Colonization – definition 殖民——定义

 to send colonists to or establish a 派遣殖民者到某一地区或在该地区建

colony in an area. 立殖民地。

 to settle in an area as colonists. 作为殖民者在一个地区定居。

 to transform a community into a 把一个社区变成一个殖民地。

colony. 殖民的行为;殖民地的建立
 the act of colonizing; the 以任何方式控制一个地区。
establishment of colonies
 to take control of an area by any
means.

马来西亚殖民时期的年表- 446 年。
The chronology of Malaysian
colonization period – 446 years. 葡萄牙- 1511

  Portuguese - 1511 荷兰- 1641

  Dutch - 1641 英国- 1824

  British - 1824 日本- 1942

  Japanese - 1942 紧急时期- 1945 年

  Era of Emergency - 1945 英国- 1945

  British - 1945 马来亚独立- 1957 年

  Malayan Independence - 1957

葡萄牙和荷兰的殖民
1511 年，在阿方索·德·阿尔伯克基的领
The Portuguese and Dutch Colonization
导下，葡萄牙殖民马六甲。
 Portuguese colonized Malacca in 他们的目的是控制东方的海上贸易和
1511 under the lead of Alfonso de 传播基督教。
Albuquerque.
然而，由于贸易政策的不一致，对人
 Their objective was to control the 民和商人的压迫，他们无法扩大自己的
maritime trade in the east and to 权力。
spread Christianity.
马来人主要是穆斯林，他们视马来人
 However, they could not expand 为伊斯兰教的敌人，因此对他们发动了
their power due to inconsistency of 一系列的攻击。
their trading policy oppression over
people and merchants.
 The Malays who were mainly
Muslims viewed them as enemies
of Islam, thus launched series of
attacks against them.
  Among their traces left in the 他们遗留在这个国家的痕迹包括欧亚
country are Eurasian community, 共同体、天主教教义、罗马化的书写、
Catholics teachings, the Romanized 语言、术语(almari、jandela、tuala)。
writing, language, terminologies
(almari, jandela, tuala).

The Portuguese and Dutch Colonization

葡萄牙和荷兰的殖民
 The Dutch defeated Portuguese and
荷兰人打败了葡萄牙人，并在 1641
took over Malacca in 1641.
年接管了马六甲。
 Their main objective was to control
他们的主要目标是控制马来半岛的锡
the tin ore in Malay Peninsula.
矿。
 After the Anglo-Dutch treaty of
1824 年英荷条约签订后，马六甲被移
1824, Malacca was passed over to
交给英国。
British.
没有太多的影响记录从葡萄牙和荷兰
 No much impact recorded from the
殖民的国家。
Portuguese and the Dutch
colonization on the country.
英国殖民
British colonization 1600 年，英国商人建立了英国东印度公
司，以促进与中国的贸易。此后，该公
In the year 1600, British traders
司对马来群岛产生了兴趣。
established the English East India
Company to smoothen trade with China. 1786 年 8 月 11 日弗朗西斯·莱特到达槟
Thereafter, the said Company became 城岛，1819 年 2 月 6 日斯坦福德·莱佛
interested with the Malay Islands. 士到达新加坡，这对马来亚的历史形成
产生了很大的影响。就是在这里，英国
The arrival of Francis Light on 11 August
人开始试图控制整个马来半岛。
1786 at Penang Island and the arrival of
Stamford Raffles on 6 February 1819 in 在海峡殖民地之后，英国把他们的控制
Singapore had great influence in the 扩大到半岛的其他国家，沙巴州和沙捞
shaping of the history of Malaya. It is here 越。英国人扩大对这片领土的控制显然
that the English began their attempts to 是出于经济动机。这在当时变得更容易
control the whole of Malaya. 实现，因为相关国家内部出现了问题。
人们已经认识到，英国人对许多内部问
After being in the Straits Settlement, the 题的干涉促使英国人进一步扩大他们对
British extended their control to the other 马来半岛、沙巴和沙捞越的控制
states in the Peninsular, Sabah and
Sarawak. The purpose of the English time, there were internal problems taking
extending their control in this territory place in the relevant states. It has been
clearly had an economic motive. This recognised that the interference by the
became easier to accomplish as at that English in numerous internal problem
matters encouraged the English to further
extend their control to Peninsular Malaya,
Sabah and Sarawak
Yea Events
r 1786 年弗朗西斯·莱特发现槟城

