References 423

The objective of this case is simply to show the SSSC raising and lowering the
power on the Big Sandy line. The SSSC is operated to control the magnitude and the
polarity of the injected voltage (i.e., the line power is not automatically controlled).
Voltage injections are selected to give a sequence of approximately 100 MW, 180
MW, 250 MW, and finally 200 MW on the line. Note the corresponding changes in
Q. From the phasor diagrams it can be clearly seen how llkte maintains a constant
phase relationship to VI and is always in quadrature with V zt • The natural flow on the
line is between 100 MW and 180 MW. Consequently the polarity of V21 is reversed
from lagging lBae to leading in this transition. The polarity reversal is accomplished by
taking the converter de bus voltage to zero, then raising it again with 180 degree phase
shift in the converter output voltage.

10.4.4 Results of the Project

Theoretical analyses and simulations predicted unique, hitherto unavailable func-

tional characteristics and operating performance. The application of the concept in a
major utility reinforcement plan demonstrated the recognition of the major practical
advantages offered by this technology. This first of a kind AEP UPFC installation at
Inez has fully proven that, as predicted, the UPFC:

• Has the unique capability to provide independent and concurrent control for
the real and reactive line power flow, as well as for the regulation of the
bus voltage.
• Has a flexible circuit structure to be reconfigured for independent shunt
(STATCOM) and series (SSSC) compensation, as well as for only shunt or
only series compensation at double rating.
• Has a rugged and reliable GTO-based converter structure that is capable of
operating properly in utility environment.

The successful UPFC installation at Inez has also proven the concept of operating
two or more voltage-sourced converters from a common de bus, enabling the converters
to exchange real power among them and thus being capable of providing two-dimen-
sional compensation by injecting real as well as reactive power into the transmission
line. This paved the way to the generalization of this concept to multiline transmission
control and its practical implementation, as the Interline Power Flow Controller, in
the Convertible Static Compensator project sponsored jointly by EPRI and the New
York Power Authority (NYPA) with Siemens Power Transmission and Distribution,
Orlando, Florida, for NYPA's Marcy substation.

REFERENCES
Maliszewski, R. M., and Rahman, M., "Planning and Operating Considerations for the World's
First UPFC Installation," CIGRE Report No. 37-96 (US) 13 (E), Paris, 1996.
Mehraban, A. S., et aI., "Application of the World's First UPFC on the AEP System," EPRI
Conference-The Future of Power Delivery, Washington DC, April 9-11,1996.
Rahman, M., et aI., "UPFC Application on the AEP System: Planning Considerations," IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 12, no. 4, November 1997.
424 Chapter 10 • Application Examples

Renz, B. A., et al., "AEP Unified Power Flow Controller Performance," IEEEIPES Winter
Meeting, Paper No. PE-042-PWRD-O-12, 1998.
Schauder, C. D., et al., "AEP UPFC Project: Installation, Commissioning, and Operation of
the ±160 MVA STATCOM (Phase 1)," IEEEIPES Winter Meeting, Paper No. PE-515-
PWRD-O-12, 1997.
 Index

A TSSC, 240-243
UPFC, 315-329
Active Power Control, see Control active var generation, 135-206
and reactive power Control active and reactive power (line)
Advanced Series Capacitor (ASC), see Kay- GCSC, 216-220
enta ASC General, 4-16, 20-23
Asymmetric GTOs, 55 Inez UPFC, 412-426
IPFC, 334-345
B PARffCPAR, 269-275
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), 19 SSSC, 245-255
Bus voltage control, see Control line or bus TCSC, 225-236
voltage UPFC, 302-307, 315-323
series compensators, 210-214, 240-243,
246-255
c shuntoompensators, 135-148
Capacitor for VSC, 169-170 Control line impedance
Combined Controllers, see hybrid Con- GCSC, 216-220
trollers Kayenta TCSC, 378
Control Slatt TCSC, 384-389
GCSC, 240-243, 260-263 TCSC, 225-236
IPPC, 343-345 TSSC, 223-225
Inez UPFC, 412-415 UPFC, 318
Kayenta TCSC, 378-380 Control line or bus voltage
Phase Angle Regulator, 270-278 Inez UPFC, 412-420
series compensation, 209-265 Sullivan STATCOM, 396-408
Slatt TCSC, 389-390 SVC, 155-164
Static VAR Compensators, 155-164 UPFC 317-318
SSSC,249-255,258-263 Control phase angle
STATCOM, 170-177 tnPFC,302, 313, 319-322
SVC, 155-164 TCPR, 269-270
Sullivan STATCOM, 399-401 Control series voltage injection
Tap Changer, 286 UPFC, 300-303, 315-319
TCSC, 240-243 IPFC, 334-343

425
426 Index

Control shunt reactive power Four-level, and five-level voltage-sourced

STATCOM converter, 91
SVC Forty eight pulse VSC
UPFC 300-303 Sullivan STATCOM, 396-403
Sullivan STATCOM, 399-408 Inez UPFC, 413-416
Current-Sourced Converter (CSC), 67, 103-
134, 165-166 G
angle of advance, 113-116
Gate Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC),
commutation, 108-116
308-312
commutation failure, 118
Gate Tum-Off Thyristor (GTO), 40, 42,
delay angle, 111-116
54-63,67
hannonics, 108, 120-126
Gate-Commutated Thyristor (GCf), 41,
inverter operation, 113-116
61-62
line-commutated converter, 103-125
GTO Controlled Series Capacitor (GCSC),
margin angle, 115
216-223
power factor, 110, 113
GTO converter-based PAR, 278-279
self-commutated converter, 103-106,
GTO converter-based voltage regulator,
126-132
278-279
six-pulse operation, 106-132
GTO see Gate Tum-Off Thyristor
twelve-pulse operation, 120-126
GTO valves
valve voltage, 116-118
Sullivan STATCOM, 397-401
Current-Sourced Converter with tum-off de-
Inez UPFC, 413
vices, 126-132
Current-stiff converter, 126-132
H
Harmonies
D
Current-Sourced Converter, 104, 108,
Damping power oscillation, 120-126
PAR, TCPAR, 276-277 GCSC, 220-221
UPFC, 323-325 Kayenta TCSC, 380
TCBR, 362-370 shunt compensator, 148-151, 170
series compensators, 213-214, 236 Slatt TCSC, 390
shunt compensators, 142-143, 188-193 TCPAR, 280-283
DC storage capacitor for VSC, 169-170 TCSC, 235
Diodes, 38, 46-48 TCVR, 278-279
Diode rectifier, 103, 106-110 Voltage-Sourced Converter, 70, 73-74,
Dynamic Brake, see TCBR 77-80,83-99
Dynamic stability, also see damping power High speed reclosing (NGH Damper),
oscillations 364-368
general, 8 HVDC, 4, 26-29
series compensators, 236 Hybrid Controllers,
TCBR, 362-370 Phase Angle Regulator, 293-294
shunt compensators, 205
var generators, 177-178, 205
E power flow Controllers (UPFC and
Emitter Tum-Off Thyristor (ETO), 41, PAR),329-323
60 combined series-series Controllers, 13
Energy storage (shunt compensator), 169- combined 'shunt -series Controllers, 13, 23
170,201

F Inez Unified Power Flow Controller

(UPFC), 409-426
FAcrs concept (general), 1-35 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT),
FAcrs Controllers (general), 13-25 38,63-64