Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Process Flow Diagram For Portland Cement Manufacturing
Process Flow Diagram For Portland Cement Manufacturing
Supervised By
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MEMBERS OF GROUP H
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Contents
List of figures
Abstract
Acknowledgements
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………… 4-7
1.1 A brief history of portland cement
1.2 Uses of Portland cement
1.2.1 Rapid-Hardening cement
1.2.2 Moderate-Heat cement
1.3 The chemistry of cement function
1.4 Environmental implication
1.4.1 Dust emission
1.4.2 CO2 emission.
1.4.3 Quarry and plant water runoff
1.4.4 Chrome bricks
6. Local content initiative in the emerging trends of the Nigeria cement industry…….. 16-19
6.1 Raw material input
6.2 Employment
6.3 output
6.4 Improvement of imported technology
8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………. 21
9. Recommendation……………………………………………………………………… 22
10. Reference…………………………………………………………………………….. 23
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LIST OF FIGURES
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SUMMARY
Despite an impressive performance of the Nigeria cement industry in the sub-saharan region of Africa
the price of cement in Nigeria still remains expensive and unaffordable by the common man. This is
majorly attributed to poor power supply, poor transportation network, importation of raw material for
cement production and government policies encouraging the importation of cement into the country.
In spite of the challenges facing the Nigeria cement industry. The sector has been able to contribute to
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), create employment and provide social infrastructure and
responsibility for communities within and outside its location of operation.
Regardless of the lapses in the Nigeria cement industry, one can not totally ignore its presence in the
Nigeria economy as this sector has immensely contributed to the growth of the Nigeria economy
through the government-private partnership.
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Acknowledgement
It is factual that without the immense contribution of some dynamic people this assignment would not
have been a success .But above all the largest part of the glory must go to the almighty God for his
assistance.
A very big well done goes to every members of this group most especially to Tosin Akinbuluma,Emebu
Samuel and Nsaka Esther for making their computers available for use. Also we must say a very big
thank you to Godwin Bassey of group G and every members of room 193 hall 4 unit 1 for helping us with
internet connection and accommodating us respectively during the course of this research. we jointly
commend them and appreciate their kind gesture.
Finally we are very grateful to everybody that has in one way or the other contribute to the success of
this project. we say God bless you all…
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Cement is a fine grey powder which when reacted with water hardens to form a rigid
Chemical mineral structure which gives concrete its high strengths. Cement is in effect, the
glue that holds concrete together.
Concrete is an extremely versatile material, being used in the production of anything from
Nuclear radiation shields to playground structures and from bridges to yachts. It is able to be
Used in such a wide variety of applications because it can be poured into any shape
Reinforced with steel or glass fibres, precast, coloured, has a variety of finishes and can even
Set under water. Modern concrete is made by mixing aggregate (sand, stones and shingle) with
Portland cement and water and allowing it to set. Of these ingredients, the most
Important is Portland cement.
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Portland cement is currently defined as a mixture of argillaceous (i.e. clay-like) and
calcaneous (i.e. containing CaCO3 or other insoluble calcium salts) materials mixed with
gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) sintered and then pulverised into a fine powder. The precise
definition of Portland cement varies between different countries, and in New Zealand are
controlled by New Zealand's Standard Specification (NZS) 3122. Portland cement differs
from its precursors primarily in the fact that it is sintered.
1.2.1 Rapid-hardeningcement:
used in precast concrete
pipes and tiles. It is finer ground so that it hydrates more
.
1.2.2 Moderate-heat cement:
used for the construction of hydro-electric dams
as the heat produced by ordinary cement creates uneven
expansion and hence cracking when such a large volume of concrete is used.
Of these compounds, C3S and C3A are mainly responsible for the strength of the cement.
High percentages of C3S (low C2S) results in high early strength but also high heat generation
as the concrete sets. The reverse combination of low C3S and high C2S develops strengths
more slowly (over 52 rather than 28 days) and generates less heat. C3A causes undesirable
heat and rapid reacting properties, which can be prevented by adding CaSO4 to the final
product. C3A can be converted to the more desirable C4AF by the addition of Fe2O3 before
heating, but this also inhibits the formationof C3S. C4AF makes the cement more resistant to
seawater and results in a somewhat slower reaction which evolves less heat.