1786 Francis Light found Penang

1819 年，斯坦福德莱佛士发现新加坡
1819 Stamford Raffles found Singapore

1824 The signing of the Anglo-Dutch 1824 年，英国和荷兰签署《英荷条约》

马六甲被移交给英国的荷兰人
Treaty between the British and
the Dutch in which Malacca was
passed over to the British.

1826 The combination of Penang,Malacca 1826 年，槟城和马六甲的结合新加坡在

and Singapore under one 一个被称为海峡殖民地的管理之下

administration which was called the

Straits Settlements
1841 年，詹姆斯·布鲁克接管沙捞越
1841 James Brooke took over Sarawak

1874 年，英国在邦哥条约签署后干预霹
1874 British interfere the Malay state 雳州的马来国家事务，并干预森美兰内
affairs of Perak after the signing of 盖乌宗

Pangkor Treaty and also their

intervention in Sungai Ujong,
Negeri Sembilan
1878 年，英国从文莱国王手中接管沙巴
1878 British took over Sabah from the 州
King of Brunei

Yea Events
r

1888 British intervened the affairs of

Pahang

1896 British formed the Federated Malay

 States that put Perak, Selangor,
Negri Sembilan and Pahang under
1909 年，根据曼谷条约，暹罗(泰国)将
one administration 吉打、培利斯、吉兰丹和丁加奴移交给
英国，并将它们置于一个行政管理之下，
1909 Siam (Thailand) handed over Kedah, 称为非联邦马来国家
Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu
to British under the Bangkok Treaty
and put them under one
1914 年，当柔佛州接受英国顾问时，英
Administration which was called
国介入柔佛州
the Non-Federated Malay States
1945 年英国军事管理局成立
1914 British intervention in Johor when
Johor accepted a British advisor
1946 年马来亚联盟成立
1945 The establishment of the British
Military Administration (BMA)

