drill and analyse samples of bedrock, soil, groundwater and additional

materials.
• solve technical issues as they arise, such as unexpected structures at drill sites.
• monitor conditions during and after construction to make sure structures are
stable in the short and long term.
• creating geotechnical calculations, drawings, and two or three-dimensional
computer models interpreting the data.
• making recommendations about the proposed use of the site.
f) site engineer
• Interpretation of Drawing
• Preparing Bar Bending Schedule
• Allotting Work to Labours
• Supervision of Construction Work
• Preparing Schedule of Material Used and Available
• Plotting Line – Level on Construction Site
• Preparing Work Chart Schedule
• Checking Steel Work of Slab, Beam, & Column Before Concreting
• Checking & Arranging Equipment Before Concreting Work Starts
• Supervision Of the Curing Process
• Keeping Note of Each and Every Casting Work.
2.2 SPECIFICATION FOR MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:
 Specification for surveyor equipment’s is: -

a) Dumpy Level & Accessories:
Image : Erect
Magnification : 24X
Length of telescope : 300mm
Objective aperture : 40mm
Plate bubble size : 12mm X 87.5mm

Circle diameter : 75mm (magnetic)
b) Vernier Transit Theodolite & Accessories:

Telescope Model –20 Model –10
Image Erect Erect
Length 178 mm 178 mm
Magnification 25X 25X
Effective Aperture 38mm 38mm
Stadia Ratio 1:100 1:100
Stadia constant 0 0
c) Total station & Accessories:

Image : Erect
Magnification : 30x
Shortest distance : 1.7m
 Specification for geotechnical equipment:
 Triaxial shear test equipment
• Triaxial Shear Test is utilized for testing high soil specimen of 38mm dia x 76mm.
• The cell can be opened with ease by releasing the four nuts of the tie rods.
• The cell is leak proof up to 10kg/cm.sq. of fluid pressure.
• The cell comes equipped with four valves that are sleeve packed with no volume
change type in its base.
• These valves are mainly utilized for cell pressure, for pore water pressure and for
draining or putting back the pressure.
• Moreover, the Triaxial cell's loading plunger comes with a dial gauge rest.
• Compression testing machine:
• Max. Compression load: 2000kn

• Measuring range of load: 10%-100%f. s
• Max compression test space:350mm
• Max. Piston stroke: 50mm
• Span between columns (l*w): 270-200mm
• Size of upper and lower compression platen: 0300mm
• Motor power: 750w
• Dimension of loading frame (l*w*h): 820*420*1600mm
2.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Site clearance
Excavation
P.C.C
Foundation
Plinth beam
Earth filling
Column construction
Beam and slab casting
Stair case and Lift
Wall construction
Electric services
Plumbing
Flooring
Plastering
Painting
2.4 STAGES OF PRODUCTION:

2.4.1 Site clearance and excavation:
• To construct excellent project, the condition of the project site including subsurface
and surface condition must be investigated and assessed thoroughly.
• Site assessment may involve determining the present and installation of underground
services, specify suitable foundation depend on recommendation of geotechnical
report, anticipate the level of ground water, grading amount needed for proper
drainage to push water away from the structure, whether the site is difficult to
excavate or not, frost penetration depth.
• To build the structure as per the design, estimate the excavation volume accurately,
and provide suitable drainage, structural elevations and layout must be carried out
with substantial precision.
• Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives.
• It is the preliminary activity of the construction project.
 For excavation following points are carried out-

• Setting out of corner benchmarks.
• Survey for ground levels.
• Survey for top levels
• Excavation to approved depth.
• Dressing of loose soil.
• Making up to cut off level
• Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
• Marking boundaries of the building.
2.4.2 P.C.C Work For Foundation:

