Principles and Applications

of Magnetic Sensors

Dept. of Photonics and Sensors

Hannam University
Prof. Derac Son
 INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS
What is sensor?
Quantities Transducer (Mostly)
to be or Electrical
measured Sensor Quantity

Quantities Transducer ADC &

to be or Embedded
measured Sensor controller
Why are sensors important?

Real Computer
Sensor and
World
Network
(smart phone)

* Traditionally, sensors are used for research and production

World market of sensors

West European market of sensors

 Secondary
Sensor Variables
Signal

Mechanical Thermal Electrical Magnetic Radiant Chemical

Primary
Signal

(Fluid) Mechanical and Friction Effects Piezoeletricity Magnetomechanical Photoelastic Systems

Acoustic Effects : (eg, Friction Peizoresistivity Effects : eg, (Stress-induced
Mechanical eg, Diaphragm, Calorimeter) Resistive, Capacitive, Piezomagnetic Birefringence)
Gravity Balance, Coolings Effects and Inductive Effects Effect Interferometers
Echo Sounder (eg, Thermal Flow Sagnac Effect
Meters) Doppler Effect

Thermal Expansion Seebeck Effect Thermooptical Reaction

(Bimetalic Strip, Thermoresistance Effects Activation
Thermal Liquid-in-Glass and Pyroelectricity (eg, in Liquid eg, Thermal
Gas Thermometers, Thermal (Johnsen) Crystals) Dissociation
Resonant Frequency) Radiant Emission
Noise
Radiometer Effect
(Light Mill)

Electrokinetic and Joule (Resistive) Heating Charge Collectors Biot-Savart’s Law Electrooptical Electrolysis
Electromechanical Peltier Effect Langmuir Probe Effects : Electromigration
Electrical Effects : eg, Kerr Effect
eg, Piezoelectricity Pockels Effect
Electrometer Electroluminescence
Ampere’s Law

Magnetomechanical Thermomagnetic Effects : Thermomagnetic Effects : Magnetooptical

Effects : eg, Righi-Leduc Effect eg, Ettingshausen-Nernst Effects
Magnetic eg, Magnetostriction Galvanomagnetic Effect Effect : Faraday Effect
Magnetometer eg, Ettingshausen Effect Galvanomagnetic Effects : Cotton-Mouton
eg, Hall Effects, Effect
Magnetoresistance

Radiation Pressure Bolometer Photoelectric Effects : Phtorefractive Effects Photosynthesis,

Thermopile eg, Photovoltaic Effect Optical Bistability -dissociation
Radiant Photoconductive
Effect

Hygrometer Calorimeter Potentiometry, Nuclear Magnetic (Emission and

Electrodeposition Cell Thermal Conductivity Conductimetry Resonance Absorp-tion)
Chemical Photoacoustic Effect Cell Amperometry Spectroscopy
Flame Ionization Chemiluminescence
Volta Effect
Gas Sensitive Field Effect
 Important Sensor Variables
Quantities to be Transfer Measured
measured characteristics quantity

Temp.
Force
Linearity
Torque Charge
Resolution
PH Voltage
Noise
Light intensity Current
Measuring range
Current Frequency
Frequency range
Voltage Phase
(dynamic response)
Magnetic Field
Electric Field
Response Curves of the Sensors
Trends in Sensor Development

MEMS based sensors

Bio-sensors
Smart and intelligent sensors
Sensors for networking
Sensors for home automation
Sensor in Automobiles
Definition of Magnetic Sensor
Sensors which are associated with the laws and
effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields

Why are Magnetic Sensors Important?

