OVERLOAD INDICATOR

FOR AUTOMOBILE USING

UNIVERSAL OBJECT
INTERACTION

R.KRISHNAKUMAR
DR.B.A.SARAVANAN
 Expanding a nation's transportation network is a good indicator
of economic health. The magnitude of the transportation business
continues to grow in tandem with the expansion of the economy.
Overcrowding in transportation vehicles is becoming an increasing
issue. That's why it's crucial to figure out how to successfully
restrict overload while keeping track of the vehicle's load in a way
that's quick and easy. The integrated vehicle load control system
can effectively lessen the burdensome work of the vehicle load
testing station and increase productivity in the transportation
sector, as well as detect vehicle load easily to avoid overloading of
vehicle and improve vehicle safety. In this research, we introduce
the NODU MCU model-based architecture for a wireless
monitoring system. The design put forward in this paper is both
inexpensive and straightforward in its construction. In order to
track instances of vehicles exceeding the legal weight limit on the
road, the system creates a database. The current vehicle weight can
be easily tracked with the use of a mobile application with
location. Multiple rounds of experimental testing demonstrate the
system's reliability and high performance.
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

R KRISHNAKUMAR is presently working as à

Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, SNS College of Engineering Coimbatore.
He acquired First class degree both at graduate
(B.E.- Mechanical Engineering) at Government
College of Technology, Coimbatore and Post-
Graduate level (M.E.- Engineering Design) at Anna
University Regional Campus, Coimbatore.
In addition, he has also completed Master of Arts
and Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application.
Moreover, he has more than 7 years of teaching
experience in various reputed institutions and more
than 10 years of industrial experience in various
esteemed industries.
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr.B.A.Saravanan is presently working as à

Professor in the Department of Mechanical and
Mechatronics Engineering (Additive Manufacturing,
SNS College of Engineering Coimbatore.

He acquired his doctoral degree from Anna

University, Chennai in the area of Supply Chain
Management. Moreover, he has more than 20 years of
Teaching experience in various reputed institutions. He
is having research experience in the area of Production
management and materials.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Introduction
2 Description of equipment
2.1 Load cell
2.2 Amplifier
2.3 ADC
2.4 Wheel
2.5 Control unit
2.6 Solenoid valve
3 Design and drawing
3.1 General machine Specifications
3.2 Block diagram
3.3 Overall diagram
4 Working principle
5 Merits & Demerit
6 Applications
7 List of materials
8 Cost Estimation
9 Conclusion
References

2
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title

1 Block diagram

2 Overall diagram

3
 SYNOPSIS

measured by the growth of its

transport infrastructure. With the gradual development of economy, the scale of
transportation industry continues to expand. The problem of overload in the vehicle
transport has emerged. Therefore, how simple and convenientlyto know the vehicle load
and how to effectively limit overload has become a key issue. Vehicle load control
system integration device can detect conveniently vehicle load to prevent overloading of
vehicle and improve vehicle safety and it can effectively reduce heavy work of the
vehicle load testing station and improve work efficiency in transport sector.

This paper presents the design of wireless monitoring system based on NODU
MCU model .The proposed design in this paper has a low cost and it has a simple
structure. The system establishes a database to archive all the cases of infringing the
allowed legal weight limit of the road. A mobile application is used to provide an easy
monitoring of the current weight of the vehicle also GPS location system. The system is
experimentally tested severaltimes and the obtained results show that the system has good
performance andaccurate results.

The proposed monitoring system consists of multiple sensor nodes that are deployed in the
field to collect data and a gateway node that receives the data from the sensor nodes and
sends it to a remote server for further processing. The sensor nodes are equipped with
different types of sensors, such as temperature, humidity, and light sensors, to collect data
on various environmental parameters. The NODU MCU model is used as the primary
controller for the sensor nodes, which is responsible for collecting data from the sensors
and transmitting it wirelessly to the gateway node. The gateway node receives the data
from the sensor nodes and relays it to the remote server through a wireless network

4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

5
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

As the Wireless Sensor Networks have scientifically advanced sooner and more
proficiently, they need become the key source for the advancement of IoT. They find it
use in most fields including smart grid, smart transportation systems, smart home, smart
hospitals, and so on. The accomplishment of the above results in the smart city
development as mentioned by our Indian Prime Minister. The new applications and
businesses are created continuously with the assistance of technology through the web.
IOT (Internet of Things) can help in integration of communication, control and knowledge
processing across various transportation systems. Generally, publicly transportation,
there's lack of real time information.
Carrying more passengers than capacity by bus may be a huge problem. Another
buses squeeze people within the spaces between the seats. Example an area of 4
passengers will accommodate 5 passengers. Why have passengers become agents and
disciples of impunity within the bus industry? The worst part is that the cash never
reaches the owner it goes into the pockets of the drivers and therefore the conductors
within the situation when someone complains or refuses to squeeze the conductor and a
few of the passengers will tell themto shop for their own car.
The importance of controlling overloading passengers can't be ignored because it
helps to scale back deaths and casualties because the findings show that excessive
passengers is one among the main causes of the many deaths and casualties when
accidents occur. There should be how of controlling that because passengers need to sit
and wear seat belts for his or her safety.
It is clear that, at some point, we'd like to limit the amountof additional passengers
to be accommodated. Worldwide people invest in internal control programs so as to
transport may be a significant issue in many countries across the planet because it incurs
assess and improve the services provided to the passengers. Overload passenger publicly
huge costs in terms of life, property and maintenance of buses. Many countries have
established a system to strengthen overload limit regulation (rule) and a few are trying to
deal with the difficulty and implement strict controlling mechanisms.

6
 Fig 1-1 Heavy Loaded Trucks

The struggle for the matter since the last decades particularly after the
introduction of conveyance buses received more attention, and yet these are playing
major roles within the transportation satisfying the transport demand generated by the
growing economy and ever increasing population both in developed and developing
countries. The matter of overloading is usually in check in many developed countries
while it's still a challenge too many developing and under developed nations. Public
transportation service available on sharing basis for the advantage of general public. It
includes city buses, trolleybuses, trams, ferries. Unlike transportation modes like
carpooling, rickshaws and taxis, this technique encompasses an entirety of strangers.
Now each day many accident happens thanks to overloading of thevehicles.

Every vehicle has some number of capaciousness but most of the time they
violate the law and allows more passengers which causes accident a while in order that
we'd like to supply auto overload detection system. The kinds of sensors employed are
weight sensors on the vehicles suspension to detect overloaded vehicles. The device will
automatically detect the in and out count of passenger/goods and Sensors will collect
information from the vehicles, forward this to an on board data analyzer (normally to be
placed at authority stations). Authority station will mark the time and site of that vehicle

7
at that moment. Later that whole data will use to completely analyze the vehicle.

In inspection of auto the authority stations will analyze the overload. His present
work specialize in prevention of injury of roads and stop vehicle damage. Roads now-a-
days play a really important role in every a part of world. The worth lies in providing safe
and convenient travel for the users because the device is functioning within the process,

It can ensure tostop vehicle overloading; within the process of driving, the drivers do
not haveto stress about being fined thanks to overload syndrome; make sure the personal
safety of driving. At an equivalent time the system is meant to save lots of the national
highway maintenance fees and to make sure the security of people's lives and property; it
can solve the matter of the damage of highway bridges, also can visit provide a more
humanized service life for the people and for the country's economic construction
contribute a strength. To sense the overloading effect well beforehand there has got to be
a technologywhich specialize in the calculation of the pay load and compares with the legal
limits

Fig 1-2 Loaded Truck unable to Drive Backwards

8
Understanding the results of Driving Overloaded Vehicles
By Christopher Lyon, Director of Fleet Relations, NTEA The
Association for the Work Truck Industry
Fleet professionals are tasked with providing safe, reliable and compliantvehicles for his or
her organization. In many cases, fleet professionals that style these work trucks only have
indirect control and/or input on how these vehicles are used after being placed in
commission .One of the most important concerns is knowing the results of operating
overloaded vehicles. This includes drivability issues, reliability and maintenance
concerns, and therefore the regulatory impacts and liability risks related to operating
overloaded vehicles. With some forethought within thevehicle design phase and broad-
based education for all stakeholders, these issues are often minimized, if not completely
eliminated.

WHAT IS AN OVERLOADED VEHICLE

Industry professionals generally know gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)

represents maximum vehicle weight, including chassis, body, off-line equipment and
payload. Several other factors beyond GVWR cancontribute to a truck being characterized
as overloaded, including gross combined weight rating (GCWR) and gross axle weight
rating (GAWR). GCWR is that the maximum allowable weight for a truck and trailer
combination. This covers the load of the truck, any cargo and therefore the trailer. In
short, if the load rolls with the truck, the load is included in GCWR. GAWR covers each
axle on a truck and trailer. s limited to the weakest component within the axle system,
including suspension, tires and brakes.

9
 DRIVABILITY CONTROLLING A VEHICLE

Improperly loaded vehicles or people who exceed the load rating will have a
dramatic effect on performance. Steering, maneuverability, braking and acceleration are all
affected, most vital, stopping distances are dramatically impacted. Simply stated, an
overloaded truck requires more distance to prevent. Operators can misjudge necessary
stopping distancewhen a vehicle is badly loaded. Another example is maneuverability and
steering (i.e., when a vehicle exceeds weight on the rear axle which creates an imbalanced
load). These factors can affect the whole characteristic of the truck. Steering and handling
are impacted, and in extreme cases, the truck loses front axle traction. Excess speed and
maneuverability aresignificant issues (i.e., an outsized vehicle traveling down an incline
cangain additional speed paired with decreased maneuverability andstopping distances)
of these scenarios can cause immediate and unsafeconditions for the vehicle, operator
and general public. Isaac laws of physics state items in motion stay in motion,
and objects at rest will occupy rest until compelled to vary action by an external
force. Manufacturers recognize these effects in vehicle design and therefore the influence
external forces wear important components like brakes,power plants and powertrains of
these critical components are set to work within a selected range of parameters.
Ultimately, these design characteristics recognize the physics within the operating
environment.

