PROPOSED DESIGN OF A DISASTER-RESILIENT

HOUSING RELOCATION IN ROSARIO, CAVITE

Undergraduate Design Project Submitted to the faculty

of the College of Engineering and Information
Technology Cavite State University Indang, Cavite

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering
 RHONALENE MAE A. DUMAN
ETHYL JEAN M. GALLARTE

June 2020
------r
CEIT R&E Form No.2
NAME:
TITLE:

CAVITT Republic STATT of the T'NTVERSITY Philipoines Don Severino cle los Alos
Compus lndong, Covite
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ANI} INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
TITLE APPROVAL SHEET

RHONALENE ETHYL JEAN M. MAE GALLARTE A. DUIIIAI{ HOUSING PROPOSED REL@ATION

DESIGN OF A IN DISASTER.RESILIENT ROSARIO, CAVITE

TilARCUS Y. AUSTRIA
Critic
Unit RosLYFhPEfiA

Reseaf $ooroinrtot
t^lo[ra
Date
ulzzfiq DAVID L. CERO Dean, CEIT
-E;6-

m^i;,^W ilot/ 2 7 201s Directorfor ResearchDate

cc. College and Unit R&E Coordinator

Nuvolid*it*oa A@ wl i'-

CollegeEsfearch MAfuSEioN Coordinator Cir- t^lorlla

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PENA
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
 The author, Rhonalene Mae A. Duman, is currently residing at Sephora

Residences, Rosario, Cavite with her parents Mrs. Gina A. Duman and Mr. Roberto V.

Duman. She was born on the 26th of September 1999 in the town of Caloocan City.

She is now 20 of age taking up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at

Cavite State University Main Campus. She went to David P. Jimenez Elementary

School during his Elementary days obtaining an Academic Excellence of 10th

Honorable Mention. She graduated high school at Rosario Institute with an award of

1st Honorable Mention.

 iii
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The author, Ethyl Jean M. Gallarte, is currently residing at Mabuhay Homes

2000, Paliparan 2, Dasmariñas City, Cavite with her parents Mrs. Lilian Gallarte and

Mr. Ruben Gallarte. She was born on the 26th of August 1998 in the town of Taguig

CIty.

She is now 21 of age taking up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at

Cavite State University Main Campus. She went to Paliparan Elementary School

during his Elementary days obtaining an Academic Excellence of 8th Honorable

Mention. She graduated high school at Congressional National High School – Annex

with an award of 3rd Honorable Mention.

 iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to express their deepest and humble gratitude to all

the people whom on their own ways, contributed in the completion and execution of

the thesis.

Engr. Renato B. Cubilla, thesis adviser, for the knowledge, support, untiring

guidance, and patience;

Engr. Marcus Ceazar V. Austria, technical critic, for his comments,

suggestions, and recommendations for the improvement of the study;

Engr. Roslyn P. Peña, chairperson of the Department of Civil Engineering, for

her undoubted care, guidance, comments, and suggestions for the improvement of

the design project;

Engr. Marcelino A. Dagasdas Jr., for his guidance and lecture in STAAD, and

pieces of advice particularly in structural analysis of the design project;

Engr. Cene M. Bago, for her words of encouragement, care, support, and rest

of the faculty members of Department of Civil Engineering, for the advice, comments,

and suggestions;

To Mr. Edgardo E. Enriquez, head of the Research Zoning Evaluation, for the

ideas, suggestions, guidance, and technical details he gave the authors for the

improvement of the study, and rest of the faculty members of Municipal Planning &

Development Office, and Engineering Department, in the Municipality of Rosario,

Cavite, for lending a hand for the completion of the study, for the support, and care.
 Dr. David L. Cero, dean of the College of Engineering and Information

Technology, for the patience, support, and encouragement extended to the authors;

To CE-youth (CE 5th years) for the laughter and joyful moments that helped

fade the stress away;

The authors would like to express their deepest appreciation to their families

and friends;

v
Above all, to our Almighty God, our creator who played the greatest role in

this project, for the guidance, blessings, challenges, and determination that made the

authors fulfill this study and made them strong in every aspect of their lives. The

authors devote everything that they do to the Father in Heaven.