1) High reliability : Military : Flux-gate, Search coil
Automobile : ABS, non-contact angle
Air and space : Magnetic torquer, Flux-gate
2) High Temperature: LVDT, Flux-gate
3) High radiation : Eddy current probe and LVDT used in nuclear
power plant
 Magnetic Effects for Sensors
Year Effect Explanation Technical Use
1842 Joule effect Change in shape of a ferromagnetic body with In combination with piezoelectric elements for
magnetization (magnetostriction) magnetometers and potentiometers

1846 ΔE effect Chang in Young’s modulus with magnetization Acoustic delay line components for magnetic
field measurement
1847 Matteucci effect Torsion of a ferromagnetic rod in a longitudinal field Magnetoelastic sensor
changes magnetization
1856 Magnetoresistance Change in resistance with magnetic field Magnetoresistive sensors
(AMR)
1858 Wiedemann effect A torsion is produced in a current carrying Torque and force measurement
ferromagnetic rod when subjected to a longitudinal
field
1865 Villari effect Effect on magnetization by tensile or compressive Magnetoelastic sensors
strength
1879 Hall effect A current carrying crystal produces a transverse Magnetogalvanic sensors
voltage when subjected to a magnetic field vertical to
its surface
1903 Skin effect Displacement of current from the interior of material Distance sensors, proximity sensors
to surface layer due to eddy currents

1931 Sixtus Tonks effect Pulse magnetization by large Barkhausen jumps Wiegand and pulse-wire sensors

1962 Josephson effect Tunnel effect between two superconducting materials SQUID magnetometers
with an extremely thin separating layer; quantum
effect
1987 GMR effect Quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect Magnetic field sensor
observed in thin-film structures composed of Sprintonics
alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic
conductive layers
1994 GMI effect Large variations that the electrical impedance of some Magnetic field sensor
materials exhibits as a function of an external
magnetic field
 Faraday 전자기유도법칙
Principle of search coil type magnetometer
Faraday’s Induction Law

d
∫ E ⋅ ds = − dt ∫ ∫A B ⋅ dA

Voltage output from magnetometer

U 0 = ω ⋅ n ⋅ Φ max = ω ⋅ n ⋅ A ⋅ µ ⋅ H
Sensitivity and Noise of Air Cored Induction Coil
π2
U 0 = ω ⋅ n ⋅ Φ max = ω ⋅ n ⋅ A ⋅ µ 0 ⋅ H = ⋅ n ⋅ D 2 ⋅ µ0 ⋅ f ⋅ H
2

U0 π 2n ⋅ D 2 ⋅ µ0
S0 = =
f ⋅H 2

π2  V 
U0 = n ⋅ D 2 ⋅ 10 −9  
2  nT ⋅ Hz 

V ⋅ S -9  V 
µ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7   = 10  nT ⋅ Hz ⋅ m 2 
A ⋅ m  

Air-cored induction coil in a time-varying magnetic field.

 π2  V 
U0 = n ⋅ D 2 ⋅ 10 −9  
2  nT ⋅ Hz 

Air-cored coil output voltage U0 at a magnetic field x frequency product

1 nT · Hz versus diameter D with number of turns n as parameter
 4 ρnD
RDC = Coil resistance
d2
U N = 4κ BTRDC ∆f Thermal voltage noise

π 2 ⋅γ ⋅ n ⋅ D ⋅ d 2 Weight of coil
WW =
4

γρ ⋅ π ⋅ n ⋅ D
U N = 4κ BT∆f ⋅ Noise voltage
WW

U0 π ⋅ µ0 Ww π 2 ⋅ µ0
S/N = = ⋅ ⋅ DfH = ⋅ d (σnD 3 )1 / 2 ⋅ fH
2U N 4 2k BT γρ 8 2k BT
Equivalent circuit diagram of an air-cored induction coil.

For single turn loop D>>d

 8D 
L = 6.28D ln − 2 + α  ⋅ 10 −9
 d 
Long single layer solenoid
π 2 ⋅ D2 ⋅ n2 −9 π 2 ⋅ D2 ⋅ n
L≈ ⋅ 10 [H] = ⋅ 10 −9 [H]
w dw

D2 ⋅ n2
L≈ ⋅ 10 −6 Short single layer solenoid w>1.6D
46 D + 101 w

78.7 D 2 ⋅ n 2
L≈ ⋅ 10 −9 Multi-layer solenoid D>>w,h
3 D + 9 w + 10 h
 Capacitance C of a coil

0.37 ⋅ ε r ⋅ w ⋅ D
C=
(c − d ) ⋅ n1

C Ci
C tot = +
k2 k −1

Capacitance C of a single-layer coil normalized to

its diameter D versus length-to-diameter ratio w/D
of the coil (capacitance C in pF and geometrical
dimensions w and D in cm)
 High permeability core induction coil