The balance of the formed compounds versus the performance characteristics required from
the cement is a chemically controlled parameter. For this reason considerable efforts are
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made during the manufacturing process to ensure the correct chemical compounds in the
correct ratios are present in the raw materials before introduction of the materials to the kiln.
Breaking the reaction processes into a number of simple zones means we can make some
approximations about the cement formation process.
Zone 1: 0 - 35 min, 800 - 1100oC
Decarbonation. Formation of 3CaO•Al2O3 above 900oC. Melting of fluxing compounds
Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (heat)
Zone 2: 35 - 40 min, 1100 - 1300oC
Exothermic reactions and the formation of secondary silicate phases as follows:
heat
2CaO + SiO2 → 2CaO•SiO2
Zone 3: 40 - 50 min, 1300 - 1450 - 1300oC
Sintering and reaction within the melt to form ternary silicates and tetracalcium aluminoferrates:
heat + time
2CaO•SiO2 + CaO → 3CaO•SiO2
heat + time
3CaO•Al2O3 + CaO + Fe2O3 → 4CaO•Al2O3
•Fe2O3
Zone 4: 50 - 60 min, 1300 - 1000oC
Cooling and crystallisation of the various mineral phases formed in the kiln.[1]
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1.4.4 Chrome bricks
Kiln bricks used to be made of hexavalent chrome, which is a carcinogen and causes
dermititus in some people.
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2.0 Portland Cement Manufacturing
2.1 Process Description
Portland cement is a fine powder, gray or white in color, that consists of a mixture of
hydraulic cement materials comprising primarily calcium silicates, aluminates and
aluminoferrites.More than 30 raw materials are known to be used in the manufacture of
portland cement, and these materials can be divided into four distinct categories: calcareous,
siliceous, argillaceous, and ferrifrous. These materials are chemically combined through
pyroprocessing and subjected to subsequent mechanical processing operations to form gray and
white portland cement. Gray Portland cement is used for structural applications and is the more
common type of cement produced. White portland cement has lower iron and manganese
contents than gray portland cement and is used primarily for decorative purposes. Portland
cement manufacturing plants are part of hydraulic cement manufacturing, which also includes
natural, masonry, and pozzolanic cement.
A diagram of the process, which encompasses production of both portland and masonry cement,
is shown in figure 1 below, the process can be divided into the following primary components:
raw material acquisition and handling, kiln feed preparation, pyroprocessing, and finished
cement grinding. Each of these process components is described briefly below.
The second step in portland cement manufacture is preparing the raw mix, or kiln feed, for the
pyroprocessing operation. Raw material preparation includes a variety of blending and sizing
operations that are designed to provide a feed with appropriate chemical and physical properties.
The raw material processing operations differ somewhat for wet and dry processes.Cement raw
materials are received with an initial moisture content varying from 1 to more than 50 percent. If
the facility uses dry process kilns, this moisture is usually reduced to less than 1 percent before
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or during grinding. Drying alone can be accomplished in impact dryers, drum dryers,paddle-
equipped rapid dryers, air separators, or autogenous mills. However, drying can also be
accomplished during grinding in ball-and-tube mills or roller mills. While thermal energy for
drying
can be supplied by exhaust gases from separate, direct-fired coal, oil, or gas burners, the most
efficient and widely used source of heat for drying is the hot exit gases from the pyroprocessing
system.Materials transport associated with dry raw milling systems can be accomplished by a
varietyof mechanisms, including screw conveyors, belt conveyors, drag conveyors, bucket
elevators, air slide conveyors, and pneumatic conveying systems. The dry raw mix is
pneumatically blended and stored in specially constructed silos until it is fed to the
pyroprocessing system.
In the wet process, water is added to the raw mill during the grinding of the raw materials in ball
or tube mills, thereby producing a pumpable slurry, or slip, of approximately 65 percent solids.
