Bab-Amt 3102-Midterm-Module No. 1

Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Institute of engineering and technology
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga

1
AMT 3102- ENGINEERING MECHANICS
MIDTERM MODULE 1


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Course Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Academic Honesty Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Time Allotment
TOPICS Page
(minutes)
Analysis of Structures 1 30
Construction of Trusses 1 40
Assumptions in Simple Trusses 3 20
Zero-Force Members 4 60
Seat Work 1 5 30
The Method of Joints 6 60
Procedure for Analysis 7 15
Method of Joints Sample Problems 7 330
Assignment 1 12 100
Seat Work 2 14 100
Seat Work 3 16 100
Summary 18
References 19

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MIDTERM MODULE 1


ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT
Plagiarism is the use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the representation
of them as one’s original work. (1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary)

In the academe, it is an adaption or reproduction of an original intellectual creation, be it concepts, ideas,
methods, pieces of information or expressions of another author, whether individual, group, or organization without
proper acknowledgment. Moreover, plagiarism can range from borrowing a particular phrase or sentence to
paraphrasing someone else’s original idea without citing it. The most common form of plagiarism, especially nowadays,
is copying and pasting online material without crediting the source.

Every student must practice Academic Honesty. Academic misconduct is subject to an academic penalty by the
instructor and/or disciplinary sanction by the College.

I _____________________________ fully understood the definition and description of plagiarism stated
above and I am familiar with the Student Conduct Code. I am aware that I shall be penalized if plagiarism is found
evident on my output which includes, gaining a failing grade.

As a college student and a member of scholarly community, I shall value other people’s ideas. Thus, I pledged
to commit to the following truthful statements:

1. I shall not submit other people’s work and present them as my own.
2. I will not take any passages from their own previous work without adding citations.
3. I will not rewrite someone else’s work without properly citing sources.
4. I shall not use quotations without citing the source.
5. I will not interweave various sources together in my work, without citing.
6. I will not rely too heavily on other people’s work.
7. I shall bring original thought into my own work.
8. I will not disclose any exams/questionnaires/activities after I have taken them.
9. I will not copy any material from another student and submit it as my own.
10. I shall not share my own completed output to another class/student.

__________________________
(Signature over Printed Name)

REFERENCE:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-collegesuccess-lumen1/chapter/academic-honesty/
https://www.business.umt.edu/ethics/academic-honesty.php
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MIDTERM MODULE 1


Analysis of Structures

The preceding lesson on equilibrium has discussed the basic principles
and techniques of statistical analysis. In this lesson, we extend these concepts to
the determination of how the loads applied to a structure are distributed
throughout the structure. In subsequent courses we shall learn how to determine
the dimensions of the various parts of a structure so they can safely resist these
loads.

Although there are many kinds of structures, we limit the discussion here
to pin-connected types, which are assemblages of bars and beams fastened
together by smooth bolts that act as hinges. As a preliminary to their design, our
objective is to determine the forces acting in the bars and upon the pins or
hinges of the beams. To do so, we must compose supplementary problems
involving these forces by means of properly constructed free-body diagrams.
The construction of these free-body diagrams requires an understanding of how
the structure was assembled so that we can intelligently apply assumptions
(when necessary) that simplify the analysis of the structure. We feel it is proper
to remind you that engineering is the art of obtaining answers to problems that
frequently cannot be solved exactly what we must do is to create a model of
the real situation that we can solve, recognizing that the closer the model
resembles the real situation, the more reliable the answers will be.

After we have learned how structures are constructed, we shall on their
various members create see that the forces acting in or non-concurrent systems of
forces in equilibrium. Depending on the situation, sometimes we consider the
free-body diagram of the joints that connect the members together; at other
times we consider the free body diagrams of the members. The unknown forces
in these free-body diagrams are readily determined by applying the methods
and techniques studied in the preceding lessons.

