MTCS Internship

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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAJKOT
Mavdi – Kankot Road, Near Kankot, Rajkot
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the internship report submitted along with the project entitled
Material Testing Laboratory has been carried out by DOLE HARSH
SUHASBHAI under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 8th Semester of Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmadabad during year 2021-22
Dr. Mazhar A. Dhankot Dr. Gopal M. Tank
Internal Guide Head of the Department
Gujarat Technological University I Government Engineering College, Rajkot

JOINING LETTER
Gujarat Technological University II Government Engineering College, Rajkot

RELIEVING LETTER
Gujarat Technological University III Government Engineering College, Rajkot

CERTIFICATE
Gujarat Technological University IV Government Engineering College, Rajkot

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAJKOT
Mavdi – Kankot Road, Near Kankot, Rajkot
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the internship
entitled MATERIAL TESTING LABAROTURY submitted in partial
fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering to
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original
project work carried out by me at Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services
under the supervision of Mr. Mayank Kanani and that no part of this report
has been directly copied from any student’s reports or taken from any other
source, without providing reference.
Sr. No Name of the Student Sign of Student
1 Dole Harsh
Gujarat Technological University V Government Engineering College, Rajkot

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First I would like to thank Mr. Mayank Kanani, CEO, of MTCS Rajkot for giving me the
opportunity to do an internship within the organization. I also would like all the people that
worked along with me at MTCS, Rajkot with their patience and openness they created an
enjoyable working environment. It is indeed with a great sense of pleasure and immense
sense of gratitude that I acknowledge the help of these individuals. I would like to thank Dr.
Mazhar A. Dhankot, Department of Civil Engineering for their support and advices to get and
complete internship in above said organization. I am extremely great full to my department
staff members and friends who helped me in successful completion of this internship.
DOLE HARSH S.
(180200106015)
Gujarat Technological University VI Government Engineering College, Rajkot

ABSTRACT
The raw materials such as cement, steel, concrete, asphalt, aggregates, rocks
etc. are used to construct a building, road, bridges, pavement etc. These are
subjected to various kinds of forces like tensile, compression, shear etc. to
determine their quality, in order to check if they can withstand the forces which
are expected after the construction of these structures. To determine such
magnitude various tests are performed both in the laboratory as well as in the
field such testing is known as Construction Material Testing. Construction
materials testing involves the essential examination of all structural materials
used in the construction of a project. Industry players need to ensure that their
products can withstand certain conditions and comply with increasingly
complex national and international building standards and regulations.
Basically in this report methods of testing of various materials as per IS code
recommendations is been mentioned. Also some Non-destructive tests, which
shall be performed on hardened concrete structures is been included. This
report contains the work done during the internship period which was held in
Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services, Rajkot. The report shows an
overview of the tasks done during the period of internship in details to my level
I hope I tried to do my internship report more precise, brief and clear. The
purpose of this report is to explain what I did and learned during 12 weeks of
internship period in Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services, Rajkot. Testing
learning gives us the opportunity to apply the theoretical and practical
knowledge which was already study by the students. Advantages of these
learning are to develop the skill of testing of material and other practical
knowledge regarding the construction field.
Gujarat Technological University VII Government Engineering College, Rajkot

List of Figure
Figure 1: Indian standard sieves.................................................................................................7
Figure 2: Indian standard sieves...............................................................................................11
Figure 3: Crushing test apparatus.............................................................................................13
Figure 4: Sample preparation...................................................................................................14
Figure 5: Impact testing machine.............................................................................................16
Figure 6: Sample preparation for Impact Test.........................................................................17
Figure 7: Los Angeles abrasion machine.................................................................................19
Figure 8: Sample for Flakiness and Elongation Index.............................................................23
Figure 9: Flakiness Index Gauge..............................................................................................23
Figure 10: Sample Prepared for Specific Gravity....................................................................27
Figure 11: Vicat Apparatus......................................................................................................31
Figure 12: Dry Mix..................................................................................................................39
Figure 13: Types of Slump.......................................................................................................40
Figure 14: Compression testing machine.................................................................................42
Figure 15: Sample before compress.........................................................................................43
Figure 16: Sample after compress............................................................................................44
Figure 17: Operation of the Rebound Hammer........................................................................46
Figure 18: Rebound hammer positions for testing concrete structure.....................................47
Figure 19 Batching plant of Paver block..................................................................................51
Figure 20 Sample Vibrated......................................................................................................52
Figure 21 Paver Block samples casted.....................................................................................52
Figure 22: Paver block soaked in water..................................................................................55
Figure 23: Oven dry weight of paver block.............................................................................56
Figure 24: Drying of sample....................................................................................................56
Figure 25: view of C.B.R test setup.........................................................................................64
Figure 26: C.B.R apparatus......................................................................................................64
Gujarat Technological University VIII Government Engineering College, Rajkot

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Grading limits of fine aggregate...................................................................................6
Table 2 Limits of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates..................................................................6
Table 3 Grading limits of coarse aggregate...............................................................................9
Table 4 Grading limits of all-in-aggregate...............................................................................10
Table 5 Specification for Los Angeles test sample..................................................................20
Gujarat Technological University IX Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE...........................................................................................................................I
JOINING LETTER...................................................................................................................II
RELIEVING LETTER.............................................................................................................III
CERTIFICATE........................................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................VII
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1
1.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING..................................................................1

1.2 Introduction of Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services.............................................2
1.3 Laboratory Rules and Regulations.................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 - TEST ON AGGREGATE.................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................4
Experiment 2.1 Determination of fineness modulus and grain size distribution of fine
Aggregate...............................................................................................................................5
Experiment 2.2 Determination of fineness modulus and grain size distribution of coarse
Aggregate...............................................................................................................................8
Experiment 2.3 Crushing value of coarse Aggregate.........................................................13
Experiment 2.4 Impact value of Aggregate........................................................................16
Experiment 2.5 Los Angeles abrasion test for aggregate...................................................19
Experiment 2.6 Flakiness and Elongation Index Test for Aggregate.................................22
2.6.1 - Flakiness Index..................................................................................................................22
2.6.2 - Elongation Index:-.............................................................................................................24
Experiment 2.7 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test for Aggregate....................26
CHAPTER 3 - TEST ON CEMENT.......................................................................................29
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................29
Experiment 3.1 Normal consistency of Cement.................................................................30
Experiment 3.2 Initial and final setting time of cement.....................................................33
Experiment 3.3 Compressive strength of cement mortar cube...........................................35
CHAPTER 4 TEST ON CONCRETE.....................................................................................37
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................37
Experiment 4.1 Mixing and Sampling of fresh concrete....................................................38
Gujarat Technological University X Government Engineering College, Rajkot
Experiment 4.2 Slump test – Test for workability.............................................................40

Experiment 4.3 Compressive strength test for cubes.........................................................42
CHAPTER 5 Non-Destructive Test.........................................................................................45
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................45
Experiment 5.1 Rebound Hammer Test.............................................................................46
Experiment 5.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity.........................................................................49
CHAPTER 6 Test on Paver block............................................................................................51
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................51
VISIT OF MANUFACTURING PLANT OF PAVER BLOCK..................................................................51
Experiment 6.1 Dimension test of paver block..................................................................53
Experiment 6.2 Water absorption of paver block...............................................................55
Experiment: -3 Compressive strength of paver block..........................................................58
CHAPTER 7 TEST ON SOIL.................................................................................................60
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................60
Experiment 7.1 Standard proctor test for soil.....................................................................61
Experiment 7.2 California Bearing Ratio of Soil...............................................................63
Gujarat Technological University XI Government Engineering College, Rajkot

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING
Construction Materials Testing (CMT) is the testing of materials used to build

new projects, add to existing projects, or amend existing construction projects. The
services involved in a comprehensive CMT process greatly depend on the project, the
land, and the scope of services. Various agencies offer certification for specific CMT
knowledge.
Testing services can generally be divided into two areas:
 Field Testing
 Laboratory Testing
Why are construction material testing is so important?
 CMT can reveal any number of issues related to construction quality.