The slurry is agitated, blended, and stored in various kinds and sizes of cylindrical tanks or slurry
basins until it is fed to the pyroprocessing system.
The heart of the portland cement manufacturing process is the pyroprocessing system. This
system transforms the raw mix into clinkers, which are gray, glass-hard, spherically shaped
nodules. The chemical reactions and physical processes that constitute the transformation are
quite complex, but they can be viewed conceptually as the following sequential events:
This sequence of events may be conveniently divided into four stages, as a function of location
and temperature of the materials in the rotary kiln.
1. Evaporation of uncombined water from raw materials, as material temperature increases to
100°C (212°F);
2. Dehydration, as the material temperature increases from 100°C to approximately 430°C
(800°F) to form oxides of silicon, aluminum, and iron;
3. Calcination, during which carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved, between 900°C (1650°F) and
982°C (1800°F), to form CaO; and
4. Reaction, of the oxides in the burning zone of the rotary kiln, to form cement clinker at
temperatures of approximately 1510°C (2750°F).
Rotary kilns are long, cylindrical, slightly inclined furnaces that are lined with refractory to
protect the steel shell and retain heat within the kiln. The raw material mix enters the kiln at the
elevated end, and the combustion fuels generally are introduced into the lower end of the kiln in
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a countercurrent manner. The materials are continuously and slowly moved to the lower end by
rotation of the kiln. As they move down the kiln, the raw materials are changed to cementitious
or hydraulic minerals as a result of the increasing temperature within the kiln. The most
commonly used kiln fuels are coal, natural gas, and occasionally oil. The use of supplemental
fuels such as waste solvents, scrap rubber, and petroleum coke has expanded in recent years.
NOTE:
Five different processes are used in the portland cement industry to accomplish the
pyroprocessing step: the wet process, the dry process (long dry process), the semidry process, the
dry process with a preheater, and the dry process with a preheater/precalciner. Each of these
processes accomplishes the physical/chemical steps defined above. However, the processes vary
with respect to equipment design, method of operation, and fuel consumption. Generally, fuel
consumption decreases in the order of the processes listed. The paragraphs below briefly
describe the process, starting with the wet process and then noting differences in the other
processes.
In the wet process and long dry process, all of the pyroprocessing activity occurs in the rotary
kiln. Depending on the process type, kilns have length-to-diameter ratios in the range of 15:1 to
40:1.While some wet process kilns may be as long as 210 m (700 ft), many wet process kilns and
all dry process kilns are shorter. Wet process and long dry process pyroprocessing systems
consist solely of the simple rotary kiln. Usually, a system of chains is provided at the feed end of
the kiln in the drying or preheat zones to improve heat transfer from the hot gases to the solid
materials. As the kiln rotates, the chains are raised and exposed to the hot gases. Further kiln
rotation causes the hot chains to fall into the cooler materials at the bottom of the kiln, thereby
transferring the heat to the load.
Dry process pyroprocessing systems have been improved in thermal efficiency and productive
capacity through the addition of one or more cyclone-type preheater vessels in the gas stream
exiting the rotary kiln. This system is called the preheater process. The vessels are arranged
vertically, in series, and are supported by a structure known as the preheater tower. Hot exhaust
gases from the rotary kiln pass countercurrently through the downward-moving raw materials in
the preheater vessels.Compared to the simple rotary kiln, the heat transfer rate is significantly
increased, the degree of heat utilization is greater, and the process time is markedly reduced by
the intimate contact of the solid particles with the hot gases. The improved heat transfer allows
the length of the rotary kiln to be reduced. The hot gases from the preheater tower are often used
as a source of heat for drying raw materials in the raw mill. [2]
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3.0 Cement Production Process Route.
Portland cement (the only type of cement in common use today) is manufactured in a four
step process.
Step 1 - Quarrying
Limestone and a 'cement rock' such as clay or shale are quarried and brought to the cement
works. These rocks contain lime (CaCO3), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and ferrous
oxide (Fe2O3) - the raw materials of cement manufacture.
