Successful Innovation and Change

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2

1..................................................................................................................................................3

Problems in the Transportation sector................................................................................3

Traffic management............................................................................................................4

Tidd and Bessant 4P’s Model.................................................................................................4

Systemized Bus service.......................................................................................................5

Parking................................................................................................................................6

2..................................................................................................................................................8

Capability:..............................................................................................................................8

Regulatory capability..........................................................................................................8

Positional capability............................................................................................................9

Functional capability...........................................................................................................9

Cultural capability...............................................................................................................9

3................................................................................................................................................11

Product assembly..............................................................................................................11

Conclusion................................................................................................................................15

References................................................................................................................................16
Introduction

The statement will not be wrong if said humans are the most advanced species compared to
other living things on this planet. Whenever we find a task first we observe and then try to
find the best solution to solve that task. The basic thing that differs the human race from
others is that we identify and calculate the severity of a problem and then act accordingly.
The demand to create a new innovation to solve a problem is called Natural Intelligence.
However, most of the problems take too much time, capital or energy if the work is
completed by humans itself. That’s where machines come into existence. When a machine,
programmed in such a way that it evolves and learns with experience and acts to the best
possible situation is called Artificial Intelligence. In this study we will discuss ways through
which artificial intelligence can solve problems related to transportation. The paper will
quantify problems associated in the above sector. Tidd & Bessant 4P’s model of innovation
space will be used to plot the transportation sector in a rational view. Critical evaluation of
the solutions will be given using Coynes 3-conditions. A Competency tree will be made to
showcase better customer service. Validity of the point innovation as an important factor
behind business success will be provided. New ideas will be discussed which will help to
resolve current business problems. Human relations with AI in the coming future will be
predicted using a model.

1.

AI has helped a lot in Traffic control and management in present days. Through its use the
administration could not only manage traffic lights remotely as well as use speed breakers
wherever necessary. Moreover, through real time imaging system traffic pressure and
incidents can easily be seen. Advance tools help to forecast traffic congestion areas and it
makes easy for the management to take necessary steps as per requirement. Auto image
capture on over-speeding or crossing lines and getting vehicle and owner details through
number plate are one of such example.

Problems in the Transportation sector

Increase in population and growing vehicles demand for transportation of goods and public has
increased over years and with these has arrived difficulties like parking and traffic congestion.
Unplanned or de-structured commuting system has increased the price of goods and is more time
consuming to reach the user end. Similar problem is faced in public transport with unavailability of
public buses and poor infrastructure of vehicles. The pressure to fit a growing population in countries
of Asia such as India, Bangladesh, and China etc. has led to rapid construction of buildings which in
return is a loss of public space (Rodriguez, 2020). The major problem that the Transport sector faces
is high maintenance costs to maintain the infrastructure required for smooth running. Steep rise in
transportation has given equal threats to the environment and natural resources. Consumption of
natural reserves has increased and so is price. More accidents are recorded due to congestion and an
unplanned transportation system every year. Productivity of a nation highly depends on the
transportation system by moving labor, consumer goods, freights and humans from one place to
another. Which if not properly maintained will affect immensely. Parking is a major problem in urban
areas. Present infrastructure in the developing countries is not able to cope with the demands to meet
vehicles running in the city every day. This leads to parking vehicles on the roadside and creating jam
and chaos for other commuters (Noto, 2020). Economy of a country is highly affected because of the
poor infrastructure of transportation. Major countries have avoided this topic and shown lesser interest
as a problem which needs to be resolved soon.
Commons steps that will help in solving the problem of Urban Transport are:

Traffic management

Traffic control is a serious task for every major city around the world. Proper measures if
taken will not only help to distribute the load during office hours fast commuting of goods
will be possible. Rearrangement of traffic rules with strict regulations and monitoring will
help to move in a systemized direction. One way system is most practiced and in use in major
cities of the world as it helps to divide pressure from one area or connecting roads to other
sub channels. Multi lane highways that are most busiest and carry high volume of commuter
traffic can be divided by selecting certain lanes for incoming vehicles in the morning and to
outgoing traffic in the second half (Shirwani, et al. 2020). Toll plazas and security checks at a
given distance will help the government to regulate goods and public transport as well as
bring capital for the country. Such checks are also helpful in regulating any illegal activity or
carriers.
Tidd and Bessant 4P’s Model