1946 The establishment of Malayan Union 1948 年，马来亚联邦建立，取代马来亚

(MU) 联邦

1948 The establishment of the Federation

of Malaya to replace the Malayan
Union 1957 年马来亚独立

1957 The independence of Malaya

why Do you think that the British could

easily interfere the affairs of the Malay
States?
 Internal weaknesses of the states
such as unrest and civil war.
 No unity among the people.
1888 年，英国干涉彭亨事务  The abandon of economic
resources such as tin ore and
agriculture products found in these
1896 年，英国建立马来联邦，将霹雳、 states.
雪兰果、森美兰和彭亨置于政府管辖之
下  The strong competition among
western powers for colonize as
 much as colonies to meet the quest
of industrial revolution in the
West.
 The British wanted to secure their
trade business in this region.
Reactions towards colonization
 Western colonisation, in actual
fact, did not please the Malays.
 Did you know that the resistance
against the western powers started
since the Portugese began to
conquer Malacca?
 The Johor nobility, for example,
attempted numerous times to
liberate Malacca from the rule of
the Portuguese.
 Also, similar resistance was given
to the Dutch.
 Strong reaction was also shown to
the British colonialisation that
began since the year 1874.
Interference by the English in the
administration of the Malay rulers
in Malaya, and the conquest of
North Borneo, encouraged open
resistance.
你为什么认为英国可以轻易地干
涉马来国家的事务?
国家内部的弱点，如动乱和内
战。
人民之间没有团结。
这些州对锡矿和农产品等经济
资源的遗弃。
西方列强之间争夺殖民地的激
烈竞争，就像为了满足西方工业
革命的要求而建立殖民地一样。
英国人想确保他们在这个地区
的贸易业务。
反应对殖民
事实上，西方的殖民并没有取
悦马来人。
你知道吗?自从葡萄牙人开始
征服马六甲以来，抵抗西方列强
的运动就开始了。
例如柔佛州的贵族曾多次试图
从葡萄牙人的统治下解放马六甲。
荷兰人也进行了类似的抵抗。
英国自 1874 年开始的殖民统
治也引起了强烈的反应。英国人
对马来统治者在马来亚的行政管
理的干涉，以及对北婆罗洲的征
服，鼓励了公开的抵抗。
 In Naning, for example, Dol Said
lead the resistance against the
English administration; Dato’
Maharajalela headed the murder of
J.W.W Birch in Perak; Sharif
Masahor, Rentap and Banting in
Sarawak, Mat Salleh in Sabah;
Dato’ Bahaman in Pahang; Tok
Janggut in Kelantan; and Abdul
Rahman Limbong in Terengganu.
 The peak of the resistance
happened after the World War II,
that is after the defeat of the
Japanese. The British army arrived
to restore the status quo prior to
World War II. A form of military
administration named the British
Military Administration (BMA)
was established. In spite of this, the
BMA was unable to restore peace.
In the end, the British made efforts
 to re-establish public
administration. Their purpose was
to establish a strong administrative 日本对马来亚的占领
centre.
日本人于 1942 年 2 月 15 日至 1945 年
8 月 15 日占领马来亚(约三年半)。
The Japanese Occupation in Malaya
 The Japanese occupied Malaya 他们在 70 天内占领了整个国家和新加
from 15th of February 1942 to 坡。
15th of August 1945
(approximately three and a half
years). 其中一个有趣的战术是在丛林和村庄
使用自行车。
 They occupied the whole country
and Singapore within 70 days.
他们的主要目标是建立一个新的大东
 One of the interesting war tactics 亚政府。
was using bicycle even in the
jungles and villages.
他们承诺给予某些东南亚国家独立。
 Their main aim was to establish a
New Great East Asia government.
 They promised to give
independence to certain South East
Asian countries.
例如，在南宁，多尔·赛义德领导了反抗
英国政府的运动;拿督' Maharajalela 在霹
雳州谋杀了 J.W.W Birch;沙捞越的 Sharif
Masahor、Rentap 和 Banting，沙巴州的
Mat Salleh;拿督巴哈曼在彭亨;吉兰丹的
Tok Janggut;和丁加奴的 Abdul Rahman
Limbong。

抗日运动的高峰出现在第二次世界大战
之后，也就是日本战败之后。英国军队
的到来是为了恢复二战前的状态。建立
了一种名为英国军事管理局(BMA)的军
事管理形式。尽管如此，BMA 未能恢复
和平。最后，英国努力重建公共行政。
他们的目的是建立一个强大的行政中心。
REACTION TOWARDS THE JAPANESE
COLONIzATION
The resistance towards the Japanese
administration in this country was
demonstrated through numerous acts. The
Communist Party of Malaya, which
comprised a large number of Chinese, had
established the Malayan People Anti
Japanese Army (MPAJA). In Pahang, the
Malays established the Tentera Wataniah
Pahang. Ex-British officers that were
hiding in the jungle established the Special
Training School (Sekolah Latihan Khas)
101 to train local citizens to use firearms.
Meanwhile, the local citizens participated
in Force 136 under the leadership of
Captain Spencer Chapman.
The Askar Melayu Setia military unit was
established in Perak in the year 1945
which was lead by Captain Mohd. Salleh
bin Haji Sulaiman. The said military units
had launched numerous attacks on the
Japanese army.
You should also know that the citizens in
Sabah and Sarawak also faced pressure
from the Japanese colonisation. In Sabah
and Sarawak, the Chinese worked together
从这一切，我们可以看到，每一个到达和
with the Bumiputras to oppose the 占领这个国家的侵略者都面临着当地居民
Japanese. 的抵抗。
From all this, we are able to see that every
invader that arrived and occupied this
country faced resistance from the local
citizens.