To all of them, this piece of work is humbly dedicated.

THE AUTHORS
 vi
ABSTRACT

DUMAN, RHONALENE MAE A. and GALLARTE, ETHYL JEAN M. Proposed Design

of a Disaster-Resilient Housing Relocation in Rosario, Cavite. Bachelor of Science
in Civil Engineering. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. June 2020. Adviser: Engr.
Renato B. Cubilla.

Cavite is one of the most urbanized and disaster prone provinces in the

Philippines. As a developing province, Cavite seeks the need for disaster-resilient

establishments, institutions, and housing relocation, in order to minimize the hazards

and provide the communities’ safety. The design of ten-storey, tenement type,

disaster-resilient housing relocation in Rosario, Cavite was conducted from October

2019 to March 2020 at Cavite State University.

The study addressed the need of the Municipality of Rosario, Cavite

specifically the disaster-prone communities living in the nearby shoreline on having a

housing relocation. This project aimed to design a tenement provided with facilities

present on residential houses on its ground floor up to the ninth storey, and a half

viewing deck half assembly area on its tenth storey.

The main objective of the study was to conduct structural design and analysis

of the proposed Disaster-Resilient Housing Relocation in Rosario, Cavite.

The study provided architectural, structural, electrical, plumbing, and

mechanical plans, construction specifications, and cost estimates (See Appendix 1 to

5 and 8 respectively).

The structure was designed as per the codes and specifications of the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015). Allowable Stress Design

(ASD) and Ultimate Stress Design (USD) were used in designing steel and concrete

members respectively. The total amount of the structure including electrical,

plumbing, and mechanical estimates is ₱222,858,711.60 (See Appendix 8). The total

vii
floor area of the building is 2340 m . The cost per square meter of the whole project

is ₱95,238.77.

After the analysis and computations, the design was proven safe. The

researchers recommended that the design including the electrical and plumbing

plans of the whole site development plan must be included in the study for a more

detailed research.

The design project conducted could be used by other researchers as

reference regarding the construction of a high-rise residential building, tenement, or

disaster-resilient building.
 viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................. ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA.............................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................. v

ABSTRACT................................................................................ vii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES...................................................... ix

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES..................................................... x

LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................... xvi

INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 1

Statement of the Problem.................................................... 2

Objectives of the Study........................................................ 3

Significance of the Study................................................... 3

Scope and Limitation of the Study ....................................... 3

Time and Place of the Study ............................................. 4

Definition of Terms........................................................... 4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE........................................... 7

METHODOLOGY....................................................................... 36

Site Selection................................................................... 36

Data Gathering............................................................... 36

Architectural and Structural Plans........................................ 36

 Analysis of Data............................................................... 36

Structural Analysis............................................................ 36

Structural Design................................................................... 37

Electrical, Plumbing and Mechanical Plans................................. 65

Site Development Plan........................................................... 66

ix
Estimate of Plans..................................................................... 66

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...................................................... 67

Gathering of Important Information............................................. 67

Preparation of Architectural Plans........................................ 68

Preparation of Structural Plans............................................ 69

Preparation of Electrical Plans............................................. 70

Preparation of Plumbing Plans............................................. 71

Preparation of Mechanical Plans.......................................... 71

Wind Load Calculation....................................................... 71

Design of Purlin................................................................ 71

Design of Truss................................................................ 71

Design of Stairway and Landing.......................................... 72

Design of Beams.............................................................. 72

Design of Columns........................................................... 71

Design of Slab............................................................... 74

Design of Footings.......................................................... 74
 Cost Estimate of the Materials to be Used ............................. 75

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................. 77

Summary ........................................................................ 77