 It can highlight future risks, help classify a building site, and assist with engineering
decisions.
 Without CMT, engineers and builders may not know if the quality of the construction
meets the requirements.
 Construction Materials Testing is also a regulatory requirement for most large-scale
projects.
 To stay compliant, project managers must work with qualified, licensed CMT
professionals before starting work.
Gujarat Technological University 1 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1.2 Introduction of Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services
MTCS has established itself on a foundation of technical competency through experts

from all the domain of civil engineering. MTCS is a team of highly experienced personnels
involved in technically competent field of testing and structural design solutions for any
complex situation. The laboratory follows methods of testing and recommendations given as
per IS code.
The laboratory contains various material testing equipments like Digital compression
testing machine, Los Angeles testing machine, CBR testing machine, Vicat apparatus,
Standard Penetrometer, Ductility chamber, Viscosity bath, Vibrating machine and many
more.
Services provided by MTCS:
 Structural design, planning & feasibility report

 Engineering survey
 Concrete mix design
 Geo-technical & physical investigation of soil
 Non-destructive testing
 Laboratory tests of materials
 Third party inspection.


1.3 Laboratory Rules and Regulations
 Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.

 Do not touch any equipment, other materials in the laboratory area until you are
instructed to do so.
 Do not operate machinery unless you have received instructions on their correct usage
 Students are not allowed to do any load test on test frame, without supervision by the
project supervisor.
 Clear away the rubbish and clean up the work area and apparatus provided for each
experiment after use.
 Clean up the machine after use.
 Do not abuse the equipment and tools.
 Any damage to equipment or apparatus must be reported immediately to the duty
personnel.
 Waste material should be disposed off properly.
 Exercise extreme care when handling sharp-pointed or sharp-edged tools.
 All accidents that occur in the laboratory must be reported.
 Report all breakage, and tools and machines that are faulty.
 Do not use tools that are blunt or in poor condition.
 You must always concentrate/ focus on your work and know where the Emergency
switch is located.

CHAPTER 2 - TEST ON AGGREGATE
INTRODUCTION
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. The mere fact that the aggregates occupy 70–80
percent of the volume of concrete, their impact on various characteristics and properties of
concrete is undoubtedly considerable.
Aggregates can be classified on the basis of the size of the aggregates as coarse
aggregate and fine aggregate. The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75 mm is considered as
coarse aggregate and aggregate whose size is 4.75 mm and less is considered as fine
aggregate. Generally, the 80 mm size is the maximum size that could be conveniently used
for concrete making.
The shape of aggregates is an important characteristic since it affects the workability

of concrete. From the shape of aggregates, it can be divided as Rounded aggregates, Irregular
aggregates, Angular aggregates, and Flaky aggregates. Angular aggregates exhibit a better
interlocking effect in concrete, which property makes it superior in concrete used for roads
and pavements. By having greater surface area, the angular aggregate may show higher bond
strength than rounded aggregates.
Aggregates influence, to a great extent, the load transfer capability of pavements.

Hence it is essential that they should be thoroughly tested before using for construction. Not
only that aggregates should be strong and durable, they should also possess proper shape and
size to make the pavement act monolithically. Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness,
hardness, shape, and water absorption.

Experiment 2.1 Determination of fineness modulus and grain size
distribution of fine Aggregate
Reference:-
 IS: 383, 2016

 IS: 2386 (Part I), 1963
 IS: 460 (Part II), 1985
Aim: -
 To determine fineness modulus and grain size distribution of fine aggregate.
Apparatus:-
 Indian standard test sieves(4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,600𝜇𝑚,300𝜇𝑚,150𝜇𝑚)

 weighing balance
 sieve shaker
 trays
Theory and Scope:-
 The size of the fine aggregate is limited to maximum of 4.75mm gauge beyond which
it is known as coarse aggregate. Sand as fine aggregate for concrete or mortar is
required to be well graded on the principle that the smaller particle shall fill the voids
between larger particles leaving minimum voids that are supposed to be filled up by
the cement particle in the resulting mass.
 For normal structural purpose, the grading shall be within the limits specified in IS:
383: 1970. Standard grading zones or limits of percentages passing different sieves
are specified for proper grading of sand into grading zones I, II, III, and IV as shown
in the following table
 In order to ensure the presence of all sizes of particles, the property of aggregate
called fineness modulus is defined. The fineness modulus represents the massed
average size of the sieve on which the material is retained, the sieve being counted
from the finest. The following limits on fineness modulus may be taken as guidance.

Table 1 Grading limits of fine aggregate
IS Sieve Percentage Passing For

Grading Zone Grading Zone Grading Zone Grading Zone
I II III IV
10 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
Table 2 Limits of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates
Sr. Sand Type Range

No
1 Fine Sand 2.2 to 2.6
2 Medium Sand 2.6 to 2.9
3 Coarse Sand 2.9 to 3.2
Procedure:-
 Take 1kg of fine aggregate from a laboratory sample. Care shall be taken to ensure
that the sieves are clean before use.
 Carry out sieving by using sieve shaker. Shake each in order
4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,600𝜇𝑚,300𝜇𝑚,150𝜇𝑚 over a clean tray for a period
2minutes Shaking.
 The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right,
circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is
kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions. Material shall
not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if present,
may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.
 Find the mass of aggregate retained on each sieve taken in order.

Figure 1: Indian standard sieves
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-
Sr. IS sieve size Individual Cumulative Cumulative Passing

No. retained retained retained (%)
(gm) (gm) (%)
1 4.75mm
2 2.36mm
3 1.18mm
4 600 micron
5 300 micron
6 150 micron
7 Pan
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = sum of cumulative percentage retained on sieves / 100
Result:-
 Fineness modulus of a given sample of fine aggregate is ______ that indicate Fine
sand.
 Particle size distribution or grading curve is plotted between the cumulative
percentages finer or passing vs. Particle size or sieve size on a semi-logarithmic scale.
Conclusion:-
 The experiment has an important bearing on the on the concrete mix. From the result
of sieve analysis one is able to proportion the fine and coarse aggregate in order to get
combine mix of required gradation

Experiment 2.2 Determination of fineness modulus and grain size
distribution of coarse Aggregate
Reference:-
 IS: 383, 2016

 IS: 2386 (Part I), 1963
 IS: 460 (Part II), 1985
Aim: -
 To determine grain size distribution and fineness modulus of coarse aggregate.
Apparatus:-
 Indian standard test sieves 80mm,40mm,20mm,10mm and 4.75mm

 Weighing balance
 Sieve shaker
 trays
Theory and Scope:-
 Aggregate larger than 4.75 mm IS sieve is called coarse aggregate. When the
aggregate contains different sizes of particles in suitable proportion, it is called a
graded aggregate. This graded aggregate improves the workability of concrete.
 Sieve analysis of aggregates is done to determine the proportions smaller than the
different sizes of particles and is given in terms of percentage of total aggregates
passing through each sieve size. The results are plotted on a graph with ordinates
showing percentage of aggregate passing or finer than a particular size while the
abscissa shows the sieve size on logarithmic scale and the resulting curve is known as
grading curve/ gradation curve.
 In order to ensure the presence of all sizes of particles, the property of aggregate
called fineness modulus is defined. The fineness modulus represents the massed
average size of the sieve on which the material is retained, the sieve being counted
from the finest.