Fig 1-3 Controlling Drivability of a Vehicle

10
MAINTENANCE KEEPING TRUCKS ON THE ROAD

Downtime are often a serious expense for any organization. Idle equipment isn't
producing work. Components broken as a results of exceeding capacity are often
completely preventable. Another significant educational opportunity is that the cost of
downtime. At times, vehicles are overloaded with the misunderstanding of being more
efficient. Operators believe streamlining to at least one trip can save time and money.
However, a preventable breakdown affects drivers and customer commitments and may
even require a bigger fleet thanks to the necessity to retain maintenance spares all of
which are unnecessary expenses. Overloaded and overweight trucks increase the value of
maintenance. Premature and preventable wear will approach the value of keeping trucks
rolling down the road. Every OS are going to be strained. Failure rates on many
components will increase thanks to added Stress. Tie rods, steering arms, tires, engines and
other drivetrain components will wear prematurely as a results of operating above design
tolerances.

Keeping trucks on the road is essential for businesses that rely on transportation for their
operations. Proper maintenance is crucial to ensure that trucks stay in good condition,
operate efficiently, and minimize the risk of breakdowns or accidents. Here are some
maintenance tips for keeping trucks on the road:
1. Regular inspections: Regular inspections are crucial for identifying and addressing
any potential issues before they become major problems. Inspect the truck's brakes,
tires, lights, engine, and other key components regularly.
2. Routine maintenance: Routine maintenance, such as oil changes, fluid checks, and
filter replacements, is essential for keeping the truck running smoothly. Follow the
manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule to ensure that the truck stays
in good condition.
3. Address issues promptly: If any issues are identified during an inspection or
routine maintenance, address them promptly. Waiting to address a problem can
lead to more significant issues down the road, which can be costly to repair.
4. Train drivers: Train drivers on proper truck maintenance and safety practices.
Encourage drivers to report any issues they notice promptly.

11
 5. Keep records: Keep detailed records of all maintenance and repairs. This can help
identify any patterns or recurring issues and ensure that the truck stays in
compliance with safety regulations.
Overall, proper maintenance is crucial for keeping trucks on the road. Regular inspections,
routine maintenance, prompt issue resolution, driver training, and record-keeping are all
essential components of an effective maintenance program. By following these tips,
businesses can keep their trucks in good condition and minimize downtime due to
maintenance or repair issues.

AVOID RISK AND LIABILITY

Some drivers and supervisors in the fleet industry may think they are exempt from
mandated weight restrictions/limits. There may be some organizations that have an
exemption or may be permitted to run an overweight vehicle on the road. However, no
one is exempt from having safe and compliant vehicles. This means vehicles cannot
exceed designed weight capacity, under normal operating circumstances.

Fig 1-1 Overloaded cause animated

12
 Consequences are costly. Though state laws vary, overweight tickets are often
expensive and can lead to impounded vehicles. Many vocational trucks do not have a
working familiarity with regulatory compliance as their vehicles are not routinely
crossing mandated weight stations (often seen on highways).Fleet professionals may not
have as much control once the vehicle is on the road, but education can be an effective
tool. Training operators and upper management can often prompt improved policies. As
vehicle weight increases, so does the number of crash instances. In 2016, Federal Motor
Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) data on large trucks and buses show crashes are
directly proportional to vehicle weight. This data suggests that adding weight only
increases the chance of an occurrence. Furthermore, as a fleet professional, a duty of care
is held for the operator and organization. In the event of an incident, there can be civil
and criminal consequences; respondent superior Latin for the master
infers a responsibility that can go beyond the operator and include the fleet design team
as well as others within an organization. If it is determined the vehicle was overweight,
there can be severe civil and criminal penalties. Although itvaries by state, in the event of
a fatality, there are statutes that can hold an operator or owner criminally responsible,
including charges as severe as manslaughter.

CONTROLLING WEIGHT

There are several ways to prevent overload. First, it is important to understand

how trucks are actually used. Many times, there is a disconnect between the design team
and end users. Making field observations, talking with end users can be much more
productive than assuming user awareness and willingness to abide by vehicle design
parameters. Often, telling end users how to use equipment will fall on deaf ears. In the end,
they have a job to getdone and will find a way to use equipment, whether it was designed
for the task or not.

13
UNDERUTILIZED SPACE

Unfortunately, on work trucks, you will rarely find underutilized space.Eventually,

end users will add items to fill the void, resulting in unnecessary weight if the added
materials/tools are rarely used. Too much space can add weight as operators may find
-critical. When adding weight, end users contribute to
physical capacity, without taking vehicle effects into account.

AVAILABLE TOOLS

When designing a work truck, there are several tools you can use to provide a
safe, reliable, compliant work truck. Accounting for reserve weight and not constantly
running at maximum capacity help reduce maintenance and operating costs. In addition,
considering reserve weight allows a cushion to add more, if needed. When planning for
payload reserve ability, typicallyappropriate to operate a vehicle between 80 percent
and 85 percent capacity, leaving 15 percent to 20 percent reserve capacity.
and Axle
Weight Calculator a web-based, interactive tool that provides vehicle specification and
weight information. When up fitting or modifying a vehicle, these calculations produce
information to share with customers, and assist in understanding how certain industry
standards may apply both in prior to purchase and after unfitting is complete.
Interactive instructions make this a user-friendly, additional tool for those in your
company who are responsible for weight distribution and center of gravity calculations.
The calculator is a free member benefit not available for public purchase (details at
ntea.com/weight calculator). This data provides a helpful framework for reserve payload.

STRIVING FOR OPTIMIZATION

The goal is designing a work truck that encases all elements of performance, fuel
economy, maintenance, resale and versatility. Sitting down with stakeholders to create
and prioritize a selector list often exposes compromises
concessions and how they affect drivers and equipment supervisors; meet expectations

14
from internal and external customers; and influence the bottom line. Completing a life

Cycle Cost Tool performs calculations on scenario-based inputs, creating a pathway to

e and user-friendly to
accommodate a variety of truck life cycle analysis needs and different fleet structures.
This cloud-based resource enables fleets, engineers and sales representatives to load
differing depreciation methodologies (such as straight-line, accelerated and pool
depreciation techniques), fuel types, and regional fuel prices to fit the necessary truck or
fleet analysis. Users can also incorporate the impact of income taxes into business
decisions, where appropriate, and perform what-if scenarios. Depending on needs, the
template can support single-vehicle comparison decisions, vehicle class analysis and
whole fleet calculations. It can also act as a forecast tool when paired with a price
sensitivity analysis often necessary when dealing with volatile fuel price scenarios.
The tool is a free member benefit not available for public purchase (details at
ntea.com/lifecycle). With this information, you are able to make strategic decisions and
find the right vehicle for your organization.
To optimize the project, the following steps can be taken:

1. Efficient sensor selection: The selection of the sensor is a critical aspect of the
project, as it determines the accuracy and reliability of the system. Optimal sensors
that can detect weight, pressure, or load are required for this system. Different
sensor options should be evaluated based on factors such as accuracy, sensitivity,
durability, and cost.

2. Reliable data transmission: The communication protocol used in the system must
be reliable to ensure that the data transmitted from the sensors to the central
processing unit is accurate and timely. Wireless communication protocols such as
Bluetooth or Zigbee can be used to transmit data wirelessly, which can reduce the
need for cabling and increase the flexibility of the system.

15
 3. Real-time processing: The system must be able to process data in real-time to
provide timely warning indications to the driver. The central processing unit should
be designed with sufficient processing power to handle the incoming data and
generate warning

1.1 OVERLOAD AND ROAD SAFETY:

The safety issues and the cost issues are to be identified based on overloading and
hence the National department of transport has incorporated a campaign against
overloading in its Road Safety strategy. Overloading of commercial vehicles has a major
impact on the life expectancy of road networks. The cost of premature road failure and
repairs is a major burden on many governments particularly in developing countries
where this problem diverts vital funding that could otherwise be spent on health and
education.

Fig 1.1-1 Overloaded Vehicle

The overloading problems should be controlled or else the extra expenses will be beared by
the people which will result in extra wages to be paid in terms of overloading penalty,
extra fuel consumption charges and also the trucks carrying goods beyond the permitted

16
load will end up paying 10 times higher the toll charges. This imposes a serious problem
on both economical aspects and also upon maintenance of roads. Overloading is a safety
hazard that leads to unnecessary loss of life and also the rapid deterioration of our roads,
resulting in increased maintenance and transportation costs. In India the midst of building
national highways under the NHDP (NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME) entails huge investment, which will last for at least 10-12 years. However
even a 10% overloading of goods carriage in excess of prescribe weight can reduce the life
of roads and highways by 35%

The overload indicator system uses sensors to detect the weight of the vehicle and provide
warning indications to the driver when the vehicle is overloaded. This can help prevent
accidents caused by overloaded vehicles by ensuring that drivers are aware of the weight of
their vehicle and the potential risks associated with overloading. The system also uses
universal object interaction to communicate between the sensors and the central processing
unit, which allows for seamless communication and ensures that the system is reliable and
accurate.

