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o

$O€ Ar-vrpLrFrERs
'nnrna %
t (\osF€r is q_ non-krrto, &urcc.
lft l{ou,., corr\ yo,^ obfarn ut.kr.to, a,,.&d,'.a_*,don
frr*
--+ by SPpropHa** b
c brasi",X i-t. pwp{.v uo,, 4 xr
* *,9 srnall p$rtu rbo,tcons araund.
T?)
btas po(n. th{ }6
,

*oAsrs c
'-- xxxrofuy-xEs&,. I
etq.ra-'Df en
Tvr'od*. S
1o r!
uo = qr- '[]
[-r-frs-l
uag

Lool Una
A
sa\pqluk- T.'iode
uor ..rjuo ,
Vos = tl,

do
\lus e
/ -.,l
wt€

VoB

1l*e
@

lxrrae$@ fu Tqe$t}$@:-
B&-stt
r\"4' -\' ! Xlisst>.t'.-
iD ; o =) t4 = Vot.

?**x - Rr{As! *sw€ro-I, Bg i -

Tlurs,
f, = ;! f", co^ t V, - ur)-
avd', L.l.o z \foo - .q Ro Io
W
Ht,ncc,
\I, -- \foo - *Rsfl n cr*Y 0f -rrf
hnlr is vol*ng<
t .r
rr9 A.r= *l: _,,
_ _&e.
"
Thur,
A*= -(,5 f''"(;* ?C.r-q).
e*
T1^{- eoA point oI so-f,ura.fion *eE io n i =l
(Vo* = v3e- rb),. -O
S.r-bs[it-tr- (o.UoB ar4[ s&= Ur,e r.,

rlo= uoo ! Roflr,rox t (u"-r-f.@


a^tA solve- O a^& 6 alo ove si n,..^(, toq onq .
@
,*:*'kks' =& ,Q.9'i-

' ' t} '= /4n.hxf - + uri]


* i, l1o [$-
:l:u'{"te
\q to., -we Y*\u,
Lto Vpo {u)
" Se

rlo , Vlo _
) ,Ra/n,co+ *re-: u*) lla * rt=l
4 "J
x{ $o is u tv/ swqJl wQ- f $,

L,\o . vro -'


'
e

Ko (o ,* Y €r -vt) do

Voo
-) ulo s
r+ R;I a co,rf C{"_6
U [etn'{v,,r\t r)
r .; t' thS
/aw cox #,( q* - Vr)
' ,Otug,r
:
r

Ut =."i 'vDs, Yl,s,


Ro *vtu =+ rr" ttaffi 5 fv idev,
R$,S$ II' X^sg nx*xx,n QAxrs,-
* A tnos ^cts 4s an o*'ghh'{Y . o} q?Progrrrate
Dc o?erattnl Point is' astahfushsA" l] ias lno
4,41
*Sct-tin1*Ptt^sopexo,.'t'tn6poindisco-llel' ;

Q,$'-,ryq
|\A V,tlsg. EJIEP fu' -
,.\,.A,az
I

,tF F(rred Uq* co^'t


r'{' as sh'*n beJ'oLg"*
KfL*ic*
Ro
Rr Vout
--- fl\t\tr

s rcrin cuvr€nt f . liven i,, 2-


s,s =
*.1"Y Q,-r0
co^

anA
Txars is tor to tva"^sts fe1 tU V+' r C'x
es?ect va.t(o (f; ca-nn vav\ + T€-s*'Llrnt
c qtrve r'o
in a h"# v a t(o '$
r ia n l'tot'n "-t'
and hrr.c* oPexa'tr:n6\ ry
i*'
I otv iff-z
Ip Drvtcr I

Ep z-

f,ur

s This is not #iX*&-.


Qu^l{s
nn/frr'
qy fuAe Y. * cxxgsrAgf ftxx.lss$ hv
Tug So,RC€ . -
A"\ Ar'-r""-^
\-

fl.1 :
VouT
?iM'
(s

)r' R , 4 R z de$t",e t4*u vol laftar w\u'rh is *ixr.d,e


V6= Vqs t IoR*
* l*t se,. ho- this Ccr^ 6 rue q. e\a,t& TS in tt'u '(ve nt
,i- t;;ristor eatr4rne tsv veriatt'on(V*t Coxt 4'ta[ Y),
* V6 rs cons\avrt 7.y.|!vyal b/ flr , Rrr dnA Y55.
* L{ Co in c t-ta^S€ s d,'ae to so Yw-' req-s o r' t hat'
s> Rs ing v{as€.s + Vas i s 3o tY to dsc 'r Lq'Fz '=>
CD, is Xo\nX
tt xeAucr-,
ThK, * tkre rte6a-ttv€ ***.d' uq"c K
$**Ahq"c *hc
k tr: Yuc [n
h

