Table of Content:: Mechanics of A Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli 1

Table of content:
 Introduction
 Materials and Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites
 Mechanics of a Lamina
 Laminate Theory
 Ply by Ply Failure Analysis
 Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures: Introduction and Basics
 Flexural Strengthening
 Strengthening in Shear
 Column Confinement
 FRP Strengthening of Masonry Structures
 CFRP Strengthening of Metallic Structures
 FRP Strengthening of Timber Structures
 Design of Flexural Post-Strengthening of RC: Swiss Code 166
 Design of FRP Profiles and all FRP Structures
 An Introduction to FRP Reinforced Concrete
 Monitoring and Testing of Civil Engineering Structures
 Composite Manufacturing
 Testing Methods
Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

1
Mechanics of a Lamina
Book Geoff Eckold, Chapter 3, pp 49-65

2
A Laminate is consisting of several Laminas or Plies or
Layers.
A Lamina is consisting of Fibers and Matrix.
Micromechanics (in m-mm range) is dealing for example with

the determination of Lamina constitutive properties from those
of Fiber and Matrix, Fiber-Matrix interface stresses, etc.
Assumptions:
- Linear Elasticity: Matrix and Fiber behave as linear

elastic material (viscoelasticity of Matrix: see previous chapter)
- Perfect bond, no strain discontinuity across

interface
- Fibers are arranged in a regular or repeating array

Functional requirements for Fibers:
- High E-Modulus
- High ultimate strength
- Low variation between individual fibers
- Retain the strength during handling and fabrication
- Uniform diameter and surface

Functional requirements for Matrix:
- Bind together the fibers and protect their surfaces
- Transfer stresses to the fibers efficiently
- Chemically compatible with fibers over a long

period
- Thermally compatible with fibers

Modell of a Laminate
Laminate
A Unidirectionally Reinforced Lamina

(UD)

7
8
A Laminate
UD-Laminas

9
A Laminate

10
UD-Lamina (or UD-Ply or UD-Layer)

Definitions:
- Homogeneous: Properties are not function of the
position of the material points
- Isotropy: Properties are not function of the

orientation.
2 independent material constants: E and 
- Anisotropy: Properties are function of the

orientation with no planes of symmetry.
21 independent material constants
Micromechanics
Fiber

13
Macromechanics
Nx

14
15
Unidirectional Lamina
(UD-Lamina)
Stiffness of a UD-Lamina

16
17
18
19
20
C

21
Symmetrical planes of a transverse isotrop UD-Lamina
2 E2 and 2
1
E1 and 1

22
23
Why ??

24
Strain-Stress relation of a UD-Lamina, Plane stress
1  21
1   1  2
E1 E2
 12
1
2   1  2
E1 E2
1
 12   12
G12

25
Stress-Strain relation of a UD-Lamina, Plane stress
Inversion of the Compliance Matrix

E1  12 E 2
1  1  2
1   21 12 1   21 12
 21 E 1 E2
2  1  2
1   21 12 1   21 12
 12  G 12  12

26
Stiffness Matrix Q of a UD-Lamina
1 2  12
1 Q11 Q12
2 Q 21 Q 22
 12 Q 66

27
Stiffnesses Qij of a UD-Lamina
E1 E2
Q11  ; Q22  ; Q66  G12
1   21 12 1   21 12
 21 E1  12 E 2
Q21  ; Q12 
1   21 12 1   21 12

28
Symmetry ?
Das Bild k ann nicht angezeigt werden.
Stiffness matrix Q:
 N 
Q11 Q12 0
 2
Q= Q21 Q22 0  mm 
0 0 Q66

Compliance matrix S:
Symmetry ?
S11 S12 0
 mm 2

S= S21 S22 0  
0 0 S66
 N 

30
Symmetry ??
Q12  Q21
and S12  S 21
???
Coupling Terms
31
Elastic Energy
The stored elastic energy in the UD-Lamina is:
W   11   2 2   12 12 
1
2

32
Replace the strains with stresses using the compliance matrix as follow:
1  2  12
1 S 11 S 12
2 S 21 S 22
 12 S 66
We obtain :
2

W  S11 1  S12  S 21   1 2  S 22 2  S12 12
1 2 2 2

33
Partial differentiation provides the following strain-stress relation:
W  
 S111  S12  S21 2   1
1
1  2 
W  1 
  S12  S 21  1  S 22 2    2
 2  2 

34
Compare the equations with the strain-stress relation through compliance
matrix
1  2  12
1 S 11 S 12
2 S 21 S 22
 12 S 66
we obtain:
S12  S 21

35
If we use the stiffness matrix
1 2  12
1 Q 11 Q 12
 2 Q 21 Q 22
 12 Q 66
and replace stresses with strains, we obtain in a similar way the following
equation:
Q12  Q21

or following equation is obtained for engineering constants:
 21 E1   12 E2
or:
 21 E2