Furthermore, the overload indicator system can be integrated with other safety systems in
the vehicle, such as anti-lock brakes and traction control systems, to enhance overall
safety. By providing drivers with real-time information about the weight of their vehicle,
the system can also promote better driving habits and reduce the risk of accidents caused
by overloaded vehicles. Overall, the overload indicator system has significant potential to
improve road safety by addressing the issue of overloaded vehicles and providing drivers
with timely warning indications to help prevent accidents caused by overloading.

Overloading trucks can lead to a range of negative consequences that can impact a
business's profit. Here are some of the ways that overloading can kill profit:

1. Fines and penalties: Overloading a truck can result in fines and penalties from
regulatory agencies that enforce weight limits. These fines can be costly and can eat
into a business's profits.

17
 2. Increased maintenance costs: Overloading a truck can cause increased wear and
tear on the vehicle's suspension, brakes, and tires, which can lead to increased
maintenance costs. This can include more frequent repairs, replacement of parts, and
higher fuel consumption.

3. Reduced fuel efficiency: Overloading a truck can cause the vehicle to consume
more fuel than it would otherwise, which can lead to increased fuel costs. This is
because an overloaded truck requires more power to move, which can result in higher
fuel consumption.

1.2 OVERLOADING A VEHICLE WILL POSE THE FOLLOWING

RISKS:

Different vehicles have different maximum weights for which they aredesigned .Hence if
this maximum weight exceeds than it is difficult to stop the vehicle and thus the vehicle
becomes less stable .Effectiveness to stop the vehicle decreases due to overheating of
breaks which will result in harder breaking mechanism as the vehicle is heavier. The
parts of the vehicle are of great concern and overloading will incur major loss or
reduction in their effective usage and will decrease the efficiency of the vehicles. As the
overloading is illegal the insurance covered by it becomes invalid. Overloaded vehicles
produce higher kinetic energy, resulting in greater impact forces and damages to other
vehicles or to the infrastructure. The other common problems on National highways is
overloading of trucks beyond the specified height and length limits. In 2014 these two
causes have resulted in 36,543 deaths.

18
 Fig 1.2-1 Overloaded vehicles accident

In a significant judgment on November 9, 2005 ,the supreme court saidthe issuance

of gold cards/tokens under notifications issued by 9 state government ,allowing
overloading of trucks in excess of prescribed weight limits, after payment of fixed
charges ,was a violation of motor vehicle act 1988,and central motor vehicle rule 1989
and should not only be stopped immediately but also the over loaded cargo should be
offloaded at the point of penalty the cost of which has to be borne by the transporter. This
all causesa major uncertainty, does need a solution to prevent the risks.

Overloading of vehicles can pose a significant risk to road safety and the
environment. Some of the risks associated with overloading of vehicles are:
1. Increased risk of accidents: Overloading of vehicles can cause the vehicle to
become unstable and more difficult to handle, particularly during braking and
turning. This can lead to an increased risk of accidents on the road.
2. Reduced braking efficiency: Overloaded vehicles require longer stopping
distances, which can reduce the effectiveness of brakes, particularly in emergency
situations.
3. Increased wear and tear on vehicle components: Overloading of vehicles can lead
to increased wear and tear on tires, brakes, suspension, and other components,
which can reduce the lifespan of the vehicle.
19
4. Increased fuel consumption: Overloaded vehicles require more energy to move,
which can lead to increased fuel consumption and higher emissions.
5. Legal penalties: Overloading of vehicles is illegal and can result in fines,
impoundment of the vehicle, and even imprisonment in some cases.
6. Environmental impact: Overloading of vehicles can contribute to environmental
degradation, particularly in terms of soil erosion and damage to roads and
infrastructure.
7. Damage to cargo: Overloading of vehicles can damage the cargo being transported,
leading to financial losses and potential legal liabilities.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:

The aim of this project is to identify the effectiveness of using overloadsystem in

enhancing the operations in enforcing vehicle weight limit regulations. Specifically, this
project attempts to quantify the effect of overloaded vehicle and protect the system and
infrastructure of the road

An important aspect for the proper functioning of C-ADAS is the performance of

the vehicular communication networks, which must be able to guarantee the timely
exchange of sensitive information for road safety. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)
are powered by vehicular communications and further provide an enhancement in driving
experience by improving security, infotainment, and robustness. Many researchers have
contributed and explored this concept, but due to many security and privacy-related
issues, the implementation stage has not matured enough

21
There are some objectives behind to develop the overloaded & over seatprevention system in
vehicles that may increase the safety of vehicles & did not exceed the maximum permitted
limit on vehicle.
1) To make stability of the vehicle.
2) To reduce braking default because besides the system itself, it depends on the
tire and suspension performance which is designed for the maximum allowable weight
indicated on the vehicle documents.
3) To reduce overloading of tire and high risk of tire blowouts.
4) To make a system for reduce accident or loss control of the vehicleswill result
in higher risk due to overloaded & over.
5) The main aim of this project is to make the system on the vehicle bywhich it
will stop the overloading on vehicles automatically so that overloaded vehicle damaging the
roads is reduced or avoided, and accidents avoided.

PROBLEMS DUE TO OVERLOADING

There were several adverse consequences that may occur when the vehicles
exceed the maximum permitted limit i.e.
6) Vehicles that are overloaded cause excessive wear and damage to roads,
bridges, and pavements etc.
7) Serious overloading can affect your safety by making the vehicle less stable,
difficult to steer and take longer to stop when braking
8) Overloaded & over seat vehicles are in unfair competition with otherhaulers. In
the long term, keeping within weight limits.
9) Overloaded & over seat vehicles are illegal - this may affect theinsurance
cover for the vehicle.
10) Overloading & over seat vehicles lead to decrease in mileage and
performance.

22
1.4. OVERLOADING AND ROAD SAFETY

Overloading and road safety has been recognized to be both a safety concern as
well as a cost concern, and the National department of transport has incorporated a
campaign against overloading in its Road to Safety strategy. Economic growth demands
an adequate transport infrastructure. Overloaded vehicles, especially freightVehicles, are
destroying our roads, impacting negatively on economic growth the damage caused
grows exponentially as the load increases. Damage to roads as a result of overloading leads to
higher maintenance and repair costs and shortens the life of a Road which in turn places
an additional burden on the state as well as law abiding road users who ultimately carry
the costs of careless and inconsiderate overloading. If the problem of overloading is not
controlled, this cost has to be carried by the road user, Which will require significant
increases in road user charges such as the fuel levy, vehicles license fees, and overloading
feesto mention just a few. Overloading is a safety hazard that leads to unnecessaryloss of
life, and also the rapid deterioration of our roads, resulting in increased maintenance and
transportation costs. The phenomenon of vehicle overloading is not new and has been
discussed in relation to adverse effects on road safety, accidents, and GHG emissions.
Exceeding a vehicle maximum permissible weight is not only danger but also it is an
illegal offence which carries with a range of risks and penalties. Overloading on vehicles
would increase the effort of engine performance, so that will cause the increase of fuel
consumption.

In this project an overload indicator is designed for two wheeler vehicles, which
indicates the maximum pay load capacity by the use of shock absorber. Analysis is done
on a shock absorber by varying the load capacity on bike. This project research work
carried out so far in the area of overloading of two wheelers. The main purpose of this
study is to understand and establish the extent to which vehicle overloading is
happening in a developing country. The phenomenon of vehicle overloading is not new
and has been discussed in relation to the adverse effects on vehicle engine, road safety
and environment problem.

23
 Although much has been said in the context of the more developed countries, in
developing countries there has not been much discussion on vehicle overloading. Design
and Fabrication of Overloadand Over Seat Prevention System in Two Wheelers Vehicle
overloading in adeveloping country is established.

Overloading of vehicles can have a significant impact on road safety. When a

vehicle is overloaded, it can become more difficult to control, which can increase the risk
of accidents. Some of the ways in which overloading can affect road safety are:

1. Reduced stability: Overloading of vehicles can reduce their stability, making them
more likely to tip over, particularly during turns or when driving on uneven roads.

2. Increased stopping distance: Overloaded vehicles require a longer stopping

distance, which can reduce the effectiveness of brakes, particularly in emergency
situations.

3. Tire failure: Overloaded vehicles can put excessive strain on tires, which can lead
to tire failure, particularly in hot weather or when driving at high speeds.

4. Reduced visibility: Overloaded vehicles can obstruct the driver's view, making it
difficult to see other vehicles and obstacles on the road.

5. Increased risk of breakdowns: Overloaded vehicles are more likely to experience

breakdowns due to the increased strain on their components.

6. Impact on road infrastructure: Overloaded vehicles can damage roads and other
infrastructure, which can further increase the risk of accidents.

To ensure road safety, it is important to adhere to load limits and avoid

overloading of vehicles

24
Many types of problems are produced due to overloading. It is found that there is
moderate increase in accidents due to overloading or higher weight. An overloaded
vehicle is less stable and thus incurs additional risk for the other road users.

In this project we are trying to resolve this problem of overloading in bike by allocating
overload indicator system which will work based on suspension system of bike.
Exceeding a maximum permissible weight is not only a danger to the driver and
road users; it is an illegal offence which carries with it a range of risks and penalties,
from fixed fines to prison sentence. For any business, maximizing efficiency is key to
reducing operating cost and improving profit margins. When transporting goods, the
temptation to overload a vehicle in a bid to maximize payload and reduce overall fuel
costs can be a costly mistake.

