Lecture4 Heat Transfer CFD 1nov2020

Lecture 4
Heat Transfer and Its Numerical Modeling
by
Dr. Sharad Pachpute
CFD Flow Engineering
Understating Heat Transfer and its Modeling

www.cfdfloweingineering.com
Outline of Presentation
1. Introduction: review of fluid flow and convective heat transfer

2. Conduction Heat Transfer
3. Forced Convective Heat Transfer: RANS equations for mass, momentum and
energy, Computation of heat transfer coefficients and convective heat transfer
rate, Case studies
4. Modeling of Natural Convection: RANS equations for natural convection,
Computation of heat transfer coefficients and convective heat transfer rate,
Case studies
5. Mixed Convection
6. Radiative Heat Transfer
1. Introduction
Modes of Heat Transfer
Part I: Heat conduction
1. Heat conduction
The heat flux is proportional to the temperature gradient:
• The heat flux is proportional to the temperature gradient:
• where k(x,y,z,T) is the thermal conductivity

• In most practical situations conduction,
convection, and radiation appear in
combination
• Also for convection, the heat transfer
coefficient is important, because a flow can
only carry heat away from a wall when that
wall is conducting.
Generalized Heat Diffusion equation
• A heat balance equation on a small volume of material
Heat Transfer from Finned Surface
Example of Conduction
Compute the heat transfer through the wall of a home:
2. Convective Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer through a fluid is by convection in the
presence of bulk fluid motion and by conduction in the absence of it.
Convective Heat Transfer
1) Forced flow :
•The flow is driven by external means like

fan, pump and blower etc.
2) Free flow /Natural flow
• Flow is driven by the density difference

between hot and cold fluids
Part II: Convective Heat Transfer
• Richardson Number
• To determine whether the flow is driven by natural convection, forced convection,
or both, we examine the Richardson number.
• Richardson number (Ri) represents the relative magnitude of natural convection
effects to forced convection effects.
Governing equations for Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
General transport equations
Convection = advection + diffusion
2. Turbulent Flow and Its Modeling
Turbulence:
• Unsteady, aperiodic motion in which all three velocity components fluctuate, mixing
matter, momentum, and energy.
Examples
Laminar Flow (smooth Flow) Turbulent Flow (smooth Flow)
• High velocity
• Chaotic/disturbed flow
• Fluctuating flow
• Eddies/rotating fluid masses
Laminar flow www.cfdfloweingineering.com

Modeling Convective
Turbulent Heat Transfer
3. Modeling Turbulent Heat Transfer
• Instantaneous equation of mass momentum and

energy equations
• After time averaging the governing equations,
we get Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations
Additional diffusion term is

called Turbulent /Reynolds
stress
Additional heat diffusion
term is called Turbulent
Heat flux
Turbulent Stress
Turbulent
Where DT = turbulent thermal diffusivity
Heat flux www.cfdfloweingineering.com
Computation of Heat Transfer Coefficients
Heat transfer coefficient

• The heat transfer coefficient is computed with a
fixed bulk temperature.
• Note that reference temperature must be
specified first.
Problem 1: Forced Flow over a Heated Cylinder
Domain for Numerical Study
Cold Flow
Heated Cylinder
•Pachpute, S., Premachandran, B. , Talukdar, P., A Numerical

Study of Combined Forced Convection and Gas Radiation From a
Circular Cylinder in Cross Flow, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol.36, pp. 135-151, 2015.
Numerical Details
ANSYS FLUENT uses FVM to solve governing equation sequentially.

➢ Laminar flow -
• Pressure discretization utilized the standard method with PISO coupling
• The second order Upwind discretization for Momentum ,energy equation
➢Turbulent flow –
• SST k-ω turbulence model
• Pressure discretization utilized the standard method with SIMPLEC coupling
• QUICK discretization scheme for momentum-ω equation and energy equations
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Stream lines at four different instants of time in one

shedding cycle at Re=7190
•Pachpute, S., Premachandran, B. , Talukdar, P., A Numerical

Study of Combined Forced Convection and Gas Radiation From a
Circular Cylinder in Cross Flow, Heat Transfer Engineering, vol.36, pp. 135-151, 2015.
Convective heat transfer from single cylinder 100
Present work
Serie
25
s1
22.5 present Nu (numerical) 80 Scholten et al.
Serie
20 Chuns Nu (experimental) s2
17.5 Eskerts Nu (experimental) 60 Re=7190
Nuθ,C
15
Re=500
Nu
12.5 40
10
7.5
20
5
2.5
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (degree)
Θ (degree)
Table III: Comparison of present Nu for convection with experimental result
Convective Nusselt number ( Nuconv )

