wfmdayl h:d¾:jdoh 1

^Dialectical Realism&
ld¾,a udlaia f.a foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úê l%uh
tax.,aiag ,shQ ,smshl udlaia ioyka l<d ;ukaf.a úêl%uh .ek msgq ;=k y;rl
igyklaj;a ieliSug fya woyia lrk nj' tfy;a udlaia fï fmdfrdkaÿj
bgql<njla udlaia f.a bx.%Sishg oeuQ ,smsj,ska fmfkkafk kE' fuhg wdikak
igykla yeáhg ;sfhkafk Grundrisse ys m<lr we;s foaYmd,k wd¾Ól
úoHdfõ úêl%uh lshk igykhs' ud fï idlÉPdfõÈ n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
ta woyia ir,j bÈßm;a lrkak'
udlaia f.a úêl%uh wfmdayl fN!;sljdoh f,i nyq, jYfhka yeÈka fõ' th
udlaiaf.a fyda tax.a,aiaf.a fhÿula fkdfõ' uf.a oekqfï yeáhg th
maf,lfkdõ yÿkajdÿka mohla' mYapd;a úma,j reishdfõ diamat f,i fuh
ckm%sh flrekd' b,Hkafldõ jekakjqkaf.a rpkd yerekúg diamat u.ska
flrefka udlaia f.a úêl%uh úlD; lsÍuhs' iagd,ska f.a tu úIh .ek rpkh
fuhg fydo WodyrKhla'
wfmdayl fN!;sljdoh hk fhÿu m%Yak u;= lrkakla' wm Y%S,xldfõ újdoh
fj; uola yerefkd;a ud ys;kj uydpd¾h k,ska is,ajd jeo.;a woyia folla
u;=lr ;sfí h lsh,' m<uqjekak" wmf.a wkqN+;Ska yqÿ bkaøshhka mylska fkdj
yhlska ,nd.kafka h hk woyi' ta yhfjks bkaøsh is; ^mind& hs' ud ys;kj
fuh jeo.;a woyila lshd' fï iïnkaOfhka flfkl=g ke.sh yels
m%Yakh ;=,ska Tyqf.a fojk jeo.;a woyi oel.; yelshs' ta
m%Yakh ;ud( ˜‍ fldfyao Th is; ke;akï uki YÍrfha msysgd ;sfnkafk@˜‍
ud ys;kj th jerÈ m%Yakhla lsh,' tjka fN!;sl msysàula wjYHuo@
h:d¾:h } fN!;slh iu. i¾jiu jkafka o@
ud ys;kj fï .eg¨‍ j úi§fï u.la frdahs nIal¾ úiska iemfhkj lshd'
Tyqg wkqj h:d¾:h > fN!;slh' tfukau th fN!;slúh hq;=u ke;' wfmdayl
fN!;sljdoh fjkqjg wfmdayl h:d¾:jdoh ^dialectical realism or realist
dialectic& hk nIal¾ f.a fhÿu jvd ksfrda.S mohle hs uu is;ñ' ^úia;r
lrkak&
udlaia f.a ,smsh yÿkajd §ug fmr ;j;a mQ¾úldjla wjYH hehs is;ñ'
b;sydih .ek meyeÈ,s iy ksjerÈ oelaula ke;sj udlaia f.a úêl%uh
ikao¾N.; lsÍu l< fkdfya' iafg*ka fuifrdia g wkqj b;sydi ixl,amh
uQ,hhka ;=klska m%Odk jYfhka iukaú; fõ' ta fufia h
1' ft;sydisl ldrl;ajh ks¾Kkh¦
2' yqÿ ld,fha .,dhdula f,i fkdj ffki¾.sl wúþÑkak l%shdj,shla f,i
fjki ixcdkkh¦
3' úYaùh;ajh iy iqúfYaI;ajh w;r m%;sfrdaOh yÿkdf.k tys iyjdofhka
ft;sydisl isoaëka tajdfha úfYaI;djh w;sl%uKh fldg .%yKh lsÍu'
m%d.aOkfha úYaj p,kh iu. b;sydi l:kh fndfydafihska fjkia úk'
tfy;a tys iajhxj¾Okh m<uqfjkau ksisf,i .%yKh lr.;af;a fya.,a h'
tfiajqjo" bx.%Sis foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHd{hka fuka fya.,a f.a woyia
