A

REPORT ON
INTERNSHIP (302055)
AT
TECHNOFLOW INDUSTRIES

SUBMITTED TO

K.K. WAGH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND

RESEARCH,
NASHIK-422003
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR

THIRD YEAR OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY

ATHARVA CHANDRASHEKHAR DALAL - T.E. - B

(T190130833)

K. K. WAGH EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

K. K. WAGH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION AND
RESEARCH,NASHIK – 422003

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
SEMESTER – VI

1
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Atharva Chandrashekhar Dalal from Third Year
Mechanical Engineering division B having roll number 08 has successfully
completed Internship under our supervision in the partial fulfillment of Third
Year of Bachelor of Engineering – Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai Phule
University.

Prof. Pawan Rahane Prof. Dr. Prashant Kushare

Internship Guide Head of Department
Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering Dept. Of Mechanical Engineering

Prof. Dr. Keshav N. Nandurkar

Principal
K.K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research,
Nashik

2
Internship
Certificate

3
 III. ABSTRACT

Industrial internship is one of the main course in Bachelor of Engineering. It

exposes students to actual working environment,experience and work culture
that is folllowed on ground in industry.Internship acts as the bridge between
theoretical knowledge and the practical applications.A well planned and
properly executed and evaluated internship helps a lot in developing a technical
approach and professional attitude.Also we get complete overview of
organizational structure of industry.

The duration of the internship was 4 weeks.We got the opportunity to do

internship at Technoflow Industries which is a subsidiary of Teknoflow Green
Equipment Private Limited which is involved in wide range of
manufacturing.During internship we also visited to Nylax Industries which
another subsidiary of the said company and we also visited to the main plant.

Throughout this internship we came across many industrial processses like

welding,grinding,etc. and machine tools like laser cutting machine,bending
machine,etc.We also studied and observed other aspects of industry like
design,raw material inward,product dispatch,quality control,etc.

It was a great learning experience for us , where we came to know how

academic knowledge is applied in industry and we got an insight into industry
in general.

4
 IV. PREFACE

Internship is a compulsary subject in third year of Mechanical

engineering.Internship is to be done in a reputed industry.It should of around
four weeks duration.The purpose of this program is to acquaint the students
with industrial working environment and incorporation of academic
knowledge in it.

Thus as per the obligation we did our internship at Technoflow

Industries,MIDC Ambad,Nashik.It is a subsidiary of Teknoflow Green
Equipment Private Limited.Its mainly involved in fabrication of small parts
required by its parent industry.

✤ Date of commencement : 24th December 2023

✤ Date of completion : 18th January 2024

It was really very good opportunity to have such a close look at the working of
the industry.Not only did we got an insight into the industry but we also got
the chance to introspect where do we lack and make improvement in our
understanding.

This report is a comprehensive reflection of our learning throughout our

internship.

5
 V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I would like to express my gratitude to Ms. Leena Pachkawde (Strategy &
Business Management Director) and Mr. Sandesh Pachkawade, Plant Head of
Technoflow Industries for giving me the opportunity to do an internship at the
industry and also for giving me the chance to visit Nylax Industries and
Teknoflow Green Equipment Pvt Ltd.It was a very great experience for me
adding a lot to my technical know-how.I am also thankful to Mr. Rahul
Patil,Mr. Manik Buchkul,Mr.Ankush Avhad,Mr. Bhushan Gosavi and all
other staff of Technoflow for their cooperation and support.

I am extremely thankful to Prof. Pawan Rahane for guiding right from the
beginning upto the completion of my internship.I thank Prof.Dr.Prashant
Kushare ,Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering Department.

I also thank my classmates who were with me as we were a group of five for
their cooperation.

Atharva Chandrashekhar Dalal

T.E. Mechanical Engineering
Div B | Roll no.08

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Certificate..........................................................................................................02
II. Internship Certificate from the Company..........................................................03
III. Abstract............................................................................................................04
IV. Preface...............................................................................................................05
V. Acknowledgement............................................................................................06
VI. List of Illustrations............................................................................................09
VII. List of Abbreviations........................................................................................11

1. Introduction to Company...................................................................................13
2. Technoflow Industries........................................................................................17
3. Nylax Industries.................................................................................................19
4. Teknoflow Green Equipment Pvt. Ltd...............................................................21
5. Objectives of Internship......................................................................................22
6. Product Development Process............................................................................23
7. Standards Used in Industry................................................................................25
1) India...........................................................................................................25
2) USA............................................................................................................25
3) Germany.....................................................................................................26
4) United Kingdom.........................................................................................26
5) Japan..........................................................................................................26
6) Australia.....................................................................................................26
7) China..........................................................................................................26
8) France.........................................................................................................26
9) Russia.........................................................................................................26
10) Europe......................................................................................................26
11) International.............................................................................................27
8. Materials Used in Industry.................................................................................28
9. Manufacturing Processes....................................................................................30
1) Casting........................................................................................................30
2) Molding......................................................................................................32
3) Forming......................................................................................................35
4) Machining...................................................................................................37
5) Joining........................................................................................................38
6) Additive Manufacturing.............................................................................43
7) Finishing Processes.....................................................................................43
10. Machines and Tools............................................................................................46
1) Lathe Machine............................................................................................46
2) Milling Machine..........................................................................................47

7
 3) Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine..........................................49
4) Bandsaw Machine.......................................................................................53
5) Shearing Machine.......................................................................................54
6) Lifting Crane..............................................................................................54
7) Vaccum Lifter.............................................................................................55
8) Drilling Machine.........................................................................................56
9) Rolling Machine.........................................................................................57
11. Products made at Industry..................................................................................58
1) Pressure Vessel............................................................................................58
2) Air Receiver Tank.......................................................................................58
3) Heat Exchanger..........................................................................................59
4) Silencer – Exhaust and Intake.....................................................................60
5) Skid Mounted Process Equipment..............................................................61
6) Flare Stack and Structure...........................................................................62
7) Aeration Grid and Decanter.......................................................................63
8) Mining Ventilation Equipment...................................................................64
9) Process Burner............................................................................................65
10) Recovery Scrubber....................................................................................65
11) Custom Fabrication..................................................................................66
12. Engineering Drawing..........................................................................................67
1) Various Drawing Sheet sizes.......................................................................67
2) Types of Projection in Engineering Drawing..............................................67
3) Scale............................................................................................................69
4) Dimensioning..............................................................................................70
5) Sectional Views...........................................................................................70
6) Symbols & Abbreviations...........................................................................71
7) Title Block..................................................................................................72
8) Notes and Labels........................................................................................72
9) Bill of Materials (BOM)..............................................................................72
10) Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T)....................................73
11) Material Specifications..............................................................................73
12) Computer-Aided Design (CAD)...............................................................73
13. CAD/CAM Softwares........................................................................................74
1) AutoCAD...................................................................................................74
2) TruTops Boost............................................................................................75
14. Project................................................................................................................77
15. Conclusion..........................................................................................................79
16. References..........................................................................................................81

8
 VI. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 : Plant Layout

Figure 2 : Casting
Figure 3 : Sand casting
Figure 4 : Investment casting
Figure 5 : Die casting
Figure 6 : Permanent Mold casting
Figure 7 : Shell Molding
Figure 8 : Centrifugal Casting
Figure 9 : Injection molding
Figure 10 : Blow molding
Figure 11 : Rotational molding
Figure 12 : Compression molding
Figure 13 : Transfer molding
Figure 14 : Extrusion molding
Figure 15 : Open & Closed die forging
Figure 16 : Bending
Figure 17 : Stamping
Figure 18 : Shearing
Figure 19 : Milling
Figure 20 : Turning
Figure 21 : Grinding
Figure 22 : Drilling
Figure 23 : Honing
Figure 24 : Buffing
Figure 25 : Shielded Metal Arc welding
Figure 26 : Gas Metal Arc welding
Figure 27 : Gas Tungsten Arc welding
Figure 28 : Flux-Cored Arc welding
Figure 29 : Oxy-Acetylene welding
Figure 30 : Resistance welding
Figure 31 : Solid-state welding
Figure 32 : Soldering
Figure 33 : Brazing
Figure 34 : Adhesive Bonding
Figure 35 : Mechanical Fasteners
Figure 36 : 3D printing
Figure 37 : Blasting
Figure 38 : Metallizing
Figure 39 : Powder Coating
Figure 40 : Painting
Figure 41 : Lathe Machine
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Figure 42 : Milling machine
Figure 43 : Block Diagram of CNC
Figure 44 : Vertical Milling Centre (VMC)
Figure 45 : CNC Lathe machine
Figure 46 : Plasma Cutting Machine
Figure 47 : Laser Cutting Machine
Figure 48 : Polygon Machine
Figure 49 : Bandsaw Machine
Figure 50 : Shearing Machine
Figure 51 : Lifting Crane
Figure 52 : Vaccum Lifter
Figure 53 : Drilling Machine
Figure 54 : Rolling Machine
Figure 55 : Pressure Vessel
Figure 56 : Air Receiver
Figure 57 : Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
Figure 58 : Silencer
Figure 59 : Skid Mounted Process Equipment
Figure 60 : Flare Stack & Structure
Figure 61 : Aeration Grid
Figure 62 : Decanter
Figure 63 : Ventilation Equipment
Figure 64 : Process Burner
Figure 65 : Recovery Scrubber
Figure 66 : Different Sheet Sizes
Figure 67 : First Angle Projection
Figure 68 : Third Angle Projection
Figure 69 : Isometric Projection
Figure 70 : Types of Lines
Figure 71 : Types of Dimensions
Figure 72 : Sectional View
Figure 73 : GD&T symbols
Figure 74 : Surface Finish Symbols
Figure 75 : Title Block
Figure 76 : Feature Control Frame
Figure 77 : Screenshot of AutoCAD
Figure 78 : Screenshot of TruTops Boost
Figure 79 : Our Design on AutoCAD
Figure 80 : Actual Specimen Cut
Figure 81 : Group Photo

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 VII. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AWS : American Welding Society

OSHA : Occupational Safety & Health Administration
QMS : Quality Management Systems
EHS : Environment, Health & Safety
OHS : Occupational Health & Safety
MS : Mild Steel
SS : Stainless Steel
Al : Aluminium
IWO : Internal Work Order
BOM : Bill of Materials
QC ; Quality Control
GRN : Goods Receipt Note
QA : Quality Assurance
BIS : Bureau of Indian Standards
IS : Indian Standards
ANSI : American National Standards Institute
AISI : American Iron & Steel Institute
ASTM : American Society for Testing & Materials
NIST : National Institute of Standards & Technology
ASME : American Society of Mechanical Engineers
DIN : Deutsches Institut für Normung
BSI : British Standards Institution
JIS : Japanese Industrial Standards
AS : Standards Australia
SAC : Standardization Administration of China
AFNOR : Association Française de Normalisation
CEN : Comité Européen de Normalisation
ISO : International Organization for Standardization
ERW : Electric Resistance Welded
BQ : Boiler Quality
SMAW : Shielded Metal Arc Welding
GMAW : Gas Metal Arc Welding
MIG : Metal Inert Gas
GTAW : Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
TIG : Tungsten Inert Gas
FCAW : Flux-Cored Arc Welding
OAW : Oxy-Acetylene Welding
HVAC : Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
CAD : Computer-Aided Design
CAM : Computer-Aided Manufacturing

11
CNC : Computer Numerical Control
VMC : Vertical Milling Centre

12
 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

Technoflow was Founded in 1989 in Nashik, Maharashtra, By Mr. Laxman

Pachkawde, with one unit of 5000 Square Feet and with 12 People. The
company started with manufacturing of pressure vessels, small storage tanks
and other fabricated items.Technoflow obtained the ISO 9001 certification in
2004 and continued to expand with introduction of new products. The
products were manufactured as per specifications detailed by the
customers.Year 2004 marked introduction of Exhaust Systems as a new
product line.Today Technoflow spans a working area of 22,000 sq.ft and has a
strong workforce of 90 employees.
Technoflow expanded its capacity with addition of a new plant Teknoflow
Green Equipments Pvt. Ltd. In 2013 and has been the main plant since its
establishment.This new plant spans an area of 60,000 sq.ft.
Teknoflow is involved manufacturing in sectors like :

Acoustics Air Water Oil & Gas Energy Recovery Mining

They provide a wide range of services and products from designing to custom
development of Pressure vessels (Coded & Non-Coded), and Heat exchangers.
Prototyping to the manufacturing of Equipment like Industrial Silencers –
Exhaust and Intake Systems, Burners, Stack and structure, Filter houses,
Oxidizers, Ventilation systems, and many other custom fabrications as per
client requirements.
They have a good manufacturing competency, skilled manpower, products
conforming to international as well as country-specific quality standards. It
exports to more than 20 countries around the globe.
The company is certified with ISO 9001:2015 for QMS, ISO 45001:2018 for
OHS, ISO 14001:2015 for EHS, AD2000 for Safety Standard for Pressure
Vessel, and ISO 3834-2 for Quality Requirements for Fusion Welding.
Additionally, they are authorized for R Stamp, U Stamp & NB Stamp.

13
⚬Vision
To be a customer-centric organization with focus on employee growth and in
turn become an INR 200 Crores company by 2025.

⚬Mission

Teknoflow manufactures equipment and systems for Environmental and

Industrial segments by meeting international as well as Country Specific
Quality and Safety Standards, and by delivering on time across the globe, with
an intent to nurture long term business relations with our customers for mutual
growth.

⚬Core Purpose

To enrich stakeholders experience and contribute to their success.

⚬Core Values

a. Commitment : Extraordinary energy and absolute will to keep pursuing

our goals irrespective of the adversities.
b. Creativity : Our ability to go beyond traditional ideas, rules, patterns,
and relationships and to create meaningful new ideas, forms, methods,
and interpretations.
c. Team Work : Our ability to work together towards our vision. It is the
fuel that helps us attain uncommon results.
d. Adaptability : Our ability to adjust oneself readily to different conditions
and situations.
e. Dependability : Our ability to make other stakeholders depend on us, be
worthy of trust, and be reliable.
f. Empathy : Our psychological identification with the feelings, thoughts,
and attitudes of others.

✤ Company Leadership
i. Managing Director : Mr. Laxman Pachkawde
ii. Director (Human Realtions) : Mrs. Nayana Pachkawde
iii. Director (Strategy and Business Development) : Ms. Leena Pachkawde
✤ Products
1. Pressure Vessel

14
 2. Air Receiver Tank
3. Heat Exchanger
4. Silencer – Exhaust and Intake
5. Skid Mounted Process Equipment
6. Flare Stack and Structure
7. Aeration Grid and Decanter
8. Mining Ventilation Equipment
10. Process Burner
11. Recovery Scrubber
12. Custom Fabrication

✤ Teknoflow Green Equipment Pvt Ltd (2015)

Main Plant: S. No. 19/2, Ambe Bahula, Nashik 422010, Maharashtra, India.
It has has two subsidiaries as follows:
1) Technoflow Industries (1989) : D1/28 , MIDC, Ambad, MIDC Ambad,
Nashik, Maharashtra 422010
2) Nylax Industries (1983) : W-64/A, MIDC Ambad, Nashik -422010

Teknoflow Green Equipment Pvt. Ltd.

Technoflow Industries :
Nylax Industries :
Sheet Laser cutting, Bending,
Machining & Sub-assembly
pre-fabrication

✤ Supervisor Contact : Mr. Sandesh Pachkawade , Plant Head (Technoflow

Industries)
Mob: +91 7722021132
E-mail : sandesh.pachkawade@teknoflow.co
✤ Industry Contact :
Address: D1/28 , MIDC, Ambad, MIDC Ambad, Nashik, Maharashtra
422010
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Phone: +91-253-2383555, +91-253-2305341, +91-253-2336005
E-mail : info@teknoflow.co
Website : https://www.teknoflow.co/
https://technoflowindia.com/

16
 2. TECHNOFLOW INDUSTRIES

Figure 1: Plant Layout

✤ Machines Available

1.Laser Cutting Machine: Trumpf Trulaser 3060

Tolerance : ± 0.2 mm
Cutting Capacity
MS : 25 mm
SS :20 mm
Bed Size : 6000mm × 2500mm

2.Bending Machine : Safan Darley E-Brake 300T Ultra

Bending Capacity
MS : 22 mm
SS :20 mm
Al : 25 mm
Max. Sheet Size : 4000mm × 1000 mm
Max. Load : 300 T

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3.Lifting Crane : Capacity 5 Metric Ton
4.Vaccum Lifter : Capacity 2000 kg
5.Drilling Machine
6.Drilling & Tapping Machine
7.Rolling Machine
8.Welding Machine (TIG & MIG)
9.Grinding Machine

✤ Softwares used
1. TruTops Boost : Official software by Trumpf for assisting sheet metal
cutting by their laser cutting machine

2. AutoCAD (by Autodesk) : Used for designing and drafting

18
 3. NYLAX INDUSTRIES

✤ Machines Available

1. VMC : Jyoti VMC 640

2. CNC (2N): LMW CNC LL20TL5

3. Polygon Machine (3N) : Trishul Machine Tools Ltd.

19
4. Bandsaw Machine
5. Lifting Crane
6. Drilling Machine
7. Turning Machine
8. Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine
9. Welding Machine
10. Grinding Machine

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 4. TEKNOFLOW GREEN EQUIPMENT PVT. LTD.

✤ Machines Available

1.Laser Welding machine

2.Plasma Cutting Machines

3.Automatic Welding machine

4.Shear Machines

5.Holding Oven

6.Rolling Machines

7.Lifting Crane

8.Lathe machine

9.Drilling machine

✤ Surface finishing processes done here :-

1.Painting

2.Blasting

3.Metallizing

4.Powder coating

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 5. OBJECTIVES OF INTERNSHIP

✤ To understand the actual working of industry on ground

✤ To know the complete process of product development

✤ To know about several manufacturing processes

✤ To know about various raw materials used in industry

✤ To know about several measuring and testing techniques and instruments

used for the same

✤ To know about about quality and safety standards

✤ To about diverse job profiles available across the industry

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 6. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Marketing Team Customer

Placing Enquiry

Feasibility Study

Estimation/
Quotation

Negotiation with
customer Dispatch

Order final Packing

Internal Work Final

Order Inspection

Production Planning
Inprocess QA
& Control

Raw material
purchase Production

QC and store Preparation

Goods Receipt
QA and Inward
Note

23
✤ Process of product development followed at Technoflow:-

i. At first the client/customer communicates with the marketing team of the

company and places an enquiry.
ii. The marketing team forwards the enquiry to design department which then
does the complete feasibility study and cost estimation of it.
Iii. If the project is not feasible it is rejected and if it is feasible, negotiation is
done with the client and the order is made final.
iv. Internal Work Order (IWO) is generated and given to the all departments.
v. Production department the prepares all the drawings, complete production
plan & bill of materials (BOM).
vi. Then the store department orders the required raw materials from the
appropriate vendor.
vii. When the raw material is received it is checked by the quality control
department and once it is passed by them the Goods Receipt Note (GRN) is
generated and the payment is approved and raw material is inward to
production.
viii. Production department prepares for the carrying out the production.
ix. Production commences.
x. During all steps of production ,quality assurance (QA) department perform
various tests and measurements and ensures that required quality is delivered
to customer.
xi. After the complete production of the product in required quantity is done
final inspection is done.
xii. Once the products are approved they are packed as per required packing
method.
xiii. All the documents to be sent with the delivery of products are prepared.
xiv. Atlast all the products along with the required documents are dispatched
for delivery to the customer.
xv. Feedback is taken from the customer regarding any issues and their follow
up is done.

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 7. STANDARDS USED IN INDUSTRY

1)India
i)Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) : Indian Standards (IS)
1)Civil Engineering (IS1-IS499)
2)Electrical Engineering (IS500-IS799)
3)Mechanical Engineering (IS800-IS1099)
4)Metallurgy (IS1100-IS1499)
5)Chemical Engineering (IS1500-IS1999)
6)Textile Engineering (IS2000-IS2599)
7)Agriculture & Food Technology (IS2600-IS2999)
8)Information Technology (IS3000-IS3999)
9)Healthcare (IS4000-IS4999)
2)United States of America (USA)
i)American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
ii)American Iron & Steel Institute (AISI)
iii)American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM)
1)Material Standards (A000-E999)
2)Construction Standards (F000-G2999)
3)Testing Standards (E0001-E3199)
4)Environmental Standards (D000-D999)
5)Medical Device Standards (F3200-F3299)
6)Petroleum Standards (G0001-G3199)
iv)National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST)
v)American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
1)Section I : Construction of Power Boiler
2)Section II : Materials
3)Section III : Construction of Nuclear facility components

25
 4)Section IV : Construction of Heating boiler
5)Section V : Non-destructive testing
6)Section VI : Care & operation of Heating boiler
7)Section VII : Care of Power Boiler
8)Section VIII : Construction of Pressure vessels
9)Section IX : Welding,brazing & fusing
10)Section X : Fiber-reinforced plastic pressure vessel
11)Section XI : Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
12)Section XII : Transport Tank
13)Section XIII : Overpressure protection
3)Germany
i) Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) (German Institute for
Standardisation Registered Association)
4)United Kingdom (UK)
i)British Standards Institution (BSI)
5)Japan
i)Japanese Industrial Standards Committee(JISC) : Japanese Industrial
Standards (JIS)
6)Australia
i)Standards Australia (AS)
7)China
i)Standardization Administration of China (SAC)
8)France
i) Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR)
9)Russia
i)Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency (Rosstandart) : GOST
Standards
10)Europe

26
i) European Committee for Standardization (CEN) : European Standards
(EN)
11)International
i) International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
1)Quality management & assurance (ISO 9000)
2)Environmental Management (ISO 14000)
3)Information Security Management (ISO 27000)
4)Healthcare (ISO 13485)
5)Risk Management (ISO 31000)

✤ Safety Standards used in industry

1) Machine : ANSI B11
2) Industrial Robots & Robotic system : ISO 10218, ISO 13482
3) Mechanical Power Press Safety : ANSI B11.1, OSHA
4) Material Handling Equipment Safety : ASME B56 series
5) Pressure vessel & boiler safety : ASME boiler & pressure vessel code
6) Crane safety standards : ASME B30 series
7) Welding & Cutting safety : AWS, OSHA
8) Mechanical Equipment Safety : ISO 4414, ISO 4413

27
 8. MATERIALS USED IN INDUSTRY

✤Various materials used in the industry

1) IS513 (Cold rolled steel) :It is used in construction,automotive &
manufacturing.Its suitable for deep drawing & bending & other forming
process.
2) IS2062 (HR Plate/flange) : It is used for hot rolled steel plate,sheet and
structural steel.
a)E250 b)E350
3) IS3589 (ERW pipe) : It is specifically for mild steel , water well casing pipes
a)Fe330 b)Fe410 c)Fe450
4) IS1239 (ERW pipe) : It is used for steel tubes,tubulars & other wrought steel
fittings.
5) SA516 (ASTM) (BQ Plate) : Its used for carbon steel plates intended for
moderate or lower temperature service.
a)Gr 60 b) Gr 70
6) SA106 Gr B (Seamless Pipe) : It is a seamless carbon steel pipe for high
temperature service.It is used in oil,gas & petro-chemical industries for carrying
fluid at high temperature & pressure.
7) SA105 (Forge Flange) : Used for carbon steel forging for pipe
8) ASTM A242 (Corten Steel) : It is high strength low alloy structural steel &
offer corrosion resistance.
9) SS304 (Plates/Pipes) : It is known for corrosion resistance, formiablity,
versatility.
a) 304 b) 304L (Low carbon %)
10) SS316 (Plates/Pipes) : Its used for corrosion resistance against chloride ions
a) 316 b) 316L (Low carbon %)
11) SS DUPLEX (Plates/Pipes) : It is known for excellent corrosion
resistance,higher strength & good weldability.
12) SS904L (Plates/Pipes) : It is known for its corrosion resistance to chlorides
& acids.
13) SS310 ( Plates/Pipes) : It is heat resistant alloy which is also resistant to
oxidization

28
14) GI (Galvanized Iron) (Sheet/Plate/Pipe) : Galvanized iron (GI) refers to
iron or steel that has been coated with a protective layer of zinc to prevent
corrosion. Used in construction & automotive.
15) Copper (Plates/Sheet) : Its used in heat exchangers,roofing,etc
16) Brass (Plates/Sheet) : It is used in valves,locks,plumbing,etc.
17) Aluminium : It is lightweight,malleable & corrosion resistant.It is used in
aerospace & automotive industry.

29
 9. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

1) Casting : Casting is a process where a molten material, commonly metals or

alloys, is poured into a mold to produce a specific shape upon solidification.
This method is widely employed for creating intricate and complex
components that may be challenging or expensive to manufacture through
alternative methods. The casting process involves several steps, including
pattern making, mold preparation, melting and pouring of the molten material,
solidification within the mold, and the subsequent cooling and removal of the
final product.This manufacturing method finds extensive application in various
industries, including automotive, aerospace, and general manufacturing,
contributing to the production of a diverse range of products and components.

Figure 2: Casting
✤ Process of casting :-
i. Pattern Making
ii. Mold Preparation
iii. Melting and Pouring
iv. Solidification
v. Cooling and Removal
✤ Types of Casting are :-
a) Sand Casting:
Process: Involves creating a mold made of sand by packing sand around a
pattern. Molten metal is then poured into the mold to create the final product.
Applications: Sand casting is suitable for both ferrous and non-ferrous metals
and is used in the production of large and complex parts.

Figure 3: Sand casting

30
b) Investment Casting:
Process: Also known as precision casting or lost-wax casting. A wax pattern is
coated with a ceramic shell, and the wax is melted away. The remaining shell is
used as the mold for pouring the molten metal.
Applications: Investment casting is ideal for intricate and detailed components,
often used in aerospace and jewelry industries.

Figure 4: Investment Casting

c) Die Casting:
Process: Involves forcing molten metal into a mold cavity under high pressure.
The mold is typically reusable and made of metal.
Applications: Die casting is suitable for high-volume production of complex
shapes, such as those used in automotive and electronic industries.

Figure 5: Die casting

d) Permanent Mold Casting:

Process: Involves using a reusable mold made of metal, often cast iron or steel.
The mold is coated with a refractory material to withstand repeated use.
Applications: Permanent mold casting is employed for producing high-quality,
consistent parts, and is commonly used for alloys like aluminum.

31
 Figure 6: Permanent
Mold casting
e) Shell Molding:
Process: A mix of resin-coated sand is heated until it forms a shell around a
metal pattern. The shell is then removed, and the resulting mold is used for
casting.
Applications: Suitable for producing small to medium-sized parts with good
surface finish.

Figure 7: Shell Molding

f) Centrifugal Casting:
Process: Molten metal is poured into a spinning mold, and centrifugal force
distributes the metal along the mold walls, creating a cylindrical or tubular
shape.
Applications: Commonly used for pipes, tubes, and cylindrical components,
offering good control over grain structure.

Figure 8: Centrifugal Casting

2) Molding : Molding is the process of shaping a material, such as plastic,

metal, concrete, or artistic mediums like clay, into a specific form or pattern
using a mold. The mold serves as a template, and the material is manipulated
to achieve the desired shape.A mold or mould is a hollowed-out block that is

32
filled with a liquid or pliable material such as plastic, glass, metal, or ceramic
raw material.The liquid hardens or sets inside the mold, adopting its shape.
✤ Process of molding:-
i. Design and Pattern Creation
ii. Mold Fabrication
iii. Molding Process
iv. Cooling or Setting
v. Demolding
✤ Types of Molding are:-
a) Injection Molding:
Material: Typically used for plastics, but also for certain metals.
Process: Molten material is injected into a mold cavity. After cooling and
solidification, the mold opens to release the final product.
Applications: Widely used for producing plastic components such as toys,
packaging, and automotive parts.

Figure 9: Injection Molding

b) Blow Molding:
Material: Mainly used for plastics.
Process: Air pressure is used to inflate a heated plastic tube, taking the shape of
the mold. Commonly employed for hollow objects like bottles and containers.

Figure 10: Blow Molding

c) Rotational Molding (Rotomolding):

Material: Primarily used for plastics.
Process: The mold rotates on two perpendicular axes while the plastic material
inside melts and coats the interior. Once cooled, the product is removed.
Applications: Large, hollow items like tanks, containers, and playground
equipment.

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 Figure 11: Rotational Molding

d) Compression Molding:
Material: Commonly used for thermosetting plastics.
Process: A pre-measured amount of material is placed in an open mold. The
mold is closed, and heat and pressure are applied to cure and shape the
material.
Applications: Electrical components, automotive parts, and larger items.

Figure 12: Compression Molding

e) Transfer Molding:
Material: Suitable for both thermosetting and thermoplastic materials.
Process: Similar to compression molding, but the material is preheated in a
separate chamber before being forced into the mold.
Applications: Electrical components, automotive parts, and small intricate
items.

Figure 13: Transfer Molding

f) Extrusion Molding:
Material: Primarily used for plastics, but also for metals and ceramics.
Process: Material is forced through a shaped opening (die) to create a
continuous profile. The profile is then cooled and cut into desired lengths.
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Applications: Pipes, tubing, and various profiles for construction and industry.

Figure 14: Extrusion Molding

3) Forming : In metalworking, forming is the fashioning of metal parts and

objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without
adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged.Forming
operates on the materials science principle of plastic deformation, where the
physical shape of a material is permanently deformed.This process involves the
application of force, heat, or pressure to deform the material, leading to the
desired shape. Forming is a fundamental aspect of various manufacturing
industries.
✤ Types of forming processes:-
a) Forging:Forging is a metalworking process involving the shaping of metal
through localized compressive forces using hammers, presses, or dies. It is a hot
working process where the metal is heated to a high temperature before being
shaped.
Process:
i.Open-die Forging: The metal is placed between flat dies and compressed to
achieve the desired shape.
ii.Closed-die Forging: The metal is enclosed within dies that contain the
specific shape, resulting in more precision.
Applications: Commonly used in the production of components for
automotive, aerospace, and industrial machinery due to its ability to produce
strong and durable parts.

Figure 15: Open and

Closed die forging

b) Bending:Bending is a forming process that involves the deformation of a

material, typically a sheet or a tube, to a specific shape through the application
of force.
Process:

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Sheet Metal Bending: Involves bending a flat sheet of metal along a straight
axis using tools such as press brakes.
Tube Bending: Used for shaping tubes or pipes, often achieved through
mandrel bending or rotary draw bending.
Applications: Widely used in the manufacturing of various products, including
automotive components, furniture, and structural elements in construction.

Figure 16: Bending

c) Stamping:Stamping is a forming process where a sheet metal or coil is

deformed by a tool and die set to create a desired shape or pattern. It often
involves cutting, bending, and drawing operations.
Process:
Blanking: Cutting a piece of sheet metal to form a flat shape.
Piercing: Creating holes in sheet metal.
Drawing: Pulling a sheet metal blank into a die cavity to form a three-
dimensional shape.
Applications: Commonly used in the production of automotive parts,
appliances, and various metal components due to its efficiency in mass
production.

Figure 17: Stamping

d) Shearing:Shearing is a process that involves the cutting of sheet metal along

a straight line using a shear or similar cutting tool. It results in the separation
of the material into two pieces.
Process:
Mechanical Shearing: Uses mechanical force to cut the material.
Hydraulic Shearing: Involves the use of hydraulic force for cutting.
Applications: Shearing is commonly employed in metal fabrication for cutting
sheets of metal into smaller pieces or specific shapes for further processing.

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 Figure 18: Shearing

4) Machining : Machining is a manufacturing process whereby a desired shape

or part is achieved by the controlled removal of material from a larger piece of
raw material by cutting; it is most often performed with metal material. These
processes are collectively called subtractive manufacturing.
Types of Machining process:-
a) Milling:In milling, a rotating cutter removes material from a workpiece to
create flat or contoured surfaces.
Applications: Widely used for producing slots, pockets, and complex shapes.

Figure 19: Milling

b) Turning:
Turning involves rotating a workpiece while a cutting tool removes material to
create cylindrical shapes.
Applications: Ideal for producing shafts, pins, and other rotational parts.

Figure 20: Turning

c) Grinding:
Grinding uses abrasive particles to remove material and achieve high precision
and surface finish.
Applications: Common in the production of precision tools, bearings, and
cylindrical surfaces.

Figure 21: Grinding

d) Drilling : Drilling creates holes in a workpiece using a rotating drill bit.

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Applications: Essential for hole-making in various materials.

Figure 22: Drilling

e) Honing : Honing is a machining process that involves the removal of

material from the interior surface of a cylindrical workpiece using abrasive
stones.
Applications : The primary purpose of honing is to improve the geometric
form of the surface and achieve a desired level of finish.

Figure 23: Honing

f) Buffing : Buffing is a finishing process used to enhance the surface of a

material by removing imperfections and creating a smooth, polished, or
lustrous appearance.
Applications : Buffing is used for metal/plastic/wood surfacing finishing to give
it luster & glossy finish.

Figure 24: Buffing

5) Joining : Joining processes in manufacturing involve methods of combining

or connecting two or more materials to create a unified structure. These
processes are crucial in the production of a wide range of products across
various industries.
Various Joining processes are :-

a) Welding : Welding involves melting and fusing materials to form a joint.

Different welding techniques include arc welding, gas welding, and resistance
welding.
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Applications: Used in the construction of buildings, bridges, automotive
components, and in aerospace industries.
✤ Types of welding are:-
i. Arc Welding : These processes use a welding power supply to create and
maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt
metals at the welding point. They can use either direct current (DC) or
alternating current (AC), and consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The
welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas,
known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.
Types:-
a. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): SMAW uses a consumable
electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld.

Figure 25: Shielded Metal Arc

Welding
b. Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW/MIG): MIG is a welding process in
which an electric arc forms between a consumable MIG wire electrode and the
workpiece metal(s), which heats the workpiece metal(s), causing them to fuse
(melt and join). Along with the wire electrode, a shielding gas feeds through the
welding gun, which shields the process from atmospheric contamination.

Figure 26: Gas Metal Arc

Welding

c. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW/TIG): TIG is an arc welding

process that uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld.
The weld area and electrode are protected from oxidation or other atmospheric
contamination by an inert shielding gas (argon or helium). A filler metal is
normally used.

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 Figure 27: Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding

d. Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW):Similar to MIG welding but uses a

tubular wire filled with flux for shielding.

Figure 28: Flux-Cored Arc Welding

ii. Gas welding : Gas welding is a welding process that uses the heat
generated by burning a mixture of fuel gas and oxygen to melt and join metals.
One of the traditional methods of welding, gas welding, is known for its
versatility and has been widely used in various applications.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding (OAW):Oxy-acetylene welding, also known as
oxy-fuel welding, is the most common form of gas welding. It uses a mixture of
acetylene gas and oxygen to produce a high-temperature flame.Commonly
used in metal fabrication, repair work, and processes requiring a portable and
versatile welding method.

Figure 29: Oxy-Acetylene Welding

iii. Resistance welding : Resistance welding involves the generation of

heat by passing current through the resistance caused by the contact between

40
two or more metal surfaces. Small pools of molten metal are formed at the
weld area as high current (1,000–100,000 A) is passed through the metal.In
general, resistance welding methods are efficient and cause little pollution, but
their applications are somewhat limited and the equipment cost can be high.

Figure 30: Resistance welding

iv. Solid-state welding : Solid-state welding refers to a group of welding

processes in which the joining of materials takes place without the use of a
molten phase. Unlike traditional welding methods that involve melting the
materials, solid-state welding achieves bonding through mechanical
deformation or diffusion. This technique is particularly advantageous for
joining dissimilar materials or those with high melting points.

Figure 31: Solid-state

welding

2. Soldering: Soldering uses a lower melting point material (solder) to join

metals. It is commonly used for electronic components and delicate work.
Applications: Electronics assembly, plumbing, jewelry making.

Figure 32: Soldering

3. Brazing: Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more materials
are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint. Unlike
welding, in brazing, the base metals do not melt. Instead, the filler metal,

41
usually in the form of a wire or rod, melts at a temperature above 450°C
(842°F) but below the melting points of the base metals.
Applications: Automotive, aerospace, and HVAC systems.

Figure 33: Brazing

4. Adhesive Bonding: Adhesive bonding is a process that involves joining

materials using adhesives, which are substances capable of holding two
surfaces together by surface attachment. Adhesives can be classified into
various types, including epoxies, cyanoacrylates, polyurethanes, and many
more. This bonding method is widely used across industries due to its
versatility, flexibility, and the ability to join dissimilar materials
Applications: Automotive, aerospace, and in the assembly of composite
materials.

Figure 34: Adhesive Bonding

5. Mechanical Fastening: Mechanical fastening is a joining process that

involves using physical devices or mechanisms to secure two or more
components together. Unlike welding or adhesive bonding, mechanical
fastening does not involve melting or chemical reactions. Instead, it relies on
the physical properties of fasteners to create a strong and secure connection.
This method is widely used in various industries due to its simplicity,
versatility, and ease of disassembly.This includes methods like screws, bolts,
nuts,washers,pins and rivets to mechanically join materials.
Applications: Construction, automotive assembly, and furniture
manufacturing.

Figure 35: Mechanical Fastners

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6) Additive Manufacturing : Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is the
construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D
model.It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited,
joined or solidified under computer control,with the material being added
together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer
by layer.This innovative technology has gained significant prominence due to
its versatility, precision, and the ability to create complex geometries that may
be challenging or impossible with traditional manufacturing methods.It is used
in prototyping,customized products,aerospace and automotive,medical
applications,tooling and manufacturing aids,architectural
models,education,etc.

Figure 36: 3D printing

7) Finishing Processes : Finishing processes refer to a set of operations

conducted after the primary manufacturing or shaping of a material or
product. These processes are designed to improve the surface quality,
appearance, and overall functionality of the final product. Finishing plays a
crucial role in achieving specific aesthetic, protective, or functional
characteristics that meet industry standards and consumer expectations.
✤ Types of Finishing processes are :-
a. Blasting : In manufacturing, abrasive blasting is a technique used for surface
preparation or finishing. This involves propelling abrasive materials, such as
sand, glass beads, or metal shot, at high speeds against a surface to remove
contaminants or achieve a specific texture. This process is commonly employed
in preparing surfaces for painting, coating, or cleaning metal parts in industries
like automotive manufacturing.

43
 Figure 37: Blasting
b. Metallizing : Metallizing, also known as thermal spraying or metal spraying,
is a surface enhancement technique used in various industries, including
manufacturing. This process involves the application of a coating of molten or
semi-molten metal onto a substrate to enhance its properties.This is done to
improve corrosion,wear & thermal resistance.

Figure 38: Metallizing

c. Powder Coating : Powder coating is a popular surface finishing technique

used in manufacturing to apply a durable and attractive finish to various
materials, primarily metals. This process involves the application of a dry
powder to a substrate, followed by curing in an oven.The materials used in
powder coatings are typically thermosetting polymers, including epoxy,
polyester, and polyurethane.

Figure 39: Powder Coating

d. Painting : Painting is a versatile and widely employed surface finishing

method in manufacturing and various other industries, encompassing both

44
decorative and protective applications. This process involves the application of
liquid paint to surfaces, typically through brushing, rolling, or spraying, to
achieve desired aesthetic and functional outcomes.The choice of paint type
depends on the application, with options including water-based, oil-based, and
specialty coatings designed for specific materials or environmental conditions.

Figure 40: Painting

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 10. MACHINES AND TOOLS

1) Lathe Machine : A lathe machine is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece

about an axis of rotation to perform various operations such as cutting,
sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with tools that
are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that
axis.Lathes come in various sizes and configurations, catering to different
machining needs.

Figure 41: Lathe Machine

✤ Components of a Lathe Machine:

a. Bed:The bed is the base of the lathe, providing a stable foundation. It
usually has a horizontal flat surface where other components are mounted.
b. Headstock:The headstock is located at one end of the lathe and houses the
main drive mechanism, such as the spindle and gearbox. It is responsible for
rotating the workpiece.
c. Tailstock:The tailstock is situated at the opposite end of the headstock. It
can be moved along the bed and is used for supporting the other end of the
workpiece. It often contains a spindle that can be extended or retracted.
d. Spindle:The spindle is a rotating shaft driven by the headstock. It holds the
workpiece in a chuck or other holding device. Spindle speed can be adjusted to
control the cutting speed.
e. Chuck:The chuck is a clamping device attached to the spindle for holding
and securing the workpiece during machining. There are different types of
chucks, such as three-jaw and four-jaw chucks, each suited for specific
applications.

46
f. Tool Post:The tool post holds the cutting tools and can be adjusted to
achieve the desired depth and angle of cut. It is mounted on the carriage.
g. Carriage:The carriage is a movable component that travels along the length
of the bed. It carries the cutting tool and facilitates the longitudinal and
crosswise movement needed for machining.
h. Cross Slide:The cross slide is part of the carriage and allows movement
perpendicular to the lathe axis. It is used for making cuts across the diameter of
the workpiece.
i. Apron:The apron is a housing that contains gears and mechanisms for
controlling the movement of the carriage and cross slide. It also houses the feed
and threading mechanisms.
✤ Functions and Operations of a Lathe Machine:
a. Turning:Rotating the workpiece while a cutting tool removes material to
create a cylindrical shape.
b. Facing:Reducing the length of the workpiece by cutting material from the
end, creating a flat surface.
c. Drilling:Using a drill bit to create holes in the workpiece.
d. Boring:Enlarging or refining existing holes in the workpiece.
e. Taper Turning:Gradually changing the diameter of the workpiece along its
length.
f. Threading:Cutting threads on the external or internal surface of the
workpiece.
g. Knurling:Creating a raised pattern on the surface of the workpiece for
improved grip or aesthetics.
h. Parting Off:Separating the workpiece from the stock material using a
parting tool.

2) Milling Machine : A milling machine is a powerful machining tool that uses

rotary cutters to remove material from a workpiece, generating a precise and
detailed finished product. Milling machines are crucial in various industries for
tasks ranging from simple slot and keyway cutting to complex 3D surface
machining. Let's explore the key components, types, and applications of
milling machines:

47
 Figure 42: Milling Machine

✤ Components of a Milling Machine:

a. Base:The base provides a stable foundation for the entire milling machine.
b. Column:The column supports the vertical movement of the spindle and
other components. It may include the motor and drive mechanisms.
c. Knee:The knee is a vertical adjustment that enables the entire milling head to
be raised or lowered.
d. Saddle:The saddle moves the table horizontally along the X-axis.
e. Table:The table supports the workpiece and can be moved vertically (Z-axis)
by the knee and horizontally (X-axis) by the saddle. It also provides the
platform for attaching the workpiece or fixtures.
f. Spindle:The spindle is the main rotating shaft that holds the cutting tool. It
can move vertically along the column and is controlled by the quill.
g. Quill:The quill is attached to the spindle and can be moved up or down to
control the depth of the cut.
h. Cutting Tool:Various cutting tools, such as end mills, face mills, and drills,
can be mounted on the spindle to perform different machining operations.
i. Arbor:The arbor is a support structure that holds the milling cutter in place.
j. Drawbar:The drawbar is used to secure the cutting tool in the spindle.

48
✤ Types of Milling Machines:
a. Vertical Milling Machine:The spindle axis is oriented vertically, allowing for
vertical and horizontal milling operations. It is suitable for a wide range of
applications.
b. Horizontal Milling Machine:The spindle axis is horizontal, and the table can
move in both vertical and horizontal directions. It is often used for larger,
heavier workpieces.
c. Universal Milling Machine:Combines the features of both vertical and
horizontal milling machines, providing flexibility for various machining tasks.

✤Applications of Milling Machines:

a. Machining Precision Parts
b. Prototype Development
c. Mold and Die Making
d. Custom Part Production
e. 3D Surface Machining
f. Production of Gears and Splines
g. Education and Training

3) Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine : Computer numerical control

(CNC) : Computer numerical control (CNC), is the automated control of tools
by means of a computer.CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines are
advanced manufacturing tools that use computer programming to control and
automate the movement of cutting tools and other machinery in various
machining processes. It is used to operate tools such as drills, lathes, mills,etc.
CNC transforms a workpiece into a specified shape by following coded
programmed instructions and without a manual operator directly controlling
the machining operation.CNC machines are widely used in manufacturing and
fabrication for their precision, efficiency, and ability to produce complex and
detailed parts.

49
 Figure 43: Block Diagram of CNC

✤ Components of a CNC Machine:

a. Machine Control Unit (MCU) :The MCU is the brain of the CNC machine.
It interprets the CNC program and translates it into electrical signals to control
the movement of the machine's components.
b. Input Devices:CNC programs are typically created using computer-aided
design (CAD) or computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software.Program can
also be prepared manually.The program input device transfers the CNC
program to the machine's controller.
c. Driving System:Driving system includes motors and mechanisms that move
the machine's components, such as the cutting tool or worktable, according to
the instructions from the controller.
d. Axis:CNC machines operate along different axes, with common
configurations being three-axis (X, Y, Z), four-axis, and five-axis machines.
Each axis represents a direction of movement.
e. Cutting Tool:The cutting tool is mounted on a spindle and is controlled by
the CNC machine to perform various machining operations such as milling,
drilling, and turning.
f. Workholding Device:Workholding devices secure the workpiece in place
during machining. They can include clamps, vises, chucks, and fixtures.
g. Coolant System:CNC machines often use coolant to dissipate heat generated
during machining and to lubricate the cutting tool, reducing friction and
improving tool life.
h. Display unit : It gives visual information and interacts with the operator.

50
i. Feedback system : Feedback system compares the desired motion with the
actual motion and corrects any error in it.

✤ Types of CNC Machines:

a. CNC Milling Machine:Utilizes rotating cutting tools to remove material
from a workpiece. CNC milling machines can be three-axis, four-axis, or five-
axis machines.

Figure 44: Vertical Milling Centre (VMC)

b. CNC Lathe Machine:Performs turning and machining operations on

cylindrical workpieces. CNC lathes can be equipped with live tooling for
additional operations.

Figure 45: CNC Lathe machine

c. CNC Plasma Cutter:Uses a plasma torch to cut through materials like metal,
typically used for sheet metal fabrication.

51
 Figure 46: Plasma Cutting Machine

d. CNC Laser Cutter:Employs a laser beam to cut, engrave, or mark materials

like metal, wood, and plastic. Widely used in various industries for precise
cutting.

Figure 47: Laser Cutting machine

e. Polygon Machine : Polygon machines are machine tools that can machine
polygonal components or create multiple grooves. They do this by turning a
cutter and a workpiece at a 2:1 ratio.

Figure 48: Polygon machine

✤ Applications of CNC Machines : Aerospace Industry,Automotive

Industry,Medical Device Manufacturing,Tool and Die Making,Customized
Product Manufacturing,Prototyping

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✤ CNC Programming :CNC programming involves creating a set of
instructions in the form of G-codes and M-codes.G-codes primarily control
motion and toolpath, while M-codes handle miscellaneous machine functions.
Some of the common G-codes & M-codes for example are as follows:-
a. G00 - Rapid Positioning:Moves the tool rapidly to a specified position
without cutting.
b. G01 - Linear Interpolation:Moves the tool in a straight line to a specified
point at a defined feed rate.
c. G02 - Circular Interpolation (Clockwise):Moves the tool in a clockwise
circular motion to a specified point.
d. G03 - Circular Interpolation (Counterclockwise):Moves the tool in a
counterclockwise circular motion to a specified point.
e. G90 - Absolute Positioning:Sets the positioning mode to absolute,
interpreting coordinates as absolute positions.
f. M00 - Program Stop:Temporarily stops the CNC program, allowing for
manual intervention.
g. M02 - Program End:Ends the CNC program, and in some systems, it may
also reset the machine.
h. M03 - Spindle Start (Clockwise): Starts the spindle in a clockwise direction
for machining.
i. M05 - Spindle Stop: Stops the spindle from rotating.
j. M08 - Coolant On:Turns on the coolant system for tool and material cooling
during machining.

4) Bandsaw machine : A bandsaw machine is a versatile power tool designed for

cutting materials, such as wood and metal. Its primary components include a
continuous looped blade with teeth, which runs between two wheels – one
powered by a motor and the other free-spinning. The machine also features a
flat table for supporting the material during cutting, a blade guide system to
keep the blade properly aligned, and a blade tensioning mechanism to ensure
the blade remains taut.The operational principle involves the motor driving the
continuous loop of the blade, with the operator guiding the material through
the cutting area. The blade, positioned between the two wheels, performs the

53
cutting action. Adjustments, such as tensioning the blade and aligning guides,
can be made to optimize cutting performance for various materials.

Figure 49: Bandsaw machine

5) Shearing machine : A shearing machine is a mechanical apparatus designed

for cutting or shearing sheet metal and other materials with precision and
efficiency. It consists of essential components that work together to execute the
shearing action. At the core of the machine are the upper and lower blades,
with the upper blade being movable and the lower blade fixed. This
combination creates a cutting gap through which the material is passed to
achieve a straight-line cut. .The shearing process begins with the placement of
the material onto the table, aligning it with the backgauge for accurate
positioning. Clamping mechanisms secure the material in place, and the
operator adjusts the blade clearance to match the material thickness.
Activation of the machine initiates the rapid descent of the upper blade,
creating a shearing action that results in a straight-line cut along the length of
the material.

Figure 50: Shearing Machine

6) Lifting Cranes : Installed in industrial environments, overhead lifting cranes

are integral to optimizing material handling. Affixed to the ceiling, these cranes

54
consist of a hoist mechanism with a lifting attachment and a traversing trolley.
Operated by a remote or wired controller, they efficiently move heavy loads
within confined spaces. Ideal for manufacturing settings, they facilitate the
seamless transport of materials, enhancing production processes by lifting
heavy components or machinery. Their overhead configuration ensures
unobstructed workspaces, reducing the need for floor-level transportation.
Equipped with advanced features, such as automated controls and safety
systems, overhead cranes contribute to increased efficiency and improved
safety standards. In various industries, from automotive to steel production,
these cranes play a crucial role in enhancing overall operational productivity.

Figure 51: Lifting Crane

7) Vaccum Lifter : A vacuum lifter is a specialized material handling device

designed to lift and transport various types of loads using suction technology.
Consisting of a vacuum pump, suction cups, and a lifting mechanism, vacuum
lifters create a vacuum seal between the lifting attachment and the load's
surface. This vacuum seal enables the lifter to securely grip and hold onto
materials, including flat, smooth surfaces like glass, metal sheets, or composite
materials. The lifting mechanism, often attached to a crane or other lifting
equipment, allows for controlled vertical and horizontal movement.

55
Figure 52: Vaccum Lifter
8) Drilling Machine : A drilling machine, also known as a drill press, is a
versatile machine tool used for precisely drilling holes into various materials. It
is a staple in workshops, manufacturing, and construction settings due to its
ability to create accurate and consistent holes.

Figure 53: Drilling Machine

✤ The basic components of a drilling machine include:

a. Base:The base provides stability and support to the entire machine.
b. Column:The column is a vertical pillar that supports the drilling head and
can often be adjusted for height.
c. Table:The table is a flat surface where the workpiece is placed and secured
for drilling. It can typically be adjusted in height and tilted for angled drilling.
d. Drill Head:The drill head contains the motor, spindle, and other
mechanisms responsible for the drilling operation. It can be raised or lowered
along the column.
e. Spindle:The spindle is a rotating component that holds the drill bit. It is
driven by the motor to create the drilling action.
f. Drill Chuck:The drill chuck is a device that holds and tightens the drill bit. It
allows for easy changing of drill bits based on the required hole size.
g.Handle or Feed Lever:The handle or feed lever is used to lower and raise the
drill head, controlling the depth of the hole.
h. Depth Gauge:The depth gauge helps measure and control the depth of the
hole being drilled.
i. Motor:The motor provides the power needed to rotate the spindle and drive
the drill bit into the material.

56
9) Rolling Machine : A rolling machine, often referred to as a roll bending
machine or plate rolling machine, is a mechanical device used in metalworking
and fabrication to bend sheets or plates of metal into curved or cylindrical
shapes. This process is commonly employed in the production of cylindrical
vessels, tanks, pipes, and various structural components.

Figure 54: Rolling Machine

✤ Key Components of a Rolling Machine:

a. Rollers:The rollers are the primary components responsible for bending the
metal. They can be arranged in different configurations, such as top and
bottom rollers or side rollers, depending on the type of rolling machine.
b. Frame:The frame provides the structural support for the entire machine,
ensuring stability and alignment during the rolling process.
c. Hydraulic or Mechanical System:Rolling machines may utilize hydraulic or
mechanical systems to exert force on the rollers, facilitating the bending of the
metal.
d. Control Panel:The control panel allows operators to set parameters such as
the thickness of the material, the desired radius of curvature, and the number
of rolling passes.
e. Feed Mechanism:The feed mechanism assists in moving the metal sheet or
plate through the rollers in a controlled manner.

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 11. PRODUCTS MADE AT INDUSTRY

1) Pressure Vessel : A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or

liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. These
vessels are crucial components in various industries, including petrochemical,
chemical, pharmaceutical, and power generation.Pressure vessels are
engineered to withstand internal pressure, and their design, construction, and
operation are governed by strict codes and standards to ensure safety. The
design considerations take into account factors such as material strength,
thickness, and the nature of the stored substance.Industry codes and standards,
such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, govern the design,
fabrication, and inspection of pressure vessels. Compliance with these codes is
essential to ensure safety and regulatory compliance.Pressure vessels have
diverse applications, ranging from storage tanks for gases and liquids to
reactors in chemical processing plants. They are also integral components in
industries utilizing steam generation, such as power plants.

Figure 55: Pressure Vessel

2) Air Receiver Tank : An air receiver tank, also known as an air storage tank
or compressed air tank, is a vital component in compressed air systems used
across various industries. It plays a crucial role in maintaining a stable and
efficient supply of compressed air.Functions of air receiver are storage of

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compressed air,pulsation dampening,condensate separation,pressure
stabilization,etc.

Figure 56: Air Receiver

3) Heat Exchanger : A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently transfer
heat from one medium to another without the two fluids coming into direct
contact. This process is crucial in various industrial applications and systems,
including heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), refrigeration, power
generation, and chemical processing.

✤ Functions of a Heat Exchanger:

a. Heat Transfer:The primary function of a heat exchanger is to facilitate the

transfer of thermal energy between two fluids. These fluids can be gases,
liquids, or a combination of both. The heat exchanger ensures that heat is
exchanged without the two fluids mixing.

b. Temperature Control:Heat exchangers play a critical role in temperature

control within systems. They can either heat or cool a fluid depending on the
application. For example, in HVAC systems, heat exchangers are used to
regulate the temperature of air.

c. Energy Efficiency:By transferring heat between fluids, heat exchangers

contribute to energy efficiency in various processes. For instance, in power
plants, heat exchangers are employed to recover and reuse heat, improving the
overall efficiency of the system.

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d. Phase Change:Heat exchangers can be designed to facilitate phase changes,
such as condensation or evaporation. This is particularly common in
refrigeration systems, where heat exchangers are used in the condenser and
evaporator units.

Figure 57: Shell & Tube Heat Exhanger

4) Silencer – Exhaust and Intake : Silencers, commonly known as mufflers, are

devices designed to reduce the noise generated by the intake and exhaust
systems of internal combustion engines. These components play a crucial role
in minimizing sound emissions while allowing for efficient engine operation.

Figure 58: Silencer

✤ Silencer is of following types :-

a. Exhaust Silencers:The primary function of an exhaust silencer is to attenuate

the noise produced by the combustion process and the rapid expulsion of
exhaust gases from the engine.In addition to noise reduction, exhaust silencers
can impact backpressure, emissions, and engine performance.

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b. Intake Silencers:Intake silencers are designed to reduce the noise generated
during the intake phase of the engine, primarily from the air entering the
combustion chamber.These silencers help maintain acceptable noise levels and
improve the overall acoustic performance of the engine.

5) Skid Mounted Process Equipment : Skid-mounted process equipment refers

to a modular approach in which various industrial processing units or
equipment are mounted on a single or multiple skids, creating a compact and
transportable unit. This configuration offers several advantages in terms of
ease of installation, mobility, and scalability.

Figure 59: Skid Mounted Process

Equipment
✤ Key Features:

a. Modularity:Skid-mounted equipment is modular, allowing different process

units to be pre-assembled and integrated onto a single skid or multiple
interconnected skids. This modularity enhances flexibility in system design and
configuration.

b. Ease of Installation:The pre-assembly of process equipment onto skids

simplifies the installation process. Once delivered to the site, skid-mounted
units can be quickly connected to utilities, reducing overall installation time
and costs.

c. Mobility:Skid-mounted systems are designed for mobility, enabling easy

transportation to various locations. This is particularly advantageous in

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industries where flexibility and rapid deployment are crucial, such as in the oil
and gas sector or for temporary process requirements.

d. Compact Footprint:Skid-mounted systems are space-efficient. By

consolidating multiple components onto a skid, the overall footprint is
minimized, making it suitable for applications with limited available space.

e. Factory Testing:Components mounted on skids can undergo factory testing

before shipment, ensuring that each unit functions as intended. This quality
control process contributes to reliability and reduces the risk of issues during
on-site commissioning.

f. Scalability:Skid-mounted systems are scalable, allowing for easy expansion

or modification of processes. Additional skids or modules can be added to
accommodate increased production requirements.

6) Flare Stack and Structure : A flare stack, also known as a flare stack and
structure, is a safety device used in various industrial facilities, especially in the
oil and gas industry. It is designed to safely burn off or flare excess
hydrocarbon gases that cannot be processed or stored. The flare stack consists
of both the vertical stack itself and the supporting structure.Flare stacks and
structures are commonly found in refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas
processing facilities, and other industrial sites where the controlled burning of
hydrocarbon gases is necessary.

Figure 60: Flare Stack & Structure

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a. Flare Stack:The primary function of a flare stack is to safely combust and
burn off unwanted or excess hydrocarbon gases that cannot be processed,
stored, or controlled through regular plant operations.Flaring is a controlled
burning process that converts the hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water
vapor, reducing the environmental impact of releasing raw gases directly into
the atmosphere.

b. Supporting Structure:The supporting structure for the flare stack provides

stability and rigidity to the entire system, ensuring that the flare stack remains
upright and secure under various environmental conditions.It includes the
foundation, support beams, and other structural elements that bear the load of
the flare stack.

7) Aeration Grid and Decanter : An aeration grid and a decanter are both
components commonly used in wastewater treatment systems. They play
essential roles in the aeration and separation processes, contributing to the
efficient treatment of wastewater.

a. Aeration Grid:An aeration grid is designed to provide oxygen to

microorganisms in wastewater treatment processes, promoting biological
treatment and the breakdown of organic matter.The primary function is to
introduce air into the wastewater to create aerobic conditions, allowing
bacteria to metabolize and remove pollutants effectively.

b. Decanter:A decanter, or a centrifuge, is used in the separation process to

separate solids from liquids by utilizing centrifugal force.The primary function
is to clarify wastewater by separating suspended solids, sludge, or other
particulate matter from the liquid phase.

Figure 62: Aeration Grid

63 Figure 61: Decanter
8) Mining Ventilation Equipment : Mining ventilation equipment is critical for
ensuring a safe and productive working environment in underground mines.
Proper ventilation helps control air quality, temperature, and humidity, and it
provides fresh air for miners while removing harmful gases and contaminants.
Various types of equipment are used to achieve effective ventilation in mining
operations.

Figure 63: Ventilation Equipment

✤ Here are some key components:

a. Main Fans:Main fans are large ventilation fans designed to provide the
primary airflow throughout the underground mine.

b. Booster Fans:Booster fans are strategically placed to supplement airflow

from the main fans, ensuring proper distribution of fresh air to all working
areas of the mine.

c. Ventilation Ducting:Ventilation ducting is used to transport air from the

fans to the working areas of the mine and vice versa. It ensures the distribution
of fresh air and the removal of contaminated air.

d. Regulators and Controls:Regulators and control devices manage the airflow

and pressure within the ventilation system. They help maintain the desired
ventilation parameters.

e. Auxiliary Ventilation Equipment:Auxiliary equipment, such as venturi air

movers, is used to address specific ventilation challenges in localized areas.
They provide additional airflow where needed.

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9) Process Burner : A process burner is a device used in various industrial
applications to provide controlled combustion of fuels for specific processes
such as heating, drying, or chemical reactions. These burners are designed to
meet the specific requirements of the industrial processes they support.

Figure 64: Process Burner

Process burners find applications in various industries including:

a. Chemical processing

b. Petrochemical refining

c. Metal heat treating

d. Food processing

e. Glass manufacturing

f. Power generation

10) Recovery Scrubber : A recovery scrubber, also known as a gas scrubber or

simply a scrubber, is a device used in industrial processes to remove pollutants,
contaminants, or unwanted gases from gas streams. The primary purpose of a
recovery scrubber is to capture, neutralize, or recover substances that may be
harmful to the environment, human health, or the overall process efficiency.

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 Figure 65: Recovery Scrubber

Recovery scrubbers find applications in various industries, including:

a. Air pollution control in manufacturing plants

b. Removal of acidic gases in power plants

c. Recovery of solvents or valuable materials in chemical processes

d. Control of particulate matter in metal processing

11) Custom Fabrication : Custom fabrication refers to the process of creating

unique and tailor-made products or components according to specific design
specifications. This involves the use of various materials, tools, and techniques
to produce items that meet the exact requirements and preferences of the client.
Custom fabrication is commonly used in manufacturing, construction, and
various other industries to produce specialized and one-of-a-kind products.

Benefits of Custom Fabrication:

a. Tailored Solutions

b. Flexibility and Innovation

c. Quality and Durability

d. Unique Aesthetics

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 12. ENGINEERING DRAWING
Engineering drawing, often referred to as technical drawing or drafting, is a
graphical representation of an object or a system that communicates
information about its size, shape, and assembly. It serves as a universal
language in the engineering and manufacturing fields, providing a precise and
standardized way to convey design details. A common use is to specify the
geometry necessary for the construction of a component. Usually, a number of
drawings are necessary to completely specify even a simple component. These
drawings are linked together by a master drawing. This master drawing is more
commonly known as an assembly drawing. The assembly drawing gives the
drawing numbers of the subsequent detailed components, quantities required,
construction materials and possibly 3D images that can be used to locate
individual items. Although mostly consisting of pictographic representations,
abbreviations and symbols are used for additional textual explanations may
also be provided.The process of producing engineering drawings is often
referred to as technical drawing or drafting. Drawings typically contain
multiple views of a component, although additional scratch views may be
added of details for further explanation. Only the information that is a
requirement is typically specified. Key information such as dimensions is
specified in a drawing. Suitable tolerances are given for critical dimensions to
allow the component to be manufactured and function.Drawings have an
information box or title block containing who drew the drawing, who
approved it, units of dimensions, meaning of views, the title of the drawing and
the drawing number.
1) Various Drawing Sheet sizes

Designation Size (mm)

A0 841 × 1189
A1 594 × 841
A2 420 × 594
A3 297 × 420
A4 210 × 297
Figure 66: Different Sheet Sizes

2) Types of projection in engineering drawing

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I. Orthographic Projection: Orthographic projection is a technique used in
engineering drawing to represent a three-dimensional object in two
dimensions.Typically, an orthographic drawing includes front, top, and side
views that are projected onto planes that are perpendicular to each other,
providing a complete picture of the object from different angles.These views
help in visualizing the object's shape and size accurately. These views
collectively provide a comprehensive understanding of the object's geometry.
✤ Types of orthographic projections are:-
a. First Angle Projection :In first angle projection, the object is imagined to be
in the first quadrant (between the observer and the object), and the planes of
projection are placed between the object and the observer.First angle
projection is commonly used in Europe, Asia, and other parts of the world. It's
important to note that when using first angle projection, the views are arranged
in the order of top, front, and side (right or left), with the top view being placed
above the front view.

BOTTOM

RIGHT FRONT LEFT REAR

TOP

Figure 67: First Angle Projection

b. Third Angle Projection :In third angle projection, the object is imagined to
be in the third quadrant (behind the planes of projection), and the planes are
placed between the object and the observer.Third angle projection is
predominantly used in the United States and some other countries. In this
projection method, the views are arranged in the order of front, top, and side
(right or left), with the front view placed in the lower half of the drawing.

TOP

LEFT FRONT RIGHT REAR

BOTTOM

Figure 68: Third Angle Projection

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II. Isometric Projection :Isometric projection is a method of representing a
three-dimensional object in two dimensions, maintaining equal scales along all
axes.Unlike orthographic projection, where foreshortening occurs, isometric
projection allows for a more realistic representation of an object. It is often
used for conceptual design and visualization.

Figure 69: Isometric Projection

Figure 70: Types of Lines

3) Scale : Scale refers to the ratio of the size of the drawing to the actual size of
the object it represents.Engineers use scales to ensure that the drawing
accurately reflects the dimensions of the object. Common scales include 1:1,

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1:2, or 1:100, indicating the relationship between the drawing and the actual
size.

4) Dimensioning :Dimensioning involves adding numerical values to the

drawing to specify the size, location, and orientation of features.Dimensions
provide critical information for manufacturing and assembly. They include
linear dimensions (length, width, height), angular dimensions, and tolerances,
ensuring accurate reproduction of the design.

Dimension Type Example

Length
(Linear)

Angle
(Angular)

Diameter

Radius

Figure 71: Types of Dimensions

5) Sectional Views : Sectional views reveal the internal details of an object by

cutting it along a specific plane. When an object is too complex to be
represented adequately in a single view, sectional views help in showcasing
internal features, hidden details, and material properties.

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 Figure 72: Sectional view

6) Symbols and Abbreviations :Symbols and abbreviations are used to represent

specific features, materials, or processes in a standardized manner.Consistent
use of symbols and abbreviations ensures clarity and precision in
communication. Examples include geometric symbols, surface finish symbols,
and welding symbols.

Figure 73: GD&T Symbols

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 Figure 74: Surface Finish Symbols

7) Title Block : The title block is a section of the drawing that contains essential
information about the drawing, such as the title, scale, date, and the name of
the designer. The title block provides context and serves as a reference for
understanding the drawing and its associated documentation.

Figure 75: Title Block

8) Notes and Labels :Notes and labels provide additional information,

explanations, or instructions related to specific features or requirements.This
may include material specifications, finish requirements, assembly instructions,
and any other relevant details.

9) Bill of Materials (BOM) :The BOM provides a list of all the components and
materials required for the assembly or project.It includes part numbers,
descriptions, quantities, and sometimes additional information such as
material specifications.

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10) Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T): GD&T is a symbolic
language used on engineering drawings to define and communicate permissible
variations in form, size, orientation, and location of features.GD&T ensures
precise communication of design intent, allowing for more detailed and
comprehensive control of tolerances.

Figure 76: Feature Control Frame

11) Material Specifications: Material specifications detail the type of materials

to be used for specific components.Information about material type, grade,
and other relevant properties is included.

12) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) :CAD is the use of computer software to

create, modify, and analyze engineering drawings. CAD has revolutionized the
field of engineering drawing, offering tools for efficient design, simulation, and
collaboration. Modern engineering practices often involve the use of CAD
software for drafting and modeling.

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 13. CAD/CAM SOFTWARES
1) AutoCAD : AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk, is a computer-aided design
(CAD) software that has become a standard tool in various industries for
creating 2D and 3D drawings. AutoCAD is widely used by architects,
engineers, drafters, designers, and other professionals involved in the fields of
architecture, engineering, and construction.
✤ Here are key aspects and features of AutoCAD:
a. User Interface:AutoCAD provides a graphical user interface with a ribbon
at the top, toolbars, command line, and various panels for quick access to
commands and tools.The ribbon organizes commands into tabs and panels,
making it user-friendly and allowing users to easily navigate through different
functions.
b. Drawing Tools:AutoCAD offers a comprehensive set of drawing tools for
creating 2D drawings and 3D models.Users can draw lines, circles, arcs,
polygons, and other geometric shapes using precise measurements and
coordinates.
c. Drafting and Annotation:AutoCAD excels in drafting capabilities, allowing
users to create accurate and detailed drawings.Annotation tools include text,
dimensions, leaders, and hatching to add notes, labels, and other annotations
to drawings.
d. Layer Management:Layers in AutoCAD enable users to organize and
manage different elements of a drawing efficiently.Each layer can have its
properties, such as color, line type, and line weight, allowing for better control
and organization of the drawing.
e. Collaboration and Sharing:AutoCAD supports collaborative work
environments, allowing multiple users to work on the same drawing
simultaneously.Drawings can be easily shared in various formats, including
DWG (AutoCAD's native file format) and other common file types.
f. Integration with Other Software:AutoCAD integrates seamlessly with third-
party applications, facilitating a more comprehensive design and engineering
workflow.

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g. Industry-Specific Toolsets:AutoCAD provides specialized toolsets tailored
for various industries, such as architecture, electrical, mechanical, and more.
These toolsets offer additional features and libraries specific to each discipline.

Figure 77: Screenshot of AutoCAD

2)TruTops Boost:TruTops Boost is part of the TRUMPF TruTops software

suite, focusing on the programming and nesting aspects of sheet metal
processing.The software is designed to streamline the programming workflow
for laser cutting machines, punching machines, and combination machines
used in sheet metal fabrication.
✤ Key Features:
a. Programming Assistance: TruTops Boost often includes features to assist
users in efficiently programming cutting and punching operations, reducing the
time required for manual programming.
b. Nesting Optimization: The software may have nesting capabilities to
optimize the arrangement of parts on a sheet, minimizing material waste and
improving efficiency.
c. Integration: Integration with other TRUMPF software modules and
machine control systems to ensure a seamless workflow from design to
production.

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Figure 78: Screenshot of TruTops Boost

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 14. PROJECT
During the internship we were told to do practice of 2D drafting of some
industrial drawings on AutoCAD.And later on we were given a chance to do a
small project of our own for the laser cutting machine.So were prepared a
design for keychain on AutoCAD and then imported that design in TruTops
Boost software and prepared the process plan for laser cutting machine.Later
we were given
We followed the following steps:-
i.Preparation of a drawing on AutoCAD in .dwg format.
ii.Importing it into TruTops Boost software.
iii.Selecting material and sheet thickness.
iv.Adjusting drawing on sheet.
v.Deciding path of laser cuting nozzle head.
vi.Preparing the process plan sheet.

Figure 79: Our Design on AutoCAD

77
PHOTO OF KEYCHAIN SAMPLE

78
 15. CONCLUSION
After the completion of this internship, I had been exposed to a industrial &
professional working environment.I got introduced to various mechanical and
industrial processes carryed out in the industry and also various job profile
available in the industry.It was really an astounding thing to see that all the
things that I had been learning in the academics were being used in the
industry.I got opportunity to closely observe and imbibe in me problem solving
and team work skills.I improved my communication skills.Because of this
internship I realized the utmost importance of observation and critical
thinking.
Due to a hands on practice on the CAD/CAM softwares I came to know an
overview of their actual working and application in the industry.I also learnt
various aspects of engineering drawing reading.
All the staff members gave me guidance and advice throughout my
internship.These advices and guidance helped me very much and am I am sure
that they will prove to be useful for me in future to tackle with challenges.I am
confident that the learning that I got from this internship will play a crucial
role in my career.
Following are the key points whose importance I got to know by this
internship: -
a.Critical & Analytical Thinking:Critical and analytical thinking are paramount
for a mechanical engineer. These skills help in problem-solving, decision-
making, and identifying optimal solutions to complex engineering
challenges.When encountering design flaws, manufacturing issues, or
troubleshooting problems, critical and analytical thinking allow engineers to
analyze data, assess situations, and devise effective solutions.
b.Time Management:Time is a precious resource in engineering projects.
Efficient time management ensures that tasks are completed within deadlines,
preventing project delays and cost overruns.Mechanical engineers must
organize their work, set priorities, and allocate time effectively to meet project
milestones. Tools like Gantt charts can aid in visualizing and managing project
timelines.
c.Goal Management:Setting and achieving goals is crucial for project success.
Engineers need a clear understanding of project objectives to deliver high-

79
quality results.Mechanical engineers establish short-term and long-term goals,
aligning them with project requirements. Regularly reviewing and adjusting
goals ensures adaptability to evolving project needs.
d.Teamwork:Mechanical engineering projects are rarely solo endeavors.
Effective teamwork enhances creativity, collaboration, and the pooling of
diverse skills.Engineers collaborate with professionals from various disciplines
(electrical, civil, etc.) to ensure a comprehensive approach. Communication
skills are essential to convey ideas and work harmoniously within a team.
e.Communication Skills:Clear communication is vital in conveying ideas,
presenting designs, and coordinating with team members and
stakeholders.Mechanical engineers need to articulate technical concepts
effectively, whether through reports, presentations, or discussions. Strong
communication fosters understanding and collaboration.
f.Adaptability:Engineering projects often evolve, and unforeseen challenges
arise. Adaptability enables engineers to respond effectively to changes in
requirements or unexpected issues.Mechanical engineers must be flexible in
adjusting designs, methodologies, or project plans when necessary. Embracing
new technologies and methodologies is also part of staying adaptable.

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 16. REFERENCES
[1] N. D. Bhatt (50th Edition, 1 January 2014, Charotar Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd. - Anand). Machine Drawing : ISBN 978-93-85039-23-2
[2] S. K. Hajra Choudhary (1978). Materials Science and Processes : ISBN 978-
09-06216-00-2
[3] B. K. Agrawal (1 July 2017, McGraw Hill Education). Introduction to
Engineering Materials : ISBN 978-0-07-451505-1
[4] P. C. Sharma (1 December 2006, S. Chand). A Textbook of Production
Technology (Manufacturing Processes) : ISBN 978-81-21911-14-6
[5] Prashant P. Date (28 December 2010, Jaico Publishing House).
Introduction to Manufacturing Technologies – Principles & Practice : ISBN
978-81-79929-97-1
[6] B. L. Juneja, G. S. Sekhon, Nitin Seth (2 February 2017, New Age
International Publishers). Fundamentals of Metal Cutting and Machine
Tools : ISBN 978-81-22414-67-7
[7] P. N. Rao (Second Edition, 27 September 2008, McGraw Hill Education).
Manufacturing Technology – Volume 2 – Metal Cutting and Machine Tools :
ISBN 978-0-07-008769-9

[8] Official website of Teknoflow Green Equipment Private Limited :

https://www.teknoflow.co/

[9] Official website of Technoflow Industries :

https://www.technoflowindia.com/

[10] TRUMPF Group : https://www.trumpf.com/en_IN/

[11] Safan Darley : https://safandarley.com/uk

[12] ASME : https://www.asme.org/

[13] ASTM : https://www.astm.org/

[14] BIS : https://www.bis.gov.in/

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[15] ISO : https://www.iso.org/home.html
[16] CEN : https://www.en-standard.eu/

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