BAHASA INGGRIS 1

TATA BAHASA I

INDIRECT SPEECH
QUESTION
STATEMENT
COMMAND

by

Dr. Rita Sutjiati

Dr. Erni Hastuti
 DEFINITION

Indirect Speech (also known as reported speech) is a way how we report

what someone has said by changing some of the words said, but retaining
the same meaning.
 RULES

1.When the introductory verb or reported verb (say, tell, inform, state,
claim…) is in the present, present perfect or future tense, no change
in tense or adverbs of time and place is necessary

Direct speech:
He says:“I don‟t understand this question”.
Indirect speech:
He says that he doesn‟t understand this question.
2. When the introductory verb or reported verb is in the Past Tense,
there is a change of tense and adverbs of time and place.

Direct speech:
He said: “I don‟t understand this question”.
Indirect speech:
He said that he didn‟t understand that question.
 TENSE CHANGES

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Simple Past Simple

She said, “It‟s cold.” She said it was cold
Present Continuous Past Continuous
She said, “I‟m teaching English Online.” She said she was teaching English online.

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect simple

She said, „I‟ve been on the web since 1999.” She said she had been on the web since 1999
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Prefect continuous Past Perfect Continuous

She said, “I‟ve been teaching English for seven years.” She said she had been teaching English for seven
years

Past Simple Past perfect

She said, “I taught online yesterday.” She said she had taught online yesterday

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier” She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect Past Perfect

She said, “The lesson had already started when he NO CHANGE – She said the lesson had already
arrived.” started when he arrived

Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

She said, “I‟d already been teaching for five minutes.” NO CHANGE – She said she‟d already been
teaching for five minutes.
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Will Would
She said, “I‟ll teach English online tomorrow.” She said she would teach English online
tomorrow
Can Could
She said, “I can teach English online.” She said she could teach English online.

Must Had to
She said, “I must have a computer to teach She said she had to have a computer to
English online.” teach English online.

Shall Should
She said, “What shall we learn today?” She asked what we should learn today.

May Might
She said, “may I open a new browser?” She asked if she might open a new
browser.
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Now Then
Here That day

Here There

This That

This week That week

Tomorrow The following day

The next day
The day after

Next week The following week

The next week
The week after
 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Yesterday The previous day

The day before

Last week The previous week

The week before

Ago Previously
Before
2 weeks ago 2 weeks previously
2 weeks before

Tonight That night

Last Saturday The previous Saturday

The Saturday Before

Next Saturday The following Saturday

The next Saturday
The Saturday after
Examples:
Direct : He said, “I went to the theatre last night”.
Indirect : He said that he had gone to the theatre the night before.

Direct : He said, “I‟m staying here until nest week”.

Indirect : He said that he was staying there until the following week.
 PRONOUNS

• Personal pronouns need to be changed according to the situation.

example :
“ I run 5 km every day”, said she.
She said she ran 5 km every day.

• Besides, some demonstratives must be changed :

THIS changes to THAT and THESE to THOSE
example:
She said “I like this shirt”.
She said she liked that shirt
 REPORTING VERBS

• Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in indirect speech
We use “asked” to report questions:
Example :
I asked Lynne what time the lesson started

We use “told” with an object.

Example:
Lynne told me she felt tired.

We usually use “said” without an object.

Example :
Lynne said she was going to teach online.

If “said” is used with an object we must include “to”

Example :
Lynne said to me that she‟d never been to Chine.
 INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Direct Question : He said, “Where is she going?”

Indirect question : He asked where she was going.

A. Changes:
A. Tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives,
and adverbs of time and place change as in statements.
B. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
C. The question mark is omitted in indirect questions
• B. Say must be changed to a verb of inquiry:
Example :
He said, “Where is the station?”
He asked where the station was.