Figure1. Tidd & Bessant 4P’s Model

(Source: Johnrbessant.files.wordpress.com. 2020)
The 4P’s of innovation according to the” Tidd’s and Bessant’s” model are product, process,
position and paradigm. Innovation in the product is the first things that convey changes in a
business activity. While innovation in the process refers to change made in the working
culture or services. Innovation in the position is explained as introduction of product/services
or knowing the location of target offered. Whereas most importantly paradigm innovation is
change in the approach of working in an organization. Motive/objective with which a
company performs its daily activity is enhanced and progressive approach is established.
Table1. Dimension for Innovation of Traffic Management
(Source: Self)
Japan is chosen as a plot for the given solution as the country has a very advanced traffic
management system as compared to other countries in the world.

Dimension Change

Product (Traffic Management) Advance traffic system is observed in the

country will ontime weather report and best
possible route with less congestion for daily
commuters

Process (multilevel highways and automated Multilevel highways connecting different

traffic system) routes from a common terminal are created
to avoid any congestion at the junction.

Position (Japan) The country is facilitating its technology and

 services to other developing countries in
Asia.

Paradigm (automated roads with side
elevation and alarm signals)
Traffic management in the country has
advanced at many levels as compared to
other countries and is working to introduce
automated alarm signals for vehicles
changing lines or moving roadsides (White,
2020). As the country experiences
earthquakes every year. The management
has developed ready to built roads which
will repair soon if damaged.

Systemized Bus service

Many transport authorities are taking keen interest in reducing the gaps in between bus
timings and increase in reliability and comforts for public commuters. Modern buses emit
less pollution and have more stability and comfortable seats (Aktar, et al. 2020). Modern
transport vehicles are connected with GPRS which are monitored by the departments.
Monitoring helps to commute timings of route destinations and the path through which the
passengers will be going. Identifying routes and load for commuters in given time will help
transport departments to allocate desired demands at given time.
Table2. Dimension for innovation of Systemized Bus Service
(Source: Self)
London is chosen as a plot for the given topic as the city is known for systemized service
connecting major locations in the city at a reasonable fare.

Dimension Change

Product(systemized Bus service) London is known very much for its bus
services. Buses at regular intervals connect
every major junctions at specified timings

Process (modernization of public transport) Every bus is equipped with GPRS system
and voice command which help commuters
to know their destination and route through
 which it is moving

Position (London) The transport authority of London is

planning to stretch its area of operation to
adjoining places connecting the city.

Paradigm (stretching the network to remote
connecting areas)
The authority is planning to increase service
hours and reduce gaps in between the
timings to meet demands. For this
automated control and regulation system is
introduced in all major stations
(Ogungbemi, et al. 2020). This system will
help in reduce waiting time and increase in
the functionality of the system

Parking

There is limited space which could not be stretched to match with the rising congestion in
metro cities. Thus restricted parking could be a handy solution to avoid jams or making an
hour system for parking and if someone crosses the time limit penalty will be charged.
Restricted parking to areas which are densely crowded during office hours might be applied.
Regulatory authorities are required to control parking and manage the parking business
systematically as it will mark a prominent place in business models in near future (Yannis, et
al. 2020). Multi level and underground parking is a reality in major cities around the world.
Table3. Dimension for Innovation in Parking
(Source: self)
China is chosen for the plot as the country is first to introduce multi level parking system

Dimension Change

Product (parking) Initially major cities in the country were

facing parking problems and the solution
came with a multi-storied parking system.