1.5. GOVERNMENT RULES REGARDING OVER LOADING &

OVER SEAT OF VEHICLE

Here are some rules and act by Indian government for reducing the problem of
overloading or to control the problem of overloading. a) Driving or permitting to drive a
vehicle carrying excess load for heavy vehicles. Ss, 113(3), 114,115 r/w S.194 (1) of MV
act. b) Driver of a two wheeler/motorcycle carrying more than one person in addition
to himself.S.128 (1) r/w S.177 of MV act. c) Any person in charge of a vehicle carrying
or permitting to carry any person on the running board, etc. S. 123(1) r/w S.177 of MV
acts.

The Indian government has implemented rules and regulations regarding

overloading and over seating of vehicles to ensure road safety. Some of these rules and
regulations include:

Weight limits: The Indian Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 specifies the maximum
permissible weight of a vehicle, including the weight of the goods and the weight of the
passengers. Overloading of a vehicle beyond the permissible weight limit is an offense
and can result in a penalty.
25
 Penalties for overloading: The penalties for overloading in India vary depending
on the state and the severity of the offense. In general, the penalty for overloading ranges
from a fine to imprisonment, depending on the degree of overloading.

Vehicle inspections: The Indian government has implemented mandatory fitness

certification for commercial vehicles to ensure that they are in compliance with safety
norms, including weight limits. These inspections are conducted by government-
approved testing agencies.

Limits on seating capacity: The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 specifies the
maximum number of passengers that can be carried in a vehicle, based on the seating
capacity of the vehicle. Overloading of passengers beyond the seating capacity is an
offense and can result in a penalty.

Safety requirements: The Indian government has implemented safety

requirements for commercial vehicles, including requirements for braking systems,
lighting systems, and other safety features. These requirements are designed to ensure
that vehicles are safe to operate on the road.

Overall, the Indian government has implemented rules and regulations to ensure
that vehicles are operated safely on the road and to reduce the risk of accidents due to
overloading and over seating. It is important for drivers and vehicle owners to adhere to
these rules and regulations to ensure road safety and to avoid penalties.

Government rules regarding overloading and oversetting of vehicles may vary by

country or region. However, in general, these rules are in place to ensure the safety of
passengers, as well as the efficient and safe operation of vehicles on the road. In many
countries, there are legal limits to the maximum weight that a vehicle can carry, and these
limits may vary depending on the type of vehicle, such as a car, truck, or bus. These
weight limits take into account the capacity of the vehicle's tires, brakes, and other safety
features, as well as the weight distribution of the cargo.
26
 Similarly, there are rules in place regarding the maximum number of passengers
that a vehicle can carry. This is to ensure that all passengers have sufficient space and
safety equipment, such as seat belts or airbags, and that the vehicle's handling and
stability are not compromised. Penalties for overloading or oversetting a vehicle can
range from fines to license suspension or even vehicle impoundment. In some cases,
serious or repeated violations can result in criminal charges. It is important for drivers to
be aware of these rules and to ensure that their vehicles are properly loaded and operated
within legal limits to promote safety on the roads.

The specific rules and regulations regarding overloading and oversetting of vehicles may
vary depending on the country or region. However, in general, these rules are established
to maintain a safe operating environment for vehicles on the road.

Legal limits are set for the maximum weight that a vehicle can carry, which takes into
account the vehicle's tire capacity, brakes, and other safety features, as well as the
distribution of the cargo. In addition, there are rules regarding the maximum number of
passengers that a vehicle can accommodate, which is based on the available space and
safety equipment such as seat belts and airbags.

The penalties for violating these rules can range from fines to license suspension or even
vehicle impoundment. In some cases, serious or repeated violations can result in criminal
charges. Therefore, it is crucial for drivers to be aware of these rules and ensure that their
vehicles are properly loaded and operated within legal limits to promote safety on the
roads.

Overloading of vehicles can have a significant impact on road safety. When a vehicle is
overloaded, it can become more difficult to control, which can increase the risk of
accidents.

27
1.7 OVERLOADED VEHICLES BECOMES A MAJOR PROBLEM

Overloaded vehicles are becoming the major cause of mis happenings. Because of
overload, it reduces the efficiency to break and steer and it can lead to an
accident. Due to unnecessary stress on the engine, Increasethe Chances Of tires failure.
It reduces the vehicles stability. It damages thenational road and it is an illegal activity.
Due to overload penalty can be charge. According To Road Traffic Act (1998),
police can impound license and the vehicle plate To preventing overloading
drivers should follow the weigh in motion system. It reduces the accident chances, needs
to have a safety culture. Drivers must understand weigh legislation. Drivers, vehicle
owners and vehicle operators are responsible for overloading. Drivers should know what
is safe to load. Drivers should also be mindful of the problems of overloading. Driving
speedmust be slow. WIM reduces the damage of breaking system also. Roads andstreets
are the most important transport communication medium in the country. Overloading
vehicles become a traffic hazard, especially regarding the heavy vehicles. Breaking
system and additional breaking distance involved. We should avoid the overloading of
vehicles. It is our social responsibility also. Overloaded vehicles have become a major
problem for all road users and day-by-day it continuously increasing. Now the time has
cometo overcome such a problem. If not completely eliminate we can at least reduce this
problem to some extent.
The main reason of overloaded vehicles is that truck drivers have not adequate amount of
work, which they required. They bounded to do that work because they have not any
other option that is why they overloaded their vehicles to make their both ends meet.
Truck Suvidha is providing the solution to this problem, which is very common among
the truck drivers and transporters. Now they can have multiple options. They can choose
their work easily according to their requirement

28
LITERATURE REVIEW

29
LITERATURE REVIEW

y and therefore the Driver

synthesizes summarizes a good array of essential world analysis on topics that vary from
automotive, roadway, and traffic engineering, to driver performance and behaviour. This
absorbing volume will prove invaluable to professionals in human factors, traffic
engineering, criminology, sociology, gerontology, public health, psychology, medicine,
education, driver training,and law enforcement [1].

management of passe of the

services provided to the passengers is synonymous with a wide range of characteristics of
the transportation system, such as safety, on-time performance, accessibility, efficiency,
and many others. Today, a lot of and alot of conveyance operators and associated bodies
(e.g. ministries and oversight organizations) worldwide invest in internal control
programs so as to assess and improve the services provided to the passengers. The
authors provide an overview of the Methodology developed by the Hellenic Institute of
Transport to assess the levels of quality and performance of public transport services [2].

This system contains the RF transmitter is attached with the vehicle which has its own
identification. This knowledge are going to be endlessly transmitted to the RF receiver
connected to the microcontroller. This GPS will be location the position of vehicle and
transmit that data to the microcontroller [3].

30
 Chen, People enumeration system for obtaining in/out of a bus supported video
process in Intelligent Systems style and Applications. The author proposed an automatic
people counting system for getting in/out of a bus based on video processing. The basic
theme is to line a celestial point camera within the bus for capturing the rider flow bi-
directionally. Experimental results shows that the proposed bus passenger counting
algorithm can provide a high count accuracy of 92% on average [4].

Study on web
privacy and security issues
involved in Internet of Things. According to author product information, electronic tag,
standard expressed and uploadinginformation are the properties of Internet of Things [5].

Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, Marimuthu Palaniswami.

(2013 Sept.), of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future
Systems. The Authors presented a
Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. Aneka user
centric cloud implemented which based on the interaction of private and public cloud.
They designed a framework that permits computation, storage, networking and
visualization themes based on shared environment. The proposed framework associated
have been highlighted ranging from appropriate interpretation and visualization of the
vast amounts of data, through to the privacy, security and data management issues that
must underpin such a platform in order for it to be genuinely viable [6].

Somayya Madakam, R. Ramaswamy, Siddharth Tripathi. (2015 May),

Things (IoT): A Literature Review Journal of Computer and Communications. The
Authors researched on review papers on IoT. According to authors of [9] there is no
standard definition in worldwide, in architectural level universal standardizations are
required, technologies are varying from vendor-vendor, so needs to be interoperable and
need a customary protocol for higher international governance.[7]

31
 Antonio J. Jara, Latif Ladid, and Antonio Skarmeta. (2013 SEPT), Internet of
Everything through IPv6: An Analysis of Challenges, Solutions and The
Authors provides an summary concerning the addressing the challenges in terms of
property, reliability, security and mobility of the Internet of Things through IPv6 in order
to reach the Internet of Everything. They describes the key challenges, how they have
been solvedwith IPv6 and the roadmap of the Internet of Everything in order to reach an
interoperable, trustable, mobile, distributed, valuable, and powerful enabler for rising
applications like Smarter Cities, Human Dynamics, Cyber-Physical Systems, Smart Grid,
inexperienced Networks, Intelligent Transport Systems,and omnipresent care [8].