• The main reason of providing PCC is to provide a rigid impervious bed to RCC in
the foundation before starting any RCC or masonry work directly on the
excavated soil, PCC is done to form a levelled surface and to avoid laying
concrete on soil directly so as to avoid mixing with soil and also to prevent soil
extracting water from RCC thereby weakening it.
2.4.3 Foundation And D.P.C:
• The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain
as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil.
• This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that
can result in any form of stability issues for the structure.
 stages involved in foundation work are-
a) Foundation Layout:
• The Contractor has to follow the foundation layout drawing for excavation prepared
by the structural designer and approved by the Architect. As per the foundation layout
plan marking is done on-site, and the Architect cross-checks the dimensions.
b) Trenches:
• In the case of a load-bearing structure, trenches are excavated along the wall. If it is
framed structure, then excavation is done below every column up to the footing base.
All work should be done as per drawings and instructions are given by architects and
structural designers.
c) Anti-termite Treatment:
• Before starting foundation construction, make sure that the trenches and excavated
areas have been given the anti-termite treatment by the Contractor.
• This anti-termite treatment ensures protection against termites and other pests from
underground, in the future.
d) Foundation construction:
• In this case of isolated pad footing, steel bars tied together according to the structural
engineer’s specifications are placed at the bottom of the footing pit.
• Column steel bars are also tied in place with the help of a bonding wire.
• Column formworks are erected around it for pouring concrete.
• The damp proof course (DPC) is generally applied at basement levels, which restricts
the movement of moisture through walls and floors.
2.4.4 Earth Filling Work:
• Earth filling under floors should be done in layers not more than 6" in thickness. The
layer should be compacted properly.
• Further, the earth used for filling should be free from grass, roots, leaves and other
foreign material. It should be also slightly moist which will help to achieve optimum
compaction.
2.4.5 Superstructure Work:
• The structural components of a building constructed above the ground level constitute
the superstructure.
• The basic components of a building's superstructure are columns, beams, slab and
wall. These components safely transfer the dead loads, live loads and other loads to
the substructure (foundation and plinth) which further distributes it to the underlying
earth.
 Form work:
• Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials
are poured.
• The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25% of
the cost of the structure or even more.
• The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork
can be reused.
 Column:
• The column is a vertical structural element that carries compressive loads. This is one
of the critical structural elements in any building structure whose failure can result in
progressive collapse.
• The column transfers loads from the slab or the beam to the foundation below.
 Beam:
• A beam is a horizontal structural element with a specific depth and width running
with a span. It withstands vertical loads, bending moments and shear forces.
• The loads coming on the beams are transferred to the beam endpoints where it is
supported. This is then transferred to the columns or the beam supporting structural
elements.
 Slab:
• Slabs are horizontal structural elements that serve the purpose of floor, roofs or
ceilings. These are flat surfaces with top and bottom face parallel to each other.
• Slabs are supported mainly by columns, beams, walls or the ground. The depth of the
slab is very small when compared to its depth.
 Staircase work:
 A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor of building to another, typically
inside the building.
 The primary purpose of stairs is to provide a simple and easy means of moving
between levels.
 Size of tread and riser at our site were 12″ and 6.30″ respectively.
 Lift:
 As our project is residential and commercial both so for vertical movement of people
lift for both were built.
 The thickness of wall for both lift is 4.5 inches.
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 Size of shop lift and residential lift is 5′82 ″×5′1″ inner to inner.
2.4.6 Electrical Services:
• A construction site has special electrical requirements. Not every electrical firm will
provide such services since there are special standards to uphold and legal
requirements to fulfil.
• A strong electrical system is essential to power the advanced and heavy-duty tools
and machinery needed during construction. The electrician needs to ensure the safety
of all the people involved even if it is a temporary setup.
Team ID: 199346 Chapter 3: Introduction to internship & Project
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP AND

PROJECT
3.1 SUMMARY OF OUR PROJECT:

 Project name where I have worked is Sai enclave project which is nearer to
Unn, Sachin.
 Project is focus on Construction of Residencial and commercial in one.
 Residential building has 4 floors and Commercial building have 2 floors with
two basements.
 Carpet area of Shop is 258 sqft and for flat is 860sqft.
 Sai Enclave project is being developed by Sai Kaival Builders.
 Sai Enclave project is started on date 01-01-2020 and planned to complete on or
before date 30-06-2027.
 Total area of project is 3247sqft.
 Model of Sai enclave project is shown below:
Fig 3.1 Summary of Our Project

Table 3.1 Summary of Our Project
PRADHANMANTRI AWAS YOJANA
PLOT AREA 3247 SQ.FT.
TOTAL FLOORS 14
NO OF FLATS 44
NO OF SHOPS 111
RESIDENTIAL AND
CATEGORY
COMMERCIAL
CARPET AREA of SHOP 258 SQ. FT
CARPET AREA of FLATS 860 SQ. FT
LOCATION BHESTAN
TOTAL BUILDINGS 1
PROJECT NAME SAI ENCLAVE
3.2 PURPOSE OF PROJECT:

