3DO Interactive Multiplayer

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3DO Interactive Multiplayer

Panasonic FZ-1 R.E.A.L. 3DO Interactive Multiplayer

Developer The 3DO Company

Manufacturer Panasonic, Sanyo, GoldStar

Type Home video game console

Generation Fifth generation era

 NA: October 4, 1993[1]
Release date
 JP: March 20, 1994

 EU: June 11, 1994[2]

 KOR: December 3, 1994

Lifespan 1993–1996

Introductory price  US$699.99

 JP¥79,800
  KOR￦399.000

Discontinued Late 1996[3][4]

Units sold 2 million[5]

Media CD-ROM

CPU 32-bit custom ARM CPU (ARM60) @

12.5 MHz[6]

Memory 2 MB RAM, 1 MB VRAM

Storage 32 KB SRAM

Online services Planned but canceled[3]

Best-selling game Gex, over 1 million[7][8][note 1]

Successor Panasonic M2 (canceled)

The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, often called the 3DO, is a home video game

console developed by The 3DO Company. Conceived by entrepreneur and Electronic
Arts founder Trip Hawkins, the 3DO was not a console manufactured by the company
itself, but a series of specifications, originally designed by Dave Needle and R. J.
Mical of New Technologies Group, that could be licensed by third
parties. Panasonic produced the first models in 1993, and further renditions of the
hardware were released in 1994 by GoldStar (now LG Electronics) and in 1995
by Sanyo.
Despite having a highly promoted launch (including being named Time magazine's
"1993 Product of the Year") and being a host of cutting-edge technologies, the 3DO's
high price and an oversaturated console market prevented the system from achieving
success comparable to competing consoles from Sega and Nintendo. As a result, it was
discontinued in late 1996.

Contents

 1History
 2Licensed systems
 3Hardware
o 3.1Technical specifications
o 3.2Connectivity
 3.2.1Audio and video
 3.2.2Power
o 3.3Basic accessories
o 3.4Light gun
o 3.5Mouse
o 3.6Other
  4Games
 5Reception
 6Legacy
o 6.1Emulation
 7See also
 8Notes
 9References
 10External links