Magnetic field pattern around high permeability core

when it is inserted into a homogeneous field. It is valid
for low frequencies and if the coil, indicated at the middle
of the core, is without current.
Magnetization of a high permeability core

dΦ ic Φ ic = Φ cmax ⋅ cos (ω t )
ui = − n ⋅
dt

U 0 = ω ⋅ n ⋅ Φ cmax = ω ⋅ n ⋅ µ r µ 0 ⋅ H i ⋅ Ac

H i = H + H dm = H − N ( µ r − 1) H i

1
Hi = ⋅H
1 + N ( µ r − 1)

U 0 = 2π ⋅ n ⋅ Ac ⋅ µc ⋅ µ0 ⋅ f ⋅ H

µr
µc =
1 + N ( µ r − 1)
 1  m 2

N ell∞ = 2  ln(m + m + 1) − 1
m − 1  m − 1
2 

N cyl∞ 2.26 ln (1 + 0.156) + 1

=
N ell∞ 2.15 ln (1 + 0.326) + 1

Induction coil on a cylindrical high permeability core.

Demagnetization factor
N of prolate ellipsoids
and cylindrical rods
(descending curves) and
core permeability μc
(ascending curves) of
cylindrical rods versus
the length-to-diameter
ratio m of the rod with
material permeability μr
as parameter.
Core permeability μc of cylindrical rods versus the
material permeability μr with length-to-diameter ratio
m of the rod as parameter, after
Minimum noise equivalent magnetic field spectral density of
an induction coil sensor with high permeability core versus
sensor weight Ws (at length-to-diameter ratios m = 50 and
100, permeability μr = 10000 of the core material, and f =
1 Hz).
Induction coil sensors with electronic amplifier

1 RII
ωr = K=
KLC II R + RII
 L 
 
K K  CII R 
F (ω ) = D= +
ω  ω 2  R L 
1 −   + i 2 D  II 
 ωr  ωr  C II 
 Frequency responses of the search coil

Resonance step-up of the

sensitivity SA at different
values of the damping D.

Frequency responses of the

sensitivity SA and the output voltage UA
of an induction coil sensor with a voltage
amplifier at a constant magnetic field
amplitude.
Sensor with transformer coupled negative feedback to the coil.

 U 
U A (ω ) = AU 0 (ω ) − iωM A  ⋅ F (ω )
 RF 

A ⋅ F (ω )
U A = U0
M
1 + iω A ⋅ F (ω )
RF

U 0 (ω ) RK iω / ω1 1
UA = ⋅ ⋅
ωM 1 + iω/ω1 1 + iω / ω2

A⋅ M
∆f =
2π ⋅ L ⋅ RF ⋅ CII
Induction coil connected to a voltage amplifier with
transformer coupled negative feedback to the coil.
Frequency response of the output voltage UA of an
induction coil sensor with negative feedback
transformer coupled to the coil
Applications of search coil magnetometer
Developed search coil magnetometer using
amorphous ribbon

Experimental setup for the effective permeability measurement

Relative permeability depending on the numbers of ribbon(a)
and the air gap between ribbons.
Relative permeability depending on the number of ribbons
for the different air gap between ribbons.
Relative permeability depending on the total number of
ribbons for the different air gap between ribbons.
 100 pT

10 pT

1 pT

Noise spectrum of the developed search coil magnetometer.

 Hall 효과

RH I 1
U HL = B EH = − J x B
t ne
1
RH = −
ne
Pµ h2 − nµ e2
RH =
e(nµ e + pµ h ) 2

Rectangular Hall plate (cc1,cc2: current constant sc1,sc2:

sensor constant I: bias current U: voltage drop ,UH: Hall
voltage

Physics : carrier concentration and kind of carrier measurement

Engineering : magnetic field measurement
Current Measurement

Arrangement for noninvasive Characteristic curve produced by

current measurement using an iron the current
core. The current to be measured
produces a proportional magnetic
field which can be measured in the
air gap.
Arrangement for indirect noninvasive
current measurement using the
compensation principle. An iron core as
represented in Figure 3-29 is held field Circuit diagram for AC-power
free by injection a current into a measurement using a Hall effect
compensating coil wound on the core sensor.
which offsets the field generated by the
current being measured. The Hall effect
sensor in the air gap serves as a null
indicator.
DC Power Measurement