Conclusion ..................................................................... 79

Recommendations ............................................................ 80

REFERENCES........................................................................... 81

APPENDICES........................................................................... 83

x
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Appendix
Table
Page

1 STAAD results for truss ................................................. 373

2 STAAD results (Structural frame A)................................. 373

3 STAAD results (Structural frame B).................................. 373

4 STAAD results (Structural frame C).................................. 374

5 Concrete proportions.................................................... 374

6 Quantity of cement and sand for CHB mortar per square meter.......................................
374

7 Length of reinforcing bars for CHB in meters...................... 374

 8 No. 16 G.I. tie wire for CHB reinforcement per square
meter............................................................... 375

xi
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
Appendix
Page
Figure
1 Site development plan .................................................... 83
2 Vicinity map................................................................... 84
3 Topographic map............................................................. 85
4 Perspective..................................................................... 86
5 Typical architectural plan of one unit.................................. 87
6 Ground floor plan............................................................ 88
7 Second floor plan......................................................... 89
8 Third floor plan................................................................. 90
9 Fourth floor plan............................................................... 91
10 Fifth floor plan.................................................................. 92
11 Sixth floor plan................................................................... 93
12 Seventh floor plan.............................................................. 94
13 Eighth floor plan............................................................... 95
14 Ninth floor plan.................................................................. 96
15 Roof deck plan................................................................... 97
16 Building apex plan........................................................ 98
17 Front elevation.......................................................... 99
18 Rear elevation ............................................................ 100
19 Left elevation ............................................................. 101
20 Right elevation ........................................................... 102
21 Section thru “X”........................................................... 103
22 Section thru “Y”............................................................ 104
23 Schedule of doors........................................................ 105
24 Schedule of windows.................................................... 106
xii
25 Foundation plan .......................................................... 107

26 Details of C1F1........................................................... 108

27 Details of C1F2.......................................................... 109

28 Details of C1F3.............................................................. 110

29 Details of C1F4............................................................ 111

30 Schedule of column...................................................... 112

31 Details of column........................................................ 113

32 Second floor beam plan................................................... 114

33 Third - Ninth floor beam plan ......................................... 115

34 Roof deck beam plan ................................................... 116

35 Building apex beam plan .............................................. 117

36 Schedule of beams...................................................... 118

37 Details of tie beam 1..................................................... 119

38 Details of tie beam 2..................................................... 120

39 Details of beam 1......................................................... 121

40 Details of beam 2......................................................... 122

41 Details of roof beam...................................................... 123

42 Roof framing plan ........................................................ 124

43 Details of truss ............................................................ 125

44 Slab on grade.............................................................. 126

45 Details of slab 1........................................................... 127

46 Details of slab 2........................................................... 128

47 Details of slab 3........................................................... 129

48 Details of slab 4........................................................... 130

49 Details of main stair...................................................... 131

50 Details of secondary stair.............................................. 132

51 Frame A – Grid 4......................................................... 133

xiii
52 Frame B – Grid A......................................................... 134