Process (auto detection of free space) These multi-storied parking systems are
automated and inform the rider of free space
availability.
 Position (Beijing) Being the most populous city and place for
centre of world business. The place was
facing parking difficulties for a long period.
Restricted parking was not an optimal
solution with rise in population and people
from other countries settling there
(Muhibullah, 2020). Multilevel parking
system has helped to use the space
beautifully as well as generate a source of
income through parking fees.

Paradigm (creating underground automated The country is planning to build

parking) underground parking systems connecting all
major terminals in the country with
automated systems to show available space
and occupied ones. The system will help the
authorities to know total parked vehicles
along with the capacity of the system. Areas
which have high parking demand can easily
be identified.

2.

All the three components that are traffic management, systemized bus service, and parking
are interrelated with each other failure in any one the system will affect running of other two
services. Similar cases are seen in developing countries of Asia where due to the lure nature
of traffic departments long queues are seen in metro cities during office hours (Ahmadova,
2020). These delays in route disturb bus timings and the ultimate suffering becomes daily
passengers of public transport. By providing better management and control over traffic,
authorities can extend hands with major transporters and provide better service to pass daily
goods in the city. Stable and running transport system will help parking authorities to make
and manage parking areas accordingly and make space for vehicles according to daily
requirements. Again a better parking system will help to control traffic easily as there will be
less chance of road jams due to congestion.
Coynes 3- conditions to analyze the competencies and capabilities of the three solution
discussed.

Capability:

The resources that attribute the transportation system can be placed in framework as:

Regulatory capability

These factors can help transport authorities to regulate and control the management by
applying patents or control through legal terms. This can only run if the management is so
capable to run unitedly and have less dependency on other departments to function its daily
needs (Hayajneh, 2020). Like LondonBus transport services which run unanimously on its
own and is improving its functionality by each growing day.

Positional capability

This capacity of an authority arises when they locate a prominent place and understand the
geographical importance and service requirements of the situation. The statement is
identifiable from the example of Tokyo city Japan. The transport authorities there have
developed multilevel road systems at every junction of the city both train and road fruits run
side by side and the mechanism is controlled remotely in such a way that no system gets
tangled or detained because of another.

Functional capability

Improvement is the basic requirement for any progressing country and thus developing
countries like India has invested heavily to improve the traffic system in the last few years.
The country knows that it would be impossible to flourish without a proper transportation
system and so has made the longest road connecting all parts of the country called national
highways (Lian, et al. 2020). The country in 2019 has made huge investments to improve its
waterways transport system.
Cultural capability

Cultural capability is interlinked with functionality which arrives when an authority has made
a reputation of quality service over years. The position becomes virtue and the authority
wants to maintain that position at any cost.

Figure2. Competency Wheel.

(Source: Safety and health competency framework to 'drive highest standards' - SHP -
Health and Safety News, Legislation, PPE, CPD and Resources, 2020)
Competency wheel for each solution clearly stating how value is created for end user. Using
AI will not only decrease road accidents ratio in major cities by providing weather and easiest
route option to the travelers. The technology will help administration to assist Quick
Response Team (QRT) by giving immediate information of any accidents or unpleasant
activity in a given area. The system will help the administration to work collectively and
report to other departments in minimum time using limited workforce. The process will help
to minimize human errors made by the system and further checks will improve the
performance of management.
 Figure3. Competency Tree Stating Core Product & End Product
(Source: Pektor, Walek, & Martinik, 2020)
Core competency means giving the importance of technology as well as stating the role of
administration of work and workforce to deliver value to end users.
 Main part that is trunk of the tree holds the core product (management, human work
force controlling the system)
 Branches are the infrastructure and involvement of Artificial Intelligence that
provides regular information and data to the core branch
 Fruits and flowers are the end product that is service or value provided to the end
customers
 time
automated less waiting
signal

body
regulatory
control and remote
cental control unit

Figure4. Competency Wheel Showing Influence of AI

(SOURCE: SELF)

3.