m%d.aOkh iodld,sl meje;au .ek Tyqf.a ia:djrh ksid b;sydih iyuq,skau
újD; tlla f,i oelaug fya.,ag fkdyels úh' Tyqf.a m%isoaO

1
lshuk( ;d¾lslh ;:H h' ;:Hh ;d¾lslh' ;j;a wE;g f.dia fya ;:Hh
Okd;aul f,i ÿgqfõ h' OfkaYajr isú,a iudch iy OfkaYajr rdcHh
kjd;eka ,laIh f,i fya ÿgqfõ h'
udlaia ;u ia:djrh úia;r lf<a m%;sf,daukfha m%;sf,daukh ^inversion of
inversion& f,i h' frdahs nIal¾ g wkqj" udlaia fya.,a f.a ksrfmalaI ú{dk
jd§ ioaNdjjdoh ^absolute idealist ontology&" iufmalaIKjd§ ;d¾lsl
{dkúNd.h ^speculative rationalist epistemology& iy ú{dkjd§ iudc
úoHdj ^substantive idealist sociology& m%;sf,daukh lf<a h'
udlaia ;u foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úê l%uh keu;s igyfkys lsishï lgq
igykla ;nkafka {dk úNd.Sh úêl%uh .ek h' wms oeka ta ,smsfha wvx.= foa
fj; yefruq'
Grundrisse ixialdrl yd mßj¾;l jQ udáka ksfld,ia g wkqj Grundrisse
udlaiaf.a m%d.aOkfhys wka;¾ ;¾lKh f;areï .ekaug kj wdf,dalhla
imhhs' tfukau udlaiaf.a mrfhaCIK l%ufõoh yeoEÍug ;lafiare l<
fkdyels w.hla tu igykays ;sfí'
msgq 100- 108 msgqj, oelshyels foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úê l%uh uehska hq;=
igyk úNd. lsÍug fmrd;=j idlÉPd flfrk lreKq.eko i,ld ne,Su
wjYH fõ'
udlaia fufia ,shhs' ˜‍ wm yuqfõ we;s úIh fN!;sl ksYamdokh h' iudcfha
fjfiñka ksYamdokh lrk mqoa.,hka - tkï iudchShj ks¾Kh flfrk mqoa.,
ksYamdokh - wfma wdrïNl ,laIh hs'˜‍ ^83& m%mxphka iy jHqyhhka fukau
iïnkaO;d o ft;sydisl l%shdj,shl M,hhka fõ' wevï iañ;a yd fâúâ
ßldfvda iQ;%.;l<dla fuka fï mqoa.,fhda i¾jld,Skj Ôj;ajQfjda
fkdjQy' ;uka ksYamdok wd¾Ólhla fjkqfjka fmkS isákafkuqhs iuyfrla
lsh;s' Tjqkaf.ka weish hq;af;a ˜‍ fudk ksYamdok wd¾Ólhla fjkqfjkao Tn
fmkS isákafka@˜‍ udlaia fufia ,shhs' ˜‍ wm ksYamdokh .ek l:dlrk
yeuúglu wm thska woyia lrkafka iudc ixj¾Okfha ksYaÑ; wjêhl
ksYamdokh h'˜‍ ^85& tfia fkdue;sj ksYamdokh .ek l:dlsÍfuys f;areula
ke;' ulaksido@ ˜‍ fmdÿfõ ksYamdokh hkq úhqla;hls˜‍ ^85&' fufia
wdrïNfha§u fya fhdackd lrkafka ft;sydisl p,kh wjOdrKh lsÍfuys
wkSjdrH;ajh h' nIal¾ fjkafldg olajk nkaOq;d wfmdaylh ^relatioal
dialectic& h'
yeu iudc wjêhlgu fmdÿ pß;dx. ke;ehs fuhska fkdlshfõ' udkjhd yeu
úglu lsishï fuj,ula ksYamdokfha§ fhdod.;af;a h' tfiajqjo" foaYmd,k
wd¾Ól úoHdj hkq ;dlaI‚l úIhhla fkdfõ' fuu iudc wjêkays fjkialï
f;areï .ekafï§ jeo.;a jkafka tlS fmdÿ pß;dx. mjd flfia fjkiaù o