53 Frame C – Grid C......................................................... 135

54 Ground floor lighting layout............................................... 136

55 Second floor lighting layout.............................................. 137

56 Third floor lighting layout................................................... 138

57 Fourth floor lighting layout............................................... 139

58 Fifth floor lighting layout................................................... 140

59 Sixth floor lighting layout................................................... 141

60 Seventh floor lighting layout............................................. 142

61 Eighth floor lighting layout................................................ 143

62 Ninth floor lighting layout................................................. 144

63 Roof deck lighting layout.................................................. 145

64 Ground floor power layout................................................. 146

65 Second floor power layout................................................ 147

66 Third floor power layout.................................................... 148

67 Fourth floor power layout................................................. 149

68 Fifth floor power layout.................................................... 150

69 Sixth floor power layout..................................................... 151

70 Seventh floor power layout.............................................. 152

71 Eighth floor power layout.................................................. 153

72 Ninth floor power layout................................................... 154

73 Roof deck power layout................................................... 155

74 Electrical legend........................................................... 156

75 Single power diagram..................................................... 157

76 Electrical notes............................................................ 158

77 Schedule of loads ........................................................ 159

78 Schedule of loads ........................................................ 160

xiv
79 Ground floor drainage and sewerage layout........................ 161

80 Second floor drainage and sewerage layout....................... 162

81 Third floor drainage and sewerage layout........................... 163

82 Fourth floor drainage and sewerage layout........................ 164

83 Fifth floor drainage and sewerage layout............................ 165

84 Sixth floor drainage and sewerage layout........................... 166

85 Seventh floor drainage and sewerage layout...................... 167

86 Eighth floor drainage and sewerage layout........................ 168

87 Ninth floor drainage and sewerage layout.......................... 169

88 Roof deck drainage and sewerage layout.......................... 170

89 Ground floor water supply layout...................................... 171

90 Second floor water supply layout...................................... 172

91 Third floor water supply layout.......................................... 173

92 Fourth floor water supply layout....................................... 174

93 Fifth floor water supply layout........................................... 175

94 Sixth floor water supply layout........................................... 176

95 Seventh floor water supply layout..................................... 177

96 Eighth floor water supply layout........................................ 178

97 Ninth floor water supply layout.......................................... 179

98 Plumbing legend........................................................... 180

99 Detail of septic tank....................................................... 181

100 Detail of septic tank....................................................... 182

101 Detail of catch basin...................................................... 183

102 Plumbing notes............................................................ 184

103 Ground floor fire protection system.................................... 185

104 Second floor fire protection system .................................. 186

105 Third floor fire protection system ...................................... 187

xv
106 Fourth floor fire protection system ................................... 188

107 Fifth floor fire protection system ........................................ 189

108 Sixth floor fire protection system ....................................... 190

109 Seventh floor fire protection system ................................ 191

110 Eighth floor fire protection system ................................... 192

111 Ninth floor fire protection system .................................... 193

112 Roof deck fire protection system and location of elevated

water tank......................................................... 194

113 Fire protection legend................................................... 195

 xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

1 Architectural plans of the proposed design......................... 83

2 Structural details of the proposed design .......................... 107

3 Electrical plans of the proposed design................................ 136

4 Plumbing plans of the proposed design............................... 161

5 Mechanical plans of the proposed design............................ 185

6 Design computations of the proposed design .................... 196

7 List of tables of the proposed design................................. 373

8 Cost estimate of the proposed design .............................. 376

 xvii
1

PROPOSED DESIGN OF A DISASTER-RESILIENT

HOUSING RELOCATION IN ROSARIO, CAVITE

Rhonalene Mae A. Duman

Ethyl Jean M. Gallarte

An undergraduate design project manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Cavite State
University, Indang, Cavite, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with Contribution No.CEIT-2- 2019-20-___.
Prepared under the supervision of Engr. Renato B. Cubilla.

INTRODUCTION

Disasters can happen unexpectedly. According to the International Federation

(n.d.), it is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a

community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental

losses that exceed the community‟s or society‟s ability to cope using its own

resources. A disaster can be natural or human-made. The former can be flood,

earthquakes, tsunami, heavy rain, and the like; while the latter can be human

mistakes like terrorism, bomb blast and the like. Natural disasters cannot be deterred

but a community can be prepared before on its arrival.

Cavite has a total land area of 142,706 hectares or 1,427.06 square

kilometers representing approximately 8.72 percent of the CALABARZON's total land

area and 0.48 percent of the total land area of the country (Ramos, Jr., 2013). Based

on 2018 Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), Cavite has a population of

3,678,301. With its increasing population, surely, housing is one of the province's

major concerns especially when it will be hit by a disaster. Ramos (2013) stated that

the province has a coastline that stretches to about 122,574.0560 kilometers

2

traversing Cavite City and the coastal municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta,

Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon and Ternate.