% difference
Tu
Re Present From Scholton
% Scholton et.al. Zukausk
numerical K. Szczepanik et. al et al.
(experimental) as
value
7190 1.6 55.22 67.3 (steady k- model ) 51 47.3 8.88%
21580 0.46 111.45 148 (unsteady k- model ) 103.4 91.3 7.78 %
35950 0.34 142.86 - 127.5 124 12.04 %
50350 0.36 171.28 191.1www.cfdfloweingineering.com

(steady k- model ) 155.1 151.7 10.56 %
Problem 2: Turbulent Jet Impingement Cooling
• V2-f (RANS) Turbulence model was used for numerical simulation( it involves 4
equations, K,ε,v’2,f
S. Pachpute, B. Premachandran, Experimental and numerical investigations of slot Jet Impingement with and without a
Semi-circular Bottom Confinement, Int. J. Heatwww.cfdfloweingineering.com
MassTras.114 ( 2017) 866 -890.
Turbulent Jet Impingement Cooling
Temperature Contours with streamlines
Effect of the confinement size on the local Nusselt number at ReD = 20000
ReD = 20000, H/S = 2
500
without confinement (Experimental)

Rc/R = 1.7 (Experimental)
Rc/R = 2.6 (Experimental)
400
Rc/R=3.7 (Experimental)
without confinement (Numerical)
Rc/R = 1.7 (Numerical)
Nu,
300
200
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Angle,
RANS LES
• 2D , steady state simulation • 3D , unsteady state simulation
• All scales are modeled • Large scales are resolved
• Time averaged flow pattern • Instantaneous flow pattern
S. Pachpute, B. Premachandran, Experimental investigation and large eddy simulation of a slot jet impinging over a heated cylinder
with and without a quadrilateral confinement, , App. Thermal Eng., 144 (2018) 854 – 876
Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Effect of the Prandtl number on the Boundary layer
Flat Plate Boundary Layer
Effect of the Prandtl number on the Boundary layer
Computational domain :
Free stream
T∞
Outlet
Inlet H=2m
Wall
L=10 m
Boundary conditions:
Momentum B.C . Thermal B.C.
Inlet U∞ T∞
WALL Ux=Uy = 0 Tw=350
Free Stream U∞ T∞
Outlet dUx/dX=0 dT/dx =0
Numerical Solution:
Governing equation of mass, momentum ( Navier Stokes eqn.) and energy
for laminar flow are solved using finite volume method based solver, ANSYS FLUENT
Note : In all the cases, ReL=20,000 is fixed , but thermal BCs are changing
Momentum and Thermal BL
ReL=20,000, Pr=0.7, Tin=300 K, Tw=350 K
Momentum Boundary layer:
Thermal Boundary layer:
Thermal Boundary layer for Constant wall Temperature condition
(1) Pr=0.016 (Mercury)
Inlet
T∞ =300 K
(2) Pr=0.71 (Air) Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K
Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K

(3) Pr=13(sea water)
Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K

Case A: Local HTC
Twall=310K
Twall=330K
Twall=350K
Case A: Thermal Boundary layer at Constant heat flux condition Re=20,000
(1) Pr=0.016 (Mercury)
Inlet
T∞ =300 K
Wall at q”=100 W/m2

(2) Pr=0.7 (Air)

(3) Pr=13 (Sea water)

Comment: TBL thickness varies along the length
Case B: Thermal Boundary Layer : Constant Temperature wall condition
at ReL=10,000 and Pr=0.7
y
Twall=310K
y
Twall=330K
y
T =350K
wall
Case A: Local HTC
Twall=310K
Twall=330K
Twall=350K
Comparison of Cases A and B at ReL=10,000 and Pr=0.7
Case A: constant Q” condition Case B: constant Temp. condition

Thermal Boundary layer (TBL)
Q”=1 W/m2 Twall=310K
Thickness of TBL is the same
Local HTC
No difference is observed in local HTC
Part -II
Convective Heat Transfer :

Axisymmetric-Internal Flow
T fluid  Tsurface
Analytical Approach
Case (A) : Qs= constant
h= Qs/(Ts-Tm) www.cfdfloweingineering.com
Bulk Mean/Mass weighted Average Temperature
Numerical Convective Heat Transfer : Axis-symmetric Flow
Case (A)
Case (B)
Geometry
Discretization of
domain in
axisymmetric co-sys
Numerically solving
governing equations
Velocity and
Temperature fields
Compute Wall Heat Flux
Compute HTC
Nusselt number Nu= hD/k
Thermal Considerations – Internal Flow
T fluid  Tsurface
a thermal boundary layer develops
The growth of dth depends on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent
Extent of Thermal Entrance Region:
Laminar Flow:  x fd ,t 
   0.05 Re Pr
 D 
Turbulent Flow:
 x fd ,t 
   10
 www.cfdfloweingineering.com
D 
Case (A) : Q”s = constant wall condition , Re=100, Pr=0.7
Velocity Distribution
r
x
Velocity Vectors with Ux magnitude
Radial Velocity profiles for Ux