Mohamed Rehan Karim and Et.al in their study have highlighted the magnitude
of the problem of vehicle overloading. Apart from the impact on pavement damage and
carbon emission, vehicle overloading would lead to more hazardous road environment
because of the limitation in vehicle dynamics and braking performance of the vehicle to
cope with the higher demands for the excess pay loads. As discussed earlier vehicle
overloading will lengthen the stopping distance beyond the usual case when the vehicle is
not overloaded. Being a developing country, effects of reduce facilities from traffic
accidents have to be intensified. The occurrence of a high degree of vehicle overloading
in a developing country like India, a phenomenon which may not be found in the more
developed country. It is important for those responsible for the maintenance and
operation of highway infrastructure to monitor and prevent vehicle overloading. [9]

Kilavo Hassan and Et.al done overview on passengers overload in public buses
has been a problem in various countries. The current situation forcontrolling overloading
passengers in public buses needs to be improved. There is a need to device a new system
which can overcome all this difficulties as the technology is growing we need to utilize it
for the development of our country. This may include safety and comfort during the
journey, safety at thestop point and terminals, buses travel and stop in the assign routes
and terminal. The finding indicate that many deaths and injuries when accident occurs,
they causes deaths and injuries mainly if there is passengers overloading or if the
passengers are not wearing seat belt or both. Many people lose their lives and some are
severally injured when accident occur in the public buses. [10].
32
 Mohamed Rehan Karim, Ahmad Saifizul Abdullah, Hideo Yamanaka,
AirulSharizli Abdullah and Rahizarramli in their study have highlighted the magnitude of
the problem of vehicle overloading. Apart from the impact on pavement damage and
carbon emission, vehicle overloading would lead to more hazardous road environment
because of the limitation in vehicle dynamics and braking performance of the vehicle to
cope with the higher demands for the excess pay loads. As discussed earlier vehicle
overloading will lengthen the stopping distance beyond the usual case when the vehicle is
not overloaded. Being a developing country, effects of reduce facilities from traffic
accidents have to be intensified. The occurrence of a high degree of vehicle overloading
in a developing country like India, a phenomenon which may not be found in the more
developed country. It is important for those responsible for the maintenance and
operation of highway infrastructure to monitor and prevent vehicle overloading [11].

Kilavo Hassan, Anaelsam, Dina machuve done overview on passengers overload in

public buses has been a problem in various countries. The currentsituation for controlling
overloading passengers in public buses needs to be improved. There is a need to device a
new system which can overcome all thisdifficulties as the technology is growing we need
to utilize it for the development of our country. This may include safety and comfort
during the journey, safety at the stop point and terminals, buses travel and stop in the
assign routes and terminal. The finding indicate that many deaths and injuries when
accident occurs, they causes deaths and injuries mainly if there is passengers overloading
or if the passengers are not wearing seat belt or both. Many people lose their lives and
some are severally injured when accident occur in the public buses [12].

Wahid WAHYUDI, Achmad WICAKSONA, AgusTaufik MULYONA, Putra

Abu SANDRA and RegiRisman SANDI had done study on impact of axle load
overloading on freight vehicles toward the increasing of greenhouse gas emission by
oxides and carbon. Overloading on vehicles would increase the effort of engine
performance so that will causes the increase of fuel consumption. That increasing also
would affect the concentration of gas emission from vehicle. This research will discuss
about the impact of overloading towards concentration gas emission from heavy freight
33
 vehicle, specially oxides of carbon which cause green hose effect,specifically CO and
CO2. Due to this air pollution can occurs. Air pollutionwhich is a process of inclusion
some substance, energy, or other componentto ambient air by human activity can causes
decreasing of ambient air quality until certain degree which causes the ambient air
cannot fulfill its function. Based on the analysis in this study, it can be concluded that
change over the axial load freight vehicles comparable correlation with exists emissions
[13].

Anthony Nkem Ede analyzed the cumulative damage effects of truck overloads on
Nigerian road pavements. (Table1). Road infrastructure is basic facility needed for the
growth and an advancement of any modern economy. The expected pavement load was
quantified thought equivalent single axle load. Analysis of the data result in the
existence of high vehicle damagefactors caused by overloaded heavy vehicle. Roads in
good shape reduce theoperational cost of vehicle; ensure punctuality in transport service
delivery and guarantees safety of person and goods [14].

NondeLushinga and Jiang Xin has carried out study on effect ofhorizontal shear
load on pavement performance. Severe pavement damage often occurs in area where
vehicles break, accelerate or decelerate such as toll gates and police check point. This
meant that where breaking or horizontal was applied, slipping of pavement layer was
likely to occur. When overloading condition was simulated, critical strain increase
significantly compared to a situation where a normal condition was simulated. This meant
that overloading could reduce fatigue life of pavements and increase changes of rutting.
Overloading generally crushes and densifies the aggrigates in asphalt concrete mixture
and reduces air voids. When overloading condition was simulated, critical strains such as
tensile strains at the bottom of wearing surface and compressive strains at the top of
subgrade increased significantly compared to a simulation where a standard load
conditions was simulated.[15].

34
 Bernard Jacob, Veronique Feypell-de La beaumelle has done study onimproving
truck safety: potential of weight in motion technology. New technologies are being
developed for more efficient overload screening and enforcement. Weight-in-motion
technologies allow trucks to be weighted in the traffic flow, without any disruption to
operations much progress has beenmade recently to improve an implement WIM system.
An overloaded vehicle is more likely to be involved in an accident, and have more
serveconsequences, then legally loaded vehicle. An overloaded vehicle is lessstable
because of the increased height at the center of gravity and more inertia of the vehicle
body. An overloaded vehicles becomes under powered, this result in the lower speed
on the up hills slope as well the risk of congestion, inefficient engine braking and over
speeding on downhill slope. Overtakingalso takes longer and thus incurs additional risk
for the other roads users [16]

Pinjarla.Poornamohan and Laxmana Kishore.T has done practical for design

and analysis of shock absorber. Suspension or shock absorber is amechanical device
design to smooth out or damped shock impulse anddissipated kinetic energy of spring.
In a vehicle it reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improve ride
quality and increased in comfort due to substantially reduce amplitude of the
disturbance. Specialized shockabsorber for racing purpose may allow the front end of a
dragster to rise with minimum stress under acceleration [17].

35
 CHAPTER-2
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

36
 CHAPTER-2
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

2.1 LOAD CELL:

A load cell is an electronic device (transducer) that is used to convert a force into
an electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a
mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms astrain gauge. The strain gauge
converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. A load cell usually consists of four
strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridgeconfiguration. Load cells of one or two strain gauges
are also available. The electrical signal output is typically in the order of a few millivolts
and requiresamplification by an instrumentation amplifier before it can be used. The output
of the transducer is plugged into an algorithm to calculate the force applied to the
transducer.

Fig 2.1-2 Load Cell

Although strain gauge load cells are the most common, there are other types of load cells
as well. In industrial applications, hydraulic (or hydrostatic) is probably the second most

37
common, and these are utilized to eliminate some problems with strain gauge load cell
devices. As an example, a hydraulic loadcell is immune to transient voltages (lightning) so
might be a more effective device in outdoor environments.
Other types include piezo-electric load cells (useful for dynamic measurements of
force), and vibrating wire load cells, which are useful in geo mechanical applications due
to low amounts of drift.
Every load cell is subject to "ringing" when subjected to abrupt load changes. This stems
from the spring-like behavior of load cells. In order to measure the loads, they have to
deform. As such, a load cell of finite stiffness must have spring-like behavior, exhibiting
vibrations at its natural frequency. An oscillating data pattern can be the result of ringing.
Ringing can be suppressedin a limited fashion by passive means. Alternatively, a control
system can use an actuator to actively damp out the ringing of a load cell. This method
offers better performance at a cost of significant increase in complexity.

Fig 2.1-2 Load Cell

38
 2.2 AMPLIFIER:

Amplifier is any device that will convert one signal often with a small Amount of
energy into another signal often with a larger amount of energy. In popular use, the term
today usually refers to an electronic amplifier, often as in audio applications. The
relationship of the input to the output of an amplifier usually expressed as a function of
the input frequency is called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of
the transfer function is termed the gain. A closely related device that emphasizes
conversion of signals of one type to another is a sensor. Amplifier is any device that changes.
Increases, the amplitude of a signal. The "signal" is usually voltage or current. The
relationship of the input to the output of an amplifier usually expressed as a function of
the input frequency is called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of
the transfer function is termed the gain. A related device that emphasizes conversion of
signals of one type to another.

Fig 2.2-1 Amplifier

There are various types of amplifiers, including transistor amplifiers, vacuum tube amplifiers, and
operational amplifiers. The type of amplifier used depends on the application and requirements,
such as the desired output power, frequency range, distortion level, and cost.

39
Amplifiers are widely used in many applications, such as musical instruments, radios, televisions,
and cell phones. They play an essential role in enhancing the quality and clarity of audio signals
and ensuring that they can be heard clearly even in noisy environments.

2.3 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER:

Analog to digital converter is an electronic integrated circuit. Which converts

continues signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is performed by a
digital to analog converter. ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog
voltage (or current) to a digital number. Most converters sample with 6 to 24 bits of
resolution, and produce less than 1 mega sample per second. It is rare to get more than 24
bits of resolution because of thermal noise generated by passive components such as
resistors.

Fig 3-5 Analog-Digital converter

An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the amplitude (i.e., the strength or power) of an
electrical signal. Amplifiers are used in a wide range of applications, including audio systems,
radio communication systems, and scientific instruments.

40
The most common type of amplifier is the voltage amplifier, which increases the voltage level of
an electrical signal while maintaining the same frequency and waveform. Other types of amplifiers
include current amplifiers, which increase the current level of an electrical signal, and power
amplifiers, which increase the power level of an electrical signal.

Fig 9-1 Circuit Diagram

Amplifiers are typically classified based on the type of electronic device used to amplify the signal.
The most common types of electronic devices used in amplifiers are transistors and vacuum tubes.
Transistor-based amplifiers are widely used in modern electronics due to their small size, low
power consumption, and high reliability. Vacuum tube amplifiers, on the other hand, are typically
used in high-end audio systems due to their warm, natural sound.

Amplifiers can also be classified based on the number of input and output channels. A single-
channel amplifier is designed to amplify a single input signal, while a multi-channel amplifier is
designed to amplify multiple input signals. Multi-channel amplifiers are commonly used in audio
systems, where they are used to amplify multiple audio signals from different sources.
Overall, amplifiers play a critical role in modern electronics, enabling the amplification of
electrical signals for a wide range of applications.