Construction of Trusses

A truss is a structure composed of members fastened together in such
way as to resist change in shape; it is a rigid structure. The purpose of a truss is
to support a larger load or span a greater distance than any individual
member from which the truss may be built. To make a structure rigid, its
members must be fastened together in such a way as to prevent any movement
between them. A pin-connected structure meeting this condition consists of three
bars forming the triangular truss shown in Fig. 1. A pin-connected structure com
posed of four bars is not rigid but is a mechanism (see Fig. 2) in which a
specified motion of AB produces a predictable controlled motion of BC and CD,
it is the basis of all machines

In Fig. 3, adding a bar BD to the four-link mechanism of Fig. 2 restores rigidity, while adding two bars BD and
AC as in Fig 4 produces a structure which is over-rigid and statically indeterminate. However, removing one of the bars
from this over rigid structure produces the trusses shown in Fig 5 and Fig 6, while in Fig 7 two bars are removed but
stability restored by a hinge at A instead of a roller support. After we discuss the formation of simple trusses and the
assumptions used in solving them, we shall develop a simple criterion to determine whether a truss is stable, unstable, or
over-rigid.

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As we have shown in the preceding discussion, the basic element of trusses is three bars arranged to form a
triangle. To this base triangle, ABC in Fig. 8, two more bars may be added to locate a joint D which is rigid relative to
the other joints. Since A and D are now fixed relative to each other two more bars may be added at these joints to
fasten together at E, after which two additional bars determine joint F. Thus, by continuing to add bars at joints rigid to
one another, additional joints can be determined and a truss consisting of many members may be constructed. Trusses
built up in this manner are known as simple trusses. Trusses consisting of two simple trusses joined by three
non-intersecting bars or by a common pin and a bar are known as compound trusses. See Fig. 9 consisting of two simple
trusses ABCDE and DFGH joined by a common pin D and the bar EH. Any other combination produces a complex truss,
but these are relatively uncommon.

Trusses are usually supported by anchoring one joint to the foundation by means of a fixed hinge as at F in Fig.
8. Since the truss could then rotate about this hinge, an additional support is necessary. This is supplied by mounting
another joint, say A, on rollers in such a way that the reaction perpendicular to the roller support will prevent rotation
about the hinge support. Then the truss is completely constrained against any movement by three reactions consisting
of two hinge components and one roller support. Observe that the roller permits thermal and/or elastic bar
deformations to occur freely.

Assumptions in Simple Trusses

The members of a truss are joined together by means of pins at
their ends (actually large bolts known as pins which act as
pivots) or more often by riveting or welding the members to a
common plate known as a gusset plate. If due care is taken to
assemble the bars so that their centerlines intersect in a
common point at each joint, experiments have shown that the
forces in the bars may be calculated as if they were
pin-connected, even though their ends are actually riveted or
welded to a gusset plate. Furthermore, trusses are designed
so that all applied loads act at the ends of the members. This
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MIDTERM MODULE 1

construction is illustrated in Fig 10 for a simple bridge. Loads are carried by the flooring which is supported by
stringers. The stingers in turn are supported by crossbeams which are attached to the joints. The net effect is that all
loads are applied at the joints of the truss. Further, it is usually assumed that the weight of the truss members is negligible
in comparison with the applied loads. In case their weight is not negligible, calculations are made on the assumption
that the weight of each ember is divided equally into two forces which act vertically downward on the end pins of the
member.

Since the space position of a truss member is fixed by the rigid
construction of the truss and the loads are applied only at the joints, its free-body
diagram would show it acted upon by only two equal, oppositely directed forces
exerted by the pins at its ends. To satisfy equilibrium, these forces must be axially
directed along the member. Such members held in equilibrium by only two forces
are called two-force members. The fact that the internal force in a two force
member is axial is important because it determines the action line of the force
although its magnitude may be unknown.

Members which are stretched are said to be in tension while those that
are shortened are said to be in compression. In a typical truss, Fig. 11a, if the
member CE were in tension, isolating it from the truss would give the free-body
diagram shown in part (b), and its effect on the joints of the truss would appear
as forces T which pull away from these joints. Another member, BD, assumed to be
in compression, would be isolated as shown so that its effect on its end joints would
be represented by forces C which push toward the pints. From these diagrams, we
deduce the following rule: A member n tension causes forces which pull away from
its end joints whereas member in compression causes forces which push toward its
end joints.

