Heat and Mass Transfer

Heat
Convection
NUR AISYAH BINTI SALMAN
Course Learning Outcome

CLO 1 | Explain the principle of heat convection

CLO 2 | Distinguish between Natural and Forced Convection

CLO 3 | Apply for dimensionless number in solving heat

convection problems
Principle of Heat Convection

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid
or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.

Heat transfer through the fluid layer will be by convection when the fluid involves some
motion and by conduction when the fluid layer is motionless.

The presence of bulk motion of the fluid ENHANCES the heat transfer between the solid
surface and the fluid.
The FASTER the fluid motion, the GREATER the convection heat transfer
 Conduction vs Convection

Transfer of heat by the interaction Involves the transfer of heat by the

between adjacent molecules of a mixing and motion of a fluid due to
material. the density differences.
Natural Convection

Heat is transfer when any fluid motion is caused by natural means such
bouyancy effect

Bouyancy Effect

The transfer of heat by mixing the warmer portions of the

fluid with the cooler portions.
The rise of warmer fluid and fall of the cooler fluid.
This is due to density difference:
Hot fluids are lighter than cool fluids & tend to rise.
Forced Convection

A special type of heat transfer in which fluids are forced to move, in order to increase the heat

transfer. This forcing can be done with a ceiling fan, a pump, suction device, or other.
Natural vs Force
Convection
 Heat Convection Equation

The rate of convection heat transfer is proportional to temp. difference, area and
heat transfer coefficient
Heat Convection Resistance
Equation
Heat Convection Transfer Coefficient

Definition: the rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit

temperature difference.

Also, known as film conductance.

For the calculation of heat transfer, q the value for h has to be determined first for either natural
or force convection

Therefore, the value of the heat transfer coefficient, h must be evaluated from the Nusselt
Number, Nu.

The S.I unit for h is W/m2K

Example 1

A 1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room that

is maintained at 200C. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of

resistance heating, and the surface temperature of the wire is measured

to be 2400C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric

current through the wire are measured to be 110V and 3A, respectively.

Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer

between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
Dimensionless Number

Natural/Free convection FORCE convection

> Rayleigh Number, Ra > Reynolds Number, Re

> Nusselt Number, Nu

> Grashof Number, Gr
> Prandtl Number, Pr
> Prandtl Number, Pr

> Nusselt Number, Nu

 Natural
Convection
 Grashof Number

Interpreted physically as a dimensionless no. that represents the ratio of buoyancy forces to the

viscous forces acting on the fluid

Grashof No. in natural convection plays a role similar to the Reynolds No. (Re) in forced

convection
Grashof Number
 Rayleigh Number

The Rayleigh number for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with

buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free or natural convection.

 Prandtl Number

The ratio of momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscocity) to thermal (heat) diffusivity

 Reynolds Number

Reynolds number is the ratio between inertial forces to viscous forces thus making Reynolds

number useful for predicting the nature of the flow ( Laminar, Turbulent or transition)
 Nusselt Number

Nusselt number (Nu) is the ratio of convective heat transfer.

The formula for Nu no is varied with the geometry of the surface.

 Nusselt Number
Vertical Plate and Vertical Cylinder
Nusselt Number
Horizontal Cylinder
Nusselt Number
Sphere
Example 2

A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes

through a large room whose temperature is 20 0C. If the outer surface

temperature of the pipe is 70 0C, determine the rate of heat loss from the

pipe by natural convection.

Assumption: steady operating condition exist, air is an ideal gas, the P atm

is 1 atm.

The properties of air at T = 45 0C

k= 0.02699 W/m. 0C Pr= 0.7241 v= 1.749x10-5 m2

 Force
Convection
Nusselt Number
Flat Plate
 Nusselt Number
Cylinder
For cylinder with the axis is perpendicular to the flow, the equation used to predict h is
 Nusselt Number
Sphere
When a sphere is being heated or cooled by a fluid flowing past it, the equation for predicting the h:

The fluid properties are evaluated at Tb except for , which is evaluated at the surface temperature
Ts
 Example 3

A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is

110 0C passes through some open area that is not protected against the

winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length

when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10 0C and the wind is blowing across

the pipe at a velocity of 8m/s.

(1093W)

The properties of air at the temperature T=600C and 1 atm pressure are

(Table A-15)

k = 0.02808 W/m.0C v = 1.896 x 10-5m2/s Pr = 0.7202

Film & Overall
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Many heat transfer processes involve a combination of both conduction and

convection.

Example:

Heat Exchanger

Convective heat transfer coefficient (h) for the fluid film inside and outside the

tubes

The thermal conductivity (k) and thickness (Dx) of the tube wall must also be

accounted for

That is why we use the overall heat transfer coefficient, U.

Film & Overall
Heat Transfer Coefficient

Plate Tube or Cylinder