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make purchase decisions.

Followed by the actual purchase, post-purchase behavior occurs

and consumers evaluate the satisfaction received. (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009) mentioned that

consumers may skip several steps in the usual purchase process. But when consumers face

with a new and complex purchase situation, they must use all five steps shown in Figure 2.1

to complete the purchase process.

Need Recognition & Evaluation of

Problem Awareness Information Search Alternatives

Post-Purchase

Evaluation Purchase

Figure 2.1. A buyer’s decision-making process (Riley, 2012)

According to (Lautiainen, 2015), the decision-making process begins with the recognition of

needs. There are several types of requirements identification. One type is when the buyer is

aware of the needs or problems that may be caused by internal or external stimuli. Internal

stimuli are a basic human need. For example, stomach upset due to hunger will force

consumers to buy foods. External stimuli are, for example, advertisements that make you

consider to purchase (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009).

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