Introduction

Philippines’ oil price hike is continually occuring, proving that

our
country is in the midst of energy crises, added into it are
increasing agricultural waste which entails increase of carbon
emission into atmosphere.
Other concern also, are the ripid devastation of our forest
due to the used of charcoal as biomass fuel for cooking thus
contributed into the ecological change.
Biomass fuel from cow manure could be one of the best
alternative source that will sustain the needs of our people
aside from being cheapest it also enhances the boost in our
economy that could provide more employment opportunity. It is
also abundantly available in our area, also nationwide.
Biomass fuel are organic materials produced in a renewable
manner. Two categories were woody fuels and animal wastes,
which comprise the vast majority of available biomass fuels.
The Conducted Investigatory Project of Bato Balani V.14 No.4
sy 1994-95, showed effectiveness of carabao dung as biomass
fuel. Since cattle outnumberred carabao we’ve decided to divert
to the used of cow manure instead of carabao manure.
Wood is highly flammable, having a chemical composition
which is also present in cow manure the carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen and sulfur and etc. making this study greatly possible.
Since much greater carbon composition woods has, which is
approximately 50% and has 42% oxygen which fire needed to
ignite we’ve decide to encorporate sawdust into the cow manure
to ensure the effectivity of it.
So this will be a comparative study of the effectivity of cow
manure into different degree of mixture of saw dust as biomass
fuel, and since wood can be emmediately used for cooking
without carbonization we will also include a comparative study of
Fuel Briquetting with carbonization and Fuel Briquetting without
carbonization process.

Statement of the Problem

1.) To determine the effectiveness of biomass fuel through
briquetting with carbonization process and effectiveness of
briquetting without carbonization.
2.) To determine the effectiveness of biomass fuel briquettes
with and without carbonization process, we need to answer
these following questions:

a) 100% cow dung mixed with 100% sawdust

b) 75% cow dung mixed with 100% sawdust, and Vice Versa
c) 50% cow dung mixed with 100% sawdust, and Vice Versa
d) 25% cow dung mixed with 100% sawdust, and Vice Versa
e) 75% cow dung mixed with 75% sawdust
f) 50% cow dung mixed with 75% sawdust, and Vice Versa
g) 25% cow dung mixed with 75% sawdust, and Vice Versa
h) 50% cow dung mixed with 50% sawdust
I) 25% cow dung mixed with 50% sawdust, and Vice Versa
j) 25% cow dung mixed with 25% sawdust

3.) What is the measured temperature from the heat of the

flame after:

a) 1 sec.
b) 5 sec.
c) 10 sec.
d) 15 sec.
e) 20 sec., and
f) every 5 sec. Gap until Biomass fuel turns into ash

4.) How long will a Biomass fuel Briquettes, the carbonize one
and the non carbonize briquette?

a) 1000 mL of water
b) 750 mL of water
c) 500 mL of water
d) 250 mL of water
e) 100 mL of water

5.) What are the color of the flame produced by the Biomass
fuel briquettes with carbonization and the briquette without
carbonization.

Significance of the study

The study will be significant to the following groups of

people:
To the Society
Biomass briquettes used as a fuel reduces need for fossil
fuels for the production of heat, steam, and electricity for
residential, industrial and agricultural use.

To the Livestock Producers

It helps the livestock producers to have an extra income. It
also helps in the cleanliness driver also this helps in the
elimination of bad odor of the sorrounding.

To the School and Students

It wil contribute an additional information that could be
benefecial for an advance study later of students that will be
interesting in more biological innovation.

To the Researchers
It will help us to better understand published works, learn to
balance collaborative and individual work, and help to contribute
development of the society and the country.

Hypothesis
Fuel Briquettes made from cow manure mixed with sawdust
is possible to be an alternative source of biomass fuel.

Definition of terms
 Cow - In this study, it is the most common type of large
domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member
of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of
the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as
Bos taurus. It will be the source of manure for our study.

Briquette - In this study, it is a compressed block of coal

dust or other combustible biomass material such as charcoal,
sawdust, wood chips, peat, or paper used for fuel and kindling
to start a fire. The term comes from the French language and
is related to brick. This will be the method used in the study.
Biomass - is biological material derived from living, or
recently organisms.

