Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presentation on
Mechanics of
Materials
By:
BALAJI Y S
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Nagarjuna College of Engineering and
Technology.
Module – I
Ferrous and non ferrous materials:
Properties, Composition and uses of
• Grey cast iron
• White cast iron
• Malleable iron,
• SG iron and
• Steel,
• Copper alloys-Brasses and Bronze
• Aluminium and its alloys
• Al-Si,
• Al-Zn alloys.
Classification of Steels
Steels are classified in several ways, some of them are
i) Carbon Content:
1)Low , Medium and High carbon Steels
2) Hypo eutectoid steels(< 0.8% C)
3) Hyper eutectoid steels (>0.8% C)
ii) Method of Manufacture
1) Bessemer steel 2) Open-hearth Steel
3) Electric furnace steel 3) Crucible Steel
iii) Applications of Steel
1) Machine steel 2) Spring steel
3) Boiler steel 4) Structural steel
4) Tool steel
iv) Chemical Composition
1) Plain Carbon steels 2) Alloy steels
v) Standard Institutes
1) AISI-American iron and steel institute
2) BIS- Bureau of indian standards
3) SAE- Society of Automotive engineers.
4) ASTM- American Society for Testing & Materials
Plain Carbon Steels
Low Carbon Steel
Among all steels low carbon steel is largely produced.
ii) Properties: Relatively soft and weak but outstanding ductility and
toughness.
They posses very good machinability and weldability eg. Mildsteel
ii) Properties: Stronger than low carbon steel and less tougher than it.
vi) Applications: Railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts and other machine
parts.
High Carbon Steel
The characteristics of High carbon steels are
i) Composition: from 0.55%C upto 2.1%C
i) Microstructure: Cementite and Pearlite when (>0.8% C), alpha-ferrite and Pearlite
when(< 0.8% C)
ii) Properties: Hardest, strongest and least ductile when compared with low and
medium carbon steels
v) Disadvantages: Cannot be used for operations where ductility and malleability are
required.
vi) Applications: Knives, razors, hacksaw blades, high strength wire etc.
Alloy Steels:
Steels which acquire some characteristic properties due to addition of alloying
elements other than carbon, are known as alloy steels.
Some of the reasons for adding alloying elements to steels are
1) Increase hardenability
2) Improve strength at ordinary temperature
3) Improve wear and corrosion resistance
4) Improve mechanical properties at either high or low temperatures
5) Improve toughness without greatly sacrificing strength
i) Elements which tends to form carbides: These elements combine with carbon to form carbides
just like iron forms iron carbide. These carbides tremendously increase the hardness
and wear resistance of the steels but at the same time render them brittle.
Eg.; Chromium, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, manganese etc.
ii) Elements which tend to graphitize carbon: These elements when added to steels oppose the
formation of carbides where carbon is in the combined form but instead stabilizes
carbon to occur in its free form as graphite.
Eg.: Silicon, cobalt, aluminium, nickel etc.
iii) Elements which tend to stabilize austenite: These elements when added lowers A ₃
temperatures and raises the peritectic point, thereby increasing the range in which
austenite is stable.
Eg.: Manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper etc.
iv) Elements which tend to stabilize ferrite: These elements are most soluble in α-iron than in γ-
iron. Hence they are ferrite stabilizers.
Eg.: Chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon etc.
Some of the elements are present in more than one group and it means that they have more than
one effect.
Stainless steels or Chromium Steels:
Excellent corrosion resistance, heat resistance and aesthetic properties have made
stainless steel an outstanding material for both industrial and domestic purposes.
Corrosion resistance is majorly due to presence of chromium in them. Corrosion
resistance may be enhanced by using nickel and molybdenum as well.
stainless steels are divided into three classes on the basis of the predominant phase
present in there microstructure
According to iron carbon equilibrium diagram, the phases that are observed in the
microstructure of cast iron at room temperature are α-ferrite and cementite, which
occur at equilibrium conditions. But cementite being a metastable compound,
under certain circumstances, decomposes to form α-ferrite and graphite.
Types of Cast Iron:
Cast Irons are classified according to their microstructure. Other words cast
irons are classified according to the shape of the free carbon(graphite) present in their
microstructure or absence of carbon itself.
1) Grey cast iron
2) White cast iron
3) Malleable cast iron
4) Nodular or S.G. iron or Ductile iron
In all cast irons apart from carbon , silicon is also a principal alloying element.
Gray Cast Iron:
Gray cast irons are most widely used types of cast irons. They are distinguished by the presence
of graphite in the from of flakes(like fibers). Gray cast irons can be divided into different types
based on the average length of flakes in them. The general characteristics of gray irons are:
Composition : 3% - 4% carbon, 1.6% - 2.8% silicon, rest iron, very low percentage of
phosphorous and sulphur
Microstructure: α-ferrite matrix + dark graphite nodules.
Properties: Highly ductile, very good machinability, good creep properties at elevated
temperatures, high corrosion resistance.
Applications: Flywheels, furnace doors, wrenches, lathe chucks, motor frames and pump
bodies etc.
Non-Ferrous Alloys
Steels and cast irons are consumed in exceedingly large quantities due to
1) Wide range of mechanical properties
2) Ease of fabrication
3) Very economical to produce.