History[edit]
The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer was originally conceived by The 3DO Company,
founded in 1991 by Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins. The company's objective was
to create a next-generation, CD-based video game/entertainment standard which would
be manufactured by various partners and licensees; 3DO would collect a royalty on
each console sold and on each game manufactured. To game publishers, the low US$3
royalty rate per game was a better deal than the higher royalties paid
to Nintendo and Sega when making games for their consoles. The 3DO hardware itself
was designed by Dave Needle and R. J. Mical (designers of the Commodore Amiga and
the Atari Lynx), starting from an outline on a restaurant napkin in 1989. [10] Trip Hawkins
was a long-time acquaintance of Needle and Mical and found that their design very
closely fit his philosophy for architecture and approach, so he decided that "Rather than
me start a brand new team and starting from scratch it just made a lot of sense to ... join
forces with them and shape what they were doing into what I wanted it to be." [10]
The 3DO Company lacked the resources to manufacture consoles, and instead licensed
the hardware to other companies for manufacturing. Trip Hawkins recounted that they
approached every electronics manufacturer, but that their chief targets
were Sony and Panasonic, the two largest consumer electronics companies in the
world.[10] However, Sony had already begun development on their own console,
the PlayStation, and ultimately decided to continue work on it rather than sign with 3DO.
[10]
 According to former Sega CEO Tom Kalinske The 3DO Company was engaged in
very serious talks for Sega to become involved with the 3DO. However, it was passed
on by Sega due to concerns over cost.[11] Panasonic launched the 3DO with its FZ-1
model in 1993, though Goldstar and Sanyo would later manufacture the 3DO as well.
Companies who obtained the hardware license but never actually sold 3DO units
include Samsung,[12] Toshiba,[13] and AT&T, who went so far as to build prototype AT&T
3DO units and display them at the January 1994 Consumer Electronics Show.[14]
Licensing to independent manufacturers made the system extremely expensive. The
manufacturers had to make a profit on the hardware itself, whereas most major game
console manufacturers, such as Sega and Sony, sold their systems at a loss, with
expectations of making up for the loss with software sales. The 3DO was priced at
US$699,[15][16] far above competing game systems and aimed at high-end users and early
adopters. Hawkins has argued that 3DO was launched at $599, and not "higher myths
that are often reported."[17] In a later interview, Hawkins clarified that while the suggested
retail price was $699, not all retailers sold the system at that price. [10] Goldstar, Sanyo,
and Panasonic's later models were less expensive to manufacture than the FZ-1 and
were sold for considerably lower prices. For example, the Goldstar model launched at
$399.[3] In addition, after six months on the market, the price of the FZ-1 had dropped to
$499,[18][19] leading some to contend that the 3DO's cost was not as big a factor in its
market failure as is usually claimed.[10]
Hawkins claimed that the console was HDTV-capable, and that the company could use
its technology for a set-top box.[20] Computer Gaming World reported in January 1994
that 3DO "is poised for an avalanche of software support to appear in the next 12
months", unlike the Atari Jaguar and Pioneer LaserActive. The magazine predicted that
"If 3DO's licensees can get enough machines and software out in the market, this could
very well become the interactive gamer's entry level machine" and possibly "the ideal
plug and play solution for those of us who are tired of playing circuit board roulette with
our personal computers".[21] Electronic Arts promoted the console in two-page
advertisements, describing it as a "technological leap" and promising "twenty new
titles ... over the next twelve months".[22]
The launch of the platform in October 1993 received a great deal of attention in the
press as part of the "multimedia wave" in the computer world at the time. Return
Fire, Road Rash, FIFA International Soccer, and Jurassic Park Interactive had been
slated for launch releases but were pushed to mid-1994 due to the developers'
struggles with the then-cutting-edge hardware. [10] Moreover, the 3DO Company made
continued updates to the console hardware almost up to the system's release, which
resulted in a number of third-party titles missing the launch date, in some cases by less
than a month, because the developers weren't left enough time to fully test them on the
finalized hardware.[23] The only 3DO software available at launch was the third-party
game Crash 'n Burn.[10][24] Panasonic also failed to manufacture an ample supply of the
console in time for launch day, and as a result most retail stores only received one or
two units.[1] By mid-November, the 3DO had sold 30,000 units. [25]
The system was released in Japan in March 1994 with an initial lineup of six games.
The Japanese launch was moderately successful, with 70,000 units shipping to 10,000
stores.[13] However, sales soon dropped and by 1995 the system was known in Japan as
a host for pornographic releases.[26]
The 3DO's claim to the title of most advanced console on the market was lost with the
1995 (1994 in Japan) launches of the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The 3DO
Company responded by emphasizing their console's large existing software library,
lower price (both the Panasonic and Goldstar models were $299 by this time), and
promised successor: the M2.[27] To assure consumers that the 3DO would still be
supported, the M2 was initially announced as an add-on for the 3DO.[28] It was later
revealed that the M2 would be an entirely separate console, albeit one with
3DO backward compatibility. Eventually the M2 project was cancelled.
Unlike Panasonic, Goldstar initially produced only 3DO hardware, not software. This
made it difficult to manage competitive price drops, and when the price of the Goldstar
3DO dropped to $199 in December 1995, the company took a loss of more than $100
on each sale.[29] Goldstar tried switching to the usual industry model of selling hardware
at a loss and profiting on software, but though a handful of Goldstar games were
published for the 3DO, Goldstar's software development operation arrived too late to
allow them to turn a profit on the 3DO. This lack of a profitable business model,
combined with Panasonic acquiring exclusive rights to the M2 technology, were cited as
the two chief reasons for Goldstar dropping support for the 3DO in early 1996. [29] During
the second quarter of 1996 several of the 3DO's most loyal software supporters,
including the software division of The 3DO Company themselves, announced they were
no longer making games for the system, leaving Panasonic as the only company
supporting active software development for the 3DO.[30]
The 3DO system was eventually discontinued at the end of 1996, with a complete
shutdown of all internal hardware development and divestment of the M2 technology.
The 3DO Company restructured themselves around this same time, selling off their
hardware division to become a multi-platform company focused on software
development and online gaming.[31]
The initial high price is considered to be one of the many issues that led to the 3DO's
failure, along with lack of significant funding that larger companies such as Sony took
advantage of.[3] In an interview shortly after The 3DO Company dropped support for the
system, Trip Hawkins attributed its failure to the model of licensing all hardware
manufacturing and software to third parties. He reasoned that for a console to be a
success, it needed a single strong company to take the lead in marketing, hardware,
and software, and pointed out that it was essentially a lack of coordination between The
3DO Company, Panasonic, and the 3DO's software developers which had led to the
console launching with only one game ready.[32]

Licensed systems[edit]

Panasonic FZ-10 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive Multiplayer

GoldStar (LG) 3DO Interactive Multiplayer

The Sanyo 3DO TRY

A number of different manufacturers produced the 3DO system. The Panasonic

versions are the best known and most common.