THE IMPACTS OF JAPANESE

OCCUPATION IN MALAYA

对日本殖民的反应
For approximately three and a half years
the Japanese occupation in Malaya left
这个国家对日本政府的反抗是通过无数的 behind many negative and positive effects,
行为表现出来的。由大量中国人组成的马
which include:
来亚共产党建立了马来亚人民抗日军。在
彭亨，马来人建立了 Tentera Wataniah 1. Malaya was placed under the
Pahang。躲在丛林里的前英国军官建立了 control of the Japanese military
特殊训练学校(Sekolah Latihan Khas) 101，训 administration with its centre in
练当地公民使用枪支。与此同时，当地居 Singapore.
民在斯宾塞·查普曼上尉的领导下参加了
136 部队。 2. Singapore was separated from the
administration in Malaya.
3. The Chinese people in Malaya had
been suppressed by the Japanese,
whereas the Malays had received a
more favourable treatment. This
Askar Melayu Setia 军事单位于 1945 年在霹
raised the resentment of the
雳州成立，由 Mohd 上尉领导。Salleh bin
Chinese people towards the Malays
Haji Sulaiman。这些部队对日军发动了多次
and hostilities began to simmer.
攻击。
4. Greater political awareness existed
among the Malays.
你还应该知道，沙巴州和沙捞越的公民也
面临着日本殖民的压力。在沙巴州和沙捞 5. Confidence for self-rule among the
越，中国人和布米普特拉人一起对抗日本 Malays arose as a result of the
人。 experience derived from the
Japanese administrative work.
 6. The Chinese and Indians in Malaya
became more enthusiastic/active in
strengthening their identities and
roots.
7. Hostility between the Malays and
the Chinese as a result of the
Japanese occupation stirred up the
spirit of the Malay Congress.
8. The Communist Party of Malaya
became the strongest party from
1945 to 1948.
日本占领马来亚的影响
在大约三年半的时间里，日本对马来亚
的占领留下了许多消极和积极的影响，
其中包括:
1. 马来亚被置于日本军事当局的控制之
下，其中心位于新加坡。
2. 新加坡脱离了马来亚政府。
7. 由于日本的占领，马来人与华人之间
的敌意激起了马来人大会的精神。
8. 马来亚共产党从 1945 年到 1948 年成
为最强大的政党。
Impacts of Japanese Occupation in
Malaya : Social Impact
Their occupation worsened the racial
relationship as they against the Chinese
and on the side of the Malays.
As a result, the Chinese looked at the
Malays as their enemies.
For an example, when the Japanese used
the police force (mainly Malays) to fight
the MPAJA (mainly Chinese) had caused
racial friction and tension between the
Chinese and the Malays.
After the defeat of the Japanese in the
World War II, MPAJA took over the
country for fourteen days and they took
revenge on the Malays whom they accused
of supporting the Japenese.