Table 3 Grading limits of coarse aggregate
IS Sieve
Percentage Passing for Single-Sized Aggregate of Percentage Passing for Graded
Designatio
Nominal Size Aggregate of Nominal Size
n
80mm 100 - - - - - 100 - - -
85 to
63mm 100 - - - - - - - -
100
0 to 85 to 95 to
40mm 100 - - - 100 - -
30 100 100
0 to 85 to 30 to 95 to
20mm 0 to 5 100 - - 100 100
20 100 70 100
85 to 90 to
16mm - - - 100 - - - -
100 100
85 to 90 to
12.5mm - - - - 100 - - -
100 100
0 to 0 to 85 to 10 to 25 to 30 to 40 to
10mm 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 45
20 30 100 35 55 70 85
0 to 0 to 0 to
4.75mm - - 0 to 5 0 to 5 0 to 10 0 to 5 0 to 10
20 10 10

2.36mm - - - - - 0 to 5 - - - -
Table 4 Grading limits of all-in-aggregate
IS Sieve Designation Percentage Passing for All-in-Aggregate of
40mm Nominal Size 20mm Nominal Size
80mm 100
40mm 95 to 100 100
20mm 45 to 75 95 to 100
4.75mm 25 to 45 30 to 50
600micron 8 to 30 10 to 35
150micron 0 to 6 0 to 6
Procedure:-
 The sample of aggregate is sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with
the largest in order 80mm,40mm,20mm,10mm and 4.75mm over a clean tray for a
period 2minutes Shaking.
 The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right,
circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is
kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.
 Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine
material, if present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of
the sieve.
 Lumps of fine material, if present, is to be broken by gentle pressure with fingers
against the side of the sieve.
 Find the mass of aggregate retained on each sieve taken in order.

Figure 2: Indian standard sieves
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Sr. IS sieve size Mass Percentage Percentage

No. retained(gm) passing retained
1 20 mm
2 16 mm
3 12.5 mm
4 10 mm
5 4.75 mm
6 2.36 mm
7 Pan
Calculation:-
Fineness modulus coarse aggregate = Cumulative percentage retained+500 / 100
Result:-
 The given sample of aggregate confirms to grading requirements of single size/

graded aggregate of nominal size_______.
 A particle size distribution curve or grading curve is plotted with ordinate showing
percentage of aggregate passing or finer and the abscissa showing the sieve size on

logarithmic scale i.e. a semi log plot. The grading curve indicates whether the grading
of a given sample of aggregate is too coarse, too fine or deficient in a particular size.
Thus
a) If the actual grading curve is lower than the specified grading curve,
the aggregate is coarser indicating the possibility of segregation of the
mix.
b) If the actual grading curve lies well above the specified grading curve,
the aggregate is finer indicating greater water requirement.
c) If the grading curve is steeper than the specified grading curve, it
indicates the excess a middle size particles and may lead to harsh mix.
 A comparison of this curve is made with the standard curve for single size and graded
coarse aggregate.
Conclusion:-
 The experiment has an important bearing on the concrete mix. From the result of
sieve analysis one is able to proportion the fine and coarse aggregate in order to get
combine mix of required gradation.

Experiment 2.3 Crushing value of coarse Aggregate
Reference:-
 IS: 383, 2016

 IS: 2386 (Part IV), 1963
Aim: -
 To determine crushing value of coarse aggregate
Apparatus:-
 A steel cylinder 15.2cm diameter with plunger and base plate.

 A straight metal tamping rod.
 A balance accurate to one gram.
 IS sieves of sizes 12.5mm, 10mm, and 2.36mm?
 Cylindrical metal measure of 11.5cm diameter and 18cm height.
Theory:-
 Aggregate crushing value test on coarse aggregate gives a relative measure of the
resistance of an aggregate to crushing under gradually applied compressive load.
Crushing value of aggregate indicates its strength.
Figure 3: Crushing test apparatus
Procedure:-
 The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing 12.5 mm IS sieve
and retained on 10 mm IS sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated on these sieves
before testing.
 The aggregate shall be tested in surface dry condition. If dried by heating, the period
of drying shall not exceed 4 hours, the temperature shall be 100 to 1100C and the
aggregate shall be cooled to room temperature before testing.
 The cylinder shall be filled with 3 layers of approximately equal depth, each layer
being tamped 25 times with the rounded end of tamping rod and finally levelled off
using the tamping rod as a straight edge.
 The weight of material comprising the test sample shall be determined (weight A) and
the same weight of sample can be taken for the repeat test.
 The apparatus with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed
between the platens of testing machine and loaded at as uniform rate as possible so
that the total load is reached in 10 minutes.
 The load shall be released and whole of the material removed from the cylinder and
sieved on a 2.36 mm IS sieve for the standard test. The fraction passing the sieve shall
be weighed (weight B)
Figure 4: Sample preparation
Observation and Calculation:-
 The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test shall be
expressed as a percentage,
 Aggregate crushing value = (A-B)/A * 100
A = Weight of saturated surface dry sample in gm
B = Weight of aggregate retained on 2.36mm sieve in gm

Result/Conclusion:-
 The aggregate crushing value of given sample of coarse aggregate is ______%

 The aggregate crushing value should not be more than 45 percent for aggregate used
for concrete other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 percent for concrete used for
wearing surfaces such a runways, roads and air field pavements.

Experiment 2.4 Impact value of Aggregate
Reference: -
 IS: 2386(Part-IV), 1963
Aim: -
 To determine the impact value of the aggregate
Apparatus: -
 Impact machine
 Tamping rod 10mm diameter and 230mm long
 I.S. sieves of sizes 12.5mm, 10mm, and 2.36mm
 A balance accurate to one gram
Theory: -
 The property of a material to resist sudden impact is known as toughness. Aggregate

are subjected to impact load due to movement of vehicles resulting in their breaking
down into smaller pieces. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance of
sudden impact or shock.
Figure 5: Impact testing machine

Procedure: -
 Take a sample of aggregate passing through 12.5mm I.S sieve and retained on 10mm
I.S. sieve
 Measuring cylinder is filled in three equal layers. Each layer is compacted by 25
strokes with tamping rod.
 The aggregate filled in the measuring cylinder is weighed. (Weight A)
 The cylindrical cup is fix on the base of machine. The height of fall from bottom of
hammer and top of the aggregate is kept about 380mm.
 Give 15 such blows at an interval of not less than 1 second between successive falls.
 The crushed aggregates are sieved through 2.36mm I.S. sieve.
 The portion of sample aggregate retained on 2.36mm sieve id weighed (Weight B)
Figure 6: Sample preparation for Impact Test
Observation and Calculation: -
 The ratio of the weight of fines formed to the total sample weight in each test shall be
expressed as a percentage,
 Aggregate crushing value = (A-B)/A * 100

Result/Conclusion: -
 The aggregate impact value of given sample of coarse aggregate is ______%

 The aggregate impact value should not be more than 45 percent for aggregate used for
concrete other than for wearing surfaces, and 30 percent for concrete used for wearing
surfaces such a runways, roads and air field pavements.