Circuit diagram for DC-

power measurement using a
Hall effect sensor.
Noncontact Position Sensing

Galvanomagnetic components for sensing the position of permanent magnets

and magnetically conductive materials.
 Current Sensor Based on Hall Sensor
and Magnetic Core for Hybrid Vehicle

K.H. Yeon1, S.D. Kim1, and D. Son2

1Autoindustry co.,14F Hanshin IT tower Guro Gu, Seoul, Korea
2Hannam University,Ojung dong 133, Daejeon Rep. of Korea
Current Sensor Based on Hall
Sensor and Magnetic Core
B B
i BS

Hall sensor
I lgBS
µ 0 N1
I
( µ r >>)
ring core gab core

Magnetic field
Occurred by
current measurement

Current/Voltage Hall
Output
applying for Effect
Hall effect device Signal signals
Device
operation process
circuits
Developed Current Sensor

Magnetic core

Hall sensor

PCB
Characteristics of the Current Sensors

Linearity of the sensor 1000A ,10 V power supply
5.0

4.5 Current sensor(Open loop type)

Temp. 25C
4.0 400A model
+400 ~ -400A
3.5 SD : 0.00128
Linearity : 0.03%
Output voltage, V

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
current, A

Temperature : 25℃
Linearity : 0.03% 1000A Electronic Load
Measuring range : -400A ~ +400A

Frequency bandwidth

Frequency bandwidth : 100 kHz

18
15 Current sensor Gain bandwidth : 3 MHz
DV2 PCB / 24pF Current : 10 A
12
40A.turns
9
6
3
0
dB

-3
-6 Temperature : 25℃
-9 Current : 40A.turns
-12
-15
Frequency range 100 Hz ~ 100 kHz
-18

1 10 100
Frequency, kHz
측정온도 : 25℃
Sensor output voltage vs. frequency
at applied current of 40 A.turns. 주파수특성 : 30kHz 이상(3dB 기준)

측정전류 : 40A.turns(4A, 10턴)

측정주파수 : 100Hz ~ 100kHz

 Magnetoresistance effect(AMR)

What is Magnetoresistance

1
∆Rx ≈ ∆Rm (hx cos 2θ + hx 1 − hx sin 2θ − cos 2θ
2 2

New effect: GMR, CMR and GMI

∆ρ / ρ ≈ 2 − 3%
∆ρ / ρ ≥ 10%
Two bridge configuration for
rotational angle measurement
measurement angle more than 180o
자동차 Engine Management System
 Inductive and Eddy Current

Sensors Excited by Permanent Magnets

U (t ) = − N ⋅ d φ / d t
construction of an inductive
sensor (courtesy VDO Adolf
Schindling AG).
1) constant socket,
2) terminal package,
3) permanent magnet,
4) cap,
5) soft magnetic core,
6) coil,
7) plate,
8) blade connector.
 γ

Sensor with yoke. Change in the magnetic flux with

varying air gap. Continuous lines:
minimum air gap; dashed lines:
maximum air gap.
C-shaped sensor.

Sensor with radially

magnetized
permanent magnet.
Signal Conditioning

Output voltage U of a DC-excited sensor with permanent

magnets, when a single iron object passes by.
Schematic electrical diagram of an inductive sensor.
AC-Excited Sensors for Linear Movement
Linear Variable Differential Transformer

Principle of construction of an LVDT.

 Electrical circuit of an LVDT.

U = − N ⋅ dφ / d t = − M ⋅ dI / d t
U = U 2 − U1 = M 2 ⋅ dI / d t − M 1 ⋅ dI / d t
U = ( M 2 − M 1 ) ⋅ dI / d t
M = M 2 − M 1 = M ( x)
U
U = M ( x) ⋅ dI / d t M ( x) =
dI / d t
Signal Conditioning

auto.
power carrier carrier demod-
amp. LVDT
supply gen. amp. ulator
control.

phase
shifter

Block diagram of a carrier amplifier system.

passive
power carrier DC
LVDT demod-
supply gen. amp.
ulator

Block diagram of a DC amplifier system.