3. 马来亚的华人曾被日本人镇压，而马
来人却得到了较好的待遇。这引起了中 Impacts of Japanese Occupation in Malaya
国人民对马来人的怨恨和敌意开始酝酿。 : ECONOMY Impact
 The country had experienced a
4. 马来人有更大的政治意识。 very bad economic recession.
 During their invasion, they had
destroyed many economic
5. 从日本的行政工作中汲取的经验使马 infrastructures.
来人对自治产生了信心。
 Inflation became rampant and it
caused hardship to the live of the
6. 在马来亚的中国人和印度人变得更加 people.
热情/积极地加强他们的身份和根源。  Some Japanese army units had
mobile currency printing presses
 and no record was kept of the 一些日本军队有移动的纸币印刷机，没有
quantity or value of notes printed. 记录纸币的印刷数量和价值。当马来亚被
When Malaya was liberated there 解放时，在吉隆坡有 5 亿美元的非流通货
was $500 million of uncirculated 币被日本人持有。在战争的最后几个月里，
currency held by the Japanese in 纸币的无节制的印刷造成了恶性通货膨胀，
日本货币在战争结束时变得毫无价值。
Kuala Lumpur. The unrestrained
printing of banknotes in the final
months of the war created
Impacts of Japanese Occupation in
hyperinflation with the Japanese
Malaya : POLITICAL Impact
money becoming valueless at the
end of the war.  The Japanese administration was a
misery and nightmare to the
日本占领马来亚的影响:社会影响
people.
 The misery had raised political
他们的占领恶化了种族关系，因为他们反 awareness among the Malays.
对中国人，站在马来人一边。
 The Japanese slogan “Asia for
因此，中国人视马来人为敌人。 Asians” had attracted the Malays
and stirred them to get
independence for their land and to
例如，当日本人使用警察力量(主要是马来 build their own government.
人)对抗 MPAJA(主要是华人)时，导致了华
人和马来人之间的种族摩擦和紧张。  The Chinese, however, established
an association called Malayan
Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army
第二次世界大战日本战败后，MPAJA 占领 (MPAJA) to fight the Japanese.
了这个国家 14 天，他们对马来人进行了报
复，他们指责马来人支持日本人。
Japanese occupation ended
The bombing of the cities of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki by the American army
resulted in the Japanese surrender. This
日本占领马来亚的影响:经济影响 incident caused the British to return to
Malaya in September 1945. Subsequently,
numerous eventful incidents took place:
这个国家经历了一次非常严重的经济衰退。
(a) The British established the
British Military Army (BMA);
在他们的入侵期间，他们摧毁了许多经济 (b) The Malayan Union was
基础设施。 established; and
(c) The Communist Party of
通货膨胀猖獗起来，给人民的生活带来了 Malaya became more active until the
困难。 British were forced to declare a state of
emergency in Malaya on 17 June 1948.
 British military administration (bma)
日本占领马来亚的影响:政治影响 The BMA was established on 15 August
1945 by Proclamation No 1 of the
Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast
日本政府对人民来说是一场痛苦和噩梦。 Asia. The BMA assumed full judicial,
legislative, executive and administrative
powers and responsibilities and conclusive
这场灾难提高了马来人的政治意识。 jurisdiction over all persons and property
throughout Malaya including Singapore.
Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten became
日本的口号“亚洲为亚洲人”吸引了马来 the Director of the Administration in
人，并鼓动他们为自己的土地争取独立， September 1945. Further proclamations:
建立自己的政府。
Disestablished japanese tribunals were
disestablished and replaced by military
然而，中国人建立了一个叫做马来亚人民 courts, a superior court to deal with people
抗日军(MPAJA)的协会来对抗日本人。 charged with offences against the laws and
usages of war and military related
offences, and a district court to try criminal
cases and inquiries into death;

日本占领了 Prohibited the sale of alcohol and civilian

foodstuffs to members of the armed forces;
Made the former malayan currency legal
美国军队对广岛和长崎的轰炸导致日本投
tender and effectively made the japanese
降。这一事件导致英国于 1945 年 9 月返回
circulated currency worthless; and
马来亚。随后，发生了许多重大事件:
Covered the safety of british and allied
forces and the maintenance of public order
(a)英国建立了英国陆军(BMA); and safety. Notices publicizing these also
noted that the BMA was temporary in
nature.
(b)马来亚联盟成立;和
A moratorium was placed on all dealings
in land and all financial institutions were
(c)马来亚共产党变得更加活跃，直到 1948
年 6 月 17 日英国被迫宣布马来亚进入紧急
closed.
状态。
 Reactions towards colonization
In March 1946, the BMA was dissolved. A
new government that was known as the
英国军事管理局(bma)
Malayan Union or Kesatuan Malaya was
established. Let us examine why the
Parliament of Britain announced the
1945 年 8 月 15 日，东南亚盟军最高指挥官
establishment of the Malayan Union.
第 1 号宣言成立了 BMA。BMA 拥有全面的
Among its purposes were to:
司法、立法、行政和行政权力和责任，并
对包括新加坡在内的整个马来亚的所有人 -Establish a strong and efficient rule
员和财产具有决定性的管辖权。海军上将 through the integration of all existing
路易斯·蒙巴顿于 1945 年 9 月成为行政长官。
administrations;
进一步的公告:
-Coordinate a defence system which is
effective and in order; and
-Increase production of rubber and tin ore
解散了的日本法庭被军事法庭取代，军事 for the economic benefit of the British
法庭是处理被控违反战争法律和惯例及与 empire.
军事有关罪行的人的高级法院，以及审理
刑事案件和调查死亡的地区法院;