 I have joined the Internship on the building construction.
 The reason behind the selection of internship on building construction is to convert
the theoretical knowledge of R.C.C Estimation & Costing in to Practical knowledge
which we had studied in previous semesters.
 I had joined the Sai enclave projects because of following reasons:
• In Sai enclave project super structure work as well as foundation work both are
executing parallelly.
• it's really a very good opportunity for us to learn Super structure and sub
structure work.
• Site engineer of Sai enclave project has much experience (more than 30 years)
related to building construction so we learn lot of things from him.
• The location of Sai enclave project is nearer to our home so wasting of time in
transportation is reduced.
3.3 OBJECTIVE AND GOAL OF INTERNSHIP:

 Learning about professionalism, and leadership.
 Relating theory with hand-on practical learning.
 Mastering Technical Skills.
 Perfecting Interpersonal Skills (Soft Skills).
 Building a Network of Contacts.
 Entering to a particular job/ profession/ industry.
 Tuning current skills through practicing.
 Learning from colleagues and other professionals.
3.4 SCOPE OF WORK

 Scope of work in construction projects clearly defines what is expected from each
party involved in a contract.
 Each and every party is essential to complete the project without compromising
quality work.
 Without scope of work in construction projects, it becomes difficult to understand
what needs to happen on that project as well as when.
 There are different party involved in project like Engineer, Contractor, Builder,
Architecture etc.
 To proper completion of projects all these party should be coordinate effectively to
each other.
 So, scope of work is nothing but it is the planning, scheduling and controlling of
project so that it can complete within limited time.
3.5 TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
 Construction 4.0: A Literature Review

 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío,
Concepción 4051381, Chile;
• The construction industry is experiencing changes in its processes and work
methods,
• and the advancement of new technologies in recent decades has led to a new
concept known as Construction 4.0, coined in 2016 in Germany.
• Four technologies are essential to understand Construction 4.0 at present time:
3D printing, big data, virtual reality, and Internet of Things.
• There is a great concern in the construction industry regarding building quality
issues and their effective management.
• This study has determined the current stance on poor quality in construction
through a systematic literature review.
• The literature found that where rework is required due to errors in construction,
safety incidents are more likely to occur.
• Budgets and schedules are increased where quality is poor.
• The literature relating to cost dissected additional cost into direct and indirect
expenses and the causes of each.
• The literature relating to time found that schedules can increase for many
reasons, indirectly linked to poor quality.
• In our country the construction process which is adopted mostly are traditional
construction process.
• Due to adoption of traditional construction method and poor-quality
management the proposed project takes longer time and high expenses.
• The construction industry is facing challenges ranging from Laboure safety and
costs to tightening environmental regulations.
• To overcome all these issues, we have to sync the computer technology with
our civil engineering projects.
• By adopting this we can built the structures effectively in less time by
automation construction method.
• Robotic automation brings higher production efficiency, a safer working
environment, lower costs and superior quality.
• After years of development and deployment, the process now requires minimal
human involvement.
• The ability to work 24/7 and error-free make robots more appealing than human
workers for the future.
• Industrial robots came into the spotlight in the 1960s. But till now in our India,
it is not much popular in building industries.
3.6 THE STEP INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
3.6.1 Excavation :
• Excavation work generally means work involving the removal of soil or rock
from a site to form an open face, hole or cavity, using tools, machinery or
explosives.
• At our site depth of excavation from road level is 30 feet.
• Maximum of 4 and minimum of 2 benchmarks are marked in the corner for the
measurement of level. These benchmarks are marked on permanent structures
like, plinth, road or tree.
• In our construction plinth is selected as a benchmark.
• Depth of excavation should be check proper as per requirement
• Excavation was done by excavator.
Fig 3.1 Excavation

3.6.2 P.c.c work:
• The objective of plain cement concrete (PCC) is to arrange a firm impermeable

bed to RCC in the foundation where the soil is soft and flexible.
• The thickness of p.c.c at our site is 6 inches.
• The level of p.c.c was established with reference to plinth level.
• Clement concrete ratio in p.c.c is 1:2:4.
• The grid lines for foundation layout were marked over p.c.c
Fig 3.2 P.C.C Work

3.6.3 Footing:
• Footing is a part of foundation which is constructed with concrete or brickwork

masonry and acts as a base to the floor columns and floor walls.
• The main function of footing is to transfer the vertical loads directly to the soil.
• The term footing is used in conjunction with shallow foundation commonly.
• After p.c.c work footing grid lines was established at our site as per drawing.
• The footing at our site is combined as well as isolated footing.
• The grade of concrete for footing at site was m:30 carried out from r.m.c.
• Clear cover for footing at site was 110mm.
• Minimum side cover in footing used 4½".
• In footings reinforcement parallel to short side of column shall be provided at
bottom.
• Footings are designed considering the s.b.c. of soil 265 kn/ sq.mt. @ 8.00 mt.
depth from ngl as per soil investigation report submitted by owner of Bhumi
research centre wide their letter brc/ rep/ 180365/ 2018, dated 09-04-20.
• Steel used at top (both way) in footing is of 8mm dia with 9"c/c.
• Concreting was done by pumpable concrete.
Fig 3.3 Footing