The Municipality of Rosario in Cavite is a first-class urban municipality located

along Manila Bay. Due to its elevation, Rosario is said to be the „catch basin‟ and

„discharge point‟ of several watersheds located in Tagaytay and upland

municipalities. Rosario is one of the lowland coastal municipalities of Cavite. Due to

such location, it is noted for fishing. Based on the 2015 Census, the total population

of residences in Rosario is 110,706. The barangays along the shoreline are the

Kanluran, Ligtong I, Ligtong IV, Muzon I, Muzon II, Sapa II, Sapa III, Wawa I, Wawa

II, and Wawa III with a total population of 52,805.

According to the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officer,

Manuel C. Pueblo, the barangays along the shoreline in Rosario are prone to natural

disasters like tsunami, storm surge, and flood. Due to the high population along the

shoreline and natural disasters that can hit the community, relocation area must be

the major concern of the municipality in order to avoid large number of fatalities when

the area will be hit by a natural disaster.

Statement of The Problem

 The study, “Proposed Design of a Disaster-Resilient Housing Relocation in

Rosario, Cavite” aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What was the best site location for disaster-resilient housing relocation

in Rosario, Cavite?

2. How many communities residing along the shoreline would be affected

by natural disasters?

3. What were the necessities of the disaster-prone communities and how

to provide them?

4. What was the most suitable type of housing as relocation for families

that would be affected by natural disasters living near the shoreline?

3

Objectives

Generally, this study aimed to provide a disaster-resilient housing relocation

in Rosario, Cavite.

Specifically, it had the following objectives:

1. Identify the best site location for disaster-resilient housing relocation in

Rosario, Cavite;

2. Design a site development plan for disaster-resilient housing

relocation in Rosario, Cavite;

3. Provide an architectural, structural, electrical and plumbing plans;

4. Provide structural analysis for the disaster-resilient housing relocation

in Rosario, Cavite;

5. Determine the necessities of the disaster-prone communities and the

 respective plan to provide them; and

6. Conduct estimate with specifications.

Significance of the Study

The proposed design of disaster-resilient housing relocation in Rosario,

Cavite aimed to help the community to have an expected relocation area when

disasters approach. Providing a relocation housing could lead to people‟s safety and

comfortable living. The study could serve as reference for future researchers.

The study could also help the author in developing and enhancing the skills

needed to design a high-rise residential building.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research included the study of proposed design of disaster-resilient

housing relocation in Rosario, Cavite. Specifically, the disaster-prone communities

along the shoreline and the best site location of the proposed design of housing in

Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property were the focus of the study.

Particularly, this study centered on natural disasters such as tsunami, storm surge,

earthquake, liquefaction, and flood. The proponents limited the study in the planning
4

and designing of housing far from the source of the said disasters. The structural

analysis and cost estimate of stairs for fire exit were not part of the study, but were

included in the design of the floor plans. Furthermore, this study involved surveying,

consulting, planning and designing the disaster-resilient housing relocation in Pioneer

Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property. The structural design was in terms of

concrete and the architectural design was in terms of a 10-storey tenement type of
building.

Additionally, the necessities of the communities including source of water

supply, drainage, septic tank, power supply, and mechanical necessities were

tackled. The output would tend to help the disaster-prone communities to have a

safer and reliable relocation housing far from the effects of natural disasters.

Time and Place of the Study

The study started from October 2019 to April 2020 at Pioneer Glass

Manufacturing Corporation Property, Rosario, Cavite.

Definition of Terms

Concrete. Made by mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates,

water, and frequently admixtures.

Dead Load. Gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act

permanently on the structure. Such loads consist of the weights of the structural

system itself and of all other material and equipment permanently attached to the

structural system.

Disaster. Sudden event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community

or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses

Disaster-prone community. These are the areas that are usually hit by

natural disasters.