Variable Inductive Sensors

Principle of construction
of the VLP sensor.

Principle of a bridge
circuit.
L = µ0 ⋅ µr ⋅ N 2 ⋅ A / l
U A = U1 − U B / 2
U A = U B ⋅ (iωL1/(iωL1 + iωL2 ) − 1 / 2

U A = U B ⋅ ( L + ∆L /(( L + ∆L) + ( L − ∆L)) − 1 / 2)

U A = U B ⋅ (( L + ∆L) / 2 L − 1 / 2)

U A = 1 / 2 ⋅ U B ⋅ ∆L / L
∆ L = d L / dl ⋅ ∆ l
U A / U B = 1 /( 2 L) ⋅ d L / dl ⋅ ∆l
 Applications and Properties

Principle of a construction of a force transducer

(courtesy Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik)
Vibration/acceleration sensor.
 Signal Conditioning

Schematic electrical diagram of a force transducer connected with an

amplifier (courtesy Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH).
Variable Gap Sensors

L = µ 0 ⋅ N 2 ⋅ A /(lFe / µ Fe + l L / µ L )

Lmax = µ 0 ⋅ N 2 ⋅ µ Fe ⋅ A / lFe

Construction of a variable gap sensor.

Characteristic of a variable gap sensor.

Construction of a differential Output voltage U versus core
cross-anchor sensor. position x. ± a : limits of the
linear rage.
Applications of differential cross-anchor sensors.
AC-excited Sensors for Rotary Movements

U yx = U x 0 − U y 0 = U1 ⋅ K ⋅ 3 ⋅ sin (α - 120°)

U zy = U y 0 − U z 0 = U1 ⋅ K ⋅ 3 ⋅ sin (α - 240°)
Principle of construction of a synchro.
U y 0 = K ⋅ U1 ⋅ cos α U xz = U z 0 − U x 0 = U1 ⋅ K ⋅ 3 ⋅ sin α
U z 0 = K ⋅ U1 ⋅ cos (α - 120°)
U x 0 = K ⋅ U 1 ⋅ cos (α - 240°)
 Application to the Torque Sensor

Torque versus angular

difference.

Principle of construction of a torque-type synchro.

M ~ K ⋅ sin (α t − α r )
U r ~ U1 ⋅ cos (α t − α r )

Principle of construction of a control-type sensor.

 Output voltage versus
angular difference.

Principle of construction of a differential sychro.

Eddy Current Sensors
curl E = −dB / dt
curl H = J
div B = 0
B = µ (H) ⋅ H
J = σ (E) ⋅ E
B = curl A
E = - dA/dt
J = σ (−dA/dt )
curl curl A/µ = −σdA/dt
(1/µ )(curl curl A) = −iσωA
(1/µ )(∆A) = iσωA
 Eddy Current Tachometer

Construction of a speedometer (courtesy VDO Adolf Schinding AG). 1) spindle, 2) bearing,

3) holding spring, 4) iron yoke, 5) eddy current cup, 6) shaft of the magnet, 7) support of
the magnet, 8) temperature compensation, 9) permanent magnet, 10) torsion spring.
Proximity Sensors

Schematic diagram of a proximity sensor.

Output current of a
proximity switch versus
distance
Inductive Flowmeters

F = q ⋅ (υ × B )
F = q⋅E
E =υ × B
U = Eds = (υ × B )
U = d ⋅ (υ × B )

U = K ⋅ d ⋅υ ⋅ B
Development of magnetic phase detection
sensor for steam generator tube

Dirac Son1, Kwan-Sang Ryu2, Duck-Gun Park3

1Hannam University, Daejeon, Rep. of Korea
2Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Rep. of Korea
3Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Rep. of Korea
Introduction
The layout of pressurized water reactor (PWR) components

Primary side Secondary side (non-radioactive side)