3.6.4 Column:
• Column is a vertical member that transmits the loads from the above structural
element to the below member through compression.
• M:25 grade was used in column at our site.
• Spacing of ties in column up to height of 0.25l (l= length of column) from top
and bottom are 3"c/c and for left portion it is 6" having diameter of 8mm.
• Lap length shall be provided as under-
Mix fe415(H.Y.S.D.)
M.25 42d
M.20 48d where d= diameter of bar
• We fixed the starter of column as per grid lines mentioned in drawing.
• Before setup of formwork on columns it should oiled properly.
• At our site wastage oil from garage was used for formwork.
• After oiling formwork is stand on starter of column with a clear cover of 40mm.
• After formwork casting of columns are done.
• With the help of plum bob, we had checked the verticality of columns.
• If its column is away from its position greater than 5 mm then it should be taken
in to position tighten or losing the props.
• Next day of casting proper curing of columns were done so that heat of
hydration of column may continue to gaining strength.
Fig 3.4 Column

3.6.5 Lift:
 As our project is residential and commercial both so for vertical movement of people
lift for both were built.
 The thickness of wall for both lift is 4.5 inches.
1
 Size of shop lift and resi. Lift is 5′82″×5′1″ inner to inner.
Fig 3.5 Lift

3.6.6 Slab work:

 The concrete slab is a horizontal surface of a residential building or commercial
building etc.
 The thickness of slab at our site is 5″.
 In slab, main steel parallel to shorter side was of 8mm dia. and 5″ c/c.
 And distribution steel parallel to longer side was of 6″ c/c.
 20 mm clear covers were used in slab.
 Grade of concrete used in slab was M25.
Fig 3.6 Slab Work

3.6.7 Electric wiring work:
 After arrangement of reinforcement in slab the electrical wiring work was

carried out at our site.
Fig 3.7 Electric Services

3.6.8 Staircase work:
 A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor of building to another, typically
inside the building.
 The primary purpose of stairs is to provide a simple and easy means of moving
between levels.
 Size of tread and riser at our site were 12″ and 6.30″ respectively.
Fig 3.8 Staircase Work

3.6.9 Form work:

 Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar
materials are poured.
 The construction of formwork takes time and involves expenditure up to 20 to 25%
of the cost of the structure or even more.
 The operation of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork
can be reused.
Fig 3.9 Form Work

3.7 BUILDING MATERIALS:

 Concrete:
• Concrete is a widely used construction material which is a mixture of cement,
aggregates, water and admixture.
• Concrete = Cement + fine aggregate (sand) + coarse aggregate
 Test on fresh concrete is listed below:
• Slump test
• Kelly ball test
• Compaction factor test
• Flow table test
• Vee bee test
 Test on for hardened concrete:
• Compressive strength test
• Split tension test
• Flexure Strength Test
 Cement:
• A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and
adheres to other materials to bind them together.
 The following tests are conducted on cement in the laboratory are as follows:
• Fineness Test
• Consistency Test
• Setting Time Test
• Strength Test
• Soundness Test
• Heat of Hydration Test
• Tensile Strength Test
 Sand:
• Sand is an important building material. It abundantly occurs in nature and is
formed by the decomposition of rocks. Sand particles consist of small grains of
silica (SiO2). It forms a major ingredient in concrete, lime mortar, cement
mortar, etc.
 Sand is classified into various types according to the source of supply such as:
• River sand
• Pit sand
• Crushed stone sand
• Sea sand
 Aggregate:
• Aggregates are coarse particulate rock-like material consisting of a collection of
particles ranging in size from < 0.1 mm to > 50 mm. It includes gravel, crushed
rock, sand, recycled concrete, slag, and synthetic aggregate.
• Aggregate is called bound material when it is mixed with cement or binding
materials and referred to as unbound material when used without cement or
binding materials.
 List of Aggregate Test are:
• Impact Test on Aggregates

• Crushing Test on Aggregates
• Abrasion Test on Aggregates
• Soundness Test on Aggregates
• Shape Test on Aggregates (Elongation & Flakiness Index)
• Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test
Team ID: 199346 Chapter 4: Project Design
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT DESIGN
4.1 FOOTING:
 Designing of footing is the most important part for building construction because
whole load of building bear by it.
 Design of a footing typically consists of the following steps:
• Determine the requirements for the footing, including the loading and the nature
of the supported structure.
• Select options for the footing and determine the necessary soils parameters.
4.1.1 Isolated Footing:

 Isolated or single footings are structural elements that are used to transmit and
distribute loads from single columns to the earth without exceeding the soil’s
bearing capacity, as well as to prevent excessive settlement and provide enough
protection against sliding and overturning.
Fig 4.1 Isolated Footing

Table 4.1.1 Isolated Footing
FOUNDATION DETAILS M:25 (1:1:2)

(REGULAR FOOTING)
FOOTING
5'-6" X 5'-6" 5'-9" X 5'-9" 6'-6" X 6'-6"
SIZE
FOOTING
SIZE WITH 6'-0" X 6'-0" 6'-3" X 6'-3" 7'0'' X 7'0''
COVER
FOOTING
21" 21" 21''
DEPTH
STEEL
PARALLEL
φ10 @5" C/C φ10 @5" C/C φ10 @4½" C/C
TO SHORT
SIDE
STEEL
PARALLEL
φ10 @5" C/C φ10 @5" C/C φ10 @4½" C/C
TO LONG
SIDE
STEEL @
BOTH WAY - - φ8 @9" C/C
@ TOP
4.1.2 Combined Footing:
 Combined footings are provided when distance between two columns is small and
soil bearing capacity of soil is lower and their footings overlap with each other.
Fig 4.2 Combined Footing

Table 4.2 Combined Footing

FOUNDATION DETAILS M:25 (1:1:2)
(COMBINED FOOTING)
FOOTING 10'-0" X
10'-0" X 14'-9" 10'0'' X 17'-9''
SIZE 17'-0"
FOOTING
10'-6''X 17'-
SIZE WITH 10'-6''X 15'-3'' 10'-6''X 18'-3''
6''
COVER
FOOTING
30" 30" 30"
DEPTH
STEEL
PARALLEL φ12 @4"
φ12@4" C/C φ12 @4" C/C
TO SHORT C/C
SIDE
STEEL
PARALLEL φ12 @4½" φ12 @4½"
φ12 @4½" C/C
TO LONG C/C C/C
SIDE
STEEL @
φ8 @12"
BOTH WAY φ8 @12" C/C φ8 @12" C/C
C/C
@ TOP
GENERAL NOTES
• The structural design has been made for 2-basement (parking)+ground + 2 stories
(commercial) + 5 stories (residential) structure used as commercial+ residential
building.
• Live loads are adopted as per l.s. 875-1987 part-2 (Imposed load) is 3.00/ 2.00
kn/sq.mt.
• Concentration of load such as staking of building materials, construction materials on

slabs during construction shall be avoided.
• Clear cover of 115 mm for footing and 40 mm for columns shall be provided.
• Concrete mix for footing shall be m:25 (1-cement: 1 sand: 2- coarse aggregate) & for
column it shall be as shown in schedule of columns.
• lap length shall be provided as under mix fe4150h.y.s.d.)
m.25 42d
m.20 48 d where d diameter of bar 7.
• R.c.c. frames of the building is designed for seismic forces for zone ii as per is. 1893-
2002.
• Footings are designed considering the s.b.c. of soil 265 kn/sg.mt. 8.00 mm depth from
ngl as per soil investigation report submitted by owner of bhumi research centre wide
their letter brc/rep/ 180365/2018, dated 09-04-2018.
• In footings. Reinforcement parallel to short side of column shall be provided at
bottom.
 Design notes:
• Concrete: - machine mixed concrete at site: - compressive strength of cube( is
456:2000) after curing 28- days.
M-20 (1:1½: 3) = 20 n/sq.mm
M-25 (1:1:2) = 25 n/sq.mm
 High yield strength deformed bars: -
• Characteristic strength of deformed bars = 415 n/sq.mm high yield strength deformed
bars fe-415.
4.1.3 Footing Beam:

 beam footing is a component of a building's foundation. It consists of a reinforced
concrete beam that transmits the load from a bearing wall.
FIG 4.3 FOOTING BEAM