 Panasonic FZ-1 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive

Multiplayer (Japan, Asia, North America and
Europe) – The first 3DO system, which was initially
priced at $699.99 in the U.S. and 79,800 yen
(approximately US$712) in Japan.[33] The price was
later reduced to $399.99 in the fall of 1994. [34]
 Panasonic FZ-10 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive
Multiplayer (Japan, North America and Europe) –
Released on November 11, 1994 (a year after the
FZ-1), it is a less expensive, slimmer and lighter
model and replaced the FZ-1 in Panasonic's
portfolio. The FZ-10 featured a top loading CD tray,
an internal memory manager and repositioned
the LEDs and controller port. The controller is also
smaller and lighter than the one included with the
FZ-1, but lacks a headphones output.
 Panasonic N-1005 3DO CD Changer
"ROBO" (Japan only) – An FZ-1 custom console,
fitted with a five disc CD drive.
 Sanyo IMP-21J TRY 3DO Interactive
Multiplayer (Japan only) – Released in March 1995,
this model has the pickup head on the tray
(resembling a laptop optical drive).[35] It was made in
medium quantities before it was discontinued.
 GoldStar GDO-101 Alive 3DO Interactive
Multiplayer (South Korea) – Released in 1994, this
model is similar in physical appearance to the
Panasonic model.
 GoldStar GDO-101M 3DO Interactive
Multiplayer (North America and Europe) – A version
of the GDO-101 for foreign markets.
 GoldStar GDO-203P 3DO Alive II (South Korea
only) – The rarest of all of the systems, resembling a
very rounded PlayStation.
  Creative 3DO Blaster – A PC ISA expansion card
with a double-speed CD-ROM drive and a controller
that enables compatible Windows-based PCs to play
3DO games. Produced by Creative Labs.
 Arcade – American Laser Games utilized 3DO-
based hardware for a number of arcade titles.[36]

Hardware[edit]
The original edition of the console, the FZ-1, was referred to in full as the 3DO REAL
Interactive Multiplayer. The console had advanced hardware features at the time:
an ARM60 32-bit RISC CPU, two custom video coprocessors, a custom 16-bit DSP and
a custom math co-processor. It also featured 2 megabytes (MB) of DRAM, 1 MB
of VRAM, and a double speed CD-ROM drive for main CD+Gs or Photo
CDs (and Video CDs with an add-on MPEG video module).[3] The 3DO included the
first light synthesizer in a game console, converting CD music to a mesmerizing color
pattern.
The 3DO is one of few CD-based units that feature neither regional lockout nor copy
protection, making it easy to use illegal copies or homebrew software.[37] Although there
is no regional lockout present in any 3DO machine, a few Japanese games cannot be
played on non-Japanese 3DO consoles due to a special kanji font which was not
present in the English language console firmware. Games that have compatibility issues
include Sword and Sorcery (which was released in English under the title Lucienne's
Quest), the adult video game Twinkle Knights and a demo version of Alone in the Dark.
Technical specifications[edit]

The 3DO's RISC CPU

Processor

 32-bit RISC CPU @ 12.5 MHz (ARM60) – using

VY86C060-20FC / VY86C06020FC-2 (native stock
speed of 20FC chips is @ 20 MHz.)
 Custom math co-processor (it does not use the
stock ARM FPA unit.)
 32 KB SRAM[1]
Display

Panasonic FZ-1 "Clio" graphics accelerator

 Resolution 640×480 (interpolated), 320×240 (actual)

60 Hz for NTSC version, and 768×576
(interpolated), 384×288 (actual) 50 Hz for PAL
version with either 16-bit palettized color (from 24-
bit) or 24-bit truecolor.
 Two video co-processors capable of producing 9–16
million pixels per second (36–64 megapix/s
interpolated), distorted, scaled, rotated and texture
mapped.

