Mechanics of Materials
CE 1201
Lecture-3
Md. Hossain Nadim
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Normal Stress
Md. Hossain Nadim, Lecturer, Dept. of CE, AUST
Normal Stress: Stress, is a term used to describe the intensity of a force-the quantity of force that acts on a unit
of area. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops
when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of a material. The average normal stress (𝜎)
on the cross-sectional area (A) of a member when the section is subjected to an internal resultant normal force
P is represented as,
𝑃 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜎= =
𝐴 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is
under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive force) are under
compressive stress.
Ex(1): The following ABC wooden block consists of two segments. The length of the segments and the cross-sectional areas
are given in Fig. (a) & Fig. (b). as. An Axial load of 2000lb is applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress at the midsection of
each segment.
5 in
A B C
2000 lb 2 in 5 in
2 in
4 ft 5 ft
(a) (b)
Solution:
At segment AB:
𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 5×5 =25 𝑖𝑛2
2000 lb 2000 lb
𝑃𝐴𝐵 = 2000 lb
𝑃𝐴𝐵 2000
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = = = 80 psi
𝐴𝐴𝐵 25
At segment BC:
𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2×2 = 4 𝑖𝑛2 ; 𝑃𝐵𝐶 = 2000 lb, 2000 lb 2000 lb
𝑃𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵𝐶
= 2000
4
= 500 psi
Ex(2): Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown in Fig. Knowing
that 𝑑1 = 50 mm and 𝑑2 = 30 mm, find the average normal stress at the midsection of rod AB, and rod BC.
40 kN
30 kN
Solution:
Using sections Or Using AFD
70 kN
70 kN
70 kN
:Midsection of AB
70 kN
30 kN
30 kN
:Midsection of BC
30 kN
30 kN
Solution:
Ex(3): The concrete pier shown in Fig. is loaded at the top with a uniformly distributed load of 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 .
Investigate the state of stress at the top, bottom and a level 1 𝑚 above the base. Concrete weighs
approximately 25 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 .
0.5 m
0.5 m
2m
1.5 m
Front View Side View
Solution: 0.5 m
At the top:
Area, A = 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25 𝑚2
P = 20 × 0.25 = 5 kN
5
∴𝜎= = 20 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0.25
At the bottom
Area, A = 1.5 × 0.5 = 0.75 𝑚2 1.5 m
Weight of block = 0.5 (1.5+0.5)(2)(0.5)(25)= 25 kN
Total load, P = 5+25 = 30 kN
30
∴𝜎= = 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0.75
At 1m above base:
0.5 m
Using similar triangles
1m
2m
0.25 m 0.5 m 0.25 m
1m 1m
1.5 m
0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
Area, A = 1 × 0.5 = 0.5 𝑚2
Weight of block = 0.5 (1+0.5)(1)(0.5)(25)= 9.375 kN
Total load, P = 5+9.375 = 14.375 kN
14.375
∴𝜎= = 28.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
0.5
Ex(3): Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig.. The stress in
either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The diameter of wires AB and BC are 0.4 𝑖𝑛 and 0.5 𝑖𝑛, respectively.
10 ft 6 ft
C
A
6 ft
5 ft
B
W
Solution: 10 ft 6 ft
C 6
A tan−1 ( ) = 45°
6
6 ft 5
5 ft 45° tan−1 ( ) = 26.56°
26.56° B 10
W
Using Lami's theorem,
𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝐵𝐶 𝑊
= =
sin(90° + 45°) sin(90° + 26.56°) sin(108.44°)
Design for Normal Stress in Bar AB
𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑊
=
sin(90° + 45°) sin(108.44°)
⟹ 𝑊 = 𝑅𝐴𝐵 (1.34)
⟹ 𝑊 = 𝜎𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵 (1.34)
𝜋
⟹ 𝑊 = 30 0.42 1.34 = 3.77 𝑘𝑖𝑝
4
Design for Normal Stress in Bar BC
𝑅𝐵𝐶 𝑊
=
sin(90° + 26.56°) sin(108.44°)
⟹ 𝑊 = 𝑅𝐵𝐶 (1.06)
⟹ 𝑊 = 𝜎𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵𝐶 (1.06)
𝜋
⟹ 𝑊 = 30 0.52 1.06 = 6.24 𝑘𝑖𝑝
4
The maximum safe value of 𝑊 is the smaller of the preceding two values. So, 𝑊= 3.77 kip
Ex(4): Find the stress in the member AB of the derrick shown in Fig.4. All the members are in the same vertical
plane and are joined by pins. The member is made from 8.399-𝑖𝑛2 standard steel pipe. Neglect the self-weight of
the members.
