Introduction to Oilfield, Primary

& Remedial Cementing

Agenda

Introduction to the oil field

 Type of drilling rigs, rig equipment
Oilwell Cementing

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 Step of Primary Cementation
 Objectives of Primary Cementation
 Execution of a Cement Job
 Remedial Cementing
 Cementing Equipment
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Types of Drilling Rig

Basically two types of drilling rig:

 Offshore-based drilling platform

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– Floating
– Fixed
 Land-based drilling platform
Types of Drilling Rig (Offshore)

• Mobile Jack-up type

• Rig has three legs for stability

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• Used in shallow water – up to
100m
• Found all over the world
Types of Drilling Rig (Offshore)

• Platform type
• Permanently fixed to sea floor

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• Used in oil production
• Can have steel or concrete
legs
• Can drill and produce oil
concurrently
Types of Drilling Rig (Offshore)

• Mobile semi-submersible type

• Float on pontoons

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• Held in position with
tensioned chains and anchors
• Can be self-propelling
• Widely used worldwide

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Drilling Rig Equipment

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BOPs Derrick

Casing Mud System

Steps to Cementation
1. Drill the hole for each string of casing
2. Run casing as per hole size
3. Circulate and condition drilling fluid (mud)

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4. Perform cement job(s):
• Conductor (~ 30 ft deep)

• Surface Casing (~ 800ft deep)

• Intermediate Casing (~ 3000 ft deep)

• Production Casing (~ 9000 ft deep)

• Liner (~ 10000 to 20000 ft deep)

Objectives of Cement Job

There are three main objectives:

 Provide complete isolation of zones

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 Support the casing / Wellbore stability
 Protect casing string
Executing a cement job

Cement is pumped down inside the casing.

Cement then passes in the gap (or annulus)
between the casing and open hole. Casin
g Drilling
Fluid

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It is displaced into position with drilling fluid. Flow
inside
the
Casin
g
Open
Hole

Spacers are often pumped ahead and behind Spacer Cement Slurry
to clean the hole and protect the cement.
Executing a cement job

Cement mixed by two methods

Casing
 ‘on-the-fly’ or ‘batch’ mixed

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Pumped from the cement unit to the drill floor.
Cement passes through a cement head Top Plug
containing wiper plugs. Cement
Two types of plug – bottom and top – for
specific reasons

Bottom Plug
Primary Cementing Animations

• Single Stage Job

• Liner job

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• Stab-in job
• Double stage job
Remedial Cementing : Cement Plug

A relatively small volume of cement

slurry placed in the wellbore
Common Purposes:

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 To side track (fish or DD)
 To plug back a zone
 To plug back a well (P&A))
 To solve a lost-circulation
Squeeze Cementing
packer

Primary cement job repair tubing

Unwanted Water Production FORMATION

casing
High Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)

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DEHYDRATED
cement CEMENT
Casing Splits or Leaks slurry

Nonproductive or Depleted Zones

cement PRIMARY
CEMENT
nodes

CHANNEL BEHIND
CASING
Effect of Fluid Loss Control
Node build-up after 45 min, slurries with different fluid-loss, dP=1000psi

800 ml/30min

Completely bridged casing

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150 ml/30min
Partially bridged casing

50 ml/30min Completely filled perforations

15 ml/30min Partially filled perforations

Squeeze Cementing - Methods

Pumping technique
– Hesitation
– Running
Placement technique

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– High pressure - above formation frac pressure
– Low pressure - below formation frac pressure
Tools
– Packer/Retainer
– Bradenhead
Coiled tubing
 Running Squeeze

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Pressure ( psi )

Time (min) Time (min..)

• Usually a large volume of slurry is pumped with this technique

Hesitation Squeeze

Rate of 0.25 - 0.5 bpm

Pressure (psi)
10-20 min. intervals

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A D
B C D
Pressure (psi)

Time (min)
Cement Units Onshore (1)

The cement units are truck-mounted and mobile.

 Performs cementing operations

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 Performs other pumping jobs
Cement Units Onshore (2)

Trucks come in a variety of forms to cater for different land-

based environments.

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Cement Units Offshore (1)

The cement unit is permanently fixed on each rig.

 Performs cementing operations

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 Performs other pumping jobs
Cement Units Offshore (2)

Each cement unit consists of:

 2 x pump units

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 2 x engines
 Mixing system
 Liquid Additive system
 Back up systems
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Questions?
Drilling Rig Equipment - Derrick

• The main structure through which

all the drilling operations are performed.

• It can suspend many millions of

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pounds in weight, and is used to apply
weight to the drill string.

• All drilling rigs will have a derrick of

some form or another
Drilling Rig Equipment – Mud System

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Drilling Rig Equipment - BOPs
• Subsea Blow-out Preventor (BOP) stacks are
specially designed to operate under water at
great depths.

• They are located on the sea bed, rather than

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above water on the rig.

• Subsea BOPs are used only on floating rigs.

• They are a very important safety device to

prevent the well ‘blowing’ oil
Casing Function

• A series of casing strings is necessary to

complete a well and produce the desired fluid
successfully. Casing is large pipe run into the
wellbore to protect the integrity of the hole

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and to isolate various parts of the formation
from each other and the surface.
Cement Head
• Used to hold the top and bottom
plugs.
• Fixed to top of casing during cement
job.
• Pumping sequence:
• Pump spacer ahead

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• Drop bottom plug
• Pump cement slurry
• Drop top plug
• Displace cement with drilling
fluid
Cement Head – Operation

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Cement Unit Schematic

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