hkak h' fï lreK Grundrisse ys miq igykaj, §¾>j idlÉPd jkafka h'
fuhska miq Tyq fhdod .kafka ksYamdokh" fnodyeÍu" yqjudrej iy
mßfNdackh w;r iïnkaOh idlÉPd lsÍug h' fï iïnkaO;d iy jHqyhhka
§¾>j miq igykaj, idlÉPd fõ' uf.a lshùu fï fláigyka OfkaYajr
iudchl ioaNdjjd§ wfmdayl ú.%yhl ^ontological dialectic& lgq igykls
^88- 100&' ksYamdokh" fnodyeÍu" yqjudrej iy mßfNdackh w;r we;af;a

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f¾Çh iïnkaOhla fkdfõ' tfukau tajd tlsfklska fjkia jkafka ke;'
WodyrKhla f,i ksYamdokh tla w;lska mßfNdackhla o jkafka h'
ksYamdokfha § ksYamdok idOl mßfNdackh flf¾' ksYamdok l%shdj,sh" tkï
M,odhS mßfNdackh wjik B,. rjqu ioyd mßfNdackh flfrk NdKav
ksYamdokh fõ' fï wkqj ksYamdok l%shdj,sh mqk¾-ksYamdok l%shdj,shla o
jkafka h'
ksYamdokh iy fnodyeÍu w;r o we;af;a tjkau wfmdayl iïnkaO;djhls'
ksYamdokh fnodyeÍu ks¾Kh lrkq fukau fnodyeÍu u.ska ksYamdokh
ks¾Kkh lrkafka h' fya fulS i;aNdjd;aul wfmdayl l%shdj,sh Grundrisse
igyka fmd;aj, fukau m%d.aOkh fmdf;ys o úia;rd;aulj úNd. lrhs' tfia
jqjo Tyqg ;u Ydia;%Sh jHmD;sh wjika lsÍug fkdyels úh'
foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úêl%uh uehska we;s flá igyk {dk úN.d;aul
wfmdaylh ms<sno udlaia b;sßlr.sh fydou igykhehs ug isf;a' m%d.aOkh th
iqNdú;hg oeuQ ;ek h'
fuys uq,a fldgfiys mod;aul fkdjk mßj¾;khla fufia h'
˜‍ ˜‍ wm lsishï rgla foaYmd,k- wd¾Ól jYfhka i,ldn,k úg wm
idudkHfhka wdrïN lrkafka ck.ykfhks' tys mx;s ixhq;sh" k.rh
iy .u w;r jHdma;sh" úúO ksYamdok wxY w;r fnÿk wdldrh" cd;sl
ksYamdokh iy mßfNdackh wdÈh ta iu. wms i,ld n,uq'˜‍
ó,.g fya fufia igyka lrhs'
˜‍ fufia h:d¾:fhka -i;H ixhqla;fhka- wdrïN lsÍu ksjerÈ hehs fmkShkq
we;' ukao@ ck.ykh wd¾Ól úoHdfõ i;H mQ¾j fldkafoaish h¦ ksYamdokh
keu;s iudc l%shdfjys moku iy úIh jkafka ck.ykh h' tfia jqjo
wdikak wOHdhkhla fmkajkafka fï úêl%uh idjoH nj h' th iukaú;jk
mx;Ska fkdi,ld yeßfhd;a ck.ykh hkak úhqla;hls' tfukau th
ordisák uQ,hhka - tkï jegqma Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh - .ek wjfndaOhla ug
fkdue;af;ñ mx;s hkak ysia mohla muKla fõ' jegqma Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh
wfkla w;ska yqjudrej" Y%u úNckh yd ñ, yd nefoa' WodyrKhla f,i jegqma
Y%uh" jákdlu" ñ, jeks fohska ndysrj m%d.aOkhg f;areula fkdue;af;a
h'˜‍
tfiakï udlaia fhdackd lrk úl,am {dk úoHd;aul úêl%uh l=ula o@
˜‍ fï wkqj ud ck.ykfhka ú.%yh wdrïN lf<d;a th iuia;h ms<sno