• C. Ask can be followed by the person addressed :

Example :
He asked, “ what have you got in your bag?”
He asked me what I had got in my bag.
•D. WH-Questions:
WH- QUESTION : WH- + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS

1. Subject + asked
2. WH-word + inversion of subject order
3. Change pronouns, time and place expressions and tenses.

Example :
He said, “Why didn‟t you put on the brake?”
He asked (her) why she hadn‟t put on the brake.

She said, “What do you want?”

She asked (them) what they wanted.
•E. YES/NO Questions:
YES/NO QUESTIONS: IF / WHETHER + SUJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS

1. Subject + asked if/whether….

2. Inversion of the subject order
3. Change pronouns, time and place expressions and tenses

Example :
“Can you pass me the salt?” she asked.
She asked If I could pass her the salt.

“Is anyone there?”

He asked He asked if/whether anyone was there
 QUESTIONS
DIRECT INDIRECT
1. SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
John asked Jane, “Do you invite me?” John asked Jane if she invited him.

“Why do you come late?”, He asked Susan He asked Susan why she came late.

“Is your mother fine?” Jack asked Mike. Jack asked Mike whether his mother was fine.

2. SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT

“Did you see the accident last night?” I asked him I asked him if I had seen the accident the previous
night.

He asked me, “Why didn‟t you help me yesterday?” He asked me why I hadn‟t helped him the day
before.

3. PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT

“Have you finished your work?” Mike asked Kimberly Mike asked Kimberly if she had finished her work

“What have you done in my room?” He He asked me what I had done in his room.
asked me
4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
“Are you listening to me?” the teacher asked me. The teacher asked me if I was listening to him.

“What are you looking for, Jim?” asked Jack Jack asked Jim what he was looking for.

5. SIMPLE FUTURE PAST FUTURE

I asked Kim, “Will you be here at ten?” I asked Kim if she would be there at ten.

He asked me, “Where will you go?” He asked me where I would go.

6. FUTURE CONTINUOUS PAST FUTURE CONTIUNOUS

“Will she be wearing the raincoat tomorrow?” I asked Jim I asked Jim If she would be wearing the raincoat the
following day.

“Why will you be waiting for her?” asked Tom Tom asked why I would be waiting for her.
 EXERCISE
Put the following sentences into Indirect speech with the reporting verb in
the past tense!
1. “Where did you last night?”
2. “What can I do for you?”
3. “When did they finish the work?”
4. “Why has she not read the letter?”
5. “How did you solve this problem?”
6. “What do you want?”
7. “Can You come here on time?”
8. “Are they working for this big company?”
9. “Did Tommy drive my car last night?”
10. “ Was the train very crowded?”
11. “Can you tell me why your sister is so sad?”
12. “Did you Bring your note with you or not?”
13. “How many times have I asked you to close the door?”
14. “Are you a student of this university?”
15. “Why were you so busy last week that you didn‟t come to the
party?”
 CHANGE THE FOLLOWING INTO INDIRECT SPEECH

1. “Have you seen him lately?” his mother wanted to know.

2. “What have you done?” he asked me.
3. “Can you stay to have dinner with us?” I asked him
4. He asked, “Are you going out?‟
5. Richard said, “Where is your father working now?”
6. He asked his daughter, “Do you think you can stand on your own feet now?”
7. Ali asked Mat, “Can you lend me some money?”
8. “Do you know the answer?” John asked Smith
9. “Can you make a cake?” Sujata asked Ramlah
10. “Why have you come so late?” Rosita asked Mary
11. “How much money do you have?” Anik asked
12. “What are you doing?” Caroline asked
13. “Will you be here tomorrow?” I asked Kimberly
14. “How much money do you have?” I asked him
15. She asked Jim, “Isn‟t she going to your party?”
16. “Didn‟t Dave go to Canada last year?” He asked me.
17. “Do you know where she is?” the policemen asked Tom.
18. I asked Ben, “how is your mother?”
19. “Whose book is this?” He asked me
20. “Why don‟t you go out for a meal?,” I asked Jim
21. I asked Edward, “When did you get married?”
22. I asked him, “Why didn‟t you lock the door?”