Case (A): Temperature Distribution at Re=100, Pr=0.7
Velocity Vectors with T magnitude Qs’’= 4 W/m2=constant
Temperature profiles Non-dimensional Temperature (NDT) profiles
Constant Heat Flux conditions
360
350
340
330
T(K)
320 Twall (K)
310 Tm (K)
300
290
0 2 4 6 8 10
X/D
10
9
8 Qs=const, Re=100, Pr=0.7
7
6
NuD
5
4 Nu=4.36
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
X/D
Case (B) : Ts = constant wall condition , Re=100, Pr=0.7
Velocity Vectors with T magnitude
Temperature profiles Non-dimensional Temperature (NDT) profiles
Case (B) : Ts = constant wall condition , Re=100, Pr=0.7
360
350
340
330
Tw(K)
T (K)
320
Tm (K)
310
300
290
280
0 2 4 6 8 10
X/D
10
9
8
7 Ts=const, Re=100, Pr=0.7
6
Nu
5
4 Nu=3.66
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
X/D
Comparison of the Non-dimensional Temperature (NDT) profiles
Case (A): Qs=constant Case (B): Ts=constant
Note:
•As the Nusselt number is a measure of NDT gradient at the wall
•More NDT gradient is observed in thewww.cfdfloweingineering.com
Case (A) i.e. Qs= constant conditions
Case (c): Graetz’s Problem Problems ;Unheated Starting Length
Axial velocity at ReD=100, Pr=12
Umax= 2Uin
Velocity Contours
Temperatures Contours x fd ,t  12 m (X*>0.1)
Te=300K
X=1.5 m Ts=400K, constant

ReD=100, Pr=12, X*=X/(RReDPr)
X1=1.5m X2=32m
Non-dimensional temperature (NDT) profiles for Graetz’s Problem
Is the NDT profile fully developed ?
For thermally fully developed
X*>0.1, Re=100, Pr=12 X* =X/(RoReD Pr)
420
400
Till X*=X/R/(RePr) =0.266
380
360
T
340 Tm(K)
Tw(K)
320
300
280
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
X*
35
30
25
Nux
20
Nux*
15
Nux
10
unheated Heated Region
5
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X*
Laminar non-circular flows
4. Natural Convection
4. Natural Convection
Governing Equations Air flow over a heated Plate
The Boussinesq Approximation for Natural Convection
• Boussinesq model assumes the fluid density is constant in all terms of the
momentum equation except the body force term.
(RANS equations )
• In the body force term, the fluid density is linearized.
• For many natural convection problems, this treatment provides faster convergence
than other temperature-dependent density descriptions.
• The assumption of constant density reduces nonlinear nature of the governing
equations.
• The Boussinesq assumption is valid when density variations are small. Cannot be
used with species transport or reacting flows.
•Turbulence Generation Due to Buoyancy
• The generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy (Gb) is, by

default, always included in the TKE equation.
• Gb is always included in the k equation for SKE, RNG, SKE, and RSM
turbulence models. Buoyancy effects can be included in the k–ω models
Source term due to Buoyancy
• Generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy (Gb) is by default

neglected in the dissipation (TKE),ε equation.
Example – Door and roof vents on a building with heated wall
• The roof static pressure is set to 0 while the door static pressure must be
given a hydrostatic head profile based on the height of the building.
•So, the correct boundary conditions are:
Note: In this case, if you can set the

operating density equal to the
external ambient density then the
hydrostatic component can be
ignored:
5. Mixed Convection – Combined Free and Force convection
Mixed Convection (Combined Free and Forced Convection))
Mixed convection flows: The effect of free convection is not negligible
Governing Equations
Dimensional equations Non-dimensional equations
Mixed Convection
Example (1): Passenger Cabin in an Aircraft
Mixed Convection
Example (2): Heat Transfer in a Room
Part 3
Radiation Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Part I: Radiation without participating media
• Surface radiation
• Surface phenomena
• No change in radiation intensity
• Basic radiation quantity - emissive power
• Analysis simple : depends on geometric factors and surface
temperature and their radiation properties
Surface-to-surface Radiation
Part II: Radiation with Participating Media
• Gas radiation
• Volumetric phenomena
• Change in radiation intensity
• Basic radiation quantity
• intensity of radiation
• Analysis complex
Characterization of the participating medium
➢ Absorption: attenuation of intensity → absorption coefficient κ

➢ Emission: augmentation of intensity → absorption coefficient κ
➢ Scattering → scattering coefficient σs, scattering albedo ω and scattering phase
function p
▪ In-scattering: augmentation of intensity

▪ Out-scattering: attenuation of intensity
Radiation Parameter
Radiative transfer equation (RTE) – transient form
c = ds/dt : speed of light
Radiation Modelling
➢ Radiation intensity transport equations (RTE) are solved. Local

absorption by fluid and at boundaries links energy equation with RTE
➢ Radiation intensity is directionally and spatially dependent