A
Cable
Cable
10 ft
C
5k
10 ft
10 ft 5 ft
Solution:
Considering joint C: A
RAC
1 2 10 ft
1 1 C
2
1 C 5k
2
10 ft
5k 1
2 B
1
10 ft 5 ft
RBC +
Using the condition; ՜𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝐵𝐶
− − =0; 𝑅𝐴𝐶 = −𝑅𝐵𝐶
5 5
Using the condition: +↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0;
2 2
𝑅𝐴𝐶 − 𝑅𝐵𝐶 − 5 =0;
5 5
5 5
⟹ 𝑅𝐴𝐶 = kip
4
At Joint A: A
+
Using the condition; ՜𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
1 2
𝑅𝐴𝐶
−
𝑇
=0; T=
5 2 T
5 2 4 1 1 RAC
Using the condition: +↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0; RAB
𝑇 2
− − 𝑅𝐴𝐵 − 𝑅𝐴𝐶 =0;
2 5
⟹ 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = −3.75 kip
3.75
Stress, 𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 8.399= 0.446 ksi
EX(5)
4” x 6”
Solution: 6𝐾
Using the condition: + 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0;
6 × 6 − 𝑅𝐶 × 10 = 0 𝑅𝐶 = 3.6 kip 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐶
6 ft 4 ft
Using the condition: +↑ 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0;
𝑅𝐴 −6 + RC = 0; RA = 2.4 kip
2.4
Stress at A, 𝜎𝐴 = = 0.1 ksi
(4×6)
6
Stress at B, 𝜎𝐵 = = 0.167 ksi
(6×6)
3.6
Stress at C, 𝜎𝐶 = = 0.1 ksi
(6×6)
EX(6): For the structure shown in the figure, calculate the size of the bolt required if the allowable stress is
18000 psi in tension. Neglect the weight of the beams
C
D
A B
Fig.1
𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐷
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 9
3 ft 6 ft 3 ft 6 ft 9 ft
Fig.3
Fig.2
From Fig.2- Solving (i) and (ii)
𝑅𝐵 = -9 kip
Using the condition: + 𝛴𝑀𝐴 = 0;
𝑅𝐶 = 15 kip
−𝑅𝐵 × 3 − 𝑅𝐶 × 9 + 9 × 12 = 0
𝑃
⇒ 3𝑅𝐵 + 9𝑅𝐶 = 108……………………(i) ∴ Area of bolt, A =
𝜎
From Fig.3- 15
=
Using the condition: + 𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 0; 18
−𝑅𝐵 × 15 − 𝑅𝐶 × 9 = 0 = 0.833 𝑖𝑛2
⇒ 15𝑅𝐵 + 9𝑅𝐶 = 0 ……………………(ii) 𝜋
(𝑑 2 ) = 0.833
4
𝑑 = 1.030 in
Use 1 ¼” diameter bolts
Exercise problems:
The horizontal bar is rigid and pinned at it's left end. The horizontal bar rests on two
vertical bars as shown and has a 1 Kip load at its right end. For each vertical bar,
determine:
1. Force,
2. Stress
2
1
The bar shown in the following fig. is made of homogeneous material and is supported by a smooth
frictionless pin at C. A cable runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. If the diameter of the
cable is 0.6 inch and the weight of the bar 7000 lb, determine the stress in the cable. (Assume
weight of the bar acts at the middle of the bar)
A rod made from Aluminum alloy is rigidly attached between a bronze rod and a steel rod as
shown in Fig. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of
Force (P) that can be applied such that stress limits will not exceed in any of the segments.
(Allowable stresses: Steel =140 MPa, Aluminum = 90 MPa, Bronze = 100 MPa.)