(radioactive side)
 The Structure of SG(Steam Generator)
(degradation mechanism)
Steam outlet
Primary Side Secondary Side
SCC Fretting
In commercial power plants SG:
- height up to 21 m
- weight up to 800 tons
U-bend
Wall thinning - 2~4 sets of SG were installed
- SG can contain from 3,000 to
A B

SCC A-B 16,000 tubes, each about 20 mm

Anti-vibration IGA in diameter.
bars

Inside
Tubesheet IGA The SGT is made of nickel based
Inconel alloy, which is composed
SCC Tube SCC of 75% Ni, 16.5%Cr and 8.15%Fe
support
plate

Top of Pitting -Degradation mechanism : corrosion,

Tubesheet Tubesheet Sludge pile

pitting, denting, inter granular attack

Denting

-Inspection : Eddy current Testing(ECT)

by S.S.Hwang of KAERI
Primary coolant outlet Primary coolant inlet
Permeability Variation Clusters (PVC)
(Ferro-magnetic phase)

1-1 1-2
0.08
0.15
0.06

0.10
0.04

0.05 0.02

m (emu/g)
m (emu/g)
0.00 0.00

-0.02
-0.05

-0.04
-0.10
-0.06
-0.15
-1000 -500 0 500 1000 -1000 -500 0 500 1000

H ( A/m ) H ( A/m )

The hystresis loop in the fragment of PVC parts of Kori-1 retired SG tube
 How can we detect magnetic phase
(PVC)selectively from the flaws in SGT

0.06 0.06

0.04 0.04

0.02 0.02
M (emu/g)

M(emu/g)
0.00 0.00

-0.02 Inconel 600 tested at RT -0.02 Inconel 600 Heat treated at

under tensile stress o
602 C under tensile stress
1 2 3
4 5 6 1 2 3
-0.04 -0.04
7 8 9 4 5 6
10 11 12 7 8 9
-0.06 -0.06
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000

H (Oe) H(Oe)

The hysteresis loop of the tensile tested

specimen at room temperature (a), and
tensile tested at high temperature (b).

The magnetic phase can be created under the high temperature and
pressure conditions, which is correspond to the stress corrosion cracking
in the SG tube in the NPP
(Bruemmer, S.M.; Charlot, L.A. & Henager, C.H. (1988). Corrosion, 782).
Principle of ECT

If we can separate magnetic phase selectively from the

flaws using magnetic sensor, the reliability of EC in SGT
inspection will be greatly enhanced
 Design of Magnetic Sensor for PVC

Structure of the permeability Dimension and photograph of U-shape

sensor sensing yoke

Photograph of the completed sensor, front side (above) and rear side (bottom)
Electronic Circuit of Magnetic Sensor

SIN COS

R6

C17

D2

DIODE
Schematic diagram of the sensor system
C18 +5V R7
R8 C19
+5V
1n
R10 104 R9
2 - R11
8

1 6 - R12
3 + 7 2 -
U-2A 5 + 1 C20
U-2B 3 +
4

U-3A
8

C21 R13 R14

4

C22 1 1 1 R15
C23
104 L1 L2 L3
-5V 104 R16
+5V 104 2 - R17
-5V R18 1 6 - 2 -
D3 3 + 7 1
-5V 2 2 2 3 +
U-4A 10 k 5 +
+5V +5V
U-1A U1
DIODE U-4B R1

8
2 6

8
C24 C25 OUT(X) C1 IN OUT

GND
C26 20 k C2 C3 U2 C4 C5 5 3 C6
R20 R21 R2 10uF 104 10 uF 104 TRIM TEMP 104
104 10 k 104 1 16
DCLK

4
9 +Vcc DIN
104 +Vcc
R19 -5V +5V +5V 7
2 SHDN 15
+5V R R CH0 CS CS
14
C27 DIN DIN
3 13
CH1 BUSY BUSY
12
DOUT DOUT
R22 4
CH2
104 10 Ω C41
7