'Keeps Gp q [yyrost consto r.t -:] R.s it, , r'!'-l*A


deX.entrrq.Lion y <_E [stor.
?xv kg^?
/L 9er,tr<.
L* ag^ t
l-
S/-
ll,p e
IDr ;S3$* I

vqr* q,; vq LE
w
Noba:- ALLz- Atz-
@

hn:J.-ss
(lelxl Psw-k-ftlrc reEl** Rsebes,-

Vo.r t
rs

{i- Hgt€.r
Vas = Vls = Vuu - IO R>

C+ I-9 increasgs Aua. to som4 Y€q.son -t ltrtt Va.


h* to dec re a.s e . The d,gcv1es7- i n Vas Catt-ses CD
to di.c:.-e,&s e :> )1e6<true [r*Aback.

fu^fxs Vs,rsa kAi:Xr Mr F.SIS'-

T{,
-l-tec

,t8 I tur,-
,/ *t
*g
-J
L+ Mz-
I=
sinc{ c qyr€ n t of t\t t i.s set o-t, ":f ", noo matlgY
r^rhot is ttu. uo.ttap, 4.t Yq,:* a"Lruuys {ol"t
to car t! irent ? ro"t d.td.
saYne ct'
:/ V6 Kz,LFs 14t'in saLufi4*(on
T\ne c.rTrs,at 't". is te*a,ra.fud t/ th{- cu)rT.",b
ynir.rov ctrc, it that @e. 4lr c t-sszA in &
one oS Lt'\a P-tob& "s"
gu3 2 tt^r,^&IC"-rv*)*.-. C*, .hanne( .{er;tn
q-
w oda*l.^*r,
&Lt o, lLpB D
R = rRee
Both fqz q.Ms W41 sarYad
hu. vO' rr4s"-Q.)rc,,r it4-r
1
Epa =
5r' 11 coxc), Qor=-o*)-
t"4

tw,
0 %O.
=) Sr*
Cus
=
(/'\,

=) rua = rnep @').


Q/-)s
,r T h i s is cr"!,9.0A crpr..erlt vn ir yo r ,* .

dr AU tht inteX,rafuA ctvcutts <*fbf c.rTr<.nb


A

vrrirrroys o*I constcnt cu.rrenb btasinX.


1

* Fot tLus cot^Ysz you sho"!.d, @ tr*g4 tt"rz,


a"& & 3r{ methol o,[ biq=,rfl.
88
9
10
sttn*
Xps$u.tPc +s*:r Axg fus0rqtr:-
R.s = t0$ "n- Vt = l'5 Y
R6: totlst-
{F7-Uo kJ*= D'45n,'4/uL
ao or'\oK'r'
I V6 = 5ov.
v
P ]-
{,

DC Ax&{*s ', - TT
.r-D xo .i5y1"'3 (Va( - \'r)=
2.
Ra..ro*r) fl5 c tO K {r*

=) Iu= x o,is xro-i (.f o - t'S)-


!
Ed, Vs c 0"o - to R$) ='(s- roooo s.5 ) .

T\*t,,
{p t' o 6mA + VP = h'l{V '
AqraNflL
nzf*fvl-
A rrr nuVsrs
crrnz-ria..--
or Ac 4runLYsrs 'l.-
,\ A..7\_ .1.,-4..--r.-\-4.

uo
R,L

No0,
fu^=
*" t e* -Ut) : o.-+as wr rr
fo *s \.06
Stvrc4, &c. i: u eyy (n'xf tor, ar o. Rzglr.ce &a, -ith o Pt n
c txcu it. Hznc4,
\,t, : '*
?* \s Qo t\ R L tt "ob) .

-\ A
-) ,-lL, \ $o = ^t*Go\\Rsttrr) = -3'3
l.;\.
@
whlrJg is i"pud iwge fancal.
jl-Lf,&. -rl"\
?+ I

,.it. ,
,.
t'
t'l 4{'3
trrho* is 0avXest *[& uo d6fu uL; 6o6 thd*, t\psFE"risin
s a-tu xafi.i'o q 1.

=) q.4- 3-3 tI; = w*'4 + tr; -ut"


=) $;: 0'34)l
- ', .t
.
$ -

* Ca..r yr* fyovg itU,..'o *ibh ttu-q.' u; w8 iar"r sLi{,[ rs€ *tno.['(-
silncl 14ry1" ^n^hris'1, hlhsh ar{ tt'.€ st<ps *qt(en lo
grove tt?

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