Disaster-resilience. The ability of individuals, communities, organizations

and states to adapt to and recover from hazards, shocks or stresses without

compromising long-term prospects for development.

5
 Earthquake. It is a result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's

lithosphere that creates seismic waves. A shaking of the surface of the Earth.

Environmental Loads. These are loads that act as a result of weather,

topography and other natural phenomena (e.g. wind loads, snow, rain and ice loads,

seismic loads, temperature changes leading to thermal expansion cause thermal

loads, pending loads, lateral pressure of soil, groundwater or bulk materials, loads

from fluids or floods and dust loads).

Flood. Overflow of water on normally dry ground due.

Foundation. A system of structural elements that transmits loads from the

structure above to the earth.

Liquefaction. Occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil

substantially loses strength.

Live Load. Loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use

of the structure. Sometimes, the term live load is used to refer to all loads on the

structure that are not dead loads, including environmental loads, such as snow loads

or wind loads. However, since the probabilities of occurrence for environmental loads

are different from those due to the use of structures, the current codes use them term

live loads to refer only to those variable loads caused by the use of the structure.

Natural Disasters. Disaster resulting from natural processes of the Earth.

Examples are tsunami, storm surge, earthquake, liquefaction, and flood.

Reinforced Concrete. The final solidified mass when reinforcing steel placed

in the forms and wet concrete mix is placed around it.

Relocation. The transportation of people (as a family or colony) to a new

settlement (as after an upheaval of some kind).

Shoreline. The line where the Manila Bay and Rosario meets.

Site Development Plan (SDP). Depicts the general layout and configuration

of a site, including building footprints, parking and street layout, conceptual

landscaping and lighting, site cross section drawings, and building elevations.
6

Steel Reinforcement. May consist of bars, welded wire fabric, or wires. Used

as reinforcement in reinforced concrete.

Storm Surge. Rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes

and wind associated with a storm.

Structural Analysis. The prediction of the performance of a given structure

under prescribed loads and/or other externals effects, such as support movements

and temperature changes.

Surveying. Interviewing the people living along the shoreline areas.

Tsunami. A large wave in the ocean that is caused by earthquake under the

sea.
7

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of related literature for this design project deals with the basic

information about Rosario, Cavite such as number of barangays, along the shoreline,

length of shoreline, natural disasters (e.g. earthquake, tsunami, storm surge, flood),

and available relocation site and area for affected families of the said disasters.
Definitions about natural disasters, site development plan, basic design standards for

disaster-resilient housing, design standards and guidelines for housing projects and

the National Building Code of the Philippines.

Post-Yolanda Resettlement Projects

According to National Housing Authority (NHA), it targets to complete at least

62,668 housing projects between 2019 and 2020 for Yolanda victims. As of July 2019,

in a report responding to issues raised by some protesters, the NHA said the

government has already finished a total of 119,670 housing units from the targeted

205,128. Of this figure, 56,877 are already occupied and 62,793 are ready for

occupancy.

"Within 2019 and up to 2020, another 62,668 houses and lots will have been

completed, and 22,790 housing units will be in various stages of documentation prior

to project starts," the report signed by NHA chairman Marcelino Escalada Jr. said.

According to the report, challenges remain in completing the Yolanda housing projects

such as limited local government-owned lands especially if taken in the context of the

magnitudes of the housing need.

The NHA also cited as issues the staggered release of the budget for the

project's implementation; the delayed submission of documentary requisites to NHA;

change of site due to non-suitability after issuance of Mines and Geosciences Bureau

Clearance; as well as delayed issuance of permits from local government units and

clearances/permits from government agencies.

8
 Figure 1. NHA’s prepared housing unit for Yolanda victims by 2020

On the other hand, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is

one of the development organizations which also immediately responded to Typhoon

Yolanda through assistance to the affected LGUs and communities in debris clearing

and waste management, livelihood assets replacement, and restoring basic capacities

for disaster risk reduction. UNDP is currently implementing a comprehensive recovery

and rehabilitation project in selected Yolanda-affected communities in the Visayas

under its Typhoon Yolanda Recovery and Resilience in the Visayas (TRRV)

framework.