41
2.4 WHEEL:

A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle. The wheel is one of the
main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels
are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel and flywheel.

Wheels, in conjunction with axles allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating
movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines.
Common examples are found in transportapplications. A wheel greatly reduces friction
by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to
rotate, a moment needs tobe applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity,
or by application of another external force.
The wheel will not be affected by the device itself. The overload indicator is designed to
be installed in the vehicle's electrical system, and it monitors the weight of the vehicle
and provides a warning if the vehicle is overloaded. The device does not have any direct
impact on the vehicle's wheels or tires.

Fig 2.4-1 wheel Design

42
However, if the vehicle is overloaded, it can put additional stress on the wheels and tires,
which can lead to premature wear and tear, decreased fuel efficiency, and an increased
risk of accidents. It is important for drivers to adhere to weight limits and avoid
overloading their vehicles to ensure the safe and efficient operation of their vehicles.

HISTORY

Evidence of wheeled vehicles appears from the mid-4th, near- simultaneously in

Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe, so that the
question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle remains unresolved
and under debate.

The earliest well-dated depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here a wagon four wheels, two
axles), is on the Bronocice pot, a ca. 3500 3350 BC clay pot excavated in a Funnel
beaker culture settlement in southern Poland.

The wheeled vehicle spread from the area of its first occurrence (Mesopotamia,
Caucasus, Balkans, Central Europe) across Eurasia, reachingthe Indus Valley by the 3rd
millennium BC. During the 2nd millennium BC, the spoke-wheeled chariot spread at an
increased pace, reaching both China and Scandinavia by 1200 BC. In China, the wheel
was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in ca. 1200 BC, although Barbieri-
Low argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, circa 2000 BC.

Although they did not develop the wheel proper, the Olmec and certain other western
hemisphere cultures seem to have approached it, as wheel-like worked stones have been
found on objects identified as children's toys dating to about1500 BC. It is thought that the
primary obstacle to large-scale development ofthe wheel in the Western hemisphere was
the absence of domesticated large animals which could be used to pull wheeled carriages.
The closest relative of cattle present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the American
Bison, is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans;
several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately went extinct, likely
due to overhunting by newly-arrived humans.

43
 The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the llama, did
not spread far beyond the Andes by the time of the arrival of Columbus.

Early antiquity Nubians used wheels for spinning pottery and as waterwheels. Itis thought
that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven It is also known that Nubians used
horse-driven chariots imported from Egypt.

The invention of the wheel thus falls in the late Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction
with other technological advances that gave rise to the early Bronze Age. Note that this
implies the passage of several wheel-less millenniaeven after the invention of agriculture
and of pottery:

9500 6500 BC: Aceramic Neolithic

6500 4500 BC: Ceramic Neolithic (Halafian)
ca. 4500 BC: invention of the potter's wheel, beginning of the Chalcolithic
(Ubaid period)
4500 3300 BC: Chalcolithic, earliest wheeled vehicles, domestication of the
horse
3300 2200 BC: Early Bronze Age
2200 1550 BC: Middle Bronze Age, invention of the spoked wheel and thechariot

Wide usage of the wheel was probably delayed because smooth roads were needed for
wheels to be effective. Carrying goods on the back would have been the preferred method
of transportation over surfaces that contained many obstacles. The lack of developed roads
prevented wide adoption of the wheelfor transportation until well into the 20th century in
less developed areas.Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle.
Because of the structure of wood, a horizontal slice of a tree trunk is not suitable, as it does
not have the structural strength to support weight without collapsing; rounded pieces of
longitudinal boards are required.

44
The oldest known example of a wooden wheel and its axle were found in 2003 at the
Ljubljana Marshes some 20 km south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia. According to
the radiocarbon dating, it is between 5,100 and 5,350 years old.

The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and
swifter vehicles. In the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley and Northwestern India, we
find toy-cart wheels made of clay with spokes painted or in relief,[14] and the symbol of
the spoked wheel in the script of the seals,[15] already in the second half of the 3rd
millennium BC. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context
of the Andronovo culture, dating to ca 2000 BC. Soon after this, horse cultures of the
Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three
centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined withthe existing
Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of
Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic
chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BC. The spoked
wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire
wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.

The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important
applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism),
the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. More modern descendants of the
wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine.

2.5 CONTROL UNIT:

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in
revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than
one can imagine. Since its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller has been
recognized as a general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems.

45
It is finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly complex spacecraft.
Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application domain has spread in all
conceivable directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great dealof interest
and enthusiasm among students, teachers and practicing engineers,creating an acute education need
for imparting the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and development. It
identifies the vital features responsible for their tremendous impact; the acute educational need
created by them and provides a glimpse of the major application area.

Fig 2.5-1 Control unit of a Truck

MICROCONTROLLER:
A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single IC.
Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for microprocessors to beput into low cost
products. Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially
reduces the cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's power to
implement their function, because the microprocessor is a natural way to implement many
products.

46
 This means the idea of using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up
often. But the typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80 and
8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to make a
microprocessor system. Each part carries costs of money. Even though a product design
may requires only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a low cost
product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip

microcontroller. This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC.
Most frequently they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used to
perform control functions.

Fig 2.5-2 Microcontroller

47
 The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard MICROPROCESSOR,
ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also
SERIAL PORTS. Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or "single chip microprocessor
system" or "computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a single- chip computer.

Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device' might be used to
control objects, processes, or events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded
controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded
in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent products.
For example most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a microcontroller. It
replaces Scanning, Denounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission circuits. Many low cost
products, such as Toys, Electric Drills, Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer
and industrial products are based on microcontrollers.

Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of the

components of a microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory and
peripherals to make it as a mini computer. A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip:

The CPU core

Memory(both ROM and RAM)
Some parallel digital i/o

Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time
periods.
A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the controller andother devices such
as a PIC or another microcontroller.
An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input datafor processing.

48
Microcontrollers are:
Smaller in size
Consumes less power
Inexpensive

Micro controller is a standalone unit, which can perform functions onits own without any
requirement for additional hardware like i/o ports and external memory. The heart of the
microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally been based on a 8-bit
microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800 microprocessor core in their
6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically designed
CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.

Fig 2.5-3 various controllers

49
2.6 SOLENOID VALVE

These valves are basically used pneumatic actuators as circuitry valves.Pneumatic

actuators and cylinders cannot be operated without these valves. These valves works
perfectly with compressed lubricated air and non-lubricated air and gases and
temperature required is 90 degree maximum.

Fig 2.6-1 Solenoid valve

Features:

Size NB to NB
End connection: screwed BSP/NPT
Body: Aluminum surface treated with Brass, ANSI 304.Working Parts
ANSI 304
Sealing Nitrile
Coil Supply AC & DC supply. Coil
Insulation F class and H class
Coil Enclosure general purpose IP 20 Weather Proof IP 65 Flange proof up toIP 67 GP
IIA, IIB.

50
 Fig 2.6-2 Dimensions

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by

an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two- port valve the flow is switched on
or off; in the case of a three-port valve, theoutflow is switched between the two outlet ports.
Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their
tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many
application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life,
good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.

51
DRAWING

52
 DRAWING

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.6-3 Types of microcontrollers

53
3.2 DRAWING FOR OVERLOAD INDICATOR FOR
AUTOMOBILE USING UNIVERSAL OBJECT
INTERACTION

Fig 2.6-4 Engineering Drawing

54
 CHAPTER-4
WORKING PRINCIPLE

55
 CHAPTER-4
WORKING PRINCIPLE

This project is designed with Load cell, Amplifier, ADC, microcontroller, LCD display,
Alarm, ESP8266 Wi-Fi device. In this project we are using load cell as a detector. A load
cell can detect objects without physical contact. The detected value in the load cell and
given to the amplifier. Amplifier converts the small amount of energy into the ADC
analog to digital converter. It is an electronic integrated circuit device. And the alarm is
used to indicate the overload. Load cell value increases automatic cut off the fuel and also
send data on android application.

The "Overload Indicator for Automobile Using Universal Object Interaction" project aims to
develop a system that can detect overloading of a vehicle and provide warning indications to the
driver. The working principle of this system is as follows:
1. Sensing weight: The system uses sensors that are placed in the vehicle to measure the
weight of the vehicle. These sensors can be placed in different locations, such as under the
vehicle or in the suspension system. The sensors detect the weight of the vehicle and
convert it into an electrical signal.
2. Data transmission: The electrical signal from the sensors is transmitted to a central
processing unit (CPU) using a wireless communication protocol such as Bluetooth or
Zigbee. The CPU receives the signal from the sensors and processes it in real-time.
3. Processing data: The CPU processes the weight data received from the sensors and
compares it with the maximum weight limit of the vehicle. If the weight of the vehicle
exceeds the maximum weight limit, the CPU generates a warning signal.
4. Warning indication: The warning signal generated by the CPU is transmitted to a warning
system that is placed in the vehicle, such as a dashboard display or a sound system. The
warning system alerts the driver that the vehicle is overloaded and that action needs to be
taken to reduce the weight.
5. User feedback: The system can also provide feedback to the driver about the weight of the
vehicle in real-time. This can be done using a graphical user interface.

56
 CHAPTER -5
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

57
 CHAPTER -5
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

BLYNK APPLICATION

How Blynk works?

Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display
sensor data, it can store data, vizualize it and do manyother cool things.

There are three major components in the platform:

1. Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
variouswidgets we provide.

2. Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone
and hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server
locally. Its open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be
launched on a Raspberry Pi.

3. Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.
Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels
to space the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It
works the same in the opposite direction and everything happens in a Blynk of an
eye.

4. Virtual Pins: Blynk uses virtual pins to connect the app to your device. Virtual
pins are software-based pins that allow the app to send and receive data to and
from the device. You can create virtual pins in the app and use them to control and
monitor your device.

58
5. Internet Connection: Your device needs to be connected to the internet in order to
communicate with the Blynk app. You can connect your device to the internet
using Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or cellular data.

6. Blynk API: The Blynk API is a set of commands that allow your device to
communicate with the Blynk app. The API allows your device to read and write
data to the virtual pins in the app and receive commands from the app.

7. Blynk Cloud: The Blynk cloud is a server that manages the communication
between your device and the Blynk app. When your device sends data to the
Blynk app, the data is first sent to the cloud server, which then forwards the data
to the app. Similarly, when the app sends a command to your device, the
command is first sent to the cloud server, which then forwards the command to
your device.

Fig 5-1 Blynk Interface

59
Overall, Blynk provides a user-friendly way for users to control and monitor their IoT devices
using a custom-designed mobile application. The platform works by connecting your device to the
Blynk cloud server, which manages the communication between your device and the app. By
using Blynk, you can easily create custom mobile applications to control and monitor your IoT
devices, without needing to be an expert in coding or networking.

Blynk is a mobile application that allows users to easily control and monitor Internet of Things
(IoT) devices. The Blynk app works by providing a platform for users to create custom mobile
applications that interact with IoT devices via the internet.
Overall, the Blynk app provides a simple and user-friendly way for users to control and monitor
their IoT devices from their mobile devices, using a custom-designed interface. The app works by
connecting the IoT device to the Blynk cloud server, which manages the communication between
the device and the app.

Blynk is an IoT platform that enables users to control and monitor their connected devices through
a mobile application. The platform works by connecting the device to the Blynk cloud server and
using virtual pins to communicate between the app and the device. Blynk provides a user-friendly
way for users to design custom mobile applications to control and monitor their IoT devices,
without needing extensive coding or networking knowledge.

Blynk is an Internet of Things (IoT) platform that enables users to easily build mobile and web
applications for controlling and monitoring connected devices. Using Blynk, users can quickly
create custom user interfaces for their IoT devices without the need for extensive coding or
technical knowledge. Blynk also provides a range of advanced features, such as data logging, push
notifications, and email alerts, to help users monitor and control their connected devices.

60
 Fig 5-2 Introduction to IOT

IoT technology allows for the collection and analysis of data from various sources, enabling better
decision-making, automation, and optimization. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor
environmental conditions, track inventory, or manage energy consumption.

IoT has numerous applications in various industries, including agriculture, healthcare,

transportation, manufacturing, and more. The technology has the potential to improve efficiency,
reduce costs, and enhance the overall quality of life.

61
Features
Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices Connection to thecloud using:
Wi-Fi
Bluetooth and BLE
Ethernet
USB (Serial)
GSM

Set of easy-to-use Widgets

Direct pin manipulation with no code writing
Easy to integrate and add new functionality using virtual pins
History data monitoring via Super Chart widget
Device-to-Device communication using Bridge Widget
Sending emails, tweets, push notifications, etc.
New features are constantly added!

You can find example sketches covering basic Blynk Features. They are included in the
library. All the sketches are designed to be easily combined with each other.

What do I need to Blynk?

1. Hardware.
An Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or a similar development kit. Blynk works over the
Internet. This means that the hardware you choose should be able to connect to the
internet. Some of the boards, like Arduino Uno will need an Ethernet or Wi-Fi Shield to
communicate, others are already Internet-enabled: like the ESP8266, Raspberri Pi with
WiFi dongle, Particle Photon or SparkFun Blynk Board.

62
 it over USB to your laptop or

that the list of hardware that works with Blynk is huge and will keep on growing.

2. A Smartphone.
The Blynk App is a well-designed interface builder. It works on both iOS and Android,
so no holy wars here, ok?

Getting Started With the Blynk App

1. Create a Blynk Account

After you download the Blynk need to create a New Blynk
account. This account is separate from the accounts used for theBlynk Forums, in
case you already have one.
We recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things
later.

Fig 5-2 Create an Account

63
Why do I need to create an account?
An account is needed to save your projects and have access to themfrom multiple
devices from anywhere. a security measure.
You can always set up your own Private Blynk Server and have full control

2. Create a New Project

After successfully logged into your account, start by creating a newproject.

Fig 5-3 Create a New Project

64
3. Choose Your Hardware
Select the hardware model you will use. Check out the list ofsupported hardware!

Fig 5-4 Choose your Hardware

4. Auth Token

Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect your hardware to

your smartphone. Every new project you create will have its own Auth Token.
get Auth Token automatically on your email afterproject creation. You can also copy it
manually. Click on devices section and selected required device

When creating a new project in Blynk, a unique Auth Token is generated for that
project. This token must be included in the code running on the device in order to
authenticate it with the Blynk cloud server. Without a valid Auth Token, the device will
not be able to communicate with the server or access the user interface created in the
Blynk app.

65
 Auth Tokens are an important security feature in IoT platforms like Blynk, as they help
to ensure that only authorized devices and users are able to access the system. By
requiring a valid Auth Token for each device or project, Blynk can prevent unauthorized
access and protect user data and privacy.

Fig 5-5 Name the Project

Authentication Token, is a string of characters that is used to authenticate and verify a user or
device's identity in a system or application. In the context of a project, tokens are often used to
authenticate and verify the identity of devices or users accessing the project's resources.

66
For example, in an IoT project where devices are sending data to a cloud server, each device may
be assigned a unique Auth Token that it uses to authenticate and verify its identity when sending
data. Similarly, users accessing the project's resources, such as a web application or mobile app,
may be assigned an Auth Token that is used to authenticate their identity and grant access to the
project's resources.

Auth Tokens are often used instead of traditional username/password authentication because they
are more secure and can be easily revoked or changed if necessary. They are also commonly used
in API authentication, where developers can use an Auth Token to authenticate and access APIs
without needing to provide their username and password each time.

In summary, Auth Tokens are used in projects to authenticate and verify the identity of devices and
users accessing the project's resources, providing a secure and efficient way to grant access to those
resources.

Fig 5-6 Select the Hardware model

67
NOTE: share your Auth Token with anyone, unless you want someone to have
-mail. Press the e-mail
button and the token will be sent to the e-mail address you used for registration. You can
also tap on the Token line and it will be copiedto the clipboard.
Now press the button.

Fig 5-7 Create the Auth Token

Add a Widget

n to control our LED. Tap

anywhere on the canvas to open the widget box. All the available widgetsare located here.
Now pick a button

68
Click the "+" symbol. Select the "Auth Token" widget from the list of available widgets.

The project will receive a new "Auth Token" widget.

To access the settings, click the widget.

You may configure the Auth Token widget to display the Auth Token for the
device or project in the settings. You can also display the Auth Token's QR code, which
can be scanned by other devices to add them to the project.

Once you've finished configuring the widget settings, click the "Save" button to
save your changes.

Widget Box

Fig 5-8 Create Widget Box

69
Drag-n-Drop - Tap and hold the Widget to drag it to the new position. Widget
Settings - Each Widget has its own settings. Tap on the widget to get to them.

The most important parameter to set is PIN

Fig 5-9 Click Push to Switch

Fig 5-10 Sending Login Request

70
 CHAPTER-6
BLOCK DAIGARAM

METHODOLOGY -FLOWCHART

METHODOLOGY

The methodology for the project "OVERLOAD INDICATOR FOR AUTOMOBILE USING
UNIVERSAL OBJECT INTERACTION" may include the following steps:

1. Requirement Analysis: The first step is to identify the requirements of the project,
including the desired features, functionality, and performance criteria. This step involves
discussing the project goals and objectives with the stakeholders and defining the scope of
the project.
2. System Design: The next step is to design the system architecture, including the hardware
and software components. This step involves selecting the appropriate sensors,

71
 microcontrollers, wireless communication modules, and other components required for the
project.
3. Implementation: The next step is to implement the design by programming the
microcontroller, developing the user interface, and integrating the hardware and software
components. This step involves coding, debugging, and testing the system to ensure that it
meets the project requirements.
4. Testing: The next step is to test the system to ensure that it functions as intended. This step
involves performing various tests to check the system's performance, including
functionality, reliability, and robustness.
5. Deployment: Once the system is tested and validated, it can be deployed in the target
environment. This step involves installing the system in the vehicle and testing it under real-
world conditions.
6. Maintenance and Support: Finally, the system requires ongoing maintenance and support
to ensure its continued operation. This step involves providing regular maintenance,
troubleshooting, and addressing any issues that arise during the system's operation.
Overall, the methodology for the project involves a systematic approach to designing,
implementing, testing, deploying, and maintaining an overload indicator system for automobiles
using universal object interaction.

Fig 6-1 Prototype of The project Truck

72
BLOCK DIAGRAM

73
 CHAPTER-7

MERITS & DEMERIT

74
 CHAPTER-7

MERITS & DEMERIT

MERITS
1. Improved safety: Overloading of vehicles can lead to accidents on the road.
By monitoring the weight of the vehicle and alerting the driver if the weight
exceeds the safe limit, the "OVERLOAD INDICATOR FOR
AUTOMOBILE USING UNIVERSAL OBJECT INTERACTION" project
can improve road safety.
2. Increased efficiency: Overloading of vehicles can also lead to increased fuel
consumption, increased wear and tear on the vehicle, and decreased
efficiency. By alerting the driver to the weight of the vehicle, the project can
help reduce overloading and increase efficiency.
3. Cost-effective: The project uses affordable hardware components and is
based on open-source software, making it a cost-effective solution for
monitoring vehicle weight.
4. Customizable: The project can be customized to fit the specific needs of a
particular vehicle, such as weight limits and display options.