R23 R24 5 11
CH3 GND 10
2 - R25 GND
6 8 6
6 - Vref COMM
3 + 7
R R U5 5 +
AD797 R26 U-1B
REF43
4

C28 R3 C7

4
104
OUT(Y) C8
104 20 k
R4
-5V 10 k 104

-5V
+5V

-5V +5V
D1
C29 C9
C30 C31 DIODE
REF43 10uF
RST
U6
104 104
R27 7 5
-VCC VCC 4 R5
+VCC 2
- +5V 4.7K
- 2 6 2 1
1 R28 R29 IN S1 8 + 3 C10 +5V
OUT(X) S2
+ 3 1 U-5A
U-6A D 3 U3 C11

4
GND 0.1uF
4

C33 C32 C34 1 20

RST RST/VPP VCC
473 -5V +5V C12 10uF
6 19 U4 0.1uF
R30 7 P3.2/INT0 P1.7 18
104 C35 C36 104 8 P3.3/INT1 P1.6 17 1 C13
-5V -5V P3.4/T0 P1.5 DOUT C1+
9 16 3 16 10uF
U7 P3.5/T1 P1.4 BUSY C1- VCC +5V
15 2
P1.3 DIN V+ Y1
104 104 14 4 6 J1
P1.2 CS C2+ V-
C37 7 5 - 6 4 13 5 3 4
-VCC VCC XTAL2 P1.1/AIN1 DCLK C2- OSC OUT VCC
4 7 12 8 C14 10uF 1
P1.0/AIN0 R2IN +5V
+VCC 5 5k C15 10uF 7 2 2
+
5 2 12 T2OUT 3 GND C16
104 6 2 U-5B OSC XTAL1 P3.0/RXD R1OUT -5V
IN S1 11 13 4
8 3 T1IN R1IN 14 5 OSC 0.1uF
8

R32 1 S2 P3.1/TXD T1OUT

10 11 10 6
D 3 C38 GND P3.7 9 T2IN 15
GND R2OUT GND
- 6 CON6
7 R33 R34 104
OUT(Y) + 5 +5V
U-6B
8

C39
C40 473

104
+5V

Electronic circuit diagram of the magnetic sensor

 Experimental Setup for Magnetic Sensor
Photograph of the completed measuring system data acquisition
software in PC and probe scanning system.

Reference material Scanning System Software LabVIEW

Reference Material (1) : Normal defects and PVCs

Longitudinal and transverse defects

Def.# W L D Remarks

- 1 and 2 are inner defects, 1 0.2 5.00 0.213 (20 %) Inner defects

2 0.2 5.00 0.427 (40 %)

- 3,4,5, and 6 are outer defects with PVC, 3 0.2 5.00 0.213 (20 %)
- 7 and 8 are inner defects 4 0.2 5.00 0.427 (40 %)
Outer defects
PVC(1018)
5 0.2 5.00 0.639 (60 %)

6 0.2 5.00 0.852 (80 %)

7 0.2 5.00 0.639 (60 %) Inner defects

8 0.2 5.00 0.852 (80 %)

 Defect PVC Defect

PVC

For longitudinal defects and PVC For circumferential defects and PVC

We can distinguish PVCs and defects, and longitudinal and circumferential defects

!! ECT is very difficult to detect circumferential defects

Flux-gate Magnetometer

One core sensor Two core sensor

 Sensorpia Co.
3-축 flux-gate Magnetometer의 계략도

Sensor 1

RS422

Micro-processor(AVR)
processor(AVR)
Interface
Sensor 2

Sensor 3
 Sensorpia Co.
조립된 마그네토미터의 사진

Analog PCB

Digital PCB
 Sensorpia Co.
선형도(linearity)

60

50 y-axis
40

30
Magnetometer Output (µT)

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
Y-axis, y=0.99946 x+0.015,STD: 1.06E-4
-60
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Applied Magnetic Field (µT)

마그네토미터의 noise 특성 Sensorpia Co.

