BSF 2 – CAPTURE FISHERIES I

CvSU – NAIC SY: 2020-2021

MODULE 2

FACTORS INFLUECING FISHING

SCHOOL OF FISH
The school of fish may consist of incidental, temporary and variable groupings of few individuals
to very large numbers of a single kind of fish nearly of the same size and be having similarly.

REASONS WHY FISH ASSEMBLE

A. In order to feed
B. to avoid predators
C. In order to reproduced
D. They are re-group to looking their fish sanctuary.

Examples of fishes bonding together in the surface of water.

Sardines – anchovies – Tuna – Mackerel

Examples of fishes group on or close to the bottom of water

Lizard Fishes – Slip mouth Fishes – Good Fishes

Method used for finding School of Fishes

A. By direct ocular observation of the movement of the fishes
B. Observation of indirect indicators
C. Analyzing the oceanographic and Meteorological data
D. Trial Fishing
E. Observation by scientific instruments and Equipment
F. By aerial scouting

Other Indicators for determining the School of Fish

A. LF observe the presence of the surface Inhabiting of fish schools, by the eye or with the aid
of binoculars.
B. For under water observations, F may use diving equipment and water glasses
C. Changes of water color
D. Occurrence of foams
E. Ripples or phosphorescence
F. Flying Birds

Time for Fishing

The best time of the day to fish depends entirely on the particular fish that you are after and
area the fish is in. In general, line fisherman knows that on cloudy overcast days fish bite best. In most
cases, from dawn to mid-morning and from mid-afternoon until dust most fishes bite the best. Bright
sunlight is the poorest time for fishing with some exceptions.
In line fishing in the littoral or shallow water areas, daybreak is the most productive time on a
general average to be out fishing. The reason the fish bit will at daybreak is because of the cosmic rays
of the sun. these sun rays penetrate the clouds and water and stimulate the fishes hunger and tendency
to move which do the same thing to birds and animals including man. Most commercial fishing for
pelagic fishes in the Philippines is done during the dark phase of the mood when fish can be more

ESTELITO T. ALAMAN
FMSD FACULTY
BSF 2 – CAPTURE FISHERIES I
CvSU – NAIC SY: 2020-2021
effectively enticed by artificial light. Most pelagic fishes come close to the surface before sunset. Some
pelagic fishes are in general more active in the evening and before midnight.

Effects of Tide on Fishing

Tide and tidal current may possibly influence the catch of fishes in a locality. A rising tide is said
to be flooding and is ebbing on its way down. The exercises a pull that is strong enough to draw up the
water of the ocean by an overage height of 60 cm. at low tides fishes generally retreat to deeper waters.
Tides also influence other aspects of fishing. Knowledge of local tidal fluctuation is paramount
in unloading the fish from the Fishing vessels to service boats when the fishing boat is anchored far from
the shore in case there is no available pier or wharf.
A continuous consciousness of the state of tide is necessary to avoid delay and loss of fishing
time. In the bottom trawling, dragging with the current means increase trawling speed and more area
covered. Dragging with the current, therefore, could mean more fish. While in pelagic net fishing the
usual hauling time of the net is during “Stand” or ‘Slack” of the tide. Fishermen can prepare ahead of
this time if they know the tides and tidal currents in their fishing ground.

Weather and Fishing

The everyday activity of the Filipino fisherman is dependent on a high degree on the conditions
of the atmosphere at a given time and place with respect to temperature, air, pressure, cloudiness moist
and wind. The weather not only helps him to determine the size of the fish stock, but also their reason,
daily and hourly behavior; and availability.
Fishing operation, even of large fishing boats, are decide by weather conditions, so that the
catches depend strongly on the frequency of storms during the main fishing season for a particular fish.
The prevailing wind patterns in the Philippines intensively affect most fishing operations in the country.
Our archipelago is adjacent to two large bodies of water, the Pacific Ocean on the East and the South
China Sea in the West. The prevalent air currents from the Southwest and Northeast direction
frequently
Generate big waves in many fishing regions. Under this conditions it becomes almost impossible
for smaller water craft to fish in open seas. Because of this reason, most fishing activities have become
limited in bays, straits, sounds and other protected areas in between islands.