Step 2 - Raw material preparation
To form a consistent product, it is essential that the same mixture of minerals is used every
time. For this reason the exact composition of the limestone and clay is determined at this
point, and other ingredients added if necessary. The rock is also ground into fine particles
to increase the efficiency of the reaction.
Step 3 - Clinkering
The raw materials are then dried, heated and fed into a rotating kiln. Here the raw
materials react at very high temperatures to form 3CaO•SiO2 (tricalcium silicate),
2CaO•SiO2 (dicalcium silicate), 3CaO•Al2O3 (tricalcium aluminate) and
4CaO•Al2O3
•Fe2O3 (tetracalcium alumino-ferrate).
Step 4 - Cement milling
The 'clinker' that has now been produced will behave just like cement, but it is in particles
up to 3 cm in diameter. These are ground down to a fine powder to turn the clinker into
useful cement.
Cement production has several quite serious environmental hazards associated with it: dust
and CO2 emissions and contaminated run-off water.
These production steps are streamlined into:
Preparing raw materials: Mixing/homogenising, grinding and preheating (drying)
produces the raw meal.
Burning of raw meal to form cement clinker in the kiln: The components of the raw
meal react at high temperatures (900-1500 °C) in the precalciner and in the rotary kiln, to
give cement clinker.
Finish grinding of clinker and mixing with additives: After cooling the clinker is
ground together with additives.
Two types of kilns are distinguished: rotary kilns and shaft kilns. The former is mainly used in
industrialized countries,
while the latter is more in use in China.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION
RAW MIXTURE
SILO
ROTATING KILN
CLINKER SILO
CEMENT MILL
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Fig 3.0
The cement industry has served as a major employer of both the skilled and unskilled
labour in Nigeria.
Cement has contributed massively in the completion of most Engineering works such as
road construction,as well as the building of houses.
The cement has created an avenue for competitive advantage.
The cement industry has contributed to the aspect of encouraging private sector to play
pivotal role in the industrial development of the country.This can be seen by various
industries like WESTCOM TECHNOLOGIES AND ENERGY SERVICE LIMITED
which is presently into terminal operation of bagging of cement;IBETO CEMENT
COMPANY in port Harcourt having a capacity of 1.5m metric tonnes per annum and
some other companies which also engage in manufacturing of cement (like the dangote
cement)
The industry has helped in the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) of
Nigeria economy.
However,the aboved mentioned benefits has not fully taken shape in our Nigerian economy
today as a result of the following reason :
4.1 challenges
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5.0 EMERGING TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL AND NIGERIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY
Indian cement industry has been very proactive in adopting various technological advancements
taking place all over the world. This was particularly triggered by the partial decontrol of cement
industry in 1982 followed by full decontrol in 1989 giving the resultant free market competition
an opportunity for growth in production and productivity.
The share of energy inefficient wet process plants had slowly decreased from 94.4% in 1960 to
61.6% in 1980. Thereafter as a result of quantum jump in production capacities through
installation of modern dry process plants as well as conversion of some of the wet process
plants,
the share of wet process has reduced to less than 5% today. During the last two decades (80's
and 90's), major technological advancements took place in design of cement plant
equipment/systems basically in the following major areas :
a) Pre-calcination
b) High pressure grinding
c) Automation in process control
d) High efficiency particle separation
e) Clinker cooling
These resulted in sea change developments globally and the Indian cement industry followed
the
international trend. The special features noticeable were:
(i) Standard size of the new plants neared a million tonnes per annum
(ii) Large areas of limestone even in remote areas exploited by cluster of plants
(iii) Active search made for the latest type of technology and equipment to continually bring
down the energy costs
(iv) Large number of old wet process plants closed down or converted into dry process on
account of high cost of operation
(v) Introduction of multiple grades of cement on strength parameters surpassing the Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) specifications
(vi) Many plants taking to automation, computer controlled systems and man power reduction
(vii) Improvement in packaging with the use of HDPE/PP/paper bags in place of conventional
jute bags
(viii) Shift in the marketing strategy with specific emphasis on quality associated with brand.[3]
The trends used in Indian industries as explained above is based on best global practices and hence
also applicable to the Nigerian cement factories.