 12 E1
37
Definitions:
- Orthotropy: Anisotropy with 3 orthogonal
planes of symmetry.
9 independent constants
- Transverse Isotropy: Orthotropy with a

plane at which there is Isotropy
- Transverse Isotropy and Plane Stress:

Stress State of a Unidirectional (UD) Lamina: Transverse Isotropy,
Homogeneous
3


2
3
2
1 2
1
Plane Stress: 1 2 2
39
Independent Elasticity Constants
If there are more symmetry conditions, there will

be further reductions in the number of constants.
For a cross-ply laminate with E1=E2, there are 3
and for an isotropic material (for example mat-
laminate with randomly distributed fibers) 2
independent constants.

40
Mechanics of materials
Semi empirical equations

41
Elasticity constants of a UD-Lamina are dependent on the following parameters:
EF = Fiber E-Modulus
F = Fiber Poisson‘s Ratio
EM = Matrix E-Modulus
M = Matrix Poisson‘s Ratio
 = Fiber Volume Fraction

42
43
44
45
The longitudinal E-Modulus (parallel to the fiber direction) can be derived
from the following so called rule of mixture:
E1   F E F  1   F EM
where F = fiber volume content of the UD-
Lamina

46
The major poisson‘s ratio 12 caused by longitudinal stresses following the
rule of mixture is:
 12   F  F  1   F  M
And the minor poisson‘s ratio is:

E2
 21   12
E1
47
Semi Empirical Equations Based on Experiments

48
The transverse E-modulus for isotropic fibers according to ‚Puck‘ can be
obtained:
1  0.85 F
2
E2  E M
o
 F EM / EF  1   F 
o 1.25
EM

o
EM
1  M
2

49
According to ‚Puck‘ for isotropic fibers:
G12  GM
1  0.60  F
0.5
 F GM / GF  1   F 
1.25

50
According to ‚Förster‘ and ‚Schneider‘ for isotropic fibers:
1
E2  E M
o
 F EM / E F  1   F 
o 1.45
EM

o
EM
1  M
2

51
According to ‚Förster‘ and ‚Schneider‘ for isotropic fibers:
G12  GM
1  0.4  F
0.5
 F GM / GF  1   F 
1.45

52
Following ‚Tsai‘ for isotropic fibers:
EM 1     F 
E2  where
1  F
E F / EM  1
 and   2
EF / EM  

53
Following ‚Tsai‘ for isotropic fibers:
GM 1     F 
G12  where
1  F
G F / GM  1
 and   1
G F / GM  
54
Comparisons for E2
E2 kN/mm2
1  0.85 F
2
EE2  EM o
 F EM / EF  1   F 
o 1.25
1
EE2  EM o
 F E M / E F  1   F 
o 1.45
EE2  EM 1    F  Fiber Volume Fraction

1  F

55
Comparisons for G12
G12 kN/mm2
GG12#  GM
1  0.60 
F
0.5
 F GM / GF  1   F 
1.25
1  0.4  0.5
GG12#  GM  F
F GM / GF  1   F 
1.45
GM 1     F 
GG12#  1   F Fiber Volume Fraction

56
Anisotropic fibers
Fiber axis

57
For anisotropic fibers like C-fibers following equations can be applied:
E2 
EM 1   F
o
 3

1   F   6  F EM / EF
0.75 o
EM

o
EM
1  M
2

58
and

G 1  0.25  0 .5 
M  F 
G 
F

12 1   1.25  1.25 
F
 G /G
M F

59
Glass-Mat Lamina

60
Following equations can be applied to E-Glass Mat Lamina according to
Puck :
E  29'630  F  4'710  F  3'920

2
  0.34  0.075  F
G  10'970  F  1'370

61
Elasticity constants of some UD-Laminas
Lamina type T B (4)/5505 AS/3501 Scotchply Kevlar 49 /

300/5208 1002 Epoxy
Aramid from
Fiber C-Fibers Boron C –Fibers E-Glass E.I. Dupont
from Toray from Hercules de Nemours
EP from EP-Prepreg EP-Prepreg EP-Prepreg
Matrix Narmco from Avco from Hercules from 3M EP
Fiber volume
fraction  (%) 70 50 66 45 60
Density
(g/cm3) 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.46
E1 (N/mm2) 181'000 204'000 138'000 38'600 76'000

E (N/mm2) 10'300 18'500 8'960 8'270 5'500
12 0.28 0.23 0.30 0.26 0.34
2
G12 (N/mm ) 7'170 5'590 7'100 4'140 2'300

…Elasticity constants of some UD-Laminas
Lamina type T 300/5208 B (4)/5505 AS/3501 Scotchply 1002 Kevlar 49 /