100

y-axis
10
Magnetometer noise (nT)

0.1

0.01

1E-3

1E-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency (Hz)
 Magnetometer for KoDSAT
15
After Thermal Cycle Test
10 Measured
Resistance : 193 ohm

Magnetic Moment (Am )

2
5

-5

-10

-15

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Current (mA)

Photograph of Magnetic torquer

Photograph of
3-axis Fluxgate
Magnetometer

Photograph of KoDSAT
 Application of magnetometer

Moon magnetic field

measurement

Telescope with direction indication

Joule Effect (Magnetostriction)

∆l
= e cos 2 ϕ
l

∆l ∆a ∆b
+ + =0
l a b
Actuator using Terfenol-D
 1600

1.0 1400

1200
0.5

Magnetostriction (ppm)
1000

800
B (T)

0.0
600
2 MPa
4 MPa 2 MPa
-0.5 400
6 MPa 4 MPa
8 MPa 6 MPa
10 MPa 200 8 MPa
12 MPa 10 MPa
-1.0 0 12 MPa

-200
-100 -50 0 50 100
-100 -50 0 50 100
H (kA/m)
H (kA/m)
 60

50

Displacement (micro meter)

40

30

20
FIELD
9 kA/m
12 kA/m
10 16 kA/m
20 kA/m
24 kA/m
38 kA/m
0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
I (A)

1000

900

800

700

600
L (PPM)

500

400

300
9 kA/m
12 kA/m
200
16 kA/m
20 kA/m
100
24 kA/m
38 kA/m
0

-100
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
H (kA/m)
Magnetostrictive displacement sensor
Villari Effect ( Inverse of Joule Effect)

Hysteresis loops under

tensile stress σ.
(a) Crystalline 68% NiFe
λs = +25 · 10-6;
(b) crystalline pure Ni, λs
= -35 · 10-6;
(c) amorphous Co-based
alloy,
λs = -3,5 · 10-6.

3
E me = λ s ⋅ σ ⋅ sin ϕ
2

2
 Permeability depending on the stress

2
J 1
µr = s

3µ o λ s Y σ
γ

Calculated magnetization curves under stress.

Variation of magnetization curve by an applied
tensile force (Co-based amorphous alloy).
Alloy Requirement

Materials for magnetoelastic sensors.

 Why amorphous magnetic materials are important

Coercivity and hardness of several materials.

Stress-strain curves of several materials.

Principles of magnetoelastic sensors
 Non-contact torque sensor

Equivalent magnetic circuit of

cross type torque sensor
Principle of cross torductor torque
sensor and flux pattern of sensor
poles on the surface of a shaft
a) without and b)with torsional load
Helices of principal tensile and compressive stress on the surface of
a shaft subjected to torsion [32]. Correlated changes of permeability
are detected by four-branch yoke system with sensing coils 1,2,3
and 4 and a common excitation pole
Examples of torque sensors

Four-branch type torque sensor

heads. Pole structures realized
by commercial multi-pole
ferrites 14 and 18 min in
diameter, (diameter of sensor
head 17 and 24 mm,
respectively)
Principle of Ring Torductor torque transducer.
(a, b) Physical structure, (c) evolution of the
shaft surface under the transducer poles A and B
Ring torductor for measuring
torque on ship propeller shafts
(shaft diameter ca. 500 mm)
(Courtesy ASEA Brown
Boveri AG).
Principal designs of coaxial torque sensors
Schematic diagram of data processing
electronics of a torque sensor
Extensometer. (a) Construction of strain sensing element using
amorphous ribbon wound core; (b) configuration of lumped
windings.
 Magnetically tunable delay line.

∆E effect of an amorphous FeNi-based

alloy (Fe40 Ni38 Mo4 B18). Hs: saturation
field.
Torque Sensors using Amorphous wire
Sixtus tonk효과(large Barkhausen효과)

Hysteresis loops of a Wiegand wire for different reset fields.

Curie 온도 및 Hopkinson효과

Relation between normalised Permeability of a Mn-Zn ferrite as

saturation polarisation and a function of temperature and field
normalised Curie temperature. strength
 Conclusions
1) Magnetic sensor 는 자동차, 공장자동화, 항공우주 및 군사용으로
많이 사용되고 있다.
2) 새로운 소재개발은 자기센서의 성능개발에 직접적인 영향을 준다.
3) 센서의 개발을 위해서는 다양한 전공지식이 요구된다.
(물리학, 재료공학, 기계공학, 전자공학)
4) 센서분야가 고부가가치를 창출하는 부품사업이다.
5) 핵심부품을 생산하는 중소기업의 item으로도 적절하다.