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6.0 LOCAL CONTENT INITIATIVE IN THE EMERGING TREND OF THE NIGERIAN CEMENT
INDUSTRY
The primary input for the production of cement is limestone. Secondary materials are gypsum,
shale or clay, and fuel oil or coal. More than 95% of the sector's materials are obtained locally
(most companies import the gypsum). One company now operates with 100% locally sourced
materials, and CMAN is making efforts to ensure the local sourcing of all materials.
Nkalagu Cement and Ashaka Cement Company have captive plants dedicated to satisfying their
paper-bag needs. However, the Nigerian Paper Mill in Jebba is the main supplier. The bag
manufacturers have a total installed capacity of 230 × 106 bags per annum, and the seven main
cement producers require 104 × 106 bags per annum. There is, therefore, an excess capacity of
55% in the bag-manufacturing industry.
6.2 Employment
Employment categories in the cement industry range from the professional grades (the works,
mechanical, production, electrical, and process engineers), to the skilled grades (the machinists,
plant mechanics, pipefitters and welders, kiln mechanics, and kiln burners), to administrative
staff, to unskilled labour.
All the cement-manufacturing firms in operation in Nigeria were set up with a foreign technical
partner. These partners furnished the initial expertise needed for operations, so the proportion of
expatriate personnel in most of the cement companies was initially high. However, with the
implementation of the Nigeria Enterprises Promotion Decrees of 1972 and 1977 and determined
efforts to train Nigerians, the cement industry now has many Nigerians in its management and
professional cadres.
The present estimated number of staff at the seven firms in the cement industry is 9000. About
10% of these people are in the professional and management categories. The rest are supervisory,
clerical, and other junior workers. The expatriate staff constitute about 2% of the total work
force.
6.3 Output
Although there have been seven cement companies operating in Nigeria since 1978, there are
eight cement works (WAPCO has two, at Ewekoro and Shagamu). The combined installed
capacity of the cement factories is about 5.3 × 106 t/year. Table 3 shows the local production of
cement by the individual companies in Nigeria from 1981 to 1990 and gives the capacity
utilization for the industry as a whole. The output in 1990 was estimated at 3.05 × 106 t,
representing 61% capacity utilization. The industry's advantage in local sourcing has led to a
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fairly stable trend in the level of capacity utilization, so the capacity underutilization shown in
the table must be attributed to other factors.
WAPCO commissioned its first works at Ewekoro in 1960/61, when the first kilns were built.
Subsequent kilns followed until the full complement of three kilns at Ewekoro and two kilns at
Shagamu was reached. Both works operate with the relatively old wet-process technology,
although two of the kilns at Ewekoro were converted in 1981 to the semiwet process. Over the
years, major refurbishment and improvement projects have been carried out at both works.
Ewekoro Works is one of the oldest successfully operating cement works in the world. Because
of its obsolescence, it has a high maintenance-demand factor and a more complex mix of
machinery and equipment than its sister works at Shagamu. It has a complete quarry unit; five 12
HP raw mills (1 HP = about 745 W); five cement mills; a set of silos for ground clinker and
cement; a filter press for the two semiwet kilns; and three kilns.
Over the years, Ewekoro has had many improvement and refurbishment projects: rebuilding of
the grate cooler structure; conversion of the long wet kiln to the semiwet process by the
introduction of the filter press unit and the Lepol grate; refurbishment of the electrostatic
precipitator unit to reduce dust loss and improve the environment; complete change of the chain
system in the kiln; civil engineering works on the preheater system; and repairs and
refurbishment of the back-end kiln-seal system.
Shagamu Works was designed with the benefit of the experience gained at Ewekoro and is newer
and more robust. It also is less complex; it has a big quarry; two big crushers (for rocks); three
raw mills (3000 HP each); two wet kilns (60 t/h each); two cement mills (each with 3000 HP and
a cement capacity of 100 t/h); and two cement-packing units (about 100 t/h).