Panasonic FZ-1 "Madam" graphics accelerator

System board

 50 MB/s bus speed (synchronous 32-bit @20 MHz

bus)
 36 DMA channels
 2 MB of main RAM[1]
 1 MB of VRAM[1]
  2 expansion ports
Sound [38]

 16-bit stereo sound[1]

 Stereo CDDA playback.
 44.1 kHz sound sampling rate[1]
 Supports 4-Channel Dolby Surround sound
 Custom 20-bit digital signal processor (DSP) – 20-bit
accumulator with 16-bit parameter registers for
extended precision, embedded in the CLIO chip.
 13 DMA channels of digital input, to be sampled,
and distorted by the DSP.
Media

 Double-speed (depending on manufacturer)

300 kB/s data transfer CD-ROM drive with 32 KB
RAM buffer
 Multitasking 32-bit operating system
Connectivity[edit]
Audio and video[edit]

 RF switch An RF connector can be used with older

TVs that lack direct video inputs. The 3DO output is
compatible with most existing video console
switches, including those made for the NES/SNES,
Sega Master System/Genesis, & NEC Turbo Grafix
RF. This provides a relatively low quality but
universally compatible video signal.
 Composite RCA The 3DO features standard
composite video and audio ports
(yellow/red/white RCA connectors) that are
compatible with off the shelf cables also used on
VHS players and certain other video devices and
games consoles, as well as older computer video
monitors.
 S-Video The 3DO also offers an S-Video connector
for enhanced picture quality on more advanced
televisions.
Power[edit]
All 3DO consoles have integrated power supplies. Some models (Panasonic 3DO FZ-1,
Sanyo TRY 3DO, and Goldstar 3DO) have hardwired power cords, others (Panasonic
3DO FZ-10) use an IEC 60320 C7 "figure 8" power cord. All North American model
specifications are AC 120 V 60 Hz 30 W.
Basic accessories[edit]
Most 3DO systems shipped with a standard controller, as well as A/V and power cables.
The 3DO controllers were unique in that the system base unit contained only one
controller port and the controllers could be physically daisy chained together via a port
on the back of each controller. Up to eight controllers could be linked together in this
fashion. All controllers for each 3DO console are compatible with one another.
In addition, standard 3DO controllers released with the Panasonic FZ-1 also contained
a headphone jack and volume control for silent play. The GoldStar (LG) model also
included a controller with this feature.
Third party controllers were produced by a number of companies including Logitech.
World International Trading Corporation also released an adapter that allows Super
NES controllers to be used with the 3DO.[39]
Light gun[edit]
The only light gun released for the 3DO was the Gamegun, a product of third-party
developer American Laser Games. Despite this, no fewer than 10 games with light gun
support were produced for the system. Most of these were arcade ports from American
Laser Games (including the infamous Mad Dog McCree), but Virgin
Interactive and Digital Pictures also released 3DO light gun games.
The 3DO Gamegun uses the same design as the Gamegun released for the Sega CD:
an orange "Old West" revolver. Select Gameguns house a controller port so that
another Gamegun may be daisy-chained for two-player gameplay, which is supported in
most of American Laser Games's 3DO titles.
Though no light gun was released for the 3DO in Japan, the Japanese localizations
of Demolition Man and Corpse Killer retain light gun support, and could be played by
Japanese gamers using imported Gameguns.
Mouse[edit]
Panasonic and Logitech both released the 3DO mouse. The Panasonic FZ-JM1 and
Logitech 3DO mouse are identical aside from their markings. Fewer than 20 games
supported its use, some of which were optimized for the standard controller or light gun
rather than the mouse. Of the 3DO games which were optimized for use with the
mouse, the best known are Myst and Lemmings. The Panasonic mouse was also
bundled with Konami's Policenauts Limited Edition in Japan which came with a
Policenauts mouse pad.[40]
Other[edit]
Home Arcade Systems released a steering wheel for the 3DO which is supported by
several racing titles, including The Need for Speed.
The Panasonic FZ-EM256 is a 256 KB Expandable Memory Unit that plugs into the
3DO expansion port on the back of the console. It was released in 1994 and sold in
Japan only.[10]
The Panasonic 3DO Karaoke Mixer allows 3DO owners to play a standard music CD,
turn the vocals down, plug in one or two microphones and sing over the music. This unit
was not released in all markets.[41]