• Intensity along any direction can be reduced by: • Local absorption
and Out-scattering (scattering away from the direction).
• Intensity along any direction can be augmented by Local emission
and In-scattering (scattering into the direction)
➢ Four common radiation models are

1. Discrete Ordinates Model (DOM)
2. Discrete Transfer Radiation Model (DTRM)
3. P-1 Radiation Model. – Rosseland Model.
Choosing a Radiation model
❑ For certain problems, one radiation model may be more appropriate in general.
➢ Computational effort: P-1 gives reasonable accuracy with less effort

➢ Accuracy: DTRM and DOM more accurate
➢ Optical thickness: DTRM/DOM for optically thin media (optical
thickness << 1); P-1 sufficiently accurate and faster for optically thick
media.
➢ Scattering: P-1 and DOM account for scattering.
➢ Particulate effects: P-1 and DOM account for radiation exchange
between gas and particulates.
➢ Localized heat sources: DTRM/DOM with sufficiently large number of
rays/ordinates is more appropriate.
✓ DOM is the only model that works across the full range of conditions.
Discrete ordinates model
• The radiative transfer equation is solved for a discrete number of finite solid angles
❑ Advantages:
✓ Solution method similar to that for the other conservation equations
✓ Conservative method leads to heat balance for coarse discretization
✓ Accuracy can be increased by using a finer discretization
✓ Accounts for scattering, semi-transparent media, specular surfaces
✓ Banded-gray option for wavelength-dependent transmission.
❑ Limitations:
✓ Solving a problem with a large number of ordinates is CPU-intensive.
2-D discretization
Angular Discretization
• The simplest angular discretization is to

divide the angular space into N θ x N φ
control angles with equally spaced ∆ θ and
∆φ
• The size of these control angles can be
adjusted to capture the physics of the
problem at hand
• Integrating the RTE over a typical C.V. and a

control angle
Radiative Heat Transfer BCs
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Lecture 4

Heat Transfer and Its Numerical Modeling

Understating Heat Transfer and its Modeling

1. Introduction: review of fluid flow and convective heat transfer

• The heat flux is proportional to the temperature gradient:

• where k(x,y,z,T) is the thermal conductivity

• A heat balance equation on a small volume of material

Compute the heat transfer through the wall of a home:

•The flow is driven by external means like

2) Free flow /Natural flow

• Flow is driven by the density difference

General transport equations

Laminar flow www.cfdfloweingineering.com

• Instantaneous equation of mass momentum and

Additional diffusion term is

Heat transfer coefficient

Domain for Numerical Study

•Pachpute, S., Premachandran, B. , Talukdar, P., A Numerical

ANSYS FLUENT uses FVM to solve governing equation sequentially.

Stream lines at four different instants of time in one

•Pachpute, S., Premachandran, B. , Talukdar, P., A Numerical

Convective Nusselt number ( Nuconv )

7190 1.6 55.22 67.3 (steady k- model ) 51 47.3 8.88%

35950 0.34 142.86 - 127.5 124 12.04 %

50350 0.36 171.28 191.1www.cfdfloweingineering.com

without confinement (Experimental)

ReL=20,000, Pr=0.7, Tin=300 K, Tw=350 K

Momentum Boundary layer:

Thermal Boundary layer:

(2) Pr=0.71 (Air) Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K

Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K

Wall is maintained at Tw=350 K

Wall at q”=100 W/m2

Wall at q”=100 W/m2

Wall at q”=10 W/m2

Case A: constant Q” condition Case B: constant Temp. condition

Q”=1 W/m2 Twall=310K

Thickness of TBL is the same

Convective Heat Transfer :

Case (A) : Qs= constant

Compute Wall Heat Flux

a thermal boundary layer develops

The growth of dth depends on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent

Extent of Thermal Entrance Region:

Velocity Vectors with Ux magnitude

Radial Velocity profiles for Ux

Velocity Vectors with T magnitude Qs’’= 4 W/m2=constant

Temperature profiles Non-dimensional Temperature (NDT) profiles

Velocity Vectors with T magnitude

Temperature profiles Non-dimensional Temperature (NDT) profiles

Case (A): Qs=constant Case (B): Ts=constant

Temperatures Contours x fd ,t  12 m (X*>0.1)

X=1.5 m Ts=400K, constant

Is the NDT profile fully developed ?

• In the body force term, the fluid density is linearized.

• The generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy (Gb) is, by

Source term due to Buoyancy

• Generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy (Gb) is by default

Note: In this case, if you can set the

Dimensional equations Non-dimensional equations

Characterization of the participating medium

➢ Absorption: attenuation of intensity → absorption coefficient κ

▪ In-scattering: augmentation of intensity