Experiment 2.5 Los Angeles abrasion test for aggregate
Reference: - IS: 2386 (Part IV), 1963
Aim: -
 To determine the los angles abrasion value of the aggregate
Apparatus: -
 Los angeles machine

 6 to 12 cast iron or steel balls, approximately 48mm diameter
 I.S. sieve of sizes 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 25mm, 20mm, 12.5mm, 10mm,
6.3mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm and 1.7mm
Theory: -
 Abrasion is a measure of resistance to wear or hardness. It is an essential property for

aggregate. This test is conducted to find out percentage wear due to the relative
rubbing and pounding action between the aggregate.
Figure 7: Los Angeles abrasion machine

Procedure: -
 The aggregate weighting 5kg for grading A, B, C, D and 10kg for grading E, F, and G
are taken as a sample and placed in the cylinder.
 The machine is rotated at a speed of 30 to 33 revolution per minute. The machine is
rotate 500 time for grading A, B, C, D and 1000 times for grading E, F, and G.
 After the required no. of revolutions the machine is stopped and material is discharged
from machine.
 The sample is sieved through I.S. sieve 1.70mm. Weight the sample of portion
retained over the 1.70mm sieve.
Table 5 Specification for Los Angeles test sample
Grading A B C D E F G
80-63 2500
63-50 2500
50-40 5000 5000
40-25 1250 5000 5000
25-20 1250 5000
20-12.5 1250 2500
12.5-10 1250 2500
10-6.3 2500
6.3-4.75 2500
4.75- 5000
2.36
No of 12 11 8 6 12 12 12
spheres
 Grading: -
 Number of spheres: -
 No. of revolutions: -
 Los Angeles abrasion value = (A-B)/A * 100

IRC Recommendations: -
Sr. No. Type of pavement Aggregate

abrasion
value
maximum
(%)
1 Water Bound Macadam(WBM), sub- 60
base course
2 WBM base course with bituminous 50
surfacing Bituminous Macadam base
course
3 WBM surfacing course Bituminous 40
Macadam binder course Bituminous
penetration Macadam
4 Bituminous surface dressing cement 35
concrete surface course
5 Bituminous concrete surface course 30

Experiment 2.6 Flakiness and Elongation Index Test for Aggregate
Reference: -
 IS: 2386 (Part I), 1963
Aim: -
 To determine the flakiness and elongation index of coarse aggregates
Apparatus:-
 Weighing Balance
 Metal Gauge
 Elongation Gauge
 Tray
 IS Sieves
Theory:-
 The flakiness index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles in it

whose least dimension (thickness) is less than three-fifths of their mean dimension.
The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
 The elongation index of an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles in it
whose least dimension (length) is greater than one and four-fifths times their mean
dimension. The test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3 mm.
 The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the sieves specified in Table below
2.6.1 - Flakiness Index

 A quantity of aggregate shall be taken as the minimum number of 200 pieces from all
particular IS Sieves.

Figure 8: Sample for Flakiness and Elongation Index
 Each fraction will be gauged in turn for thickness on a metal gauge. The width of the
slot used in the gauge shall be of the dimensions specified in column 3 of Table for
the appropriate size of material.
Figure 9: Flakiness Index Gauge
 The total amount would be passing the gauge are weighed.

2.6.2 - Elongation Index:-

 The sample shall be sieved in accordance with the sieves specified in Table.
 Each fraction will be gauged individually for length on elongation gauge. The
gauge length used shall be of the dimensions specified in column 4 of Table for
the appropriate size of material.
 The total amount retained by the length gauge shall be weighed.
Observation & Calculation:-
Total Wt. of Wt. of Fraction of Fraction of Flakiness

Sample Sample Wt. passing sample taken Index
Taken For Passing in Flakiness by total
Size of Aggregate
Each gauge Each gauge Gauge Weight
(gm) (gm)
A B C = B/A D = A/F Ʃ (C×D)×100
63mm to 50mm
50mm to 40mm
40mm to 31.5mm
31.5mm to 25mm
25mm to 20mm
20mm to 16mm
16mm to 12.5mm
12.5mm to 10mm
10mm to 6.3mm
Total (F)
Flakiness Index (%) = Ʃ (C×D) × 100
The flakiness index is the total weight of the material passing the various thickness
gauges or sieves, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.

Total Weight of Sample taken Retain Weight from

Size of Aggregate for Each Gauge (gm) Elongation Gauge(gm)
A B
63mm to 50mm
50mm to 40mm
40mm to 31.5mm
31.5mm to 25mm
25mm to 20mm
20mm to 16mm
16mm to 12.5mm
12.5mm to 10mm
10mm to 6.3mm
Total
Elongation Index (%) = (ƩB/ƩA) × 100
The elongation index is the total weight of the material retained on the various length
gauges, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the sample gauged.
Result / Conclusion:-
 According to BS-1241, a Flakiness index shall not exceed 30% irrespective of the
aggregate size.
 According to BS-1241, the maximum permitted elongation index is 35, 40 or 45%
irrespective of the aggregate size.

Experiment 2.7 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption Test for
Aggregate
Reference: -
 IS: 2386 (Part III), 1963
Apparatus:-
 Oven
 A wire basket of mesh or a perforated container
 Dry absorbent clothes
 Tray
 Pycnometer bottles
Theory:-
 Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of aggregate
to the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity is usually showed the
strength and quality of the material. Aggregates with low specific gravity values are
mostly weaker than those with higher specific gravity.
 Water absorption of aggregates is the % of water absorbed by an air-dried aggregate
when immersed in water at 27°C for a period of 24 hours. The water absorption test
uses to find the water holding capacity of the aggregates. The aggregate has more
water absorption is usually unsuitable for the construction.

Figure 10: Sample Prepared for Specific Gravity
Procedure:-
 A sample of aggregate weighed 2000gm would be tested.

 Aggregates which are artificially heated shall not normally be tested.
 The sample shall be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, shall dry
and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water.
 Immediately after immersion the entrapped air shall be removed from the sample by
lifted the basket above the base of the tank and allowed it to drop 25 times.
 The basket and aggregates shall be put in water for a period of 24 hours.
 The pycnometer bottle will filled full with only distilled water and weighed it, called
as Weight C.
 After 24 hours, the sample then be take out from the water and fill it half of
pycnometer bottle.
 The pycnometer bottle then be fill full with distilled water and shall weighed called as
Weight B.
 Put pycnometer bottle in static condition for a period of 24 hours.
 After 24 hours, the aggregates shall then be removed from pycnometer bottle and
paved it on dry cloth for some time.
 The aggregate shall be gently surface dried with the cloth, transferred it to the second
dry cloth, and least exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight.

 After aggregates shall be in surface dried condition, weighed it and called as Weight
A.
 The aggregates shall then be placed in the oven in the shallow tray at a temperature of
100 to 110°C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, it shall then be removed from the oven,
shall cool in the airtight container and has weighed as Weight D.
Specific Gravity = D / A - (B – C)
Water Absorption percent of dry weight) = 100 (A – D) / D
Where,
A = the weight in gm of the saturated surface dry aggregate
B = the weight in gm of pycnometer containing sample and filled with
distilled water
C = weight in gm of pycnometer filled with distilled water only
D = the weight in gm of oven-dried aggregate
Conclusion/Result:-
 The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from
about 2.5 to 3.0.
 Water absorption of aggregate normally lies between 0.5 to 1 percent.