Zero-Force Members

Truss analysis using the method of joints is greatly simplified if we can first
identify those members which support no loading. These zero-force
members are used to increase the stability of the truss during construction
and to provide added support if the loading is changed. The zero-force
members of a truss can generally be found by inspection of each of the
joints. For example, consider the truss shown in Fig. 12. If a free-body
diagram of the pin at joint A is drawn. It is seen that members AB and AF
are zero-force members (We could not have come to this conclusion if we
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MIDTERM MODULE 1

had considered the free-body diagrams of joints F or B simply because there are five unknowns at each of these joints.)

In a similar manner, consider the free body diagram of joint D. Here again it is seen that DC and DE are zero-force
members. From these observations we can conclude that if only two members form a truss joint and no external load or
support reaction is applied to the joint, the two members must be zero- force members. The load on the truss in Fig. 12 is
therefore supported by only five members as shown in Fig. 13.

Now consider the truss shown in Fig. 14. By orienting the y axis
along members DC and DE and the x axis along member DA, it is seen
that DA is a zero-force member. Note that this is also the case for
member CA. In general then, if three members form a truss joint for which
two of the members are collinear, the third member is a zero-force
member provided no external force or support reaction is applied to the
joint. The truss shown in Fig. 15 is therefore suitable for supporting the
load P.

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________
Program Yr & Section: _________________________ Instructor: ___________________________

Seat Work 1:

By inspection, determine all the zero-force members of the following trusses. Assume all joints are pin connected.

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The Method of Joints

In order to analyze or design a truss, it is necessary to determine the force in each of its members. One way to
do this is to use the method of joints This method is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in equilibrium then each of
its joints is also in equilibrium. Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn, the force equilibrium
equations can then be used to obtain the member forces acting on each joint. Since the members of a plane truss are
straight two-force members lying in a single plane, each joint is subjected to a force system that is coplanar and
concurrent. As a result, only ∑ F x = 0 and ∑ F y = 0 need to be satisfied for equilibrium.

For example, consider the pin at joint B of the truss in Fig 16a. Three forces act on the pin, namely, the 500-N
force and the forces exerted by members BA and BC. The free-body diagram of the pin is shown in Fig. 16b. Here. FBA
is "pulling" on the pin, which means that member BA is in tension; whereas FBC is “pushing” on the pin, and consequently
member BC is in compression. These effects are clearly demonstrated by isolating the joint with small segments of the
member connected to the pin, Fig. 16c. The pushing or pulling on these small segments indicates the effect of the
member being either in compression or tension.
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When using the method of joints, always start at a joint having at least one known force and at most two
unknown forces, as in Fig. 16b. In this way, application of ∑ F x = 0 and ∑ F y = 0 yields two algebraic equations
which can be solved for the two unknowns. When applying these equations, the correct sense of an unknown member
force can be determined using one of two possible methods.

● The correct sense of direction of an unknown member force can, in many cases, be determined by inspection.
For example, FAC in Fig. 16b must push on the pin (compression) since its horizontal component, FBC sin 45°, must
balance the 500-N force ( ∑ F x = 0 ). Likewise, FBA is a tensile force since it balances the vertical component. FBC
cos 45° ( ∑ F y = 0 ). In more complicated cases, the sense of an unknown member force can be assumed; then,
after applying the equilibrium equations, the assumed sense can be verified from the numerical results. A
positive answer indicates that the sense is correct, whereas a negative answer indicates that the sense shown on
the free-body diagram must be reversed.
● Always assume the unknown member forces acting on the joints free-body diagram to be in tension; i.e., the
forces "pull" on the pin If this is done, then numerical solution of the equilibrium equations will yield positive
scalars for members in tension and negative scalars for members in compression. Once an unknown member
force is found, use its correct magnitude and sense (T or C) on subsequent joint free-body diagrams.

Procedure for Analysis/Key Points

The following procedure provides a means for analyzing a truss using the method of joints

● Draw the free-body diagram of a joint having at least one known force and at most two unknown forces. (If
this joint is at one of the supports, then it may be necessary first to calculate the external reactions at the
support)

● Use one of the two methods described above for establishing the sense of an unknown force.

● Orient the x and y axes such that the forces on the free-body diagram can be easily resolved into their x and
y components and then apply the two force equilibrium equations ∑ F x = 0 and ∑ F y = 0 . Solve for the two
unknown member forces and verify their correct sense.