Major Wind Pattern in the Philippines

Amihan –The local term for the Northern or Northeast Monsoon. Distinguished generally by
more or less uniform and steady air current coming from the Asian Pacific. Coast blowing over the
Philippines from north or north east due to the presence of high pressure areas in Siberia. Wind pattern
Nov.-March.

Salatan-Air stream which reaches the archipelago from generally easterly direction and
originates from the tropical high pressure areas in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called trade winds which is
the dominating wind patterns during April to May

Handlines
A. Simple hand line or drop line – single vertical line carrying one or two barbed hooks and
worked simply dropping it into the water and waiting for fish to bite.
B. Multiple Handline – single vertical line with a small series of barbed hooks attached to it by
spreaders at regular intervals.
C. Jigger – line bearing multiple barb less hooked devices which is worked by jerking up and

ESTELITO T. ALAMAN
FMSD FACULTY
BSF 2 – CAPTURE FISHERIES I
CvSU – NAIC SY: 2020-2021
down in order to catch squids, octopus and other fishes attracted to it.
D. Pole and line gear – consist of a hand line attached to a pole used with baits of many kinds.
E. Troll lines – are hand lines with a hook or hooks at the end with natural or artificial bait that
are drawn or towed by a fast moving banca or boat.

Long lines
– extremely long lines with large series of baited hooks either set or drifting and requiring only
periodical attention at more or less fixed time interval.
A. Set long lines – anchored or in some way fixed so that they are not free to move with the
current.
B. Drift long lines – those without fixed attachment to the bottom and are free, therefore, to
drift with the tides or currents.

Falling Gear
- work on the principle of covering the fish with a gear, which can be a cover pot or cone-
shaped network with a stiff opening.
A. Cover pots – entrapping devices with the opening at the lower most to cover the fish.
B. Cover net – somewhat conical net fitted with circular rigidly framed mouth which opening is
being used to cover the fish previously attracted into another contraption.
C. Cast net – a conical net, which forms a circle covering the fish when thrown. It is heavily
weighed at the base with a retrieving line connected at the apical portion.

Fixed Impounding Nets

- gear principally made of woven or knitted fibers with meshes o confine the fish.
Filter nets – conical bag net without funnel-shaped valves, made of sinamay cloth or cotton netting fixed
in flowing water of filter shrimps, crabs, fishes, etc.
A. Hoop nets – funnel-shape bags nests constructed over circular frames having non-return
valves but no wings and catch fishes in rivers and places with fast currents by straining the
water.
B. Fyke Net - winged conical filter nets with a series of circular hoops leading to a close sac or
trap with a small opening from which exit is difficult.
C. Pound nets – fixed impounding nets supported by either stakes or held in place and
maintained in form by combination of floats or buoys, weights and anchors. “Otoshi-ami” is
a gear of this type, which was introduced in the Philippines by the Japanese fishermen to
catch tuna, bonito, yellow tails and skipjacks.
Scooping Net
- these gear take fish by submerging a hanging net and swiftly lifting the gear to capture or
enclose the fish that happen to be over it.
A. Dip net – variously shaped and framed bag net in which capture is affected usually by a
scooping motion. This is operated either by hand or mechanical power.
B. Crab lift net – small shallow square baited lift net mounted on a tapering bamboo for
caching crabs.
C. Lift nets – generally a square net, which is operated in rivers by four persons from four
bamboo outposts and operated, by merely lifting the net without the use of pulleys or
blocks.
D. Lever nets – semi-mechanized rigidly framed lift nets mounted on a bamboo raft and
operated by a lifting action of the net attached to the end of the lever.

