Light Sources

• LED and Laser

• Construction
• Working principle
• Applications

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 Semiconductors Review
 P type S/C materials :
• Majority of holes
• Intrinsic s/c doped with trivalent impurities such
as Gallium (G), Boron (B), Aluminium (Al)
 N type S/C materials
• Majority of electrons
• Intrinsic s/c doped with pentavalent impurities
such as phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony
(Sb)

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LED working

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Spontaneous emission is the working principle of LED

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Diffusion and drifting

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• Normal diodes don’t emit light, Why?

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 p2
E=
2m
h ℎ
P= = k (k is a wave number)
λ 2п
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Fig: Indirect bandgap s/c

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Surface emitting and edge emitting
LED

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Laser diode working

Generation

Recombination

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Laser Working contd…

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Condition for laser action
• Population inversion
• Optical feedback

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S/C optical amplifier (SOA)

SOA is a LASER
without feedback

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Ebium doped fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

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Energy levels and working principle of
EDFA

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• Why 980 nm wavelength is used instead of
1480 nm?

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 Numerical example
Q. An EDFA is pumped at 980nm. Determine the threshold
pump intensity for amplifying the following two signal
wavelengths, 1550 nm and 1580 nm. Use the data given below
for the calculation:
 Absorption cross-section area at pump wavelength =
3.1x10-25 m2
 Spontaneous emission life time = 12 ms
 Absorption cross-section area at 1550 nm = 2.6x10-25 m2
 Absorption cross-section area at 1580 nm = 0.654x10-25 m2
 Emission cross-section area at 1550 nm = 3.41x10-25 m2
 Emission cross-section area at 1580 nm = 1.33x10-25 m2

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 Q. An EDFA is pumped at 980nm. Determine the threshold hf p
Ip =
pump intensity for amplifying the following two signal σpa t sp η
wavelengths, 1550 nm and 1580 nm. Use the data given below
Where, Ip = pump intensity
for the calculation:
fp = pump frequency
 Absorption cross-section area at pump wavelength =
3.1x10-25 m2 σpa = pump absorption cross-section area
 Spontaneous emission life time = 12 ms
 Absorption cross-section area at 1550 nm = 2.6x10-25 m2 t sp = spontaneous emission life time
 Absorption cross-section area at 1580 nm = 0.654x10-25 m2 η = ratio of emission cross-section area
 Emission cross-section area at 1550 nm = 3.41x10-25 m2 to the absorption cross-section area
 Emission cross-section area at 1580 nm = 1.33x10-25 m2

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 hf p
Ip =
σpa t sp η

Where, Ip = pump intensity

fp = pump frequency
σpa = pump absorption cross-section area
t sp = spontaneous emission life time
η = ratio of emission cross-section area
to the absorption cross-section area

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Optical Isolator

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