ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND

MATERIAL
SEM - I
BASIC BUILDING STRUCTURE

Basic
Building
Structure

Super
Substructure
Structure
Sub-structure - That part of the structure which is below
the G.L and cannot be seen with naked eyes is known as
Sub -structure

 Super-structure -The part of the structure which is above

the G.L and can be seen with naked eyes.
The superstructure is that part of the building which is
above the ground and which serves the purpose of
building’s intended use.
 COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING
• Foundation
• Plinth
• Wall
• Columns/ Beams
• Floors
• Doors, windows and ventilators
• Stairs
• Roof
• Building finishes
• Building services
SUB STRUCTURE
Foundation:

• The basic function of foundation

• To Transmit the load from building to the sub soil in
such away that settlement are within permissible limit
• Even distribution of load
• Provide level surface
 FOUNDATION

Types of
Foundation

Shallow Deep
foundation foundation
BASEMENT

• Shall be in every part at least 2.4 m in clear

height (from floor to underside of the roof slab
or ceiling)
• Minimum height of the ceiling of any basement
shall be 0.9 m and the maximum 1.2m above the
average surrounding GL.
• Basement should be properly ventilated.
• Basement shall not be used for residential
purposes
SUPER STRUCTURE

Plinth:
• Plinth is that part of the
building between
surrounding ground surface
and floor space immediately
above the ground.
• Plinth resists the entry of
rainwater entry inside the
building, entry of animals,
insects and rodents.
• General plinth height is
450,600,750,900,1200 mm
SUPER STRUCTURE

Wall:
The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones.
They divide the building space in to various space in to
various rooms.
They support slabs and beams.
They safely transmit the loads coming on them from
beams and slabs to the foundation.
They provide privacy and protection against heat, cold,
rain, noise, dust, winds.
They offer resistant to fire
 SUPER STRUCTURE

•Walls may be of Brick,

Stone, concrete blocks
etc.

•Brick masonry and

stone masonry

•Load bearing walls

and non-load bearing
walls
SUPER STRUCTURE
Columns:
Columns are vertical
members along which
beams and slab/roof is
supported.
They are square,
rectangular, circular
etc in shape
SUPER STRUCTURE

 Beams
 Beams are horizontal
members above which
the slabs are provided.
 The beams are instead
supported on walls
and columns
 They are generally 20,
39, 45, 60 cm thick and
deep members as per
structural design
SUPER STRUCTURE

DOORS AND WINDOWS

A door provides a connecting link between rooms
allowing easy free movement in the buildings.
Windows are openings provided in walls.
Doors and windows provide lighting and ventilation.
The provide resistance to weather, sound and heat.
They provide security and privacy
SUPER STRUCTURE
Floor:

•Flat supporting elements of a

building
•A floor is a firm and dry
platform to support occupants,
furniture's and equipments.
•Below GL is basement,
•Upper floors are ground floor,
1st , 2nd etc.
•Two parts – a)Slab and
b) Flooring
SUPER STRUCTURE

 Steps and stairs:

 They are meant to provide access between
different levels. Stairs should be properly
located to provide easy access and fast
services to the building.
 Generally for residential building width of
stair is 1000mm and 1200mm
 No. of risers = Total height of floor/Height of
riser
 No. of tread = Number of riser - 1
STAIRWAY
• Width of Treads
• Residential bldg (without nosing) = 25cm
• Incase of other blgs = 30cm
• Riser
• Residential building = 19 cm
• Other building = 15 cm
• Maximum no. of risers per flight = 12
• Handrail
• Minimum height of 90 cm from the centre of tread
• Head room
• Under landing and staircase = 2.2m
SUPER STRUCTURE
Stairway :
Following minimum width shall be provided for each stairway:
a) Residential Building (upto 3 storeys) = 0.9m
b) Other residential bldg eg. Flats, hostels, group housing =
1.25m
c) Residential Hotel bldgs= 1.5m
d) Assembly buildings (auditorium, theatres, cinema)= 1.5 m
e) Institutional Buildings (hospitals)= 2.0 m
f) Educational Buildings (schools and colleges) = 1.5m
g) All other buildings=1.5m
SUPER STRUCTURE

Roof: The upper most part of the building

constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses
the space and offers protection from rain, heat,
snow, wind, sound, fire.
Slabs are 100,120,150 mm
SUPER STRUCTURE
Chajjas are provided on external
wall opening to get protection from
rain, snow and heat. They are
weather sheds.
 Their thickness tapers from 100 to
75mm and projection is
300,450,600,750,900 mm
Parapet:
 Parapet is generally 100mm thick
partition wall constructed above
slab to enclose the terrace open to
sky.
 Thickness is 100 to150mm height is
900 mm to 1200 mm
LINTEL AND ARCHES

 Lintel is a horizontal member which is

placed across the opening.
 An arch is normally a curved member
comprising of wedge shaped building
blocks holding each other with mutual
pressure.
LINTEL AND ARCHES