Epoxy
2 181'000 204'000 138'000 38'600 76'000
E1 (N/mm )
2 10'300 18'500 8'960 8'270 5'500
E2 (N/mm )
12
0.28 0.23 0.30 0.26 0.34
2
G12 (N/mm ) 7'170 5'590 7'100 4'140 2'300
2 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
S11 (mm /N) 5.52510 4.90210 7.24610 25.9110 13.1610
2 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
S22 (mm /N) 97.0910 54.0510 111.610 120.910 181.810
-6 -6 -6 -6 -6
2
S12 (mm /N) -1.54710 -1.12810 -2.17410 -6.74410 -4.47410
-6 -6 -6 -6 -6
2 139.510 172.710 140.810 241.510 434.810
S33 (mm /N)
2 181'800 205'000 138'000 39'160 76'640
Q11 (N/mm )
2 10'340 18'580 9'013 8'392 5'546
Q22 (N/mm )
2
Q12 (N/mm )
2'897 4'275 2'704 2'182 1'886
2
Q33 (N/mm ) 7'170 5'790 7'100 4'140 2'300

Thermal properties of a UD-Lamina:
Expansion cofficients (Book Geoff Eckold p59)
M F
1   F 
E F
1
1   EM

64
And (Book Geoff Eckold p59)
 2   F    M (1   )  F  F  
 M  M (1   )  [ F    M (1   )]1

65
where:
 F1 = Thermal expansion coefficient of fibers in fiber longitudinal direction
 F2 = Thermal expansion coefficient of fibers perpendicular to fiber

longitudinal direction
M = Thermal expansion coefficient of matrix
M = Poisson’s ratio of matrix
EF1 = Elasticity modulus of fibers in fiber longitudinal direction
EF = Elasticity modulus of fibers perpendicular to fiber longitudinal direction

2
EM = Elasticity modulus of matrix
F = Fiber volume content

66
Failure Theories for a UD-Lamina

67
Failure Theories for a UD-Lamina
Following simple criteria can be applied to examine the fiber failure:
 1 
   1
  1max 
1max = Failure stress of a UD-Lamina in fiber direction
 1max   F max   (1   ) M max

Matrix failure:
2 2
 1  2 2
 2C max  2T max  12 
     2     1
 1M max   2C max 2T max  2C max 2T max  12max 
where
1M max  E1F M max
 2C max  Compression strength perpendicular to fiber direction
 2T max  Tensile strength perpendicular to fiber direction
12max  Shear strength
69
Fiber failure due to tensile stress

70
Fiber failure
due to
compression-
stresses

71
Fiber failure
due to
compression-
stresses

72
Matrix failure

73
2 1
Experimental determination 2
1
of the UD-Lamina E2
properties: E1  12
1
2
G12
 12  12
 12
2 1

74
Torsion and Tensile Samples

75
A torsion sample after the test

76
Transverse Tension
 2z 2
GFRP
Transverse Tension
CFRP (P55S)
2
Strain

77
Shear
 12 GFRP
CFRP (P55S)
 12
78
Combined shear and transverse stresses
 N 
 12 max  2 
 mm 
T 300 Aramid
E-Glas 12
 N 
 2C max  2 
 N 
 mm   2T max  2 
 mm 
Strength of some UD-Laminas
Lamina type T 300/5208 B (4)/5505 AS/3501 Scotchply 1002 Kevlar 49 /

Epoxy
2
1Tmax(N/mm ) 1500 1260 1447 1062 1400
2 1500 2500 1447 610 235
1Cmax(N/mm )
2
2Tmax(N/mm ) 40 61 51.7 31 12
2
2Cmax(N/mm )
246 202 206 118 53
2
12max(N/mm ) 68 67 93 72 34

80
81

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Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Book Geoff Eckold, Chapter 3, pp 49-65

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

A Lamina is consisting of Fibers and Matrix.

Micromechanics (in m-mm range) is dealing for example with

- Linear Elasticity: Matrix and Fiber behave as linear

- Perfect bond, no strain discontinuity across

- Fibers are arranged in a regular or repeating array

- High ultimate strength

- Low variation between individual fibers

- Retain the strength during handling and fabrication

- Uniform diameter and surface

- Bind together the fibers and protect their surfaces

- Transfer stresses to the fibers efficiently

- Chemically compatible with fibers over a long

- Thermally compatible with fibers

A Unidirectionally Reinforced Lamina

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

- Isotropy: Properties are not function of the

- Anisotropy: Properties are function of the

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Inversion of the Compliance Matrix

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

The stored elastic energy in the UD-Lamina is:

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

- Transverse Isotropy: Orthotropy with a

- Transverse Isotropy and Plane Stress:

If there are more symmetry conditions, there will

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

And the minor poisson‘s ratio is:

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

EE2  EM 1    F  Fiber Volume Fraction

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli

Mechanics of a Lamina Fibre Composites, FS20 Masoud Motavalli