The nodules then pass to the Davies preheater, where, as the name implies, they are preheated
before they pass into the kiln. Passing the nodules through the Davies preheater reduces energy
consumption. In the Davies preheater, nearly all the moisture in the nodules evaporates before
they go into the kiln, where calcination takes place to produce the cement clinker.
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The Davies preheater is a patented technology, introduced to WAPCO by BCI. It consists of
three main parts: the dome, the bowl, and the floor. Surrounding the floor are two slanting
coaxial cylinders. The outer one (the bowl) is mounted to a stationary, rigid steel frame so that it
can rotate independently on its axis, which is a shaft connected to a bearing arrangement at the
top. At the bottom of the dome there is space above the floor to give clearance.
These cylinders (i.e., the bowl and the dome) are sealed at the outer and inner edges with an
annular top cover and hood, respectively, which confine the nodules between the cylinders but
leave open to the atmosphere the upper side of a roof that spans and closes the dome. The
underside of the roof slopes upward and inward and remains static. It has an inlet through which
the nodules are fed and an outlet for exhausting gas.
The dome, bowl, and floor rotate independently about their respective axes. Only the floor is
power driven, and this is by an auxiliary motor. There are no mechanical links between the bowl,
dome, or floor. The rotation of the bowl and dome is due to the friction of the nodules. The
nodules move through the annulus to the floor chamber and then exit into the front end of the
kiln. Going counter to the flow of the nodules is hot air from the kiln, which preheats the nodules
while they are in the preheater.
Water seals are used to keep the whole arrangement air tight. There are three water seals: the
bottom seal and the inner and outer top seals. However, after the preheater was in operation for
some time at Ewekoro, problems were encountered. There were leaks in the top seals, allowing
water into the nodules. Furthermore, the water leakage caused frequent seizures of the whole
unit.
A project team, set up to study the problem, came up with a solution: converting the wet seal to a
dry seal at the top level. The seal chamber was given a heat-resistant rubber–teflon seal. A spring
was also mounted so that the constant motion of the parts helped to reinforce the seal. This
solution was arrived at after much experimentation.
Another output of the industry is decorative products, on which WAPCO has monopoly.
Portland Paints and Products Division (PPPD) was established in 1972, when WAPCO acquired
Cement Paints Nigeria. At inception, the division manufactured only cement-based decorative
products, known as Snowcem, Cemwash, and Color-crete. Between 1974 and 1979, Sandtex
products, manufactured in the United Kingdom by BCI, were introduced by PPPD. In 1980, the
division commenced the local manufacture (under licence) of Sandtex trowel, Sandtex matt, and
Sandtex textured. Other PPPD products has introduced to the Nigerian market include a roller-
textured decorative coating (Bluetex) and a high-quality emulsion paint (vinyl matt emulsion).
Case 2: Improvement to the cooler-drive system: The clinker exits at the back end of the kiln at
a temperature of > 200°C. In this state, it cannot be fed into the mills for grinding. A cooler is,
therefore, incorporated at the end of the kiln. In the original cooler assembly at Ewekoro, the
cooler drive is mounted at the front end. The power to drive the cooler is transmitted via a V-belt
pulley to a gear box, then to the drive shaft of the cooler. Thus, the drive is eccentric to the
cooler. However, it the machinery and components were too compact, making access for
maintenance very difficult.
21
In 1985, the staff improved this unit by mounting the drive on the side. This arrangement was
similar to the original, but the drive was mounted at the centre of the moving frame of the cooler,
rather than being eccentric.
Case 3: Improvement to the cement-milling system: After cooling, the next unit operation in
cement manufacture is milling. At this stage, the clinker, dosed with gypsum, enters the mill,
where it is ground. Cement emerges at the end of this operation. The milled material is sent to
the separator, where it is discharged onto a vibrating, electrically controlled screen. Coarse
rejects fall off the surface of the screen, and the fine dust is sent to the silos for storage. The
pumping unit, submerged in a pit, pumps the cement up against gravity to the silos. The vibrating
screen is also at underground level, in the pump pit. However, water logging of the pit, especially
during rainy seasons, hampered production and made maintenance more difficult.