Games[edit]
See also: List of 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games

Crash 'n Burn, the system's first bundled title

Some of the best-received titles were ports of arcade or PC games that other systems
of the time were not capable of playing, such as Alone in the Dark, Myst and Star
Control II. Other popular titles included Total Eclipse, Jurassic Park
Interactive, Gex, Crash 'n Burn, Slayer, Killing Time, The Need for Speed, Road Rash,
and Immercenary. The 3DO version of arcade title Samurai Shodown was the only port
with faithful graphics for some time, and the 3DO Super Street Fighter II Turbo was the
first port with its CD-quality audio.
Since its release coincided with the arrival of the modern first-person shooter, the 3DO
also had some of the earliest members of the genre as exclusives, such as Escape
from Monster Manor, the previously mentioned Killing Time, and PO'ed, as well as ports
of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom.
However, the 3DO library also exhibited less successful traits of home consoles at the
time. The 3DO was one of the first CD-ROM consoles, and some early titles on the 3DO
frequently attempted to use interactive movie-style gameplay. Such titles rendered all or
nearly all of their graphics in full motion video, which necessitated that any interactive
influence from the player be limited to a greater extent than other games of the time.
Some games followed a single unfolding of events simply by correctly timed
prompts executed by the player. Night Trap, D, Mad Dog McCree, and The Daedalus
Encounter are among the more famous examples of full motion video driven games.

Reception[edit]
Reviewing the 3DO just prior to its launch, GamePro gave it a "thumbs sideways". They
commented that "The 3DO is the first CD-ROM system to make a real jump forward in
graphics, sound, and game design." However, they questioned whether it would soon
be rendered obsolete by the upcoming Jaguar CD and "Project Reality" (later released
as the Nintendo 64)[note 2] and felt there were not yet enough games to justify a purchase,
recommending that gamers wait several months to see if the system would get a
worthwhile library of games.[42] The 3DO was awarded Worst Console Launch of 1993
by Electronic Gaming Monthly.[43] In a special Game Machine Cross Review in May
1995, Famicom Tsūshin would score the 3DO Real console a 26 out of 40. [44] Next
Generation reviewed the 3DO in late 1995. They noted that due chiefly to its early
launch, it had a larger installed base and more high quality games than the newly
launched Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation, making it a viable alternative to those
systems. However, they debated whether it could remain a serious contender in the
long run, in light of the successor M2's imminent release and the Saturn and
PlayStation's superior hardware. They deemed the 3DO hardware overhyped but still
very good for its time, especially praising the DMA engine. They gave it 2 out of 5 stars,
concluding that it "has settled out as a solid system with some good titles in its library
and more on the way. The question that must be answered though is this: Is having a
'good system' enough?"[1]
Citing a lack of decent exclusives and an "astronomical asking price", in 2009 video
game website IGN chose the 3DO as its 22nd greatest video game console of all time,
slightly higher than the Atari Jaguar but lower than its four other major competitors:
the SNES (4th best), the Sega Genesis (5th), the PlayStation (7th), and the Sega
Saturn (18th).[45] On Yahoo! Games the 3DO was placed among the top five worst
console launches due to its one-game launch lineup and high launch price. [24]
Gaming retrospectives have also accused the 3DO of having an abundance of poor
quality interactive movies.[46] Trip Hawkins' business model for selling the 3DO was
widely derided by industry figures.[47]

Legacy[edit]
The 3DO Company designed a next-generation console that was never released due to
various business and technological issues. The M2 project, which began as an
accelerator add-on for the 3DO,[48] was to use dual PowerPC 602 processors in addition
to newer 3D and video rendering technologies. Late during development, the company
abandoned the console hardware business and sold the M2 technology to Matsushita.
Emulation[edit]

 PhoenixEmuProject – 100% compatible 3DO

emulator developed by one of the FreeDO authors
(Russian language).[49]
 4DO is working on a 3DO emulator based on the
FreeDO source code.[50] Most games are playable
though with minor issues.[51]

See also[edit]