CHAPTER 3 - TEST ON CEMENT
INTRODUCTION
In the early period, cement was used for making mortar only. Later the use of cement
was extended for making concrete.
The raw materials required for manufacture of Portland cement are calcareous
materials, such as limestone or chalk, and argillaceous material such as shale or clay. The
process of manufacture of cement consists of grinding the raw materials, mixing them
intimately in certain proportions depending upon their purity and composition and burning
them in a kiln at a temperature of about 1300 to 1500°C, at which temperature, the material
sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to
fine powder with addition of about 3 to 5% of gypsum. The product formed by using this
procedure is Portland cement.
Anhydrous cement does not bind fine and coarse aggregate. It acquires adhesive
property only when mixed with water. The chemical reactions that take place between cement
and water is referred as hydration of cement.
The reaction of cement with water is exothermic. The reaction liberates a considerable
quantity of heat. This liberation of heat is called heat of hydration.
Types of Cement:
 Ordinary Portland cement

 Portland Pozollana cement
 High Alumina cement
 Sulphate resisting cement
 Quick Setting cement
 Low Heat cement
 Portland Slag cement
 Rapid Hardening cement

Experiment 3.1 Normal consistency of Cement
Reference: -
 IS: 4031 (Part IV), 1988
Aim: -
 To determine Normal consistency of cement
Apparatus: -

 Glass graduate 200ml capacity for mixing water
 Vicat apparatus
Theory: -
 Standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that consistency with permits vicat
plunger to penetrate a point to 5 -7 mm from the bottom of the vicat mould. In this
test standard consistency is also called normal consistency. Certain or minimum
quantity of water to be mix with the cement to complete chemical reaction between
water and cement. Less water than its quantity couldn’t complete chemical reaction.
Thus, resulting is reduction of strain and more water would increase water cement
ratio and so would reduce its strength

Figure 11: Vicat Apparatus
Procedure: -
 The paste confined shall be centred in the ring, resting on the plate, under the rod B,
which is the plunger end C, which has been brought in contact with the surface of the
paste, followed by the tightening of the set-screw E.
 Next the movable indicator F is settled to the upper zero mark of the scale, or an
initial reading can be taken and then the rod is released immediately. This must not
exceed 30 seconds after completion of mixing. The apparatus shall be free of all
vibrations during the test.
 Trial pastes with varying percentages of water are made until the normal consistency
is obtained. Each trial is made with fresh cement.
 The entire procedure has been repeated four to five times, each time using the fresh
cement, and the corrected amount of water so that normal consistency may be
attained. The cement paste is of normal consistency when the rod is settled to a point
10 ≤ 1 mm below the original surface in 30 seconds after being released.
 The amount the water required for normal water consistency is calculated to the
nearest 0.1 percent and reported to the nearest 0.5 percent of weight of the dry

cement. If normal consistency is not attained in five trials, the experiment data
obtained specifically should be plotted, penetration versus volume of water used.
Observation and Calculation:-
 Express the amount of water as a percentage by mass of the dry cement to the first
place of decimal.
Conclusion: -
 It is necessary to find the consistency because the amount of water present in the
cement paste may affect the setting time, the normal consistency of standard cement
can be gained by using w/c ratio, and consistency of cement should be more or less
than 1 mm from 10 mm in this experiment.

Experiment 3.2 Initial and final setting time of cement
Reference:-
 IS: 4031 (Part V), 1988
Aim: -
 To determine initial and final setting time of cement
Apparatus: -

 Gauging trowel
 Measuring cylinder
 Stopwatch
 Vicat apparatus
 Water
Theory: -
 Initial setting time of cement: - It is the time elapsed between the moments that the
water is added to the cement, to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity.
 Final setting time of cement: - It is the time elapsed between the moment the water is
added to the cement and the time when cement paste loses its plasticity completely
and has attained sufficient firmness to resist certain definite pressure.
Procedure: -
 Prepare a uniform cement paste by gauging 400 g of cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency. The procedure of mixing and filling
the mould is same as standard consistency.
 Start the stopwatch or note down the time when water is added to the cement.
 Determination of Initial setting time:-
1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate,
under the rod bearing the initial setting needle (with cross section 1 mm2 );
lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test
block and quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.

2. Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test
block and released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 ±
0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould.
3. Note the time.
 Determination of final setting time:-
4. Replace the initial setting needle of the Vicat apparatus by the needle with an
annular attachment.
5. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle
gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon,
while the attachment fails to do so.
 Weight of given sample: -

 The normal consistency of a given sample cement: -
 Volume of water added: -
 Initial setting time of cement: -
 Final setting time of cement: -
Conclusion: -
 The initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes, and the final setting time of cement is
600 minutes, after mixing.

Experiment 3.3 Compressive strength of cement mortar cube
Reference: -
 IS: 4031 (Part VI), 1988
Aim: -
 To determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cube
Apparatus: -

 Gauging trowel
 Graduated glass cylinder
 Poking rod
 Vibration machine
 Water
 Standard sand (IS: 650, 1966)
Theory: -
 Among physical properties of cement, compressive strength is the most important

property. When cement is used for important structures, compressive strength test is
always carried out to ascertain quality of cement. Strength test is not made on plain
cement due to excess shrinkage and cracking of plain cement paste. The test is
therefore carried out on blocks of mortar made of cement, sand and water.
Procedure: -
 Take 200gms of cement and 600 g of standard sand (i.e. ratio of cement to sand is
1:3) in a non-porous enamel tray and mix them with a trowel for one minute.
 Add water quantity (𝑃/4 + 3.0) % of combined weight of cement and sand and mix
the three ingredients thoroughly until the mixture is of uniform colour. (‘P’ is the
consistency of cement). The time of mixing should be less than three minutes and not
more than four minutes.
 Immediately after mixing fill the mortar into greased cube moulds of sizes 70.6 mm.

 Compact the mortar either by hand compaction in a standard specified manner or on

the vibrating table.
 Place the moulds in cabin at a temperature of 27º ± 2º C for 24 hours.
 Remove the specimen from the moulds and submerge them in clean water for curing.
 Take a cube out of water at the end of 3, 7 and 28 days.
Result: -
 Type and grade of cement: -

 The compressive strength of cement at the end of
1. 3 days: -
2. 7 days: -
3. 28 days: -

CHAPTER 4 TEST ON CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded

together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time.
Concrete production is the process of mixing together the various ingredients—water,

aggregate, cement, and any additives—to produce concrete. Concrete production is time-
sensitive. Once the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place before it
hardens. In modern usage, most concrete production takes place in a large type of industrial
facility called a concrete plant, or often a batch plant.
Design mix ratios are decided by an engineer after analysing the properties of the
specific ingredients being used.
Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is a freshly mixed material which can be moulded
into any shape. The relative quantities of cement, aggregates and water mixed together,
control the properties of concrete in the wet state as well as in the hardened state.
Workable concrete is the one which exhibits very little internal friction between
particle and particle or which overcomes the frictional resistance offered by the formwork
surface or reinforcement contained in the concrete with just the amount of compacting efforts
forthcoming.
Testing of hardened concrete plays an important role in controlling and confirming
the quality of cement concrete works. Systematic testing of raw materials, fresh concrete and
hardened concrete are inseparable part of any quality control programme for concrete, which
helps to achieve higher efficiency of the material used and greater assurance of the
performance of the concrete with regard to both strength and durability.