ESTELITO T. ALAMAN
FMSD FACULTY
BSF 2 – CAPTURE FISHERIES I
CvSU – NAIC SY: 2020-2021
E. Blanket net – a lift net operated with the aid of light or chummed baits, having the float line
either suspended from the outrigger of the boat or to the series of the whole length
bamboo floats while the lines attached to the leaded side of the boat are used to haul the
net from the bottom.
F. Bag net – a cubical net like an inverted mosquito net, hang from under a boat and lifted as
soon as fish have gathered over the net.
G. “New Look” – a lift net like a bag net by the hauling process is accomplished from a
rectangular platform supported by four corner post.
H. Two Boat or Four Boat Lift Net – Lift net in which the corners are lifted from anchored boats.
I. Push Nets – triangular bag net framed with a collapsible wooden or bamboo handle.
J. Skimming Nets – lift push nets operated in deeper water from a small banca or raft, using a
skimming motion while drifting in the boat.

Drive in Gear
- various types of net operated with the use of a scare line or other devices to frighten the fish
toward the net and the lifting process of the net affects the catching of the fish.
A. Drive in nets – triangular form of netting with bamboo frame at all.
B. Muro-ami – used mostly in coral reef fishing were several fishermen equipped with vertical
ropes tied with palm leaves swim toward the set net, scaring the fish along its way.

Dragged Gear
- this group includes those nets, which are pulled through the water on or near the bottom or
even pelagically for an unlimited time.
A. Dredge – use to collect shellfishes where a farmed netting of wire is dragged along the
seabed and the capture of the fish or shells is affected by the raking or scratching action.
B. Trawls – nets in a form of a conical bag with the mouth kept open by various devices and the
entire gear is towed behind a moving boat.

A. Bottom trawls
A. Danish trawls E. Spanish trawls
B. Irish trawls F. Otter trawls
C. V.D trawls G Beam trawls
D. Japanese Beam

B. Mid-water or Pelagic trawls

Seine Nets
- consisting of a bunt or bag with very long wings or towing warps.
A. Beach seine – operated by dropping one wing, smooth and gradually shelving coastal area
on or near the shore.
B. Lampara, “Sincoro’, or Sahid - has central bag and relatively short wings of large meshes.
C. Fish corral seine – a rectangular piece of netting with a bunt at the top central part is
dragged within the enclosure of the fish corral to collect the fishes trapped inside the coral.
D. Reef seine – dragged seines operated on reefs or over rough grounds having the corking
submerged and the lead line continuously freed from snag by divers.

ESTELITO T. ALAMAN
FMSD FACULTY
BSF 2 – CAPTURE FISHERIES I
CvSU – NAIC SY: 2020-2021
Surrounding Nets
- fishing devices made of long wall of webbings.
A. Round haul seine – like a big deep net with bunt at the corner.
B. Purse seine – a round haul seine having the bunt at one end; the whole net is provided with
a pursuing device in which a draw line is pulled fishing devices made of long wall of
webbings.
C. Round haul seine – like a big deep net with bunt at the corner.
D. Purse seine – a round haul seine having the bunt at one end; the whole net is provided with
a pursuing device in which a draw line is pulled

Gill Nets
- simple walled curtain-like nets set vertically in the water, having meshes that allow the fish
head to pass in trying to swim through but not the body, and catch the fish in the gills as the fish try to
withdraw.
A. Set Gill Net – anchored on the bottom or may be fixed or attached from an anchored boat so
that the net is not free to move with the current. Fishing devices made of long wall of
webbings.
B. Round Haul Seine – like a big deep net with bunt at the corner.
C. Purse seine – a round haul seine having the bunt at one end; the whole net is provided with a
pursuing device in which a draw line is pulled

Traps for Jumping or Flying Fishes

@ a habit if in danger, of jumping out of the water, and they may act in the same manner when
meeting obstacles.
@ This behavior has been taken advantaged of in conjunction with some special fishing
methods.
@ Artificial obstacles such as fish ledges or net wall are built by fishermen to make fish jump.
@ The method of catching is that the fish, after it jumps, falls back into a horizontal floating or
suspended net or raft trap, or eve in an empty boat or box.

ESTELITO T. ALAMAN
FMSD FACULTY