 1990s portal

 1993 in video games

 3DO Rating System
  List of commercial failures in video games
 List of 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
 Panasonic Jungle

Notes[edit]
1. ^ Sales figures for Gex remain unclear. While the October
and November 1995 issues of GamePro and Electronic
Gaming Monthly both state that Gex exceeded 1 million in
sales in July 1995 (well before the game was released for any
platform other than the 3DO), an article in Next
Generation also cover-dated November 1995 says that the
3DO Interactive Multiplayer had sold only 750,000 units
worldwide.[9]
2. ^ Though the Jaguar CD and Nintendo 64 would not be
released until 1995 and 1996 respectively, at the time the
media thought they would both be released in mid-1994.

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:                "Which Game System is the Best!?". Next
a b c d e f g h

Generation. Imagine Media  (12): 36–85. December 1995.

2. ^ "The 3DO Story". Edge  (supplement). No. 12.  Future
Publishing. September 1994. p.  5.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "3DO – 1993–96 – Classic Gaming".
Classicgaming.gamespy.com. Archived from the original  on
April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
4. ^ "System Wars".  GamePro. No. 101.  IDG. February 1997.
p. 20.
5. ^ Blake Snow (July 30, 2007).  "The 10 Worst-Selling
Consoles of All Time". GamePro. Archived from the
original on May 8, 2007. Retrieved November 14,  2008.[circular
reference]

6. ^ "Panasonic 3DO FZ-1 manual". Archive.org.

Retrieved April 25, 2018.
7. ^ "At the Deadline". GamePro. No.  85. IDG. October 1995.
p. 174.
8. ^ "Tidbits...".  Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 76. Sendai
Publishing. November 1995. p.  19.
9. ^ "75 Power Players: The Evangelist". Next Generation.
No.  11. Imagine Media. November 1995. p.  56. Global sales
stand at around 750,000, with 300,000 sold in the US.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Matthews, Will (December 2013).  "Ahead
of its Time: A 3DO Retrospective". Retro
Gamer (122). Imagine Publishing. pp. 18–29.
11. ^ Vinciguerra, Robert.  "Tom Kalinske Talks About His Time
Overseeing Sega As Its CEO In the 90s; Reveals That Sega
Passed On Virtual Boy Technology, Considered Releasing
3DO". The Rev. Rob Times. Archived from  the original on
October 25, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
12. ^ "New 3DO Hardware Deals"  (PDF).  GamePro  (59).  IDG.
June 1994. p.  184.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b "3DO News". GamePro (60). IDG. July 1994.
p. 170.
14. ^ "No Business Like Show Business".  GamePro.
No.  57. IDG. April 1994. p. 8.
15. ^ Nichols, Peter (December 3, 1993).  "Home Video". The
New York Times. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
16. ^ Markoff, John (September 9, 1993).  "Market Place;
Investors can only guess which video game device will
conquer". The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
17. ^ Ramsay, M. (2012). Trip Hawkins. Gamers at Work: Stories
Behind the Games People Play (pp. 1–15). New York:
Apress.
18. ^ "3DO Prices Drop".  GamePro. No. 58.  IDG. May 1994.
p. 168.
19. ^ "3DO System Down to $500!". Electronic Gaming Monthly.
No.  57. Sendai Publishing. April 1994. p.  18.
20. ^ "Atari Jaguar Unveiled—Stalks 3DO". Computer Gaming
World. November 1993. pp.  10–11. Retrieved  March
28,  2016.
21. ^ Miller, Chuck; Dille, H. E.; Wilson, Johnny L. (January
1994). "Battle Of The New Machines".  Computer Gaming
World. pp.  64–76.
22. ^ "The Face of the Future". Computer Gaming
World  (advertisement). December 1993. pp. 32–33.
Retrieved March 29, 2016.
23. ^ "Problems in 3DO Land!". Electronic Gaming Monthly.
No.  53. Sendai Publishing. December 1993. p. 16.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Best -- and Worst -- Console Launches".
Yahoo! Games. November 8, 2013. Retrieved January
30,  2014.
25. ^ "3DO Sales Called Pleasing".  The New York Times.
November 20, 1993. Retrieved  November 25, 2019.
26. ^ Ogasawara, Nob (May 1995). "International
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 This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line

Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and
incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version
1.3 or later.

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