wjq,aiy.; ixl,amhla jkq we;' ud ta ksid ;jÿrg;a ks¾Kkh yryd jvd;a
ir, ixl,amhla fj; úYaf,aIKd;aulj ,.djkafkñ' tu.ska jvd ir,
ks¾Kkhla fj; ,.dfjk ;=re úhqla;lrKh mgq lrkafkñ' Bgmiq t;ekaisg
kej;;a ck.ykh fj; kej; ,.dfjk ;=re .uka lrkafkñ' oeka
t<fUkafka iuia;h .ek wjq,aiy.; ixl,amhla fj; fkdj wkQmuh
ks¾Kkhkaf.ka iy iïnkaO;djhkaf.ka fyì fmdfydi;a iuia;hlg
h'˜‍
Wla; úêl%uh udlaia Ndú;hg ke.=fõ flfia o@
i;H ixhqla;h ^real concrete& } ck.ykh ^th úhqla; fukau iuia;h .ek
wjq,aiy.; ixl,amhk&
b;du;a ir, l=vd tallh f;la úhqla;lrKh" ta tallh jQfha NdKavh

3
^commodity& hs' m%d.aOkh fmdf;a m<uqfjks fldgi ;=< udlaia lrkafka
Ndxvh .ek flfrk iQlaIau úNd. lsÍula u.ska OfkaYajr l%ufha ir,u
tallh ;=,ska OfkaYajr l%ufha p,s; kshdufha uQ,sl m%;sfrdaOhka f;areï
lr .ekauh' oeka wdmyq .uk werôh hq;= h' NdKavh" jákialu" w;sßla;
jákdlu" jegqma Y%uh ''' m%d.aOkh yryd Ty ;e;a lf<a rdcHh f;la .uka
lsÍug h' tfy;a Tyqg th ksul< fkdyels úh'
udlaia g wkqj fï ksjerÈ úoHd;aul úêl%uh h' iuia;h .ek uq,ska ;snQ wjq,a
iy.; ixl,amh fjkqjg fï úêl%uh Tiafia f.dvk.d.kafka iuia;h .ek
ksrjq,a idr.¾N ixl,amhls' fï wfmdayl {dk úNd.d;aul l%uh yryd
t<fUk ixhqla;h ms<sno ixl,amh fya fufia yÿkajhs' ˜‍ ixhqla;h"
ixhqla;hla jkafka th fndfyda ks¾Kkhkaf.a ixflakaøKhla jk fyhsks'
tkï úreoaOhkaf.a tluq;=j ls'˜‍ ^101& fya fuu l%shdj,sh ;jÿrg;a fufia
úia;r lrhs' ˜‍ fuu l%shdj,sh wm ÿgqfõ Ñka;k ;,fha È. weÿk tlla
f,i h' ta wkqj ffp;isl ixflakaøKhla f,i h' m%;sM,hla f,i h' th
wdrïNl ,laIh fkdúk' tfy;a th we;a;gu h:d¾:fha§ th wdrïNl ,laIh
jQfha h' tfukau th ksÍlaIKfha iy ixl,amkfha o wdrïNl ,laIh jQfha h'
m<uq .ufka§ mQrK ixl,amh úhqla; ks¾Kkhlg jdIam ù .sfha h'
fofjks .ufka§ úhqla; ks¾Kkhka uki ;=< tkï is;sú,a,la f,i
ixhqla;h m%;sks¾udKh lsÍu f;la j¾Okh jQfha h'˜‍

wfmdayl h:d¾:jdoh - 2
udlaia f.a m%d.aOkh i;H ixhqla;h ^real concrete& .ek wfmdayl lshùuls'
i;H ixhqla;h ukfiys mqk¾- ks¾udKh lsÍuls' f,kska ioyka lf<a wmg
i;Hhhg jvd;a ,.dúh yelafla fï .uk yryd njh' ú[a[dKjdoh iy
h:d¾:jdoh w;r fjki" úfYaIfhka fya.,a iy udlaia w;r fjki" fï wkqj
f;areï .; yels fõ' kej;;a wms udlaiag ijka fouq'
˜‍ fya.,a fuys§ udhdjlg yiq jQfha h' ta h:d¾:h ta u.skau leá jQ
Ñka;kfha ksYamdÈ;hla f,i is;Sfuka h' tysu idr .fõIKhla f,i
oelSfuka h' th th úiskau wkdjrKh lrkakla f,i oelSfuka h'
úhqla;fhka ixhqla;hg by, ke.Sfï úêl%uh we;a;gu ixhqla;h Ñka;kh
u.ska w;alr.ekafï tlu l%uh fõ' ixhqla;h ukfiys m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï
tlu l%uh h' tfy;a fï u.ska tlS ukfiys ks¾ñ; ixhqla;h meje;au ^being&
njg m;a fkdjkafka h˜‍ ^101&'
udlaia ;jÿrg;a fufia ,shhs' ˜‍ ysfiys rEm.;jk iuia;h" tkï Ñka;kSh
jQ iuia;h" ys;k" l,amkhlrk ysil M,hhla h' l,amkhlrk ysig
f,dalh w;am;alr.; yelafla ta wdldrfhka mu‚' '' ienE foh ysfika iy
Ñka;k l%shdj,sfhka iajdh;a;j tys meje;au ;jÿrg;a /l .kafka h' ysfia
l%shdldß;ajh iufmalaIs; h' kHdhhd;aul h' taksid kHdhhd;aul ;,fhys
úIh" iudch ysf;ys ;nd.; hq;af;a l,amkhla wkqudkhla f,i h˜‍ ^101-
02&'
bÈßhg hdug fmr fuf;la idlÉPd flrek udlaia f.a úêl%uh
idrdxYlr .ksuq' iEu ú.%yhlu wdrïNl ,laIh i;H h:d¾:h ^real

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concrete& h' lsishï kHdhhla h:d¾:jd§ ùugkï th my; oelafjk oE ms<s.;
hq;= fõ'
1' úIhnoaO;ajh ^objectivity&( th fï jkúg oek we;o ke;o" oek.; yels
foa h:d¾:h h' th oDYHudk fkdjqjo h:d¾:h úh yel'
2' jerÈh iq¨‍ nj ^fallibility&( kj f;dr;=re u.ska m%;slafIamKhg újD;
úhhq;= fõ'
3' wêm%mxp;ajh ^transphenomenality&( oDYHudkfhka Tíng hd yelsnj
fuhska ye.fõ' oekqu oDYHudkhg iSudfkdfõ' tajd miqmi we;s jHqyhhka o
lrd úysfokakls'
4' m%;s-m%mxp;ajh ^counter-phenomenality&( h:d¾:h .eUqfrys we;s
jHqyhhkag úysfokjd muKla fkdj" th oDYHudkh g mriamr úfrdaë úh
yelalla o fõ' ^Critical Realism( An Introduction to Roy Bhaskarzs
Philosophy by Andrew Collier" pp' 6- 7&
w¾kiaÜ uekafv,a olajk mßÈ udlaia úiska fidhd.kq ,enQ m%d.aOkfha
p,kfha idudkH kS;ska iy OfkaYajr ksYamdok udÈ,sfha b;sydih w;r
iïnkaOh udlaiajd§ kHdfha jvd;au ixlS¾K .eg¨‍ j,ska tlls' fï fol
w;r iïnkaOhla ke;ehs iuyfrla ;¾l lr;s' Tjqkg wkqj udlaia lf<a
OfkaYajr ksYamdok udÈ,sfha wNHka;r jHqyhhka iy iïnkaO;d újrlr
fmkaùu h' ;j;a iuyfrl=g wkqj OfkaYajr l%uh ;=< oelshyels l=,lhka
úldYkh jQ wdldrh fy<slsÍu udlaia f.a wruqK úh' we;a;gu kï udlaiaf.a
úYaf,aIKh diachronic ^hula úldYkh jQ wdldrh fmkaùu& fukau
synchronic ^hul lsishï fudfyd;l mj;akd jHqyh ú.%y lsÍu h& tlla o
úh' ^fï mo fol ioyd iqÿiq isxy, mo ug fidhd.; fkdyelsúh'& kej; wms
Grundrisse g yefruq' udlaia fufia ,shhs' ˜‍ ksisf,i ixj¾Okh fkdjQ
iuia;fha n,.;= iïnkaO;d ir, l=,lhla u.ska m%ldYKh flfrkafka hehs
lsj yel' tfia;a ke;akï" m%ldYs; Èidjg tu iuia;h j¾Okh ùug fmr
ft;sydisl meje;aula we;s jvd ixj¾ê; iuia;hl w;=re iy hg;a
iïnkaO;d" ixhqla; l=,lhla u.ska m%ldY lrkq ,nkq we;' tu m%udKhg
ir,;ajfhka werö iïnkaë;ajh lrd isÿjk úhqla; Ñka;kfha .ukau.