Modern business grows and companies who have adapted themselves with the changing
times have survived in the industry. Leaders who have stood differently from others and
believed in their thinking for a better tomorrow have succeeded. That’s why modern
companies invest huge amounts in the research and innovation department. There are several
examples such as flipkart or amazon that have changed the course of the goods supply chain
system. Apart from that companies like walmart and apple have gained success as they
produce quality products and new inventions in the market (Kiss, et al. 2020). From the
discussion it is very obvious that at the end consumers are the ones that get benefitted.

Product assembly

Product finish if executed manually takes a lot of time and chances of error are also high.
Thus multinational companies always opt out for better solutions and involvement of
Artificial Intelligence is one such step. Many a time incorrect tagging of a product makes
heavy loss for the company as the product is delivered to a place where it is not required.
Modern techniques not only help to track the movement as well as inform batching during the
packaging period in logistics. Modern machines have been developed to assemble, create and
transport goods from one part of the factory to another (Leonard, 2020). These machines have
not only increased the production limit too many time as well as improved quality. Goods can
now be purchased at cheaper rates. According to business news humanoids are under final
trial and of the work process. If the innovation gets succeeded it will not be impossible to see
many sectors will be replaced by humanoids and central administrators will have more
control over production and services. Japan has already started using Robots in their Banks
for account openings and has hinted that more services will be performed by them in the
coming future. By 2030 it is estimated that major companies in the world will involve AI and
robots in their day to day business activity.

Figure5. Cargo Counts

(Source: Team, 2020)
The above figure shows use of AI based machines to count products in a logistic company.
Major problems such as planning, time distribution, product batching, packaging, delivery
and services such as customer queries and problem solutions will be handled using AI made
robotics
 Figure6. Showing Artificial Intelligence involvement in humans life
(Source: What is Artificial Intelligence? How Does AI Work, Applications and Future?,
2020)
Researchers across the world claims AI will take control over functions that have same
pattern and similar structure of workforce. AI will take over functions that today require
human intelligence to improve performance and quantity of work. Involvement of AI in the
field of Logistics is very much required now as the manufacturing technology and
movements of goods through machines have never been so accessible and affordable as of
now (Smith, 2020). The network base nature of the logistic industry provides a natural
framework for involving and scaling AI, assisting human components of organised global
chains to quantify quality end products. Furthermore, business entities not embracing modern
technology in their work culture will become obsolete in coming future as competitors use
and develop AI in business today. By 2030, major functions in the logistic departments will
be handled through artificial machines. Whether it is customer handling, sending quotations
to new clients, production handling and movement of product within a factory till its delivery
in proper hands. Though, final control of the total activity will remain in the hand of humans.
According to a study in Mckinsey 49% of the work for which humans gets paid now will be
automated. Human existence will though be prominent and will limit to decision making. Job
profile will change and new pattern of jobs will start taking place. For instance all the
calculative and work that requires physical strength will move to AI machines and control
and regulatory works along with inventions and development part will come in human hands.
By next decade tracking, movement, batching, shifting, distribution and transporting parts
will be handled through machines. Clients will be assisted through automated real time voice
response system.

Figure7. Robots automate repetitive tasks and can work alongside human operators
(Source: Universal Robots, 2020)
Conclusion

AI has become part of our daily lives and most of us don't even know this being it with
tracking addresses through GPRS or getting weather and traffic reports while driving.
Listening to music or videos of your choice or creating identical products with just data
feeded, everywhere machines have occupied us. The entire transport industry is being it from
making cars, to controlling traffic, movement or transportation of goods to assembling them
everywhere artificial intelligence can be observed. Logistics will have more impact of AI as
the framework of the industry supports AI based machinery and tools. From manufacturing to
packing, distributing, batching and delivery everything could be automated. Even tracking the
position of goods in real time could be done which will help the end users to a great extent.
From the paper it can be concluded that new innovations have changed the way we think or
use to do our business or execute daily life works. Through the study it can be estimated that
in coming future humans and robots will have to work side by side and we have to rely very
much on AI for everything even in our daily life activities.
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