禁止向武装部队成员出售酒精和民用食品;

使前马来货币成为法定货币，有效地使日
本流通的货币变得一文不值;和

保障英国和盟军的安全，维护公共秩序和
安全。有关通告亦指出，BMA 属临时性质。

所有土地交易都被暂停，所有金融机构都
被关闭。
 MALAYAN UNION
反应对殖民
The characteristics of the Malayan Union,
1946 年 3 月，BMA 解散。一个新的政府被 among others, were:
称为马来亚联盟或克萨团马来亚成立。让
我们来看看为什么英国议会宣布建立马来
亚联盟。其目的之一是:
-通过整合现有的所有行政机构，建立强大
而有效的规则;
-协调有效和有序的防御系统;和
-为了大英帝国的经济利益，增加橡胶和锡
矿的产量。
 Singapore was to be separated from
the Malayan Union and designated
as a Crown Colony.
 All the states in Malaya were to
become British Colonies and led by
a Governor.
 The Governor of the Malayan
Union was to be placed under the
control of the Governor General in
Singapore.
 The Governor was to be given full
authority, including veto power,
except in the Legislative Council,
which was established at central
level.
 Members of the Legislative
Council were to be appointed by
the Governor, comprised of official
and unofficial representatives of
equal amounts.
 The Malay rulers were to
relinquish control, except in
matters relating to Islam and Malay
culture.
 Citizenship was to be based on the
principle of jus soli. This principle
enabled anyone to become a citizen
after residing in this country for 10
years.
 The Sultans were forced to sign the Malayan
Union Plan agreement raised resentment of
马来亚联盟
the Malays? They regarded the British
colonisers as insulting the Malay Rulers.
They were also worried that the position of
除其他外，马来亚联盟的特点是: the Rulers and people would be threatened.
Among the manifestos of the objections of
新加坡将从马来亚联邦中分离出来，并被 the public against the establishment of the
指定为直辖殖民地。 Malayan Union were:
The Pan-Malay (Melayu Se-Malaya)
马来亚的所有邦都将成为英国殖民地，并
Congress chaired by Dato Onn bin Jaafar
由一位总督领导。 had its emergency meeting in Kuala
Lumpur. The said meeting was attended by
41 Malay organisations.
马来亚联邦总督将被置于新加坡总督的控
制之下。 All the Malay rulers were urged not to attend
the gathering for the officiating and
appointment of the Malayan Union
总督将被赋予包括否决权在内的全部权力， Governor.
但在中央一级设立的立法会除外。 The Malay community was urged to mourn
for seven days.
A public get together by the Malays was
立法会议员由总督任命，由人数相等的官 held in many of the main cities such as Johor
方和非官方代表组成。 Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Alor Setar.
The Malay dignitaries boycotted the official
British assemblies.
The Malay leaders formed the United Malay
马来统治者将放弃控制，除了与伊斯兰教 National Organisation (UMNO) to protect
和马来文化有关的事务。 the interest of the Malays.
UMNO continued to insist on the
withdrawal of the Malayan Union. The