ienE ft;sydisl l%shdj,sfha .uk iu. iumd; jkafka h˜‍ ^102&' udlaia f.a
wfmdaylh ta f;arefuka ˜‍ Woa.dó fukau ks.dñ fõ' ;d¾lsl fukau
ft;sydisl o jkafka h˜‍ ^f,kska" 38" 320&' frdahs nYal¾ ioyka lr f,i th
retroductive jkafka h'
fuys§ wm isÿúh yels jerÈ lsysmhla l,a;shd f;areï.; hq;= h'
1' udlaiaf.a ú.%y l%uh iy udlaia ;u úYaf,aIK m%;sM, bÈßm;a lrk l%uh
tlsfklska fjkia jkafka h' ^Capital" Vol 1" 102&
2' oDYHudkh iy idrh' h:d¾:h wê-m%mxp;ajfhka hq;= hehs wms uq,ska
oelaùuq' ˜‍ ndysr oDYHudkh iy idrh iDcqj iumd; jkafka kï ish¨‍
úoHdjka jevlg ke;sj hkq we;e˜‍ hs udlaia jfrl ,Sfõ h ^Capital' Vol
3' 797&' oDYHudkh h:d¾:h fkdjk njla fyda idrh muKlau h:d¾:h jk
njla fyda fuhska lsisfia;au woyia fkdfõ' oDYHudkh iy idrh w;r we;af;a
wfmdayl iïnkaOhls' ñ, oDYHudkh jk w;r th flfia ;SrKh jkafkao

5
hkak f;areï .ekaug kï tys idrh" tkï jákdlu ;SrKh ùu f;areï.;
hq;= fõ' nYal¾ retroduction f,i yeÈkajQfha fï l%shdj,sh h' oDYHudkh
iy idrh w;r we;s nyqúO w;rueÈ mqrela fuys§ yÿkdf.k f;areï.; hq;=
fõ' m%d.aOkh m<uqfjks fj¨‍ fuka f;jk fj¨‍ u olajd ú.%yh bÈßhg
f.k tafï§ udlaia md:lhd f.k wdfõ fï Èidjg h' flfia jqjo jvd;a ixhqla;
uÜgug úYaf,aIKh f.khdug ie,iqïl< wfkla fj¨‍ ï igyka f,i
b;sß lsÍug Tyqg yels fkdù h'
3' udlaia f.a úêl%ufha § úhqla;lrKh jeo.;a h' iajdNdúl úoHdjkays
iïmÍlaIKhkag ysñjk ;ek iudc úoHdjkays§ úhqla;lrKhg ysñjkafka
hehs fya wjOdrKh lf<a h ^Capital' Vol 1" 90&' tfia jqjo" fulS úhqla;lrK
l%shdj,sh m%fõYfuka l< hq;a;ls' tla w;lska th h:d¾:jdoh iy ú{dkjdoh
w;r fjki igyka lrhs' wfkla w;ska wm ys;k m;k foa h:d¾:h f,i
oelaùug fya;= fõ' ysia úhqla;lrKh ^empty abstraction& iy i;H
úhqla;lrKh ^true abstraction& w;r fjki wfmdayljdÈfhl= ksrka;r
isyshg .; hq;= fõ' ysia úhqla;lrKh u.ska flfrkafka ;u ukfiys we;s
Ñ;%hka fj;ska h:d¾:h foi ne,Su h' ta Ñ;%h h:d¾:hg wdfrdamKh lsÍu h'
l,lg fmr tka Ykauq.odika ifydaorhd Y%S,xldfõ b;sydih .ek ,shQ fmd;a
msxp fuhg lÈu WodyrKhla hehs is;ñ' udlaia i;H úhqla;lrKh f,i
ÿgqfõ i;H h:d¾:h idrj;a f,i tys jHqyhhka" iïnkaO;d iy l%shdj,ska
ukfia pdhdrEm .; lsÍuls' fuys we.úu wfmdaylh iudch iy iajNdj
O¾uh ;=< l%shd;aul h hkak h'
4' óg fndfydafihska iudk m%Yakhla i;aNùh uq,dj ^ontic fallacy& iy
{dkúNd.Sh uq,dj ^epistemic fallacy& w;r fjki u.ska wjOdrKh lrhs'
m<jekafkka isÿjkafka h:d¾:h oDYHudkhg W!kkh lsÍu jk w;r
fofjks uq,dfjka flfrkafka ;u Ñka;k rduqj, weiska h:d¾:h oelSu h
^Roy Bhaskar" Pulse of Freedom&'