● Using the calculated results, continue to analyze each of the other joints. Remember that a member in
compression "pushes" on the joint and a member in tension "pulls" on the joint. Also, be sure to choose a joint
having at most two unknowns and at least one known force
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Sample Problem 1:

Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in Fig. 6-8 and indicate whether the members are in
tension or compression.

Solution

Since we should have no more than two unknown forces at the joint and
at least one known force acting there, we will begin our analysis at joint B.

Joint B. The free-body diagram of the joint at B is shown in Fig. 17. Applying
the equations of equilibrium, we have

∑F x = 0 + → ∑F y = 0 ↑ +

500N + F BC sin45° = 0 − F BC cos45° − F BA = 0

F BC =− 707.1N (T ) = 707.1N (C) F BA = 500N (T )

Since the force in member BC has been calculated, we can proceed to
analyze joint C to determine the force in member CA and the support reaction at
the rocker.

Joint C. From the free-body diagram of joint C, Fig. 18, we have

∑F x = 0 + → ∑F y = 0 ↑ +

− F CA − (− 707.1N cos45°) = 0 C y + (− 707.1N sin45°) = 0

F CA = 500N (T ) C y = 500N ↑

Joint A. Although it is not necessary, we can determine the components of
the support reactions at joint A using the results of Fc and FBA. From the
free-body diagram, Fig. 19, we have

∑F x = 0 + → ∑F y = 0 ↑ +

500N + Ax = 0 Ay + 500N = 0

Ax =− 500N → = 500N ← Ay =− 500N ↑ = 500N ↓

Sample Problem 2:

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MIDTERM MODULE 1

Determine the force in each member of the truss in Fig. 20 and indicate if the members are in tension or
compression.

Solution:

Since joint C has one known and only two unknown forces acting on it, it is possible to start at this joint, then
analyze joint D, and finally joint A. This way the support reactions will not have to be determined prior to starting the
analysis.

Joint C. By inspection of the force equilibrium, Fig. 21, it can be seen that both members BC and CD must be in
compression.

∑F y = 0 ↑ + ∑F x = 0 + →

F BC sin45° − 400N = 0 − F CD + (− 565.69N cos45°) = 0

F BC =− 565.69N (T ) = 565.69N (C) F CD =− 400N (T ) = 400N (C)

Joint D. Using the result FCD = 400 N (C), the force in members BD and AD
can be found by analyzing the equilibrium of joint D. We will assume FAD
and FBD are both tensile forces, Fig. 22. The x’, y’ coordinate system will be
established so that the x' axis is directed along FBD. This way, we will
eliminate the need to solve two equations simultaneously. Now FAD can be
obtained directly by applying ∑ F y′ = 0 .

∑ F y′ = 0 ↑ +

− F AD sin15° + (− 400N sin30°) = 0

F AD =− 772.74N (T ) = 772.4N (C)

The negative sign indicates that FAD is a compressive force. Using this result,

∑ F x′ = 0 + →

F BD + (− 772.74N cos15°) + (− 400N cos30°) = 0

F BD = 1092.82N (T )

Joint A. The force in member AB can be found by analyzing the equilibrium of joint
A. Fig. 23. We have

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MIDTERM MODULE 1

∑F x = 0 +→

− (− 772.74N cos45°) + F AB = 0

F AB =− 546.41N (T ) = 546.41N (C)

Sample Problem 3:

Determine the force in each member of the truss, and state
if the members are in tension or compression.

Solution:
For the reaction of the supports:

∑ M A = 0↺ +

− 400N (1m) − 600N (3m) + Rc (4m) = 0

Rc (4m) = 400N (1m) + 600N (3m)

Rc = 2200N
4m
·m
= 550N ↑

∑ F y = 0 ↑ +

RA + RC − 400N − 600N = 0

Joint A:
∑Fy = 0 ↑ + ∑F x = 0 ↑ +

RA + AEsin45° = 0 AB + AEcos45° = 0

AEsin45° =− RA AB = − AEcos45°

AE = −450N
sin45° AB = − (− 636.40N cos45°)

AE = − 636.40N (T ) = 636.40N (C) AB = 450N (T )

Joint E:
∑Fy = 0 ↑ +

− 400N − (− 636.40N sin45°) − B Esin45° = 0

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B Esin45° =− 400N − (− 636.40N sin45°)

50N
B E = sin45°

B E = 70.71N (T )