4.2 COLUMN:
 Column is a vertical member that transmits the loads from the above structural element to
the below member through compression.
 Column may be short column and long column depending upon the ratio of effective
length (Le) and its diameter(D).
 If Le/D is less than 12 then it is called short column and if it is greater than 12 then it is
called long column.
 During analysis of axially loaded column, we consider minimum eccentricity.
Unsupported length of column(L)
• Minimum eccentricity= e= +
500
Lateral dimension(D)
30
• Where L and D is in mm.
• The bars used in column about not be less than 12 mm in diameter.
• At site it was of 16 mm and 18mm in diameter.
 As per lateral strain there are three types of columns.
• Tied columns
• Spiral columns
• Composite columns
 At site Tied columns adopted.
• M:25 grade was used in column at site.
• Spacing of ties in column up to height of 0.25L (L= length of column) from top and
bottom are 3"c/c and for left portion it is 6" having diameter of 8mm.
 LAP LENGTH SHALL BE PROVIDED AS UNDER-
• MIX FE415(H.Y.S.D.)
• M.25 42D
• M.20 48D WHERE D= DIAMETER OF BAR
 We fixed the Starter of column as per grid lines mentioned in drawing.
 Before setup of formwork on columns it should oiled properly.
 At our site wastage oil from garage was used for formwork.
 After oiling formwork is stand on starter of column with a clear cover of 40mm.
 After formwork casting of columns are done.

 With the help of plumber, we had checked the verticality of columns.
 If its column is away from its position greater than 5 mm then it should be taken in to
position tighten or losing the props.
 Next day of casting proper curing of columns were done so that heat of hydration of
column may continue for gaining its strength.
FIG 4.2 COLUMN

TABLE 4.2 COLUMN
COLUMN SIZE
18'' X 18'' 21'' X 21'' 18'' X 18'' 21'' X 21''
(b x l)
LONGITUDENAL 8 - φ 20 8 - φ 20 (a) 8 - φ 20 (a) + 8 - φ 25 (a) +

REINFORCEMENT + 4 - φ 16 (b) 4 - φ 20 (b)
4 - φ 16 (b)
2ND BASEMENT COVERING SLAB LVL
BASEMENT FLOOR LEVEL
φ 8 @ 3'' C/C φ 8 @ 3'' φ 8 @ 3'' C/C φ 8 @ 3'' C/C

TRANSVERSE TIES
& C/C & & &
φ 8 @ 6'' C/C φ 8 @ 6'' φ 8 @ 6'' C/C φ 8 @ 6'' C/C
C/C
STIRRUPS TYPE
TWO THREE THREE THREE

TIES TIES TIES TIES
CONC. GRADE M:25 M:25 M:25 M:25

 GENERAL NOTES
• The structural design has been made for 2-basement (parking)+ground + 2 stories
(commercial) + 5 stories (residential) structure used as commercial+ residential
building.
• Live loads are adopted as per l.s. 875-1987 part-2 (Imposed load) is 3.00/ 2.00
kn/sq.mt.
• Concentration of load such as staking of building materials, construction materials on
slabs during construction shall be avoided.
• Clear cover of 115 mm for footing and 40 mm for columns shall be provided.
• Concrete mix for footing shall be m:25 (1-cement: 1 sand: 2- coarse aggregate) & for
column it shall be as shown in schedule of columns.
• lap length shall be provided as under mix fe4150h.y.s.d.)
m.25 42d
m.20 48 d where d diameter of bar 7.
• R.c.c. frames of the building is designed for seismic forces for zone ii as per is. 1893-
2002.
• Footings are designed considering the s.b.c. of soil 265 kn/sg.mt. 8.00 mm depth from
ngl as per soil investigation report submitted by owner of bhumi research centre wide
their letter brc/rep/ 180365/2018, dated 09-04-2018.
• In footings. Reinforcement parallel to short side of column shall be provided at
bottom.
 Design notes:
• Concrete: - machine mixed concrete at site: - compressive strength of cube(is
M-20 (1:1½: 3) = 20 n/sq.mm
M-25 (1:1:2) = 25 n/sq.mm
 High yield strength deformed bars: -
• Characteristic strength of deformed bars = 415 n/sq.mm high yield strength deformed
bars fe-41
4.3 BEAM:
 Beams are horizontal structural elements that withstand vertical loads, shear forces, and
bending moments. They transfer loads that imposed along their length to their endpoints
such as walls, columns, foundations, etc.
 At site I have been checked the main reinforcement as well as stirrups in beam as per
mentioned in drawing.
 I have observed that the more stirrups were used at ends and less stirrups at middle part
of beam at the site which is similar to which I have learnt in R.C.C book.
 We know that at the ends of beam shear force is more that's why a greater number of
stirrups provided at the ends to counteract the shear forces.
 Due to bending of beam at middle portion in simply supported beam more bending
moment is developed that's why tensile stresses is produced at bottom fiber, so to resist
these tensile stresses Main reinforcement is used.
 The beam having depth greater than 750mm side face reinforcement is to be used as per
I.S code CI. 26.5.1.3 and 26.5.17(6) of 456:2000 which was also observed at the site.
 M:25 concrete Grade was used in beam.
 Clear cover of 20mm was used in beam to avoid the direct contact of reinforcement with
atmosphere.
FIG 4.3 BEAM

