TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Reducing Field Sample of Aggregates to Testing Size

2. Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
3. Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregates
4. Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates
5. Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregates
6. Determination of Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates
7. Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates
8. Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Fine Aggregates
9. Soundness Test for Fine Aggregates
10. Test for Organic Impurities
11. Abrasion Test for Coarse Aggregates
12. Determination of Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement
13. Concrete Mix Designing and Proportioning
14. Fabricating Concrete Specimen for Tests (Concrete Cylinder and Concrete Beam)
and Curing
15. Test for Unit Weight and Yield of Concrete
16. Determination of the Air-content of Freshly Mixed Concrete
17. Determination of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen
18. Determination of Tensile Strength of concrete cylinder
19. Determination of Modulus of Rupture of Concrete Beam
20. Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks
21. Determination of Moisture Content in Wood
22. Test for Static Bending of Wood
23. Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Perpendicular to Grain
24. Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Parallel to Grain
25. Test for Shear of Wood Parallel to Grain
26. Tension Test of Structural Steel
27. Penetration of Bituminous Materials
28. Marshall Stability Test for Asphalt

1
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Reducing Aggregate Field Samples to Test Samples
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C702-87
AASHTO T248-89

Introduction
Investigation of a large quantity of aggregates may sometimes become
impractical, thus, only a representative sample is obtained for specific tests. This sample
when obtained and prepared properly is expected to possess the average characteristics
of the entire quantity of field sample.
Sampling methods introduced in this experiment can be used to reduce a large
mass of field sample into representative samples for succeeding aggregate tests. The
3
Splitting Method is recommended for samples smaller than 45 mm ( 1 ”). Sampler
4
3
splitter with 25 mm openings are for aggregates having a maximum size of 19 mm ( ”)
4
3
and the sampler splitter with 50 mm (2”) openings are for aggregates up to 45 mm (1
4
3
”). The Quartering Method is used for coarse aggregates larger than 45 mm (1 ”).
4

Objectives:
1. To be able to learn how to obtain and prepare test samples from field
samples
2. To understand the significance of aggregate sampling in civil engineering
projects

Apparatus/Materials:
Spade Containers Sieves (25mm, 45mm, 50mm)
Sample Splitter Trowel or Scoop Aggregates Field Samples

Procedure:
1. Take a representative sample of aggregates from the field. Refer to Table 1
for the minimum requirements for field samples. The sample must be dry and
free from roots and debris. Wash the field samples as needed then dry allow
to thoroughly dry before reducing them to test size.

2. Mix the clean and dry field samples thoroughly until it appears to be
homogeneous.
3. Use the following methods (Splitting and Quartering) for reducing the field
samples to testing size:

A. Splitting Method
1. Place the two catch pans under the splitter.
2. Part by part, pour the sample into the splitter uniformly allowing the
aggregates to pass through the splitter opening to the catch pans.
2
 3. When full, empty the catch pans unto a container. Two separate
containers must be used to store the two fractions of aggregates that
passed the splitter.
4. Complete the pouring of the entire quantity of field sample into the
splitter. Use a brush to collect the samples from the splitter. Refer to
Table 2 for the minimum requirements for test samples.
5. Label the containers with which the test samples are placed.

B. Quartering Method
1. Place the field sample on a clear, smooth and hard surface.
2. Mix the samples thoroughly until it appears homogeneous then form it
into a mound.
3. Flatten the mound by pressing it down carefully at its apex by a shovel
until a uniform thickness and diameter are obtained.
4. Using the shovel, divide the flattened mass into quarters. Include the
fine particles in the surface.
5. Collect in one container the aggregates in two diagonally opposite
quarters and in another container the other two quarters. Take note of
the minimum requirements shown in Table 2. Label containers with
samples appropriately for further tests.

Table 1
Recommended Size/quantity of Field Samples

Approximate Minimum Mass of Field

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates
Sample
Fine Aggregates
3.36 mm (#8) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
4.75 mm (#4) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
Coarse Aggregates
9.5 (3/8”) 10 kg (25 Lbs)
12.5 (1/2”) 15 kg (35 Lbs)
19.0 (3/4”) 25 kg (55 Lbs)
25.0 (1”) 50 kg (110 Lbs)
1
37.5 (1 ”) 75 kg ( 165 Lbs)
2
50 (2”) 100 kg (220 Lbs)
1
63 (2 ”) 125 kg (275 Lbs)
2
75 (3”) 150 kg ( 330 Lbs)
1
90 (3 ”) 175 kg (385 Lbs)
2
Source: Marotta & Harubin (1997)

3
 Table 2
Minimum Requirements for test Samples
Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample
9.5 (3/8”)
ss12.5 (1/2”)
19.0 (3/4”)
25.0 (1”)
1
37.5 (1 ”)
2
50 (2”)
1
63 (2 ”)
2
75 (3”)
1
90 (3 ”)
2
Source: Marotta & Harubin (1997)

Drawing:
Observations:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Discussion of Results:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4
Post-lab Questions:
1. Explain the difference between: a) natural and manufactured aggregate, b) fine and
coarse aggregate.

2. Weigh each of the test samples from the catch pans. Do their weights differ? By
what percentage?

3. Weigh the samples obtained by the quartering method. Does each of the two
fractions represent 50% of the total mass of field sample? Why or why not? Explain
briefly.

5
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Sieve Analysis of Aggregates

Reference Standard:
ASTM C 136-84a
AASHTO T27-93
ASTM C33 / C33M-18
AASHTO T-27
Introduction

Sieving consists of shaking a sample through a stack of sieves arranged in

progressively decreasing sizes. The mass retained on each sieve is determined and the
analysis is made to produce a gradation curve that describes the particle-size
distribution in the sample.

Suitable gradation of an aggregate in a concrete mix is desirable in order to

secure workability of the mixture and economy in the use of cement. Gradation or the
distribution of the particle size can be determined by plotting the graph of the percent
finer. The range of amounts retained on the sieves may indicate well-graded, uniform-
graded, or gap-graded samples. For asphalt concrete, suitable gradation does not only
influence the workability of the mixture and economy in the use of the asphalt, but will
also affect its strength and its important properties.

Objectives:

1. To perform and learn the procedure for sieve analysis/ aggregate gradation.
2. To understand the importance of aggregate gradation to concrete and asphalt
mixes.
3. To determine particle size distribution of mass samples of fine and coarse
aggregates.

Apparatus/Material

Set of sieves Mechanical Shaker (optional)

Container Weighing Balance
4.75mm (No.4) 2.36 (No.8)
1.18mm (No.16) 600ᶣm (No.30)
150ᶣm (No.100)

Procedure:

6
1. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in the Table 1.
2. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample
quantities prescribed in Table 2.
3. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.

4. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and
turn on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if
the sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time

5. Assemble the sieves in the order presented in the Table 1.

6. Obtain and prepare a representative sample according to the sample

quantities prescribed in Table 2.

7. Dry the sample to a constant mass at a controlled temperature.

8. Place the weighed aggregate (one part at a time) on the top of the sieves stack
and cover the lid. Properly secure the sieves in the mechanical shaker and
turn on the shaker for five minutes. A mechanical shaker is recommended if
the sample weight is greater than or equal to 20 kg. In case of the absence of
mechanical shaker, shake the stack of sieves with your hands continuously at
the same time.

9. Record the weights of the materials retained on each of the sieves, including
the weight retained on the pan. Use a weighing balance accurate to 0.1 g for
fine aggregates and accurate to 0.05 g for coarse aggregates. If the sums of
these weights are not within 1 percent of the original sample weight, the
procedure should be repeated. Otherwise, use the sum of the weight retained
to calculate the percentage on each sieve.

10. Continue sieving until not greater than 1.0 mas percent of the residue on any
single sieve will pass the sieve during a 1.0 minute of continuous hand
shaking.

11. Compute the cumulative percent retained and the percent of weights passing
each sieve.

12. Plot the gradation curves for the coarse and fine aggregates form the
experiment

7
Table 1
Sieve Sizes

US Standard Sieve Sizes Clear Opening (mm)

3” 75.00
2” 50.00
1
1 ” 37.50
2
1” 25.00
3
” 19.00
4
1
” 12.50
2
3
” 9.50
8
No. 4 4.75
No. 8 2.36
No. 10 2.00
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)

Table 2
Minimum Sample Sizes or Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregates

Particle Size Minimum Sample Size (kg)

3” 100
1
2 ’’ 60
2
2” 35
1
1 ” 15
2
1 10
3
” 3
4
1
” 2
2
3
” 1
8
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)

8
Observations:
Mechanical Shaker is much more convenient to use, but it takes too much time. On
the other hand, manually shaking it is really hard but it consumes less time than the
mechanical shaker.

Coarse aggregate:

Initial Weight: 5000g

Weight of Sieve with

Sieve no. Weight of Empty Weight Retained
Aggregates
Sieve (grams) (grams)
(grams)
2 in 0.537
1 ½ in 0.559 1.589 1.030
1 in 0.549 2.988 2.439
¾ in 0.558 3.013 2.455
½ in 0.547 4.023 3.476
3/8 in 0.534 2.717 2.183
No. 4 (4.75 mm) 0.515 5.401 4.886
No.8 (0.0937 in) 0.493 5.858 5.365
No.10(0.0787 in) 0.489 1.613 1.124
Pan 0.374 12.27 11.896
Total = 22.958
Data Analysis:

1. Percentage retained on each sieve:

Massratained on theindividual sieve

% retained = x 100 %
Total mass of the sample

2. Percentage passing ( finer):

Total mass−Cumulative mass retained

% passing = x 100 %
Total mass of the sample

3. Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu:

D60
Cu =
D10
Where:

9
 Cu= coefficient of uniformity
D60= particle size @ 60% finer
D10= particle size @ 10% finer

Calculations:

1) Percentage retained on each sieve:

Column ( 2 )
% Retained = x 100
34.854
2) Percentage passing:
34.854−Column(2)
% Passing = x 100
34.854

Coefficient uniformity:
D60 3/4 ' '
Cu = = =8
D10 0.0937 ' '

Results:
Initial Weight:
Final Weight:

Weight Cumulative Weight

Cumulative %
Sieve no. Retained Retained % passing
Retained
(gram) (gram)
2 in 0 0 100
1 ½ in 1.030 1.030 2.9559 97.0448
1 in 2.439 3.469 9.9529 90.0471
¾ in 2.455 5.924 16.9966 83.0034
½ in 3.476 9.4 26.9696 73.0304
3/8 in 2.183 11.583 33.2329 66.7671
No. 4 (4.75 mm) 4.886 16.469 47.2513 52.7486
No.8 ( 0.0937 in) 5.365 21.834 62.6442 37.3558
No. 10 (0.0787 in) 1.124 22.958 65.8690 34.1309
Finest 11.896 34.854 100 0

Gradation Curve:

10
Discussion of Results:

We started to sieve manually, from the sieve no. 1.5 in. down to the pan.
We then weighed and recorded every weight retained in each sieve no.

Conclusions:
We concluded that it is much easier to sieve using the mechanical shaker, but it
is faster to sieve manually.
Determination of Fineness Modulus of Aggregates

Procedure:

1. Add the Cumulative % Retained on all of the sieves except the No. 200 (75ᶣm) and
the Pan.

2. Then divide by 100 (remember to report answer to the nearest 0.01)

3. Once this result is obtained the average size particles in a mix can be determined by
looking at the scale and placing a mark where it fits in the best. If for example the F.M. is
2.65, then you would place the mark between the No. 50 (300ᶣm) and the No. 30
(600ᶣm) sieve.

Example: average cumulative retained = 2.96

#100 #50 #30 #16 #8 #4 3/8” 3/4" etc

1 2 X 3 4 5 6 7 8

11
 Table 1

Maximum size Volume of dry-rodded course aggregate per unit volume of concrete

Aggregate for different fineness muduli of fine aggregates

(mm)
2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
3/8”` 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
1/2” 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
3/4" 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
1” 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
1 1/2" 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.69
2” 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
3” 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
6” 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81

Discussion of Results:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____
Conclusions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____

12
Post-lab Questions:

1. Using the given data below plot the gradation curve and check against ASTM
requirements. Also, identify the gradation of the sample described.

Sample 1A
Sieve No. Weight Retained
(grams)
4 12
8 70
16 85
30 96
50 120
100 100
Pan 10

Sample 1B
Sieve No. (in) Weight Retained (grams)
3 500
2 860
1½ 1240
3/8 980
50 600
Pan 85

2. Determine the coefficient of curvature for samples 1a and 1b above. Infer

from the results of your calculations

3. What are the main purposes of Sieve Analysis of Aggregates?

The main purpose of sieve analysis of aggregates is to determine the particle

size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates.

4. What is the difference between coarse and fine aggregates?

Fine aggregates are the particles that pass through 4.75mm sieve and retain
on 0.075mm sieve. Coarse aggregates are the particles that retain on
4.75mm sieve.

13
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE

AGGREGATES
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C127-88
AASHTO T85-91

Introduction
Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material
to the weight of an equal volume of water. The variations of the definitions of specific
gravity depend upon the material and its purpose. In concrete work the term specific
gravity customarily refers to the density of the individual particle, not to the aggregate
mass as a whole. The most common definition of specific gravity in aggregate in
concrete is specific gravity in the saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD). The bulk (oven
dry) specific gravity and apparent specific gravity are used to a lesser degree.
Absorption, according to STM C127 and C1280, is a measure of the total pore
volume accessible to water. The absorption capacity of an aggregate is determined by
finding the weight of an aggregate under the SSD condition and the oven-dry sample
weight is the absorption capacity. Course aggregate are considered to be saturated
surface dry when have been wiped fee of visible moisture film with a cloth after the
aggregates have been soaked in water for 24 hours.

Objectives:
1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific
gravity and absorption of course aggregates
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity
of aggregate
3. To determine the following properties of a course aggregate sample:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Bulk specific gravity in the oven dry condition
d. Absorption

Apparatus/Materials:
Course aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram
Wire mesh basket Oven
Sieve Sample container
Procedure:
1. Prepare the sample of course aggregates obtained from Experiment 1. Refer

14
 to Table 1 for prescribed quantities according to sample size. Perform the
sampling procedure of Experiment 1 if new test samples are to be tested.
2. Soak the test sample clean water for approximate 24 hrs. Specific gravity and
absorption of aggregates not oven-dried before soaking may be higher than
aggregates dried at room temperature.
3. Dry the aggregate sample to its saturated-surface-dry condition (SSD) by
wiping its surface dry using a towel.
4. After wiping its surface dry, weigh the test sample in air (B) to the
nearest 1.0 gram. Do this quickly to prevent evaporation of moisture from
the aggregate.
5. Place the weighed test sample in a wire mesh sample and dip it in water at a
temperature of 23± 1.7℃. Removed entrapped air in the aggregates by
shaking. Measure the weight of the sample in the basket while dipped in
water ( C ).
6. Removed the sample from the basket and allow to try in the oven at 110±5
℃ to a constant weight (A).
7. From the values obtained above, calculate the specific gravities and
absorption of the aggregate.

Table 1
Minimum Requirements for Test Samples

Nominal Maximum Size of Aggregates Minimum Mass of Test Sample

<12.5 mm (1/2”) 2Kg
19.0 mm (3/4”) 3kg
25.0 mm (1”) 4kg
37.5 mm(1 ½) 5kg
50 mm (2”) 8kg
63 mm(2 ½) 12kg
75 mm(3”) 18kg
90 mm(3 ½) 25kg
100 mm(4”) 40kg
Source: Marotta & Ilerubin (1997)
Observations:
(Kg) (Kg)
(Kg)

Quantity 1 2 3
Mass of the empty basket in air, g 0.380 0.380 0.380
Mass of the wire basket + SSD sample in air, g 1.280 1.054 1.250
Mass of the SSD sample in air, g 0.900 0.674 0.870
Mass of the basket +sample in water, g 0.500 0.400 0.450
Mass of the empty container (used for oven-drying) in air, g 0.039 0.084 0.091

15
Mass of the container + oven-dried sample in air, g 0.987 0.756 0.957
Mass of the oven-dried sample in air, g 0.898 0.672 0.866

Data Analysis:
1. Apparent Specific Gravity
Ga = Mo ÷ [Mo Mw]
2. Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD)
Gssd = Mssd ÷ [Mssd – Mw]

2. Bulk Specific Gravity

Gb = Mo ÷ [Mssd – Mw]
3. Absorption
A = {[Mssd – Mo] ÷ Mo} x 100%

Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample
Mw = mass off sample in water

Results:
Aggregate: Coarse Aggregate Nominal Size: 1 inch

Measure 1 2 3
Mass of the SSD sample in air 0.900 0.674 0.870
Mass of SSD sample in water 0.500 0.400 0.450
Mass of oven-dried ample in air 0.898 0.672 0.866

Property Ave. value

Apparent specific gravity 2.2695
Bulk specific gravity 2.2531
Bulk specific gravity SSD 2.2604
Absorption 0.3108

16
Discussion of Results:

Conclusions:

Post-lab Questions:
1. Define hygroscopic moisture.

2. A 3.0-kg sample has a moisture content of 12%. Determine its dry weight.

3. Derive the formula:

MT G SSD−1
Free Moisture: ( )(
MW
X
G SSD
−1 )
Where:

MT = Mass of Sample in air

Mw =Mass of sample in water
GSSD = Specific gravity in the SSD Condition

17
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Determination of Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregates
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C566-96
AASHTO T255-92

Introduction
The amount of water in concrete mixes includes the amount of moisture
necessary to fill the voids in aggregates and to combine the concrete mix to produce a
homogeneous material. If the aggregates are absorbent, water in the mix should include
water for the cement matrix and water to coat the surface of the aggregates and to fill
its voids.
Moisture of aggregates occur in three conditions, namely: a) air dry, b)
saturated-surface dry (SSD), and c) oven-dry. In the air dry condition, the aggregate
appears dry but contains some moisture and still may be able to absorb more. In the
saturated-surface dry condition, the surface of the aggregate is dry but its voids are
completely filled with moisture. In the oven dry condition, the aggregate is totally dry
in and out.
The amount of moisture present in aggregates is useful for determining the
adequate amount of water needed for concrete batches.

Objectives:
1. To learn the procedures for determining the amount of moisture in coarse
aggregates
2. To qualify the components of evaporable moisture in aggregates
3. To calculate and compare the total evaporable moisture with surface moisture

Apparatus/Materials:
Coarse aggregate sample Balance sensitive to 1.0 gram

18
 Oven Sieve
Sample container
Procedure:
A. Total moisture content of coarse aggregates
1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Weigh the test sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Due to this quickly to avoid
moisture loss.
3. Under controlled temperature, dry the sample in an oven. The sample is
completely dry when further drying would cause less than 0.1 percent
additional loss in weight.
4. Weigh the dry sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.

B. Free moisture content of coarse aggregate in the SSD condition

1. Obtain the prescribed test sample size.
2. Soak the sample for 24 hours.
3. Weigh the wet sample to the nearest 1.0 gram. Avoid moisture loss.
4. Using a towel, wipe the surface dry unit it loses its shine.
5. Immediately weigh the SSD sample to the nearest 1.0 gram.

Observations:
Measure COARSE AGGREGATES FINE AGGREGATES
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Original mass of the test sample,
0.898 0.672 0.866
grams
Mass of the SSD sample, grams 0.900 0.674 0.870

Mass of the oven-dry sample, grams 0.890 0.670 0.860

Data Analysis:
1. Total Moisture Content
MC = [(Mt – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
2. Absorption
A = [(Mssd – Mo)/Mo] * 100%
3. Free Moisture or Surface Moisture
FM = Mt – A
Mt – Mo(1 + A/100)
= -------------------------- 100%
Mo(1 + A/100)
Where:
Mo = oven-dry mass of sample
Mssd = SSD mass of sample

19
 Mt = original mass of test sample

Results:

Moisture Content:

0.898−0.890
1)
0.890
X 100 = 0.89887

0.672−0.670
2) X 100 = 0.29851 Ave. = 0.6317
0.670

0.866−0.860
3)
0.860
X 100 = 0.69767

Absorption:

0.900−0.890
1)
0.890
X 100 = 1.1236

0.674−0.670
2)
0.670
X 100 = 0.5970 Ave. = 0.9611

0.870−0.860
3)
0.860
X 100 = 1.1628

Free Moisture:
0.898−0.890
1)
0.890
X 100 = 0.89887

0.672−0.670
2) X 100 = 0.29851 Ave. = 0.6317
0.670

0.866−0.860
3)
0.860
X 100 = 0.69767

20
Discussion of Results

Conclusion:

Post-lab Questions:
1. Determine the bulk specific gravity, bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition,
the apparent specific gravity and percentage absorption of a sample with the
following data:

2. Will the immersion of the aggregates in water saturated its voids? Explain
briefly.

3. Discuss briefly the significance and use of the specific gravity and absorption of
the aggregates.

21
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATES

Reference Standard:
AASHTO T 85

Introduction:
In Portland Cement Concrete the specific gravity of the aggregate is used in
calculating the percentage of voids and the solid volume of aggregates in computations
of yield. The absorption is important in determining the net water-cement ratio in the
concrete mix. Knowing the specific gravity of aggregates is also critical to the
construction of water filtration systems, slope stabilization projects, railway bedding
and many other applications. Specific gravity is important for several reasons. Some
deleterious particles are lighter than the “good” aggregates. Tracking specific gravity

22
can sometimes indicate a change of material or possible contamination. Differences in
specific gravity may be used to separate the deleterious particles from the good using a
heavy media liquid.
Specific gravity is critical information for the hot Mix Asphalt Design Engineer.
This value is used in calculating air voids, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids
filled by asphalt (VFA). All are critical to a well performing and durable asphalt mix.
Water absorption may also be an indicator of asphalt absorption. A highly absorptive
aggregate may result in a low durability asphalt mix.

Objectives:
1. To perform and understand the procedure for determining the specific gravity
and absorption of fine aggregates
2. To understand the importance of SSD in determining the absorption capacity of
aggregates
3. To determine the following properties of a fine aggregates:
a. Apparent specific gravity
b. Bulk specific gravity in the SSD condition
c. Absorption

Apparatus
Balance Pycnometer
Mold Tamper

Procedure:
1. Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce the sample to the required size in accordance
with AASHTO T248 (Reducing field samples of aggregates to the test size). The sample
size for this procedure is approximately 1000g of material passing the no. 4 (4.75 mm)
sieve.

2. Dry test samples to constant weight in an oven set at 230±9⁰F (110±5⁰C). Cool the
sample at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours. After the cooling period, immerse the
sand in water at room temperature for a period 15 to 19 hours. Instead of completely
immersing the sand in water, AASHTO consider sand to be “soaked” if the sand is
maintained at a moisture content of at least 6% for the prescribed period. This is the
23
recommended procedure to eliminate the need to time consuming and difficult, since
great care must be taken to avoid decanting some of the sample along with the water.
Additionally, the sand will be much closer to the SSD condition when soaked at 6%
moisture, which expedites the dry procedure.

3. Decant water from sample, avoiding loss of fines. Spread the sample on a flat, non-
absorbent surface. Stir the sample occasionally to assist in homogeneous drying. A
current of warm air may be used to assist drying procedures (Figure 20; however, fine
particles may be lost with this procedure if not careful.

4. Determine the SSD condition of the sand using the Cone Test.
Note: Throughout the process of drying step 3, test the sand for SSD condition using the
cone method. Place the cone with the large diameter down on a glass plate. Fill cone to
overflowing with drying sand. Lightly tamp the fine aggregates into the mold with 25
light drops of the tamper (Figure 3). Each drop should start about 1/5 in. above the top
surface of the fine aggregate. Remove loose sand from base and carefully lift the mold
vertically. If surface moisture is still present, the fine aggregate will retain the molded
shape. When the sand achieves an SSD condition, the sand will slump.
5. Calibrate a specific gravity flask pycnometer by filling with water at 73.4±3⁰F
(23±1.7⁰c) to the calibration line. Record this weight as the weight of the pycnometer
filled with water to the nearest 0.1 g.
6. Place the SSD sand into the pycnometer and fill with water (set at 73.4±3⁰F
(23±1.7⁰c)) to 905 OF PYCNOMETER CAPACITY.

Manually roll, invert and agitate the pycnometer to eliminate air bubbles This
procedure should be repeated several times to ensure that any entrapped air is
eliminated. Agitation of the pycnometer does not have to be constant.
7. Bring the pycnometer to the pycnometer calibrated capacity with additional water.
If bubbles prevent the proper filling of the pycnometer, adding a few drops of isopropyl
alcohol is recommended to disperse the foam. Place the pycnometer in a water in a
water bath at the regulated temperature and allow the sample to equalize.
8. Determine the total weight of pycnometer, specimen and water. Record the weight to
the
Nearest 0.1 gas Weight of Pycnometer with sample and water.

Calculations:

24
Determine calculations based on appropriate formula for desired result as follows:

A. Bulk Specific Gravity (Gsb): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate at a stated temperature ro the weight in air of an equal volume of gas free
distilled water at a stated temperature.
Gsb= A/ (B-C)

Where: A=Oven dry wt B= SSD wt. C=wt. in water

B. Bulk SSD specific gravity (Gsb SSD): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
aggregate, including the weight of water within the voids filled to the extent achieved
by submerging in water for approximately 15 hours, to the weight in air of an equal
volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Gsb SSD = B/ (B-C)
C. APPARENT Specific Gravity (Gsa): The ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of
the IMPERMEABLE portion of aggregate (does not include the permeable pores in
aggregate) to weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated
temperature.
Gsa= A/ (A-C)
D. Absorption( % Abs): the increase in water of aggregate due to water in the pores of
the material, but not including water adhering to the outside surface of the particles.
%Abs = [(B-A)/A] x 100

Table:
A Wt. of oven dry specimen in air 0.995
B Wt. of Pycnometer filled with water 0.488
C Wt. of Pycnometer with Specimen and water 0.909
S SSD wt 0.997

TRIAL S A B C B+S-C B+A-C

1 0.997 0.995 0.488 0.909 0.576 0.574

TRIAL BULK SSD (S/B+S-C) BULK A/B+S-C APPARENT A/B+A-C

1 1.7309 1.7274 1.7334

Calculations:

25
1. Bulk Specific Gravity: 0.995 = 1.7274
0.997-(0.909-0.488)

2. Bulk SSD Specific Gravity: 0.997 = 1.7309

0.997-(0.909-0.488)

3. Apparent Specific Gravity: 0.995___ = 2.0182

0.995-(0.909-0.488)

4. Absorption: _0.997 – 0.995 x 100 = 0.20100502

0.995

Post-lab exercises

1. What is the purpose of conducting water absorption test?

2. What are the limitations in determination of specific gravity using pycnometer?

3. Define unit weight, bulk density?

4. Provide proofs of equations 1, 2 and 3.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

26
 DETERMINING OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE AGGREGATES
Reference Standards
ASTM C70 – 13
AASHTO T -84

SCOPE
This method describes several procedures for determining free moisture and
absorption of aggregates.

PROCEDURE B – FREE MOISTURE IN AGGREGATE BY MASS (WEIGHT)

DIFFERENCE
This procedure is an alternate to using pycnometer and is also intended for
determining the moisture content for Portland Cement Concrete.

A. Apparatus
1. Balance having a capacity at least 5, 000 grams and accurate to 0.5 gram

B. Preparation of Sample
1. Obtain a test sample of about 1000 grams of fine aggregate or about 2000
grams of coarse aggregate by the following method:
Place the field sample on a clean, hard non-absorbent surface. Mix the
sample thoroughly, form a miniature stockpile and obtain small increments
of materials from random locations from the stockpile until the desired
sample size is obtained.
NOTE: The moisture test should be completed as soon as possible after
obtaining the field sample to avoid moisture loss due to evaporation.
2. Weigh to the nearest 0.5-gram, a 1000-gram sample of fine aggregate,
or 2000-gram. Sample of coarse aggregate. To avoid moisture loss due to
evaporation the weighing should be done immediately after obtaining the
test sample. Also avoid any excessive manipulation of the aggregate, prior to
weighing, which could cause a loss of moisture.

C. Test Procedure

27
 1. Bring the weighed wet sample to a saturated-surface-dry condition in the
manner described in Materials IM 307 and weigh to the nearest 0.5 gram.

D. Calculation
1. Calculate the moisture content, based on wet mass (weight), to the nearest
0.1% as follows:

Wt .as received−Wt . SSD

Percent Moisture= X 100
Wt . as received

*A negative result is due to absorption of the aggregate rather than free

moisture.

2. The percent of moisture, based on saturated-surface-dry mass (weight), is

calculated to the nearest 0.1 percent as follows:

% Moisture as received
% Moisture SSD= X 100
100−% Moisture by wet mass ( weight ) as received

Or

wet mass ( weight )−SSD mass(weight )

Percent Moisture( SSD)= X 100
SSD mass( weight)

Mass (gram)
Mass of fine aggregate oven dry 0.995
Mass of fine aggregate in SSD 1.003
Mass of fine aggregate as receive 1.000

CALCULATIONS:

1. Percent Moisture: ___1.00-1.003__ = 0.3

1.00

2. Percent Moisture SSD: _______0.3_______ x 100 = 0.3009

100 – 0.3

28
Post-lab Questions:
1. What is moisture content of fine aggregates?

2. How do you measure moisture content of aggregates?

3. What is free moisture?

29
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Coarse Aggregates

Reference Standards
ASTM C 29/29M-91a

Introduction

The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight per unit volume.
Unit weight may also be used to determine mass-volume relationships and in selection
proportions for a mix design. This test method determines the unit weight of an
aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of aggregates.
Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, sjape and surface texture of
aggregate, gradation, moisture content and compaction.

Objectives:

1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate

2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in

aggregates

3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing

Apparatus/ Materials:

A. Calibration of the Measure

1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the
aggregate sample
2. Weigh the empty measure.
3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
5. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water
required to fill the measure by its density
6. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.

B. Unit Weight Determination

1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to

200% of the volume of the measure.

30
For aggregates <= 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates > 37.5 mm
but <150 mm, used the jigging procedure.

2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping
evenly over the surface.

3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step2. Only
enough force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate
the last layer of aggregate placed in the measure.

4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling
the tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do
not compress the aggregates.

5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and

compute the unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree
within one percent.

Table 1
Capacity of Measures
Nominal Size of Aggregates (mm) Capacity of Measure (m3)
12.5 0.0028
25.0 0.0093
37.5 0.0140
75.0 0.0280
112.0 0.0700
150.0 0.1000
Source: Marotta & Herubin (1997)
The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregates of a maximum
nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed.

31
 Table 2
Unit Weight of Water
Temperature (oC) Unit Weight (kN/m3) Density (kg/m3)
0 9.805 999.490
5 9.807 999.694
10 9.804 999.388
15 9.798 998.776
20 9.789 997.860
30 9.764 995.311
40 9.730 991.845
Source: de La Fuente (1991)

Observations:
D= 15.2cm H= 30cm Wagg + Mold= 18.310
Total
Item
1 COARSE 2 FINE 3 4
Nominal Max. Aggregate Size
Total Weight (measure + sample) 18.310 6.634
Mass of Measure 8.745 4.429
Mass of Aggregates 9.565 2.205
Volume of Measure 5443.75 cm3 1,615.564 cm3

Data Analysis

1. Density
M= MT - M m
V
Where: P = unit weight of the aggregate (kg/m3)
MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)
Mm =mass of the measure (kg)
V = volume of the measure (m3)

2. Unit Weight
Y= WT - Wm
V
Where: Y = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3)
WT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)
Wm = weight of measure (kN)
V = volume of the measure (m3)

32
3. Void Content
% Voids = [Gs(dry) x Pw – Pagg ] x 100
Gs(Dry)(Pw)

Where:
Pagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)
Pw = density of water (kg/m3)
Gs(dry) = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis
Note: Use Gs (dry) of Expt. 2
Calculations:

1.Density: ___18.310 – 8.745__ =1,757.302 kg/m3

5.443x10-3
2. Unit Weight: ___0.065079-0.0434__ = 17.24069 kg/m3
1.615564 x10-3
3. Void Content(%): _(2.2531x1000) – 1,757.302__ = 0.22
2.2531 x 1000
Results

Total
Item
COARSE FINE 3 4
Total Weight
0.1796211 0.065079
(measure +sample)
Measure Weight 0.08578 0.043448
Weight of
0.093882 0.02163
aggregates
Measure Volume 5.443x10-3 1.615564x10-3
Unit Weight 17.24069 13.38913
Density 1,757.302 1,364.848
% Voids 0.22 0.21

Average unit Weight:

For Coarse: 17.24069 For fine: 13.38913
Discussion of Results:
After we gather the needed data, we were able to solve the unit weight, density and
void percentage of aggregates. There is a slight difference between the percent voids
between coarse and fine aggregates.

33
Conclusion:

Post-Lab Questions:

1. What conditions call for recalibration and replacement of the measure?

2. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is YSSD calculated?

3. What makes the oven-dry unit weight distinct from the saturated-surface-dry
unit weight?

Experiment NO. 8

34
 Determination of Unit Weight and Voids of Fine Aggregates
Reference Standard:
ASTM C29 / C29M
AASHTO T 19M/T 19

Introduction:
Determination of the unit weight of fine aggregates in a compacted condition.
The unit weight so determined is necessary for the design of a concrete mixture by the
absolute value method. The unit weight of an aggregate gives a measure of its weight
per unit volume. Unit weight may also use to determine mass-volume relationships and
in selecting proportions for a mix design. This test method determines the unit weight
of an aggregate on a dry basis. The voids are empty spaces between particles of
aggregates. Voids depend upon many factors. Among them are size, shape and surface
texture of aggregate, gradation, moisture content, and compaction.

Objectives:
1. To determine the unit weight of an air-dry mixed aggregate
2. To visualize how some certain aggregate properties influence the voids in
aggregates
3. To learn the importance of the capacity of the measure required for a given
aggregate size for testing.
Apparatus or Materials:
Tamping Rod Straight Edge
Cylindrical Metal Measure Shovel or Scoop
Weighing Balance
Procedure:
A. Calibration of the Measure
1. Select an appropriate measure according to the nominal size of the aggregate
sample.
2. Weigh the empty measure.
3. Fill the measure with water at room temperature and cover with a glass
plate to exclude air bubbles and to remove excess water.
4. Weigh the measure filled with water. Make the necessary calculations to
determine the mass of the water that filled the entire volume of the measure.
The actual volume of the measure shall be at least 95% of the nominal
volume in the table.
5. Take the temperature reading of the water used to fill the measure and
determine its density using Table 2. Interpolate as necessary.
6. Compute the volume of the measure by dividing the mass of the water

35
 required to fill the measure by its density.
7. If there is a reason to question the accuracy of the measure, recalibrate or
replace the water as needed.
B. Unit Weight Determination
1. Select a sample of oven-dry mixed aggregate approximately 125% to 200%
of the volume of the measure.
For aggregates < 37.5 mm use the rodding procedure and for aggregates >
37.5 mm but < 150 mm, use the jigging procedure.
2. Fill the measure one-third full, level and apply 25 strokes tamping evenly
over the surface.
3. Fill the measure two-thirds full. Level and tamp as in step 2. Only enough
force should be used to cause the tamping rod to just penetrate the last layer
of aggregate placed in the measure.
4. Fill to overflowing, tamp as before and strike off the surplus by rolling the
tamping rod over the surface or level off using a straight edge. Do not
compress the aggregates.
5. Determine the net weight of the aggregate in the measure and compute the
unit weight. Make at least two trials. Results should agree within one %.

Nominal size of Aggregates Capacity of Measure

(mm) (m3)
12.5 0.0028
25 0.0093
37.5 0.0140
75 0.0280
112 0.0700
150 0.1000

The indicated size of container may be used to test aggregate of a maximum

nominal size equal to or smaller than that listed.
Temperature Unit Weight Density
0
C (kN/m) (kg/m)
0 9.805 999.490
5 9.807 999.694
10 9.804 999.388
15 9.798 998.776
20 9.789 997.860
30 9.764 995.311
40 9.730 991.845

Drawing:

36
Observation:
Nominal Max. Aggregate Size 1 2 3 4
Total Weight (measure + 0.065079 kN
sample)
Mass of Measure 4.429 kg
Mass of Aggregates 2.205 kg
Volume of Measure 1.615564X10^-
3 m3

Data Analysis
1. Density

MT - Mmm
M = -----------------------------------
V
Where:
P = unit weight of the aggregate
MT = combined mass of the aggregate and the measure (kg)
Mmm= mass of the measure (kg)
V = volume of the measure (m3)
2. Unit Weight

WT – Wmm
ɣ = ---------------------------------
V

Where:
ɣ = unit weight of aggregate (kN/m3)
WT = total weight of aggregate and measure (kN)
Wmm = weight of measure (kN)

37
 V = volume of the measure (m3)
3. Void Content

[Gsgdry x рw – рagg]
%Voids = -------------------------------------------
Gsgdry(рw)
Where:
Рw = density of water (kg/m3)
рagg = density of aggregate (kg/m3)
Gsgdry = bulk of specific gravity on the dry basis

Calculations:
1. Density

6.634 – 4.429
ρ = ----------------------------------- = 1364.848 kg/m^3

1.615564 x 10^-3

2. Unit Weight

0.06507954 – 0.04344849
ɣ = ------------------------------------------ = 13.389 kN/m^3
1.615564 x 10^-3

3. Void Content

(1.7185 x 1000) – 1364.848

%Voids = ------------------------------------------- = 0.2058
1.785 x 1000

38
Results:
1 2 3 4
Total Weight(measure + sample) 0.065079
(kN)
Measure weight (kN) 0.043448
Weight of Aggregates (kN) 0.021631
Measure volume (m^3) 1.615564
x 10^-3
Unit weight (kN/m^3) 13.389
Density (kg/m^3) 1364.848
%Voids 0.2058

Average unit weight: 13.389

Discussion of Results:

Conclusion:

39
Post-lab questions:
1. What is concrete and how it is made?

2. What is the fineness modulus value of a fine sand?

3. If the unit weight in the SSD condition is needed, what test should be used and
how is ɣ calculated?

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

40
 SOUNDNESS TEST OF AGGREGATES
Referenced Standard:
ASTM C 88

OBJECTIVE:

This test is intended to study the resistance of coarse and fine aggregates to weathering
action and to judge the durability of the coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS:

WIEGHING SCALE Sieves Container

Microwave Oven Wire Mesh Basket

CHEMICAL SOLUTION

1. Sodium Sulphate Solution

2. Magnesium Sulphate Solution

PROCEDURE

1. Take individual samples in a wire mesh basket and immerse it in the solution of
sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate for not less than 16 hours nor more than
18 hours, in such a manner that the solution covers them to a depth of at least 15
mm.
2. After completion of the immersion period, remove the samples from solution
and allow it to drain for 15 minutes and place it in drying oven.
3. Dry the sample until it attains a constant mass and then remove it from oven
and cool it to room temperature.
4. After cooling again immerse it in the solution as described in step-1.
5. The process of alternate immersion and drying is repeated until the specified
number of cycles as agreed between the purchaser and the vendor is obtained.
6. After completion of the final cycle and after the sample has been cooled, wash it
to free from sodium sulphate or magnesium sulphate solution. This may be
determined when there is no reaction of the wash water with barium chloride.
7. Then dry each fraction of the sample to constant temp of 105 to 110 0C and

41
 weigh it.
8. Sieve the fine aggregates over the same sieve on which it was retained before
test.

PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLE FOR FINE AGGREGATES

1. Wet sieve the sample through a nest of IS sieves, the lower being 300 micron
and the upper being 10 mm size.
2. The material passing 10 mm sieve and retained on 300 micron sieve is then
dried and taken for the test.
3. The sample collected as above is again sieved through a series of sieves such as
10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron and 300 micron.
4. The amount of sample to be taken for sieving is such that, it will yield not less
than 100 g of each of the following sizes.

Passing Retained

10 mm 4.75 mm

4.75 mm 2.36 mm

2.36 mm 1.18 mm

1.18 mm 600 micron

600 micron 300 micron

5. Weigh 100 g of sample from each of the separated fraction and place it in
separate containers for the test.

Note - Fine aggregates sticking in the meshes of the sieves is not used in preparing
the sample

42
Discussion of Results:

Conclusion:

Post-lab questions:

1. What is soundness of cement?

2. Why do we need to find the soundness of the cement?

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

Test for Organic Impurities

43
 Referenced Standard
ASTM C 40 / C40M
AASHTO T 21

Introduction:

Use this method to determine the presence of organic compounds in fine

aggregates intended for use in cement mortar or concrete. The test provides a quick,
relative measure to determine if further tests of the fine aggregate are necessary before
approval for use 1.2 The values given in parentheses (if provided) are not standard and
may not be exact mathematical conversions. Use each system of units separately.
Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.

Apparatus:

(a) Glass bottles, 355–473 mL (12–16 fl. oz.), clear glass, graduated in milliliters
(ounces), with screw type caps or rubber stoppers.
(b) Glass color standard, mounted in a plastic holder with five organic color
numbers, one through five (Gardner Color Standard Numbers 5, 8, 11, 14, and
16, ASTM D 1544 [06.01]). Sodium hydroxide solution, 3%, prepared by
dissolving 30 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) crystals in 970 mL (33 fl. oz.) of
distilled water.

Procedure:

1. Obtain a 300 g air-dried sample in accordance with Tex-400-A.

2. If the fine aggregate consists of a combination of sands, combine the sands in the
proportions by mass in which they are to be used.
3. Fill the glass bottle to the 133 mL (4.5 fl. oz.) mark with the material to be tested.
4. Add enough NaOH solution to the bottle to cover the sample. Place cap or
stopper on jar and shake jar vigorously to remove air bubbles.
5. Bring the solution level up to the 207 mL (7 fl. oz.) mark, stopper, and shake
again.
6. Allow the bottle and contents to stand undisturbed for 24 hours.

7. At the end of the 24-hour standing period, compare the color of the supernatant
liquid above the test sample with that of the Glass Color Standard, Organic Color
No. 3 (Gardner No. 11), as described under Section 2. Note 1—Do not disturb the
contents while handling the bottles to make the color comparison, since this

44
 could cause the liquid to become cloudy.

8. Report results as lighter, darker, or equal to the standard. Test samples rated
darker than the standard in accordance with AASHTO T 71. Compressive
strength at 7 days should not be less than 95%.

Observation:

Test Samples Mass

1 300 Grams
2 300 Grams
3

Result:

Test Sample Result (Color)

1 Clear Glass / White Gloss
2 Olive Glass
3

=-

Discussion of Results:

45
Conclusion:

Post-lab questions:

1. What is an organic impurity?

2. What properties should a solvent have to be well suited for recrystallization?

3. How do you calculate assay on a dry basis?

EXPIREMENT NO. 12
Determination of Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement
Reference Standard
ASTM C 191-42
AASHTO T 131-93

46
Introduction:

There are several factors that control the setting time of concrete. These are its
chemical composition the amount of water used to make the concrete and the
prevailing temperature during the mixing process. When cement is hydrated it sets and
hardens gradually until it attains sufficient strength and is able to support pressure.

The Vicat apparatus can be used to determine the rate at which the cement
paste can remain plastic to allow proper placement before it hardens.

The initial set is a stage in the process of hardening. After this stage cracks that
may occur will not reunite. The final stage when concrete has attained sufficient
strength and hardness.

Using the Vicat test. Type I Portland Cement has a standard initial set of not less
than 45 minutes while its standard final set is not less than 37.5 minutes.

Objective:
1. To determine time of set of hydraulic cement using Vicat Apparatus
2. To evaluate the setting of the tested Portland cement based on the
required initial setting time.

Apparatus/Materials:

Portland Cement Sample Balance Sensitive to 0.1 gm

Vicat Apparatus #200 Sieve
Mixing Container Spatula

Procedure:

1. Weight about 300 gm of cement accurately and make a paste 0.85 times
the water required to make pastes of normal consistency.
2. Place the plastic in the rubber mold. Place the paste into the apparatus
then remove the excess paste.

3. Bring the small end of the rod of the vicat apparatus on the surface of the
paste and then quickly release the needle to allow it to penetrate the
paste.

4. Read the penetration of the needle registered on the dials. Removed the
paste and place back into the apparatus. The initial set is said to have

47
 occurred when the needle ceases to pass a point 5 mm above the bottom
of the mold.

5. The time taken from the instant of adding water to the cement up to the
moment when the needle ceases to penetrate a point 5 mm the bottom of
the mold is known as the initial setting time of the cement. For ordinary
Portland cement the initial set should be not less than 30 minutes.
6.

Observation:

Trial No. Penetration Reading Time

1 0mm 0min
2 1mm 5min
3 2mm 10min
4 3.4mm 15min
5 5mm 20min

Result and Discussion:

We got the 5mm penetration reading or initial setting time at around 20 minutes, at
trial 1 the Vicat needle went through the cement paste and after 5 minutes we tested
again and achieved a 1mm result and after 5 minutes interval we observed the
following penetration results at the table above.

Initial setting time:

48
Conclusion:

Post lab question:

1. Are there differences in the standard setting time of the various types of Portland
cement? Why or Why not?

3. Relate cement fineness to its time of setting and the development of its
strength.

EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks
Reference standard:
ASTM C652-17a

49
Introduction
Masonry blocks are designed for architectural, structural and other special purposes. These
blocks are either load-learning or non-load-bearing. The former come in 7.5 cm – 10 cm thick while
the latter has a thickness ranging from 15 cm – 20 cm. Non-load-bearing blocks have strength
ranging from (4” x 8” x 16”. For e.g.) can have a strength of 350 psi while load-bearing blocks have
strength ranging from 700 psi to 1000 psi. this test seeks to determine the ultimate compressive
strength of concrete hollow blocks.

Objectives:
1. To calculate the ultimate compressive strength of a concrete hollow block
2. To examine the pattern of failure in the tested specimen
3. To evaluate the strength of the tested blocks against the standards

Apparatus/Materials
Universal Testing Machine 1” thick Plywood
Concrete Hollow Blocks

Procedure:
1. Fabricate the concrete hollow blocks at proportions specified buy the lad instructor. Cure.
Record the dimensions of the concrete hollow block samples.
2. When dry, place the bottom of a concrete hollow block on a compression block made of 1
inch plywood.
3. Place another 1 inch plywood on top of the concrete hollow block.
4. Apply the compression load slowly on the plywood until failure is attained
5. Test a total of three hollow blocks for each batch.

Observations:
Test Run No. Compressive Stress
1 5.8MPa(105.55kN)
2 5.8MPa(105.24kN)
3 4.2MPa(96.31kN)
4 3.7MPa(68.36kN)
5 3.9MPa(71.84kN)
6 3.3MPa(60.77kN)

Specimen Block Dimensions Cross-sectional Applied Load

No. Area (kg)
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
1 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 10759.42915
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
2 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 10727.82875
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
3 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 9817.533129
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
4 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 6968.399592
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
5 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 7323.139653
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
6 x 200mm x 400mm)
182.4 6194.699286

Data Analysis:

50
 1. Ultimate compressive stress of concrete hollow blocks

Maximum compressive load

Ultimate Compressive Stress =
Area of hollow block
Where
P = maximum compressive load (kg)
A = area of hollow block (mm²)

Calculations:
Maximum compressive load
Ultimate Compressive Stress =
Area of hollow block

10759.42915 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress(1)=
80000mm 2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(1)=0.13449 kg /mm2

10727.82875 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress(2)=
80000 mm2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(2)=0.13410 kg /mm2

9817.533129 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress(3)=
80000 mm2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(3)=0.12272kg /mm2

6968.399592 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress( 4)=
80000 mm2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(4)=0.08710 kg /mm2

7323.139653 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress(5)=
80000 mm2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(5)=0.09154 kg /mm2

6194.699286 kg
Ultimate Compressive Stress(6)=
80000 mm2
Ultimate Compressive Stress(6)=0.07743 kg/mm 2

51
Results:
Specimen Block Dimensions No. of Cells Type of Block Allowable Actual
No. Stress Stress
(MPa) (MPa)
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
1 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Load bearing 4.82633 5.8
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
2 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Load bearing 4.82633 5.8
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
3 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Non-load bearing 2.41317 4.2
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
4 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Non-load bearing 2.41317 3.7
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
5 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Non-load bearing 2.41317 3.9
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long
6 (100mm x 200mm x 400mm)
3 Non-load bearing 2.41317 3.3

Specimen Block Dimensions Maximum stress

No. (MPa)
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
1 x 200mm x 400mm)
1.32
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
2 x 200mm x 400mm)
1.32
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
3 x 200mm x 400mm)
1.20
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
4 x 200mm x 400mm)
0.85
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
5 x 200mm x 400mm)
0.90
4” thk. X 8” high x 16” long (100mm
6 x 200mm x 400mm)
0.76

Discussion of Results:

Conclusion:

Post-lab Questions:
1. Determine the percentage of failure of the tested blocks

2. What are the attributes to adequate CHB strength for construction use?

3. Will the cell of blocks affect its strength?

EXPERIMENT NO. 21
Determination of the Moisture Content of Wood

52
 Referenced Standard:
ASTM D 143-83

Introduction
Moisture content in wood affects its strength. Prior to its use in construction, wood must be free
from objectionable defects and free from moisture that will cause it to shrink and further develops
cracks. Determination of moisture content in wood helps us qualifying the amount of water in it and
helps determine what degree of seasoning is required to render it suitable for building construction.
This test uses drying as a means to determine the amount of moisture present in a wood sample.

Objectives
1. To determine the moisture content of a wood sample
2. To understand the influence of moisture content to wood strength
Apparatus/Materials:
Oven
Wood sample
Weighing Balance
Ruler

Procedure:
1. Prepare a sample for moisture content determination.
2. Weigh the sample including its loose splinters.
3. Dry the sample in an oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2°C until it reaches a constant weigh.
4. Weigh the oven dried sample.

Observations:

Kind of wood: Lawaan

Weight of the sample before drying: 0.004kg or 4grams

Dimensions of the sample before drying: 4x1.5x1.4 cm

Weight of the sample after drying: 0.003kg or 3grams

Dimensions of the sample after drying: 4x1.4x1.3 cm

Data Analysis:
Mw−Md
w= ( 100 %)
Md
Where:
W = moisture content
Mw= mass of the wood before drying (grams)
Md = mass of the wood after drying (grams)

V 1−V 2
Percent Reduction in Volume ¿ (100 %)
V2

53
 Where:
V1 = original Volume (cm 3 ¿
V2 = final volume (cm 3 ¿

Calculations:
4−3
w= (100 %)
3

w=33.33 %

8.4−7.28
Percent Reduction in Volume ¿ (100 % )
7.28

Percent Reduction in Volume ¿ 15.38 %

Results:
Moisture Content: 33.33%
Percent Reduction in Volume: 15.38%
Description of Appearance after drying: dry and brittle
Discussion of Results:

Conclusion:

Post-lab Questions:
1. All lumber will absorb moisture after it has dried. Briefly explain why this is so.

2. To what percentage moisture content is reduced in lumber by seasoning?

3. A wood sample was found to have a moisture content of 35 % and an oven weight of 135
grams. Determine its weight before drying.

54
 Mw−Md
w= ( 100 %)
Md
Mw−135 g
35 %= (100 %)
135 g
Mw=182.25 grams

EXPERIMENT NO.23
Test for Compressive Strength of Wood Perpendicular to Grain
Referenced Standards:
ASTM Standards:
D 143
AASHTO: M168
Introduction:
This experiment provides fundamental knowledge on compression behavior of materials specially
wood/timber, test procedure, universal testing machine and its working principal, compression
specimens, failure pattern etc.

OBJECTIVE:
-To perform compression test of timber block on UTM.
-To observe the effect of slenderness ratio.
-To study the effects of perpendicular loading.
-To evaluate the failure patterns based on slenderness ratio and loading direction

APPARATUS AND MACHINE:

Digital Universal testing machine (UTM), digital slide calipers, steel tape, stop watch and computer.

SPECIMEN:
2”x2”x6” (perpendicular loading)

THEORY STRESS:
Strain relationship for timber is exceedingly complex, resulting from the facts that, (a) Timber does
not behave in a truly elastic mode; rather is behavior is time dependent. (b) The magnitude of strain
is influenced by a wide range of factors; some of those are property dependent, such as density of
the timber, angle of grain relative to direction of load application, angle of the micro-fibrils within
the cell wall; others are environmentally dependent, such as temperature and relative humidity.
There are several limitations to the compression test to which attention should be directed: (1) The
difficulty of applying a truly concentric or axial load. (2) The relatively unstable character of this
type of loading as contrasted to the tensile loading. There is always a tendency for bending stresses
to be set up and for the effect of accidental irregularities in alignment with the specimen to be
accentuated as loading proceeds. (3) Friction between the heads of the testing machine or bearing
plates and the end surface of the specimen due to lateral expansion of the specimen. This may alter
considerably the results that would be obtained if such a condition of test were not present. (4) The
relatively larger cross – sectional areas of the compression test specimen, in order to obtain a
proper degree of stability of the piece.

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure the size of the specimen with a slide caliper.

55
2. Place the block on the proper position of the testing machine.
3. Apply load continuously on the specimen until failure.
4. Record the maximum load at failure.
5. Note the characteristics of the fractured surfaces and show the failure plane.

CALCULATIONS:
1. Draw stress-strain curve in compression.
2. Determine Modulus of Elasticity in compression.
E STRESS/STRAIN
3. Determine proportional limit, PL, ultimate (max.) compressive strength, ult, and strain at PL,
ultimate strain ult from graph.
4. Determine percentage reduction in length (or height) to the specimen.
% REDUCTION OF LENGTH = (HI-HF/HI) X100%
% REDUCTION OF LENGTH = (6in-5.8in/5.8in) X100%
% REDUCTION OF LENGTH = 3.33%
5. Determine Poisson’s ratio.
V=LATERAL STRAIN/AXIAL STRAIN
6. Observe failure patterns and failure location w.r.t. loading direction.

GRAPH:

1. Compressive stress vs. Strain for parallel loading.

2. Combined Compressive stress vs. Strain for all specimens.

(Perpendicular loading)
P (N) 79340N (79.34kN)
E (MPa)
ult (MPa) 4.3
% Reduction in length 3.33%
Poisson’s ratio, ν
ult
G=0.5 PLPL (MPa)
Failure pattern
Failure location 4 in

Discussion of Results:

Conclusion:

Post-lab Questions:

1) Discuss the relative toughness and hardness values obtained for all materials tested.

2) What is the necessity of making a notch in impact test specimen?

56
3) Describe the fracture surface of the different materials tested.

4) If the sharpness of V-notch is more in one specimen than the other, what will be its effect on the
test result?

5) What is the effect of temperature on the values of rupture energy and notch impact strength?

57