Experiment 4.1 Mixing and Sampling of fresh concrete
Reference: -
 IS: 456, 2000

 IS: 10262, 2019
Aim: -
 To mix and sample fresh concrete in laboratory
Apparatus: -
 Cube mould
 Measuring cylinder
 Admixture
 Cement
 Fly ash
 Fine & Coarse aggregate
 Water
 Shovel
 Vibration machine
Theory: -
 Concrete is hardened building material created by combining by fine aggregate

(Sand), coarse aggregate, binder (cement, fly ash), chemical additives and water.
 There are many factors that affecting the mix design of concrete like type of cement,
size and type of aggregate, amount of water and chemical admixtures.
 Before the process of mixing calculation pf proportion of material must be done.
 In this laboratory session we did a small scale mixing of concrete. We design the
concrete of 25MPa and our expected strength is 31.6 MPa

Figure 12: Dry Mix
Procedure: -
 The quantity of cement, sand and coarse aggregate were weighed according to the
ratio that was calculated earlier.
 Sand and coarse aggregate was mixed for 2 minutes.
 Then the cement was added and mixed for 2 minutes
 Half of the water needed were added and was mix for 2 minutes.
 Then the remaining water and chemical admixture added and was mixed for 2
minutes.
 Then mixture was hand mixed to ensure homogeneity.
 Test of workability carried out twice.
 After that concrete was filled into cube mould. Then it was put on vibrating machine
to compact it.
 Left for 24 hours.
 After 24 hours the concrete cubes were then demoulded and put inside the water tank
for the curing process.
Precaution: -
 Make sure that sand and coarse aggregate are dry.

 The room temperature should be approximately 25-27 0C.
Conclusion: -
 From this experiment we have learnt on how to do concrete mixing.

 We learnt the importance of each steps of production of concrete.


Experiment 4.2 Slump test – Test for workability
Reference:-
 IS: 456, 2000
Aim: -
 To measure the workability of fresh concrete
Theory: -
 The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It
can also be used as an indicator of an improper mixing of concrete.
 There are few types of slumps
1. True slump
2. Zero slump
3. Shear slump
4. Collapse slump
Figure 13: Types of Slump
 True Slump: - True shape of slump is only a verified slump.

 Collapsed Slump: - It shows that due to a high water-cement ratio, the shape of
slump is not a clear dimension.
 Shear Slump: - This shape of slump is the same as shear failure of soil. This is an
indication of a lack of cohesion of the concrete mix ingredients.
Apparatus: -
 Steel trowel
 Steel ruler

 Tamping rod
 Conical mould with 100mm top diameter, 200mm bottom diameter and 300mm
height
Procedure: -
 The mould is clean from inside and placed on a hard and flat surface.
 The mould is filled in 5 layers and each layer is blow 25 times by tamping rod
 After the top layer is filled the surface of concrete was struck off with a trowel to
level up with the top of mould.
 The mould was carefully and slowly lifted vertically from the concrete. The mould
was inverted and placed next to the mould concrete. The concrete slumped.
 The rod was placed across the top of the mould.
 The difference between height of slumped concrete and the mould was measured by
using steel ruler, the slump of top concrete to underside of the rod was measured.
 The difference was recorded.
Result: -
 The difference in height =
Conclusion: -
 As a conclusion, we can say that the objective to measure the workability of a

sample from a batch of fresh concrete of a given is achieved. In this experiment,
we used slump test to measure the workability. This test usually used in the site to
determine the consistency of fresh concrete from different batches.

Experiment 4.3 Compressive strength test for cubes
Reference: -
 IS: 456, 2000
Aim: - To determine the compressive strength of concrete
Theory: -
 One of the most important properties of concrete is its strength in compression.

The strength in compression has a definite relationship with all other properties of
concrete. The other properties are improved with the improvement in compressive
strength. The compressive strength is taken as the maximum compressive load it
can be carry per unit area. Compressive strength tests for concrete with maximum
size of aggregate up to 40mm are usually conducted on 150mm cubes.
Apparatus: -
 Compression testing machine
Figure 14: Compression testing machine
Procedure: -
 The specimen removed from the tank and surface water was dried.
 Each specimen was weighted
 The top of the testing machine was cleaned. The cube was carefully centered on
the lower plate.

 The load was increased and applied continuously without shock at a nominal rate.
 The maximum load applied to the cube was recorded.
 The compressive strength of each cube was calculated by dividing the maximum
load by the cross sectional area.
Result: -
Identification Casting Testing Area Weight Load Strength Average

No Date Date (mm2) (g) (kN) (N/mm2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure 15: Sample before compress

Figure 16: Sample after compress
Conclusion: -
 From the experiment conducted, we were able to achieve the objective of determining
the compressive strength of our concrete for 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. Based on the
result, we can say that our concrete has achieved the target strength of 31.6 MPa. This
experiment is very important for us civil engineers in order to know the strength of
concrete so that we can avoid any failure in our construction.

CHAPTER 5 Non-Destructive Test
INTRODUCTION
Non-destructive tests of concrete is a method to obtain the compressive strength and

other properties of concrete from the existing structures. This test provides immediate results
and actual strength and properties of concrete structure.
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is

to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in
specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and
compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size
and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural

concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses,
several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
These depend on the fact that certain physical properties of concrete can be related to
strength and can be measured by non-destructive methods. Such properties include hardness,
resistance to penetration by projectiles, rebound capacity and ability to transmit ultrasonic
pulses and X- and Y-rays.
These non-destructive methods may be categorized as penetration tests, rebound tests,

pull-out techniques, dynamic tests, radioactive tests, maturity concept.

Experiment 5.1 Rebound Hammer Test
Reference: -
 IS: 516(Part V/Section 4), 2020
Aim: -
 To determine compressive strength of concrete by the rebound index
Theory: -
 Rebound hammer test method is based on the principle that the rebound of an elastic
mass depend on the hardness of the concrete surface against which the mass strike.
Figure 17: Operation of the Rebound Hammer
Apparatus: -
 Rebound Hammer
Procedure: -
 Procedure of rebound hammer test on concrete structure starts with the calibration of
the rebound hammer.
 The rebound hammer is held at right angles to the surface of the concrete structure for
taking the readings.
 The test can be conducted horizontally on vertical surface and vertically upwards or
downward on horizontal surface.
Figure 18: Rebound hammer positions for testing concrete structure
Sr. Identification Rebound Number Average Angel

No Mark Rebound
Number
1

Conclusion: -
Average Quality of
Rebound Concrete
Number
>40 Very good hard
layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair
<20 Poor concrete
0 Delaminated

Experiment 5.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Reference: -
 IS: 516(Part V/Section 1), 2018
Aim: -
 To determine the Changes in the structure of the concrete which may occur with time
Theory: -
 An ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is an onsite, non-destructive test to check the

quality of concrete and natural rocks. In this test, the strength and quality of concrete
or rock is assessed by measuring the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing through a
concrete structure or natural rock formation.
 This test is conducted by passing a pulse of ultrasonic through concrete to be tested
and measuring the time taken by pulse to get through the structure. Higher velocities
indicate good quality and continuity of the material, while slower velocities may
indicate concrete with many cracks or voids.
Apparatus: -
 Transducer one pair

 Digital ultrasonic instrument
Procedure: -
 At the point of observation, the concrete surface shall be suitably prepared and any
plaster or other coating shall be removed to expose the concrete surface. For this
purpose, the use of carborundum stones or grinders may be adopted.
 Place the two transducers on opposite faces (direct transmission), or on adjacent faces
(semi-direct transmission), or on the same face (indirect transmission).
 The directions are at right angles to the face of the transmitting transducer.
 The ultrasonic pulse is produced by the transducer which is held in contact with one
surface of the concrete member under test.