∑ F x = 0 ↑ +

DE + B Ecos45° − AEcos45° = 0

DE = AEcos45° − B Ecos45°

DE = − 500N (T ) = 500N (C)

Joint D:
∑Fy = 0 ↑ + x’-y’

− 600N sin45° − C D + DEsin45° = 0

C D =− 600N sin45° + DEsin45°

C D =− 600N sin45° + (− 500N sin45°)

C D = − 777.82N (T ) = 777.82N (C)

∑F x = 0 ↑ + x’-y’

− 600N cos45° − B D − DEcos45° = 0

B D =− 600N cos45° − DEcos45°

B D =− 600N cos45° − (− 500N cos45°)

DE = − 70.71N (T ) = 70.71N (C)

Joint C:
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∑Fx = 0 ↑ +

− B C − C Dcos45°

B C =− C Dcos45°

B C =− (− 777.82N cos45°)

B C = 550N (T )

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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Assignment 1:

Refer to figure 29, determine the force in each member of the
truss. State if the members are in TENSION or COMPRESSION.
Set P as 12kN.

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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Continuation of solution for assignment 1. . .

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Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Seat Work 2:

Refer to figure 30, determine the force in each member of
the truss and state if the members are in tension or compression.

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MIDTERM MODULE 1


Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Continuation of solution for seat work 1. . .

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MIDTERM MODULE 1


Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Seat Work 3:

Refer to figure 31, determine the force in each member of the truss
and state if the members are in tension or compression.

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MIDTERM MODULE 1


Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: ________________

Continuation of solution for seat work 1. . .

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MIDTERM MODULE 1


Formative Assessment 1 (via Google Classroom)

SUMMARY

Simple Truss

A simple truss consists of triangle
elements connected together by
pinned joints. The forces within its
members can be determined by
assuming the members are all
two-force members, connected
concurrently at each joint. The
members are either in tension or
compression, or carry no force.
Zero-Force Members

If only two members form a truss joint
and no external load or support
reaction is applied to the joint, the
two members must be zero- force
members

If three members form a truss joint for
which two of the members are
collinear, the third member is a
zero-force member provided no
external force or support reaction is
applied to the joint.
Method of Joints

The method of joints states that if a
truss is in equilibrium, then each of its
joints is also in equilibrium. For a
plane truss, the concurrent force
system at each joint must satisfy force
∑F x = 0
equilibrium.

To obtain a numerical solution for the
forces in the members, select a joint
that has a free-body diagram with at
most two unknown forces and one
known force. (This may require first
finding the reactions at the supports.)
∑F y = 0
Once a member force is determined,
use its value and apply it to an
adjacent joint.

Remember that forces that are found
to pull on the joint are tensile forces,
and those that push on the joint are
compressive forces.

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MIDTERM MODULE 1

To avoid a simultaneous solution of

two equations, set one of the
coordinate axes along the line of
action of one of the unknown forces
and sum forces perpendicular to this
axis This will allow a direct solution
for the other unknown.

The analysis can also be simplified by
rst identifying all the zero-force
members.

REFERENCES

Hibbeler, Russell C. (2010), Engineering Mechanics Statics 12th Edition. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
23-25 First Lok Yang Road, Jurong, Singapore 629733

Problem 002-mj | Method of Joints | MATHalino. (2020). Retrieved from
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/engineering-mechanics/problem-002-mj-method-joints
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Bab-Amt 3102-Midterm-Module No. 1

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

had considered the free-body diagrams of joints F or B simply because there are five unknowns at each of these joints.)

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Procedure for Analysis/Key Points

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B Esin45° =− 400N − (− 636.40N sin45°)

Page 10 of 19

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To avoid a simultaneous solution of

Page 19 of 19

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Bab-Amt 3102-Midterm-Module No. 1

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Original Title

Copyright

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Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

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Bab-Amt 3102-Midterm-Module No. 1

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Copyright:

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

had considered the free-body diagrams of joints F or B simply because there are five unknowns at each of these joints.)

Page ​4​ of ​19

Procedure for Analysis/Key Points

Page ​7​ of ​19

Page ​8​ of ​19

B Esin45° =− 400N − (− 636.40N sin45°)

Page ​10​ of ​19

Page ​18​ of ​19

To avoid a simultaneous solution of

Page ​19​ of ​19

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