The screening mechanization is now a mechanically driven rotary screen, which rotates at the
same speed as the mill. As well, the pump was brought up to ground level, eliminating all the
problems.[4]
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7.0 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF CEMENT INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA
Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR has been defined by Lord Holme and Richard Watts in The World
Business Council for Sustainable Development’s publication ‘Making Good Business Sense’ as “…the
continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while
improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and
society at large"[5].
From the explanation of corporate social responsibility the dangote cement company have played their
part and are still contributing in CSR across Africa and specifically in Nigeria, both nation-wide and in
host communities of cement factories, for which the company has spent a total of #15.5 billion in the
2011 as explained by the executive director of Dangote Foundation Mr. Ahmed Iya. The foundation has
covered wide sectors which includes: health, community service, education, empowerment e.t.c across
Nigeria. Typical scenarios of CRS carried out by the company in Nigeria includes:
(i).Education
In August 2011 #100 million,#18 million and #50 million was donated to the proposed Otuoke University
in Bayelsa state, University of Nigeria and Port Harcourt respectively for various developmental projects.
(ii).Security
The dangote group denoted #50 million to Lagos sate’s security fund in March 2011.
#100 and #60 million was denoted to Lagos state in July 2010 and Ibadan flood victims for rehabilitation
purposes. #400 million was donated to victims of post-election violence in Kaduna, Bauchi and Gombe.
Dangote cement factories have been distributed in zones nation-wide and there is an ongoing plan to
construct rail lines to all of these factories to increase the availability of the product and reduction of the
cost of product through reduce cost of transportation. This rail line will also serve for the mass
transportation of humans and other goods and services in interstate basis nation-wide hence reducing
cost of other products in the country and alternative for human transport.
Other CSR includes construction of school blocks, bore holes, roads and electrification in host
communities.[6]
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8.0 CONCLUSION
The rising investment in infrastructure in developing countries of the world like Nigeria had led
to an increase in the demand for cement.
Nigeria cement industry estimated value grows from about 26 billion in 2004 to 134 billion in
2008. Statistics has shown that Nigeria has the largest demand for cement in Sub-Saharan
Africa and about 95% of the inputs for cement production are sourced for locally.
The Dangote group is by far the biggest player in Nigerian cement production; others are the
Lafarge WAPCO which dominates the south-west market, Ashaka control sales in the northern
region.
The Dangote Cement company has witnessed appreciable growth in the cement industry which
raised its share capital to about 20% but has not been able to cover the gap of consumption of
cement in Nigeria.
The consumption of cement in Nigeria is determined by factors influencing the level of housing
and industrial constructions, irrigation projects, roads, laying of water supply pipes, drainage
pipes, establishment of new universities by Federal government and private individuals. Growth
in population and level of urbanization in major cities like what we are currently experiencing
In Lagos, Port Harcourt, Benin are also factors that confirm the imminent demands for cement
in Nigeria and other parts of Africa. All these including the supply gap of cement in Nigeria show
that the future investments in Nigeria Cement industry will be a viable venture.
Investigation has shown that road transportation of cement with trucks beyond 200km is not
economically viable for movement of cement within the country. So we implore the federal
government to fast track construction of new railways and rehabilitation of the existing ones
and provision of many wagons for transportation of cement within the country. These may
relax the pressure on price of cement.
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9.0 Recommendations
25
References
1.Article written by Heather Wansbrough from the article in the previous edition by G.
Slocombe (Tikipunga High School) and D. Gallop (Wilsons (N.Z.) Portland Cement Ltd.
with advice from Martyn Compton (Golden Bay Cement), Murray Mackenzie (Milburn New
Zealand Ltd.) and Tim Mackay (The Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand) and
with reference to: 100 years helping build a nation; Milburn Cement; 1988
and Bogue, Robert Herman; The Chemistry of Portland Cement (2nd. edition); Reinhold
Publishing Corporation; 1955)
2.The Manufacture of Portland Cement, The Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand;
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5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/social_responsibility.
• Lea, F. M.; The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete (3rd edition); Edward Arnold
(Publishers) Ltd.; 1970
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