 After traversing a known path length L in the concrete, the pulse of vibrations is
converted into an electrical signal by the second transducer held in contact with the
other surface of the concrete member and an electronic timing circuit enables the
transit time (T) of the pulse to be measured.
 The pulse velocity (V) is given by:
V=L/T
Sr. Location Length Velocity Time Method

No. (mm) (m/s) (µs)
Conclusion: -
Sr. No Pulse velocity Concrete

(km/s) Quality
1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5-4.5 Good
3 3.0-3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 Doubtful

CHAPTER 6 Test on Paver block
INTRODUCTION
VISIT OF MANUFACTURING PLANT OF PAVER BLOCK
On April of 5th we had visited a Paver block manufacturing plant at Kothariya Road, Rajkot.
We’d show the manufacturing of different grade and sizes of Paver block.
Figure 19 Batching plant of Paver block
At the batching plant, we had seen that the materials to be mixed had been stored in a
tank. As per its required batch, a particular quantity of material had been taken automatically
and then been conveyed through belt conveyor to upper side. At upper side water had been
mixed with dry mix and mixed the full batch. After mixing the concrete mix had been
transfer to casting area by tractor or any other transportation vehicle.
As we can see from the figure 12, wet mixed concrete batch had been dumped into
that underground pit. Manually hand compaction had been given to the mix for saving it from
segregation in the underground pit. Though belt conveyor, the mix had been conveyed to the
upper side and at upper side it had been threw down.
A belt conveyor had been provided on the vibrating table. As we can see in the figure
that samples had been casted in its particular sized moulds. Through the belt conveyor the
samples had been transfer to the required area with vibration been giving all that time. At the

end of belt conveyor, all the samples had been collected and put it for its hardening period for
one day.
Figure 20 Sample Vibrated
Figure 21 Paver Block samples casted

Experiment 6.1 Dimension test of paver block
Reference: -
 IS: 15658, 2021
Aim: -
 To measure paver block’s dimensions like length, width and its thickness and also
determine its Area as per IS Code Procedure before compression test.
Apparatus:-
 Steel scale
 Straight wooden sheet
 Drawing sheet
 Pen
 Scissor
Theory:-
 The dimensions of any specimen are very important criteria and it should obey its
mean dimensions.
 Generally 1 to 2 mm variation of its original size shall be satisfy as per IS code
recommendations.
 The Area of the paver block shall be same for a whole sample, because the
compressive strength shall be determined from its area.
 Generally, the top area of paver block would be considered.
Procedure:-
 Set two scales at the right angles to each other on a clean and levelled platform.
 Put the paver block beside the scale and settle it for removing errors.
 Put the straight wooden sheet perpendicular to the scale for clearly reading of
fractions.
 Read the length and its width on two scales and note down.

 For measuring its thickness, put the paver block on its length and a straight wooden
sheet shall be rigidly touched it and read the thickness by putting a scale
perpendicular to the wooden sheet.
 For measuring its Area, take a drawing sheet.
 Put a paver block on it and draw its periphery with pen on drawing sheet.
 Cut the periphery of the paver block accurately with the scissor.
 Then, cut a rectangle of 200mm × 100mm from same sheet.
 Weight both cut sheet one by one and note down.
Area of paver block = (Weight A / Weight B) × 20000

Where,
Weight A = Weight of periphery of paver block drawn on drawing sheet.
Weight B = Weight of rectangle drawn on drawing sheet.
Results / Conclusion:-
Sr. Length Width Thickness

Identification No.
No, (mm) (mm) (mm)
 The dimensions of entire paver block sample should obey its mean dimension.


Experiment 6.2 Water absorption of paver block
Reference: -
 IS: 15658, 2021
Aim: -
 To determine water absorption capacity of paver block
Theory: -
 Water absorption of paver block is the percentage of water absorbed by an paver

block when immersed in water at 27 0C for a period of 24 hours
Figure 22: Paver block soaked in water

Figure 23: Oven dry weight of paver block
Figure 24: Drying of sample
Apparatus: -
 Oven
Procedure: -
 Place the block into water tank and leave it there for 24 hours.

 Remove the block from water tank and remove any surface water by cleaning it with
dry towel.
 Take a weight of paver block.
 Then place it in an oven for 24 hours.
 Remove from oven and take dry weight of paver block.
Observation and calculation: -
Sr. Identification Wet Oven Water Average IS: 15658-2006

No. Mark weight dry absorption water recommendations
(g) weight (%) absorption
(g) (%)
Result: -
Conclusion: -

Experiment: -3 Compressive strength of paver block

Reference: -
 IS: 15658, 2021
Aim: -
 To determine of compressive strength of paver block
Theory: -
 One of the most important properties of paver block is its strength in compression.
The strength in compression has a definite relationship with all other properties of
paver block. The other properties are improved with the improvement in compressive
strength. The compressive strength is taken as the maximum compressive load it can
be carry per unit area.
Apparatus: -
 Compression testing machine
Procedure: -
 The specimen removed from the tank and surface water was dried.
 The top of the testing machine was cleaned. The paver block was carefully centered
on the lower plate.
 The load was increased and applied continuously without shock at a nominal rate.
 The maximum load applied to the paver block was recorded.
 The compressive strength of each cube was calculated by dividing the maximum load
by the cross sectional area.
Observation and calculation: -
Sr. Area Load Compressive Corrected Average

No. (mm2) (kN) Strength Compressive Compressive
(N/mm2) Strength Strength
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)

Result & Conclusion: -
 Paver block should touch its target compressive strength after its curing period,
otherwise the Sample should be rejected.

CHAPTER 7 TEST ON SOIL
INTRODUCTION
Application of soil mechanics principles to the design of pavement foundations, the

design of complete pavements and to their structural evaluation ‘in-service' has lagged some
way behind knowledge accumulated through research. Present design methods are generally
empirical and often based on use of the California Bearing Ratio test, which was abandoned
in California some fifty years ago
The soil mechanics problem is one of understanding how soils and granular materials
respond to repeated loading and applying this knowledge to pavement design with the aid of
appropriate theoretical analysis and an understanding of failure mechanisms. Non-linear
stress-strain characteristics are a particular feature of the problem and have to be catered for
in design and evaluation. Various ‘tools’ are available to assist the pavement engineer. These
include theoretical analysis, laboratory testing apparatus, field testing and full-scale trials
with appropriate instrumentation.

Experiment 7.1 Standard proctor test for soil
Reference: -
 IS: 2720(Part VII), 2016
Aim: -
 To determine the relation between water content and dry density of soil
Theory: -
 Proctor’s compaction test is based on the assessment of water content and dry density
relationship of a soil for a specified compactive effort.
 The objective of this test is to determine the proper amount of mixing water to be
used, when compacting the soil in the field and the resulting degree of denseness
which can be expected from compaction at Optimum moisture content and the
Density of soil at that moisture content is called Max. Dry density.
Apparatus: -
 Cylindrical compaction mould

 Proctor hammer
 Steel straightedge
 Controlled Oven
 Container
 IS sieve 20 mm
 Metallic tray
 Scoop
Procedure: -
 Take about 3 kg soil passing from 19 mm IS sieve.

 Weight the mould without collar.
 Add water in soil to achieve desired water content.
 Place it in mould in 3 layer for each layer compaction process with 25 times per layer.

 Carefully remove the collar and trim the soil that extends above the mould with a
sharpened straightedge.
 Weight the mould containing soil(W)
 Extrude the soil from the mould using trowel.
 Measure the water content from the top, middle and bottom of the sample.
 Place the soil again in the tray and add water to achieve higher water content.
Calculation: -
 Dry unit weight (gd) = W-Wm / (1+w)*V

Where,
1. W = weight of mould containing soil
2. Wm = weight of mould
3. w = water content of the soil
4. V = volume of mould

Experiment 7.2 California Bearing Ratio of Soil
Reference: -
 IS: 2720(Part 16), 2011
Aim: -
 To determine California bearing ratio of soil
Theory: -
 The test gives an indication of shear strength of soil. CBR is the ratio expressed in
percentage of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard
circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required for
corresponding penetration in a standard material.
 The ratio is usually determined for penetration of 2.5 and 5 mm. When the ratio at 5
mm is consistently higher than that at 2.5 mm, the ratio at 5 mm is used.
Apparatus: -
 CBR test apparatus

 Cylindrical mould
 Spacer disc
 Metal Rammer
 Weight
 Collar

Figure 25: view of C.B.R test setup
Figure 26: C.B.R apparatus

Procedure: -
1. Preparation for test specimen

 Take about 6 kg soil sample passing from 19 mm IS sieve
 The water content used for the compaction shall be the optimum moisture
content.
 Fix the extension collar and the base plate to the mould. Insert the spacer disc
over the base. Place the filter paper on the top of the spacer disc.
 Compact the soil in 5 layers with 56 blows to each layer by the rammer.
 Carefully remove the collar and trim the soil that extends above the mould
with a sharpened straightedge
 Put annular weight to the nearest 2.5 kg.
 Immerse the mould in the water tank and soak it for 96 hours.
 At the end of soaking period take the mould out of water tank.
 Remove the free water collected in the mould and allow the specimen to drain
for 15 minutes.
2. Procedure for penetration test
 Place the mould assembly with test specimen on the lower plate of penetration
testing machine. To prevent upheaval of soil into the hole of the surcharge
weights, 2.5 kg annular weight shall be placed on the soil surface prior to
seating the penetration plunger after which the remainder of the surcharge
weights shall be placed.
 Set the load and deformation gauges to read zero. Apply the load on the piston
so that the penetration rate is about 1.25 mm/min.
 Record the load readings at penetrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5,
10 and 12.5 mm.
 Raise the plunger and detach the mould from the loading equipment.

Penetration(mm Applied
) load(kg)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
4.0
5.0
7.5
10
12.5
 C.B.R of specimen at 2.5mm penetration =

 C.B.R of specimen at 5.0mm penetration =
 The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5mm and 5mm.
Conclusion: -
 The C.B.R. values are usually calculated for penetration of 2.5mm and 5mm.
 If CBR for 5mm exceeds that for 2.5mm, the test should be repeated.
 When the ratio at 5mm is consistently higher than that at 2.5 mm, the ratio at 5 mm is
used.

REFERENCE
IS 383: 2016 Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete.
IS 2386 (Part I): 1963 Method of test for aggregates for concrete, particle size and shape.
IS 2386 (Part IV): 1963 Mechanical properties of aggregates
IS 460 (Part II): 1985 IS specification for test sieves.
IS 2386 (Part III): 1963 Method for test for concrete specific gravity, density, voids,
absorption and bulking
IS 4031 (Part IV): 1988 Determination of consistency of standard cement test
IS 4031 (Part V): 1988 Methods of physical test for hydraulic Cement
IS 4031 (Part VI): 1988 Methods of physical test for hydraulic Cement
IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced concrete
IS 10262: 2019 Concrete mix proportioning
IS 516 (Part V/Section 1 & 4): 2020 Method of tests for strength of concrete
IS 15658: 2021 Precast concrete blocks for paving
IS 2720 (Part VII): 2016 Determination of water content – dry density relation using light
compaction
IS 2720(Part 16): 2011 Laboratory determination of CBR
IS 1203: 1978 Determination of penetration value of bitumen
IS 1205: 1978 Determination of softening point of bitumen
IS 1208: 1978 Determination of ductility of bitumen
IS 1206 (Part III): 1978 Determination of viscosity (Kinematic Viscosity)

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GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAJKOT

Mavdi – Kankot Road, Near Kankot, Rajkot

Material Testing Laboratory has been carried out by DOLE HARSH

SUHASBHAI under my guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering, 8th Semester of Gujarat

Technological University, Ahmadabad during year 2021-22

Dr. Mazhar A. Dhankot Dr. Gopal M. Tank

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Gujarat Technological University I Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University II Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University III Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University IV Government Engineering College, Rajkot

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, RAJKOT

Mavdi – Kankot Road, Near Kankot, Rajkot

entitled MATERIAL TESTING LABAROTURY submitted in partial

fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering to

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original

project work carried out by me at Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services

source, without providing reference.

Sr. No Name of the Student Sign of Student

Gujarat Technological University V Government Engineering College, Rajkot

complete internship in above said organization. I am extremely great full to my department

Gujarat Technological University VI Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University VII Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University VIII Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University IX Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING..................................................................1

Experiment 4.2 Slump test – Test for workability.............................................................40

Gujarat Technological University XI Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING

Construction Materials Testing (CMT) is the testing of materials used to build

Testing services can generally be divided into two areas:

Why are construction material testing is so important?

 CMT can reveal any number of issues related to construction quality.

Gujarat Technological University 1 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1.2 Introduction of Mahavir Testing & Consultancy Services

MTCS has established itself on a foundation of technical competency through experts

Services provided by MTCS:

 Structural design, planning & feasibility report

Gujarat Technological University 2 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University 3 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

1.3 Laboratory Rules and Regulations

 Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory.

Gujarat Technological University 4 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

CHAPTER 2 - TEST ON AGGREGATE

The shape of aggregates is an important characteristic since it affects the workability

Aggregates influence, to a great extent, the load transfer capability of pavements.

Gujarat Technological University 5 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Experiment 2.1 Determination of fineness modulus and grain size

distribution of fine Aggregate

 IS: 383, 2016

 To determine fineness modulus and grain size distribution of fine aggregate.

 Indian standard test sieves(4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,600𝜇𝑚,300𝜇𝑚,150𝜇𝑚)

Theory and Scope:-

Gujarat Technological University 6 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Table 1 Grading limits of fine aggregate

IS Sieve Percentage Passing For

Table 2 Limits of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates

Sr. Sand Type Range

Gujarat Technological University 7 Government Engineering College, Rajkot

Figure 1: Indian standard sieves

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:-

Sr. IS sieve size Individual Cumulative Cumulative Passing