1. A.

Drainage - is the natural or artificial removal of a surface water and subsurface water from an
area with excess of water.
B. Hydrology - is the science that encompasses the study of water on the Earth's surface and
beneath the surface of the Earth, the occurrence and movement of water, the physical and
chemical properties of water, and its relationship with the living and material components of the
environment.
C. Manhole - also known as an inspection chamber, provides access to underground utilities,
most commonly sewer systems. This enables operatives to undertake inspections, make
modifications, and carry out cleaning and maintenance.
D. Inlet - is a tube, valve, or other part through which a fluid or gas enters a device or machine.
E. Catch Basins - can be found on public or private property. It is an engineered drainage
structure with the sole function of collecting rainwater and snowmelt from streets and parking lots
and transporting it to local waterways through a system of underground piping, culverts, and / or
drainage ditches.
F. Channel - In physical geography, a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a
path of relatively shallow and narrow body of fluid, most commonly the confine of a river, river
delta or strait.
G. Culvert - Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A culvert may act as a
bridge for traffic to pass on it. They are typically found in a natural flow of water and serves the
purpose of a bridge or a current flow controller. Culverts can also be used to move rainwater
runoff along, under or away from highways.
H. Slope Failure - is a phenomenon that a slope collapses abruptly due to weakened self-
retainability of the earth under the influence of a rainfall or an earthquake.
I. Slide - is a downslope movement of soil or rock mass occurring dominantly on the surface of
rupture or on relatively thin zones of intense shear strain.
J. Rotational Slide - This is a slide in which the surface of rupture is curved concavely upward
and the slide movement is roughly rotational about an axis that is parallel to the ground surface
and transverse across the slide.
K. Translational Slide - In this type of slide, the landslide mass moves along a roughly planar
surface with little rotation or backward tilting.
L. Block or wedge failure - translational slide in which the moving mass consists of a single unit
or a few closely related units that move downslope as a relatively coherent mass.
M. Flow and Spread Failure - are landslides that involve the movement of material down a
slope in the form of a fluid. When material on a slope becomes saturated with water, making it
much heavier, it may develop into a debris flow or mud flow. The flow of material, a slurry of rock
and mud, may pick up trees, cars and even houses. The debris flow can often block streams
causing flooding as their path is diverted. Flows often leave behind a distinctive upside-down
funnel-shaped deposit where the landslide material has stopped moving.
N. Spread - distinctive because they usually occur on very gentle slopes or flat terrain. The
dominant mode of movement is lateral extension accompanied by shear or tensile fractures. The
failure is caused by liquefaction, the process whereby saturated, loose, cohesionless sediments
(usually sands and silts) are transformed from a solid into a liquefied state.
O. Retaining wall - vertical or near-vertical structures designed to retain material on one side,
preventing it from collapsing or slipping or preventing erosion. They provide support to terrain
where the soil’s angle of repose is exceeded and it would otherwise collapse into a more natural
form. The principal characteristic of a retaining wall is being able to withstand the pressure
exerted by the retained material, which is usually soil.
P. Distortion (concrete) - refers to a change in the pavement surface’s original position, and it
results from foundation settlement, expansive soils, frost-susceptible soils, or loss of fines through
 improperly designed subdrains or drainage systems.
Q. Cracking (concrete) - Cracks in concrete pavements often result from stresses caused by
expansion and contraction or warping of the pavement. Overloading, loss of subgrade support,
and insufficient and/or improperly cut joints acting singly or in combination are also possible
causes.
R. Disintegration (concrete) - is the breaking up of a pavement into small, loose particles and
includes the dislodging of aggregate particles. Improper curing and finishing of the concrete,
unsuitable aggregates, and improper mixing of the concrete can cause this distress.
S. Transverse Expansion Joints - provide space allowance for the lengthening of slab due to
expansion to prevent blowups by relieving direct compressive stresses before reaching the stage
of unmanageable level.
T. Longitudinal Joints - are provided between adjacent traffic lanes. It is considered as hinges
to provide edge support, but allows rotation between slabs. By this joint, flexural stresses that
might cause irregular cracks along the length of the road ae relieved or neutralized.
U. Construction Joints - are provided if concrete pouring will be interrupted for quite some time
that cold joint wil be inevitable.

2. What are the two sources of water and the drainages related to them?
● Surface water is rainwater which runs off roofs and paved areas and also includes water
that drains to the public sewer from activities such as car washing. The surface water drainage
charge covers the cost of taking away and treating this water and includes water that flows
through gutters or which simply runs into the road and ends up in our sewer. Surface drainage is
the removal of excess water from the surface of the land. This is normally accomplished by
shallow ditches, also called open drains. The shallow ditches discharge into larger and deeper
collector drains. In order to facilitate the flow of excess water toward the drains, the field is given
an artificial slope by means of land grading.
● Subsurface water includes all water located in the pore spaces of soil and rocks.
Subsurface drainage is the removal of water from the rootzone. It is accomplished by deep open
drains or buried pipe drains.

3. What are the parts of hydrology that concerns highway engineers?

● The frequency and intensity of precipitation
● The frequencies that this precipitation brings the highest run-off which are equal or
exceeded critical values
● The distribution of precipitation throughout the seasons that influences water behavior
affecting the highway surfaces.
● The prediction regarding future rainfalls or run-off from gathered statistical approaches,
formula, or simulated methods based on the laws of probability.

4. What are the methods of predicting run-off?

● By rational method
● By empirical formula
● By unit hydrograph
● By statistical approach
● By simulation

5. What are the Cardinal Rules on Drainage Design?

● As much as possible, any existing drainage system patterns and soil cover should not be
disturbed.
 ● Necessary changes in the drainage patterns should not in any manner bring velocities
that may create new erosion problems

6. What are the steps when doing drainage economic considerations?

● Determine the estimated initial investment cost
● Consider the maintenance cost or outlay
● Consider anticipated loss and damage for each solution

7. What are the natural causes of change in conditions of a slope?

● Occurence of earthquake
● Subsidence of underground cavern
● Erosion
● Slope due to the development of cracks or shrinkage that followed by water intrusion
● Variations in elevation of ground water or changes in the slope subsurface flow that
create new seepage forces.
● Weakening of buried soil or rock seams due to ground water flow or chemical leaching

8. What are the man induced changes in the condition of a slope?

● Increase loading on a slope or near its crest
● Removal of earth below the toe of a slope
● Removal of materials from slope making it steeper
● Topographical modification like earth moving, excavation, change in elevation from one
area to another which my create slope failure.
● Landslide or other conditions caused by man.

9. Give at least five ways of improving the slope stability.

● Forming surface drainage channel to slope
● Constructing gabion wall
● Scaling - manual method of removing loose rocks and boulder from exposed rock surface
● Construct buttress support
● Meshing
● Shotcreting
● Dowel - A hole is drilled and steel bars are anchored usually 25mm to 35mm diameter
and 1 to 3 m long, to stabilize a weak zone. The hole is grouted afterwards.
● Forming soil nail and rock bolts
● Hydroseeding Turfing Plant Growth