公民权应以独立权原则为基础。这一原则 British government began to worry that
使任何人在这个国家居住 10 年后都能成为 chaos would ensue if immediate actions
公民。 were not taken. The English government
discovered that the Sultans and the Malayan
dignitaries would continue not to support
them. In addition to that, many Chinese and
Indian leaders also shunned the Council for
the Declaration of the Malayan Union. At
the end, the British were forced to accept
defeat and the Malayan Union was
dissolved. At that time, the Malayan Union
was merely four months old.
你知道吗?
Did you know?
苏丹被迫签署马来亚联邦计划协议引起了  It lasted for 12 years. Through the
马来人的不满?他们认为英国殖民者侮辱马 activities of Malayan Communist
来统治者。他们还担心统治者和人民的地 Party (MCP) who were mainly
位会受到威胁。 Chinese, they tried to instill and
spread the communist ideology
among the people.
公众反对建立马来亚联盟的宣言包括:
 After the World War II ended, some
of the MCP guerrillas hid in jungles
and formed Malaysian Races
拿督·翁·本·贾法尔主持的泛马来大会在吉隆
Liberation Army (MRLA) or better
坡召开紧急会议。有 41 个马来组织参加了
known as Three Stars (Bintang
此次会议。
Tiga).
 Their aim was to establish the
所有的马来统治者都被敦促不要参加这次 Communist Republic of Malaya.
聚会，以主持和任命马来亚联盟总督。
 The communist ideology was not
accepted by the majority of the
population.
马来西亚社区被要求哀悼七天。
 The ideology against the Islamic
teachings because it denied the
马来人的公众集会在许多主要城市举行， existence of God.
如柔佛巴鲁、吉隆坡和阿洛斯塔尔。
 Many Chinese were more interested
in economic activities and to focus
马来政要抵制英国官方议会。 on improving the economy. They
马来领导人成立了马来民族统一组织 did not want to involve in the
(UMNO)来保护马来人的利益。 guerrilla activities. To secure the
interest of the Chinese in this
country, they established Malayan
巫统继续坚持马来亚联盟的退出。英国政 Chinese Party (MCA).
府开始担心，如果不立即采取行动，将会  The climax of the communist
出现混乱。英国政府发现苏丹和马来亚的 guerillas activities happened in 1948
权贵们将继续不支持他们。除此之外，许
after the Calcutta Resolution in
多中国和印度领导人也避开了《马来亚联
盟宣言》委员会。最后，英国被迫接受失 which they launched attacks on
败，马来亚联盟解散。当时，马来亚联盟 rubber estates, tine mines, police
才成立四个月。 station and general public especially
the Europeans.
 Many people were dead. As a result,
the British government came out
with some steps to wipe out the
guerilla activities.
The Era of Emergency
紧急事件时代
 The era is closely related to the
时代与共产主义意识形态在中国的发展密
development of communist ideology
in the country. 切相关。
 持续了 12 年。通过以华人为主的马来亚 共产主义游击队活动的高潮发生在 1948
共产党的活动，试图向马来亚人民灌输和 年的加尔各答决议后，他们发动了攻击橡
胶庄园，地雷，警察局和一般民众，特别
A) The British government declared state of 是欧洲人。
emergency and enacted Emergency Law