TABLE 4.3 BEAM

Grade Extra Top at
of Slab Thick. Main Steel Distribution Discontinuous Support Remarks
conc. llel TO Steel
Short Side llel TO Short
Side
M:20
(1:1:3) S1 5'' Φ 8 @ 5" Φ 8 @ 6" C/C Φ 8 @ 10" One Way
C/C C/C Slab
Alternate
Bent
S1A 4'' Φ 8 @ 5" Φ 8 @ 6" C/C Φ 8 @ 10" Φ8@ Two Way

C/C Alternate C/C 12" C/C Slab
Alternate Bent
Bent
S1B 5'' Φ 8 @ 5" Φ 8 @ 6" C/C Φ 8 @ 10" One Way

C/C C/C Slab
Alternate
Bent
S2 4'' Φ 8 @ 5" Φ 8 @ 6" C/C Φ 8 @ 10" One Way

C/C C/C Slab
Alternate
Bent
S3 4'' Φ 8 @ 6" Φ 8 @ 7" C/C One Way

C/C Slab
S4 5'' Φ 10 @ 5" Φ 8 @ 7" C/C Φ 10 @ One Way

C/C 10" C/C Slab
Alternate (16" Sunk
Bent Slab)
 GENERAL NOTES: -
• All beam steel must be properly anchored in beam & in All slab steel must be
properly anchored 3"
• All slab steel must be properly anchored 3" in beam
• Φ Indicates Steel of Grade Fe – 415
• Lap length of steel reinforcement shall be as follow
08mm-18"
10 mm - 21"
12 mm- 27"
20 mm - 45"
16 mm - 48"
• Cover to Reinforcement for various structural element is as follow:
Beam - 25 mm
Slab - 15 mm
Column - 40 mm
 Design notes:
• Concrete: - machine mixed concrete at site:- compressive strength of cube( is
M-20 (1:1½: 3) = 20 n/sq.mm
M-25 (1:1:2) = 25 n/sq.mm
4.4 SLAB:
 A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal
surfaces such as floors, roof decks, and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick
and supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.
 There are two types of slabs.
• One way slab
• Two-way slab
 If aspect ratio is greater than 2 then slab is one way slab and if it is less than 2 then it is
two-way slab.
 At site I have observed both types of slabs.
 The tendency of bending along one direction is occur in one-way slab and bending along
in both the directions occur in two-way slab.
 At site 8 mm diameter of reinforcement was used in slab.
 At the site I observed that up to the length of 0.25L from end bar top extra bar is provided
to resist the negative bending moment in continuous beam.
 Not more than 50% of steel should be bent up near support.
 Maximum capacity of bent up bar is half of shear force taken by shear reinforcement.
FIG 4.4: SLAB

TABLE 4.4 SLAB

Length Width Thickness Area Volume Grid lines/Remarks
( ft 2) (m3)
43'1½" 32'6½" 5″ 1403.5 2-7 & B to G+11
33'7½" 21'10" 5″ 734.15 1-5 &
G+11"+10'5.5"-M
44'1" 34'6" 5″ 1520.8 (6-12) +( 21½") &
(M-H-9½"¿
42'11¾" 8'11½" 5″ 385.10 (11-12) +
2'0.5"+B245 & (H-C)
+(8½"/2) +B118
30'2" 2' 5″ 60.34 (7-11)
52'4" 2' 5″ 104.66 B-H
42'11¾" 2' 5″ 86 [H- (C-8½"/2-12")]
Slab 26'½" 1' 5″ 26.04 (2-6) +4.5"
10'4" 7'7½" 5″ 78.82 67 (5-6) &
4'6" 10'5½" 5″ 47.07
10'4" 7'7½" 5″ 47.07
15'4" 10'5½" 5″ 160.35 (2-5)
17'5½" 10'4" 5″ 180.36 (5-6) & (I-L+B37)
11'9" 6'5½ 5″ 76
8' 2' 5″ 48
10'4" 1'6" 5″ 15.5
18'7" 1'6" 5″ 28 5″ (M-J-C1-
C40+6"+6")
32'10¼" 15'9" 5″ 517.45
31'6" 19'10½" 5″ 626.1
Total Area = 5630 ft 2
Total Volume =2365 ft 3
4.5 LAYOUT PLANS:

4.5.1 Column And Foundation Layout:
 TOTAL NUMBER OF COLUMN : 111

 TOTAL NUMBER OF REGULAR FOOTING : 97
 TOTAL NUMBER OF COMBINED FOOTING: 07
FIG 4.5 COLUMN AND FOUNDATION LAYOUT:

4.5.2 Working Drawing:
FIG 4.6 WORKING DRAWING:

4.5.3 Basement Slab & Beam Layout & Detail:
FIG 4.7 BASEMENT SLAB & BEAM LAYOUT & DETAIL:

4.5.4 Schedule Of Opning
FIG 4.7 SCHEDULE OF OPNING

Team ID: 199346 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Discussion
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:
5.1 OVERALL ANALYSIS OF INTERNSHIP:
 I have supervised beam, slab, column, footing construction work.

 After supervising our construction site, I have learned about beam, slab, column and
footing and achieved practical experience.
 It was an awesome experience dealing with different types of people at construction site.
 It seems to me that the practical knowledge is the most essential to be an efficient
engineer.
 I tried to give my full efforts as trainee engineers.
 Overall, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career.
5.2 CONCLUSION:
 As an undergraduate, I would like to say that this internship program is an excellent

opportunity for us to get the ground level experience.
 It had provided practical knowledge that we would never have gained through going
straight into a job.
 The main objective of the internship is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to
identify, observe and practice how engineering is applicable in the real industry.
 It is not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe management
practices and to interact with on field workers.
 It is easy to work with sophisticated machines but not with people, also I learnt the way
of work in organisation, the importance of being punctual, the importance of team spirit.
Though the internship period was about 3 months but a lot of knowledge and experience I
have gained from it.
Team ID: 199346 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Discussion
 After all, Engineering is a challenge rather than job because we the engineers have
responsibility of people’s life to make modern and better.
Team ID: 199346 Chapter 6: References
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
 IS 456 (2000)
 Boyes, H.; Hallaq, B.; Cunningham, J.; Watson, T. The industrial internet of things
(IIoT): An analysis framework. Compute. Ind. 2018, 101, 1–12
 Sun, C.; Jiang, S.; Skibniewski, M.J.; Man, Q.; Shen, L. A literature review of the
factors limiting the application of BIM in the construction industry. Technol. Econ.
Dev. Econ. 2017, 23, 764–779.
 https://www.researchgate.net
 https://civiltoday.com
 www.constructioncivilengineering.com
 https://civiljungle.com
 https://theconstructor.org
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TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

“AN INTERNSHIP REPORT ON SAI ENCLAVE

Civil Engineering Department

Pacific School of Engineering-Surat

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

At & Po. Sanki, Kadodara- Palsana Highway (NH-48),

Surat – 394305 (Gujarat)

Asst. Prof. Bhumika Mistry Asst. Prof. Mayur Vekariya

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Rajat Gohil, a student of Pasific School of Engineering

His internship activites include < Internship Activity>.

We wish him every success in his life and career.

For <Industry Name>

Authorised Signature with Industry Stamp

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

At & Po. Sanki, Kadodara- Palsana Highway (NH-48),

Surat – 394305 (Gujarat)

Name of Student Sign of Student

GOHIL RAJAT D _______________

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

3.5 TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................18

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

Fig 1.3 Organization Chart........................................................................................................3

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

Table 1.2 Specific Information Related To Sai Platina.............................................................2

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

LIST OF ABBREVIOTIONS AND SYMBOLS

R.C.C Reinforced Cement Concrete

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

1.1 OVERVIEW OF COMPANY:

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

Table 1.2 Specific Information Related to Sai Platina

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK:

TEAM ID: 199346 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONS

1.4 ORGANIZATION CHART:

engineer3 engineer 2 engineer 1

CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF DEPARTMENT

2.1 THE WORK EXECUTED BY DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS ARE

d) Estimator and valuer department:

e) Geotechnical engineering department:

• drill and analyse samples of bedrock, soil, groundwater and additional

2.2 SPECIFICATION FOR MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:

 Specification for surveyor equipment’s is: -

Plate bubble size : 12mm X 87.5mm

b) Vernier Transit Theodolite & Accessories:

c) Total station & Accessories:

 Specification for geotechnical equipment:

 Triaxial shear test equipment

• Max. Compression load: 2000kn

2.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Beam and slab casting

Stair case and Lift

2.4 STAGES OF PRODUCTION:

2.4.1 Site clearance and excavation: