Experiment (1)

Sampling Technique

Objectives:
1- To study the properties of the row materials
2- To determine the amount of the useful metals and the ratio of the other metals
3- To study the effect of the existing of the existing of other metals and
impurities

Introduction :
Sampling procedures cover the practice of selecting representative quantities of test
material in the field, to evaluate bulk materials. Examples of the test materials are bulk
granular solids, slurries, sludges, grains, and solid fuels. It is necessary to be able to
sample bulk materials

during shipment and during processing operations. Taggart (1945) defined sampling as:
“The operation of removing a part convenient in size for testing, from a whole which is
much greater bulk, in such a way that the proportion and distribution of the quality to be
tested (e.g. specific gravity, metal content, recoverability) are the same in both the whole
the part removed (SAMPLE).”
Methods for Sampling Material in a Laboratory
In a laboratory before performing a size analysis, chemical analysis, or any other
of material properties, it is necessary to take a representative sample .
the methods discussed in the following sections are adequate.

1- Coning and Quartering method:

This method is well-suited for large lots of material, and can be conveniently done using
shovels, or even front-end loaders for very large samples.
 Coning and quartering is a process that preserves particle correlations within each quadrant,
and this effect is worsened by combining quarters. Essentially, one has obtained a two-increment
sample containing one-half of the original mass. Thus, there is some tendency to maintain the
variability due to grouping and segregation problems. In coning and quartering, there is also the
difficulty of creating the initial pile so that all of the particles are randomly distributed across
each quadrant. Coning and quartering is not recommended since it is a lot of effort just to reduce
the grouping and segregation error by two (the number of increments, N = 2) each time that the
method is performed.

2- Sample Splitters
These are often called riffle or chute splitters, and a typical splitter is shown in Figure 6.
consist of a series of chutes that run in alternating directions, so that when material is
the top of the splitter, it flows through the chutes and is randomly divided into two equal-
fractions. One of the fractions can then be split again, and the procedure can be repeated
until a sample of the desired size is obtained. In order to work properly, these splitters
must be fed using a special pan that is exactly the same width as the top of the chutes,
otherwise the amount of material entering the two end chutes will be different and the
sample will be incorrect. Also, if a material is repeatedly split into smaller fractions using
a riffle, the errors from each stage of splitting will be added together, resulting in
increasing variance between samples

Riffle Splitting

A riffle splitter (sometimes known as a Jones splitter) is a mechanical device with a series of
alternating chutes that deposit one-half of the sample into one discharge bin and the other half
into a second bin. (One should avoid any riffle splitter with an odd number of chutes.) The
method is limited to free-flowing samples. Riffle splitters utilize multiple fractions (chutes),
increasing the number of increments in each round, more so than methods such as coning and
quartering. However, riffle splitters have much larger increments than sectorial splitters. Several
varieties of riffle splitters have been developed. They are available in many sizes and some
provide splitting of a sample into more than halves, such as fourths or eighths, in one operation.

Riffle splitters can perform well, but the results rely on the skill and training of the operator.
3 Table Sampler

A table sampler consists of an inclined surface with various triangular prisms placed to divide the
sample as the surface is vibrated and the particles move from the top to the bottom (see Figure
21). Like the riffle splitter, this device splits the sample in one pass. However, the number of
increments associated with this technique is small with a tendency to allow large grouping and
segregation errors to remain. The device is also bulky and not readily available. This method has
little to offer for recommendation. The method should suffer from operator bias in pouring the
sample into the apparatus in the same manner that degrades the performance for coning and
quartering, and for riffle splitting. The initial location on the table with respect to the other parts
of the sample will bias certain particles toward a particular subsample. In effect, some of the
initial correlation derived from the placement of the sample is maintained, and that means that
some of the grouping error is maintained.

Procedure :

Conning and quartering method:

1- Pile of powder is divided into 4 sections

2- Two diagonal sections are discarded, and two are retained and mixed together

3- Mixture is again divided into 4 sections, and two diagonal sections are mixed

4- Process is repeated until remaining sample is correct amount for analysis

 Experiment (2.1)

Determination of solid particle flow rate

Objectives:
1- To determine the flow rate of solid particles .
2- To study the parameters affecting the motion of solid particles .

Introduction :
solid particles Flow index : it is the ability of solid particles to flow and fill different shapes .it
also measures the mass quantity of solid (in grams) that flows vertically through an opening of
4mm in one second .

𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑰 = 𝒎(𝒈 ) / t (s)

Factors that affect the flow :

1- Specific gravity ( density ) of solid particles

High density → high friction → slow flow

2- Volume of particles :
Large particles → low surface area per gram (low friction ) → high flow .

3- Shape of particles :
Spherical particles→ low surface area per gram (low friction ) → high flow

4- Humidity of particles :
Humid particles→ high friction among particles → low flow.

5- Temperature of particles :
High temperature of particles → low friction → high flow.

Procedure :
1-Prepare the sample of different materials to be studied
2-Prepare the flow rate equipment
3-Weight a certain amount of solid particles
4- Fill the cone with a certain amount of solid particles
5-Let the particles to flow down (vertically) through the opening into the beaker recorded the
time of flowing
6- Calculate the SPFI
7-Repat for another sample with larger particles .
8-Tabulate your results .
 Experiment (2.2)

Determination of Angle of repose for solid particles

Objectives:
1- To determine the angle of repose for solid particles
2- To study the parameters affecting the angle of repose
.
Introduction :
The angle of repose is: The angle between a line of repose of loose material and a horizontal
plane.
Depending on flow properties, particulate solids are divided into two classes:
a- Cohesive: wet clay
b- Non-cohesive: dry sand, plastic chips

Angle of repose Explanation

25-30o very free-flowing

30-38o free-flowing

38-45o fair flowing

45-55o cohesive

> 55o very cohesive

This angle of repose can be measured in the, laboratory using the funnel test.
This test form part of the standard tests backed up by the American Society of Testing and
Materials (ASTM). In the funnel test, granular material is placed in a funnel and then is slowly
deposited on a horizontal surface as shown in Fig.
The granular material moves over the face of the accumulated triangular pile. When the
movement stops, the inclination of the pile represents the angle of repose.
Procedure :

1- allow the flow of powder from funnel to paper .

2- Measure the height

3- Mark the base of bile , then remove the powder.

4- Measure the diameter of formed circle

5- Take the average of two diameters

6- Calculate the radius

7- Calculate tanӨ = h/r

8- Tabulate your data.

Solid particles Average Angle of Flow Explanation

radius repose ability(SPFI)
 Experiment (3)

Porosity and density

Objective:
1- To measure the amount of water stored in the pore space of a soil sample.
2- To define the density, apparent density, bulk density

Introduction :
Soils are made of particles of different types and sizes. The space between particles is
called pore space. Pore space determines the amount of water that a given volume of soil
can hold. Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of soil that consists of pore
space..
The porosity of soil is the volume of space in between the mineral particles of soil.
Porosity varies greatly from one kind of soil to another because the grains of soil are
loosely or densely packed.
Here's an image of different kinds of soil with different porosities:

𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐬 𝐕 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐬

Porosity = Voidage = 𝜺 = 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐬 = 𝜺 = 𝐕 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐬+𝐕𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐬
True Density:

True density is the density of the solid material excluding the volume of any open and closed
pores. Depending on the molecular arrangement of the material, the true density can equal the
theoretical density of the material and therefore be indicative of how close the material is to a
crystalline state or the proportions of a binary mixture.

ms 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝
𝜌= = 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
vs 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬

Apparent Density:

Apparent density is similar to the true density except the volume of closed pores is also included. Tablets or
excipient materials may have closed cells or bubbles that are not accessible to the probe gas. In this
instance, gas pycnometry produces the apparent density. If the true density of a powder is known and the
density of a tablet composed of this same material differs, the closed pore volume can be determined.
Closed pore volume may be linked to press performance and die filling,

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝
𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐬

Bulk Density:

Bulk density is a characteristic of a volume of divided material such as powders, grains, and granules. It
includes the volume of the solid material, open and closed pores, and the interparticle voids. The total
volume of interparticle voids can change with packing, thus leading to the concept of Tap Density, which
measures the volume of a mass of sample after inducing a closer packing of particles by tapping the
container. Taking this method to the extreme leads to the determination of void volume and compressed
density after compressing the sample under extreme forces and measuring the volume change as a function
of applied pressure.

𝐕𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒌 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = + 𝟏
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐞𝐬
Procedure:

1- Fill one beaker, up to the 500 ml mark, with dry soil or sand. Place it on a
table or flat workspace.
2- Fill the other beaker, up to the 500 ml mark, with water.
3- Slowly pour the water from the second beaker into the soil sample. Stop
pouring when the water level reaches the top of the soil. The soil has reached
saturation and cannot hold any more water.
4- How much water is left in the second beaker?
5- How much water is now held in the pore spaces of the soil sample?
6- Calculate , porosity, density , apperaunt density, bulk density
 Characterization of solid particles

Individual solid particles are characterized by their , size, shape and density. Particles of
homogenous solids have the same density as the bulk material , particles obtained by breaking up
a composite solid, have different from density of bulk material .
Size and shape are easily specified for regular particles but for irregular particles are not so clear
and must be arbitrarily defined.

Particle shape:
the shape of an individual particle is conveniently expressed in terms of sphericity ∅𝑠, which is
independent of particle size .
For non spherical particle the sphericity is defined by the realation :

6vp
𝜃𝑠 ≡
𝐷𝑝 𝑆𝑝

Where :
Dp= equivalent diameter of particle
Sp= surface area of one particle
Vp= volume of one particle

Particle size :
Diameters may be specified for any equidimensional particles, Particles which are not
equidimentional , are often characterized by the second longest major dimension .
Particle size are expressed in different units depending on the size range :

Particle Size range

Corse particles Inches or millimeters
Fine particles Measured in terms of screen size
Very fine particles In µm or nm
Ultra fine particles Measured in surface area per unit mass

In a sample of uniform particles of diameter Dp, the total volume of the particles is m / ρp where
m and ρp and the density of the particle respectively .
The number of particles in a sample N is
m
𝑁=
𝜌𝑝. 𝑣𝑝
The total surface area of the particles is

6m
𝐴 = 𝑁. 𝑆𝑝 =
Ø𝑠. 𝜌𝑝. 𝐷𝑝