Dung - the excrement or feces of animals: manure.

Biomass Fuel - In this study, it renewable organic

materials, such as wood, agricultural crops or wastes, and
municipal wastes, especially when used as a source of fuel
or energy.

Wood - is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in

the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants

Charcoal - is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon

and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and
other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation
substances.
 Carbonization - is the term for the conversion of an
organic substance into carbon or a carbon - containing
residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It is often
used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of
coal gas and coal tar from raw coal.

Sawdust - is a by - product of cutting, grinding, drilling,

sanding, or otherwise pulverizing wood or any other material
with a saw or other tool ; it is composed of fine particles of
wood.

Scope and Delimitation

The coverage of this study is to observe, investigate, and
conduct experimentation. That will help the Researchers prove
that fuel briquettes made from cow manure mixed with sawdust
can be an alternative source of Biomass Fuel as effective and
possible as wood.
This study will be conducted inside Philippine archipelago,
specifically in General Santos City during School year 2015-2016.
The population that we will be covering in this study are
those who raised cattle in our locality where in use will be
collecting our sample for the said experimentation.
The materials and facilities varies depending upon the
necessity and financial aspect of the researchers, and also with
the promble that will be encounteering during the process of the
experimentation period.
The study will not be covering the determination of the
amount of carbon the Biomass fuel contains.
 CHAPTER III
Methodology

Research Outline

The following study is done through experiments because it is an

experimental research.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the performance of

the Fuel Briquettes made from Carabao dung mixed with rice hulls
which is neither effective nor possible as an alternative source of
Biomass fuel.

The Chapter that follows is intended to describe the experimental

methods that were adopted for this research. Where it was considered
necessary, the reasoning behind the choices that were made is also
included.

Experimental Method

The manufacture of briquettes in more rural locations is of the

central interest in of this study. It is possible to form briquettes from
waste crop residues, in locations with limited equipment availability,
using a wet process with a hand operated press.

In this study Carabao dung mixed with rice hulls was chosen as
the material for the briquettes, because it is readily available in the
region and bonds easily. Furthermore, because of its fibrous nature it
is likely to behave in a similar way in the densification process to other
fibrous organic residue matter, such as maize husks. It is this type of
material that is more likely to be available for briquetting in rural
locations.

The Carabao dung and rice hulls were obtained from the nearby
farms situated in the community. The carabao dung mixed with rice
hulls was briquetted.
The briquettes with different mixture of Carabao’s dung and Rice
hulls:
a) 100% Carabao dung mixed with 100% Rice Hulls
b) 75% Carabao dung mixed with 100% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
c) 50% Carabao dung mixed with 100% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
d) 25% Carabao dung mixed with 100% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
e) 75% Carabao dung mixed with 75% Rice Hulls
f) 50% Carabao dung mixed with 75% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
g) 25% Carabao dung mixed with 75% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
h) 50% Carabao dung mixed with 50% Rice Hulls
i) 25% Carabao dung mixed with 50% Rice Hulls, and Vice Versa
j) 25% Carabao dung mixed with 25% Rice Hulls,

Were then formed by compression of the mixture into a

briquetting press, made of wood, the compound lever multiplies the
effectiveness of a simple lever. Enough pressure is generated when
chopped, biodegraded, or finely divided fibrous material is used in the
damp or wet state to eliminate the need for a binder. A rectangular
mould with a central solid cylinder passing through the centre along
the central axis is used.

The effect of moisture content on the briquettes’ final density

was minimal; on compression water is squeezed out until an
equilibrium reaction force is attained at a particular pressure. After
forming, the briquettes were oven dried at 105°C or sun-dried for at
least 3 days to reach 0% moisture content. This was done to minimize
the effect of this variable during these preliminary experiments
because of the difficulty found in controlling moisture content. It
should be noted that pyrolysis, a thermo chemical decomposition of
organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen
(or any halogen). It involves the simultaneous change of chemical
composition and physical phase, and is irreversible. The word is coined
from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating",
does not occur at this drying temperature.