Reduce the manual work.

Low skilled operator is sufficient.
Low cost
Easy to handling the material
Easy implementation
accident prevent
tracking location
automatic fuel cut-off system

75
DEMERIT

The accuracy may vary while the vehicle is in motion.

Installation complexity: The project requires installation of hardware components

and software programming, which may be complex for some users.

Limitations on the type of vehicles: The project is designed for use with automobiles
and may not be suitable for other types of vehicles, such as trucks or trailers.

Limited accuracy: The accuracy of the project may be limited by the precision of the
load cell and other components, which may lead to inaccurate weight measurements.

Maintenance requirements: The project requires regular maintenance and calibration

to ensure accurate and reliable operation, which may add to the overall cost and
complexity of the system.

76
 CHAPTER-8
APPLICATIONS

77
 CHAPTER-8
APPLICATIONS

This project can be used in various applications, such as:

1. Trucks: The overload indicator system can be used in trucks to prevent overloading,
which can cause damage to the vehicle and increase fuel consumption.
2. Trailers: The overload indicator system can be installed in trailers to ensure that they are
not overloaded, which can affect the performance of the towing vehicle.
3. Passenger Vehicles: The overload indicator system can also be used in passenger
vehicles, especially in buses, to ensure that the vehicle is not overloaded, which can
affect the passengers' safety and comfort.
4. Fleet Management: The overload indicator system can be used in fleet management
systems to monitor the load capacity of vehicles remotely and ensure that they are not
overloaded.
5. Logistic Companies: Logistic companies can use the overload indicator system to
prevent overloading of their delivery vehicles, ensuring that their products are delivered
safely and efficiently.
6. Agriculture: The overload indicator system can be used in agriculture to ensure that
tractors and other farm vehicles are not overloaded, which can damage the crops and
soil.
7. Construction: The overload indicator system can be used in construction vehicles, such
as dump trucks and excavators, to ensure that they are not overloaded, which can cause
damage to the vehicle and affect the construction work.

78
 CHAPTER-9
LIST OF MATERIALS

79
 CHAPTER-9
LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. Properties:
The material selected must possess the necessary properties for
the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied could
be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmentalattack
from chemicals, service life, reliability etc. of the material.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively

affect their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity,
electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

80
 The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of
view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Forge ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface
qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may
demand the use of special materials.
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the
material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less
number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by
welding or hand forging the steel.
4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes
obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not
be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the delivery of materials and
the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.
5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces
involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. Cost:

81
 As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material
plays an important part and should not be ignored.
Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-
maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper
materials.

7. IMPLEMENTATION:
1. Hardware selection: The first step is to select the hardware components required
for the project, such as the NODU MCU, load cell, HX711 amplifier, LCD display,
and other components depending on the specific requirements of the project.
2. Circuit design: The next step is to design the circuit that will connect all the
hardware components together. This involves designing a schematic diagram of the
circuit, selecting appropriate connectors and cables, and ensuring that all
components are compatible with each other.
3. Hardware assembly: Once the circuit design is finalized, the hardware components
can be assembled together. This involves soldering or connecting wires, attaching
sensors and other components to the NODU MCU, and ensuring that all
connections are secure.
4. Programming: After the hardware is assembled, the next step is to program the
NODU MCU to read data from the load cell, perform calculations, and display the
results on the LCD screen. This involves writing code in a programming language
such as C or Python, and uploading it to the NODU MCU using an IDE such as
Arduino IDE.
5. Testing and calibration: Once the programming is complete, the system should be
thoroughly tested to ensure that it is functioning as expected. This involves testing
the accuracy of the load cell, verifying that the calculations are correct, and
calibrating the system to ensure accurate readings.
6. Deployment and maintenance: Finally, the system can be deployed in a vehicle and
used to monitor overloading. Regular maintenance and calibration may be required
to ensure that the system continues to function accurately and reliably.

82
 CHAPTER-10
COST ESTIMATION

83
 CHAPTER-10
COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting costrs 3000

2. OVERHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost
= 6000+3000
= 9000
Overhead Charges = 20%of the manufacturing cost
= 1800

3. TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labor Cost + Charges

= 6000+3000+1800
= 10800
Total cost for this project = RS 10800

84
CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION

85
 CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION

Overloading prevention system is a useful tool to contribute towards more

compliance with mass regulation. It could help to reduce the number of
overload trucks and contribute to the more efficient and effective use of
roadways. A reduction in overload trucks is also conducive to a reduction in
crashes and serious damage to people's lives and property. New applications
of these systems are expected both for traffic and heavy vehicle regulation
enforcement. Therefore this system is simple and convenient to know the
vehicle load and solve the problem of vehicle overloading effectively. There
is a need to device a new system which can overcome all these difficulties. It
is completely integrated so that once it is implemented in all vehicles, then it
is possible to control the loading vehicle. As the technology is growing we
need to utilize it for the development of our country. By using NODU MCU
Load cell and Load measuring sensor we can control the overloading of
transportation system

The benefits and potential of an overloading prevention system, which is a tool that can
help enforce compliance with regulations on the maximum weight of vehicles on roads.
Such a system can reduce the number of overloaded trucks on roads, which can improve
safety and efficiency. Overloaded trucks can cause accidents and damage to property, so
reducing their numbers is important for ensuring safety.

The new applications of the system may emerge for traffic and heavy vehicle regulation
enforcement, indicating that the system has the potential to be useful in multiple areas of
transportation regulation.

86
The system is simple and convenient to use, making it an effective solution to the problem
of vehicle overloading. The use of NODU MCU Load cell and Load measuring sensor is
suggested as a way to control overloading, implying that such technology can be used to
develop effective overloading prevention systems. Overall, it emphasizes the need to
develop effective solutions for controlling vehicle overloading, and highlights the potential
of technology to contribute to this goal.

87
REFERENCE

88
 REFERENCES

[1] Mohamed R K , Ahmad S A, Hideo Y, Airul S A, Rahizar R, Degree of Vehicle

Overloading and its Implication on Road Safety in Developing Countries. IISTE (Civil
and Environmental Research) , Vol 3(12),20- 31,(2013).
[2] Axle Weighbridges and Axle Weigh Pads,http://www.averyweigh-
tronix.com/axleweighing
[3] Hassan K, Anaelsam and Machuve D, Overview on passengers overloads control in
public buses. IJECS , VOL2 (8), 2536-2540, August ( 2013).
[4] Wahid W, Achmad W, AgusTaufik M, Putra Abu S and RegiRisman S, Impact of
axle load overloading on freight vehicles toward the increasing of green house gas
emission by oxides and carbon. Proceeding of the Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, VOL.9, (2013).
[5] Ede A N, Cumulative Damage Effects of Truck Overloads on Nigerian Road
Pavement. International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS,
Vol 14(01),21-26, February (2014).
[6] Lushingaand N and Xin J , Effect of Horizontal Shear Load on Pavement
Performance. IPCBEE vol. 80(17),Pg No. 83-87(2015)
[7] www.theautomotiveindia.com/forum/roads-safetydriving-sense/3115-all- about-indian-
motor-vehiclerules-laws.html
[8] Jacob B and Veronique Feypell-de La beaumelle, Improving truck safety:potential of
weight in motion technology. IATSS Research 34, 9- 15,(2010).
[9] Poornamohan P and Lakshmana Kishore.T Design and Analysis of a shock absorber.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ( IJRET), Vol 1 (4), 578-
592, Dec (2012).

89
[10] Singh K, Automobile engineering, Vol 1, Standard Publishers
Distributors, Delhi (2012).
References

[11] Mohamed R K , Ahmad S A, Hideo Y, Airul S A, Rahizar R, Degree of Vehicle

Overloading and its Implication on Road Safety in Developing Countries. IISTE (Civil
and Environmental Research) , Vol 3(12),20- 31,(2013).
[12] Hassan K, Anaelsam and Machuve D, Overview on passengers overloads control in
public buses. IJECS , VOL2 (8), 2536-2540, August ( 2013).
[13] Wahid W, Achmad W, Agus Taufik M, Putra Abu S and Regi Risman S, Impact of
axle load overloading on freight vehicles toward the increasing of green house gas
emission by oxides and carbon. Proceeding of the Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, VOL.9, (2013).
[14] Ede A N, Cumulative Damage Effects of Truck Overloads on Nigerian Road
Pavement. International Journal of Civil & Environmental EngineeringIJCEEIJENS, Vol
14(01),21-26, February (2014)
[15] Lushingaand N and Xin J , Effect of Horizontal Shear Load on Pavement
Performance. IPCBEE vol. 80(17),Pg No. 83-87(2015).
[16] Jacob B and Veronique Feypell-de La beaumelle, Improving truck safety:potential of
weight in motion technology. IATSS Research 34, 9-15,(2010).
[17] Axle Weighbridges and Axle Weigh
Pads,http://www.averyweightronix.com/axleweighing.

[18] www.theautomotiveindia.com/forum/roadssafetydriving-sense/3115- allabout-

indian-motorvehiclerules- laws.html
[19] Singh K, Automobile engineering, Vol 1, Standard Publishers
Distributors, Delhi (2012).

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PHOTOGRAPHY

91
PHOTOGRAPHY

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