很多人死了。因此，英国政府采取了一些
16 June Declaration of emergency in Perak 措施来消灭游击活动。
1948 & Johor

17 June Declaration of emergency on the The chronology can be summarized as

1948 whole peninsula follow :

The - outlawed the MCP

enactment Introduced by Sir Harold Briggs.
-gave powers to police and soldiers
of
to arrest and detain communist
Emergency
suspects without court trial
Law 1948

Registration Citizens aged 12 years and above To relocate the squatter areas near to
System must register and own an identity forest to a new village in order to
card restrict the Chinese from supplying
food, medicine and information to the
传播共产主义思想。 communist guerillas. About 400,000
B) The Chinese were relocated to 400 new
Briggs villages.
第二次世界大战结束后，一些 MCP 游击队 Plan
藏在丛林中，成立了马来西亚种族解放军
(MRLA)或更广为人知的三星(Bintang Tiga)。

The plan succeeded in eradicating

他们的目标是建立马来亚共和国。
communist violence.

共产主义意识形态没有被大多数人接受。

反对伊斯兰教义的意识形态，因为伊斯兰 年表可以总结如下:
教义否认上帝的存在。

A)英国政府宣布进入紧急状态，并颁布了紧
许多中国人对经济活动更感兴趣，并专注 急状态法
于改善经济。他们不想参与游击活动。为
了确保华人在这个国家的利益，他们成立
了马来亚华人党(MCA)。 1948 年 6 月 16 日霹雳和柔佛州宣布紧急状
态
1948 年 6 月 17 日宣布整个半岛进入紧急状
surrendered
态

Reward people who supplied

1948 年颁布的《紧急状态法》宣布 MCP 为
非法 information about communists

——赋予警察和士兵不经法庭审判就逮捕和 activities
拘留共产主义嫌疑人的权力
More aggressive attacks were
登记制度 12 岁及以上的公民必须登记并拥 launched against the
有身份证
communists

Distribute pamphlets calling

communist guerillas to

surrender
B)由哈罗德·布里格斯爵士介绍的布里格斯
计划。
Introduced “white and black

areas”. White areas indicated

将靠近森林的寮屋区迁至新村，以限制中
国人向共产党游击队提供食物、药品和情 free communist areas while
报。大约 40 万中国人被搬迁到 400 个新村 black areas were the opposite.
庄。

Introduce curfews system in the

areas where the guerillas

were hunted

The warfare succeeded in

该计划成功地消除了共产主义暴力。
ending the communist

activities and bringing back

people to work together.

D) Launch of Made easier for non-Malays to

Psychologica
obtain citizenship.
l Warfare
D)发动心理战
Award pardon to large number 使非马来人更容易获得公民身份。
of MCP members who
 Sir Gerald Templer used army force to
fight the communists
在游击队被追捕的地区实行宵禁

He recruited 67,000 Malay special

soldiers and formed home guards
C) Use systems with 210,000 strength 战争成功地结束了共产主义活动，使人
of 们重新团结起来工作。
Militar
y Force

He also sought assistance from the

Commonwealths military

More aggressive attacks were

launched against the communists

对大量投降的 MCP 成员给予赦免 The era of emergency left many negative

impacts TO the country:

 Huge number of people killed

奖励那些提供共产主义活动信息的人
 The infrastructures, properties were
destroyed

 The economy was cripple

对共产党人发动了更猛烈的攻击

C)军事力量的使用

杰拉尔德·坦普勒爵士使用军队对
分发小册子，号召共产党游击队投降
抗共产党

他招募了 67000 名马来特种士兵，

介绍“白区和黑区”。白人地区代表自由 并组建了 21 万人的家庭警卫系统
共产主义地区，而黑人地区则相反。

The MCP lastly decided to

negotiate with the British after 他还向英联邦军队寻求帮助
B) The Baling series of steps taken by the
Negotiation British to contain their activities
1955
(Rundingan The negotiation failed as the
Baling, 1955) MCP rejected the government’s
counter offer and refused to lay
down their arms
 2. Spirit of nationalism stage

对共产党人发动了更猛烈的攻击  Literature
 Negotiations

B)《1955 年巴陵谈判》

在英国采取一系列措施遏制其活
动后，MCP 最终决定与英国进行
谈判

由于 MCP 拒绝了政府的还价并拒
绝放下武器，谈判失败了

紧急时期给该国带来了许多负面
影响:

大量的人被杀害

基础设施、财产遭到破坏

经济瘫痪了

新农村(主要是中国人)配备了设施。这
 New villages (mainly Chinese) were
造成了马来人对华人的仇恨。因此，社会
equipped with facilities. This had
差距扩大了。
created hatred among the Malays
towards the Chinese. Thus, social
gap widened.

争取独立
Struggle for independence

1. 武装/流血阶段
1. Armed/bloodshed stage 开始于马来人对抗荷兰人和葡萄牙人的
 Began with the struggle of the 斗争。
Malays against Dutch and 反对英国殖民者。
Portuguese.
 Opposition against British colonists.
2. 民族主义舞台精神

文学
谈判