On removal from the oven or sun-dried the briquettes were then

placed in a sealed container containing silica gel (which removes all
the moisture from the air) and were allowed to cool to room
temperature. All irregular parts of the briquette were removed from
the edges. In order to produce briquettes of different surface area to
volume ratios (A/V ratios), the large rectangular blocks were taken
and cut with a band-saw or any kind of saw into slabs of different
dimensions that will determine if thickness affects the effectivity of the
briquetted dung. A stereometric method was used to determine
briquette density.

To get the density, we need to know the Mass (grams) of

the object, and it’s Volume (measured in mL or cm³) then divide the
mass by the volume. These was chosen over displacement methods in
order to ensure the briquettes, which would later be burnt, remained
dry and were not structurally affected by the measurement. In this
stereo metric method the briquettes were weighed using a weighing
scale and other weighing materials to assure accuracy.

The dimensions of each briquette were measured using calipers

as for slabs, the height and width of the briquette were both measured
by taking three approximately equally spaced positions along the
edges and the mean calculated, the thickness was measured at each
of the four corners of a slab and the mean taken. Briquettes were then
put back in the oven for a short time to drive off any atmospheric
moisture that may have been absorbed and then transported in the
sealed silica gel filled container to the combustion ring to be burnt
immediately. Combustion tests in which each single briquette was
placed alone in the centre of a steel wire mesh grid resting on two
supporting fire retardant bricks, allowing the free flow of air around
the briquette.

First, to evaluate combustion characteristics, each sample of

briquettes produced were placed over the hearth of the locally made
stove and the burning tests were carried out at the atmospheric
condition.

Next, we’ll record the Color of the flame starting from the point
we’ve lighted the briquette then add further records if flame change
Every 5 sec. Gap until Biomass fuel turns into ash. Together by
measuring the heat of the flame the briquettes produce, using a
thermometer every 5 sec. Gap until Biomass fuel turns into ash, but
not directly to the flame, it might cause the thermometer to blast.
Another way to determine if the briquettes’ effective is if it could boil
water with the different amount of:
a) 1000 mL. of water
b) 750 mL. of water
c) 500 mL. of water
d) 250 mL. of water
e) 100 mL. of water
The temperature versus time history was taken for the water boiling
test.

Another supporting experiment is the water resistance of the dry

briquettes was determined by immersing each sample in a glass
container filled with distilled water at room temperature for3 hours and
measuring the changes in length and diameter of each briquette.

Each experiment was replicated thrice or as many as possible.

Statistical Techniques

The purpose of the statistical analysis in this research project was

to rate the relative performance of each briquette in combustion tests,
cooking test and water resistant test using the raw data recorded
during the runs and experiments conducted.

In Combustion tests, we’ve require to measure the flame’s color

and temperature to determine the hotness of each sample.
 According to http://maggiemaggio.com/color/2011/08/fire-ii-color-
and-temperature/, the dominant color in a flame changes with
temperature. The photo of the fireplace fire is a good example of this
variation. Near the logs, where most burning is occurring, the fire is
white, the hottest color possible for organic material in general, or
yellow. Above the yellow region, the color changes to orange, which is
cooler, then red, which is cooler still. Above the red region,
combustion no longer occurs, and the uncombusted carbon particles
are visible as black smoke.

The temperature range from Red to White:

 Red
 Just visible: 525 °C (980 °F)
 Dull: 700 °C (1,300 °F)
 Cherry, dull: 800 °C (1,500 °F)
 Cherry, full: 900 °C (1,700 °F)
 Cherry, clear: 1,000 °C (1,800 °F)
 Orange
 Deep: 1,100 °C (2,000 °F)
 Clear: 1,200 °C (2,200 °F)
 White
 Whitish: 1,300 °C (2,400 °F)
 Bright: 1,400 °C (2,600 °F)
 Dazzling: 1,500 °C (2,700 °F)
Applying this concept to a flame, different parts of the flame will
have different colors depending on the temperature. Normally the
hotter parts, closer to the burning fuels, will be whitish-blue; the more
distant parts, on the other hand, will be cooler and hence orange-
reddish.

In Cooking Tests, we’ve use the ‘Boiling Method’ in which we’ve

gathered through boiling different amount of water in the burning
briquettes. The following datum could be use as a proof that the
particular sample is effective, causing a water to boil.

These results indicate that distinctly different possible outcomes

from different samples, and therefore distributions of variances in the
data can be expected.