UNDP featured some resettlement projects for Yolanda Victims, such as:

1. Yolanda Permanent Housing Programme in Region VIII – NHA. Located in

North Tacloban for 14,433 families, the Region VIII NHA Yolanda Permanent

Housing Programme follows standard of DPWH using permaform for the

housing structure, core house of hollow blocks with minimum features of door,

windows, roof and toilet, and with available electricity and water lines. The

house design also conformed with the National Building Code, Design for

Socialized and Economic Housing and other related laws to ensure the
9

construction of houses that could withstand natural calamities and extreme

weather conditions, specifically winds of 250 kph. The completed shelter is

valued at PhP 290,000.00/unit to be paid or free under usufruct. The housing

programme is implemented in partnership with Tacloban City, GMA Kapuso,

 Habitat for Humanity and other partners.

2. Post-Yolanda Core Shelter Project – Tacloban City Government. This is

located in Barangay 103 (Palanog) and northern villages of Tacloban City for

the victims of the landslide in 2012 (66 families for house repair in Barangay

Palanog) and Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 (72 families for new housing in the

northern villages). Implementation was a partnership among Tacloban LGU,

(i.e. City Social Welfare and Development Office and City Housing and

Community Development Office) and GMA Kapuso Foundation, Inc.

3. Yolanda Response Project – UNDP. The Yolanda Response Project of UNDP

is located in 4 barangays of 2 municipalities and 2 cities, namely: Barangay

Cabalawan in Tacloban City, Barangay Cagbuhangin in the City of Ormoc,

Leyte, Barangay Cancelides in the Municipality of Hernani, Eastern Samar, and

Barangay New San Agustin in the Municipality of Basey, Western Samar. This

is directly implemented by UNDP with funds from the European Union (EU) and

the Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) in collaboration with the

four local government units. Construction of the housing units is beneficiary

driven. UNDP contracted the organized HoAs to complete the construction the

shelters. There is a total of 232 housing units, 165 units funded by EU at 55

units each in the 3 LGUs of Tacloban City, Ormoc City, and Hernani in Eastern

Samar, and 67 units in Basey, Western Samar funded by KOICA. These are

row houses with 35 sq. m floor area, height of 2.55 meters from floor to ceiling,

low-pitch galvanized iron roof, concrete gutters, concrete floor and walls, fiber

cement board ceiling, jalousie windows with wooden louvers protecting the
 front windows and j-bolts attached to C-purlins, and with Level 3 water system.
10

The design and structural features are meant to withstand disasters with

magnitude of super typhoon Yolanda. Ownership is usufruct on land owned by

the government.

4. Post-Yolanda Support for Safer Homes and Settlements – UN-Habitat. The

UN-Habitat Safer Homes and Settlements Project is located in Roxas City,

Capiz Province, Municipalities of Pan-ay and Pontevedra, and Municipality of

Estancia, Iloilo for the Yolanda-affected families who are members of

homeowners’ associations and are beneficiaries of the Community Mortgage

Program (CMP). This is directly implemented by UN-Habitat in collaboration

with the Social Housing Finance Corporation, United Architects of the

Philippines (Capiz Chapter), Banco de Oro Foundation, Banco de Oro Bank,

and Hilti Foundation. A total of 660 units were completed: (235 in Pontevedra;

110 in Pan-ay; 288 in Roxas City; 27 in Estancia). The design makes use of

part concrete, part wood and GI sheet roofing. Some houses in Barangay

Pawa, Pontevedra are on concrete stilts at 26 sq m floor area. The cost per unit

is PhP135,000 for the flat houses and PhP165,000 for houses on stilts. The

beneficiaries acquired the land through a Community Mortgage Program

(CMP) loan from the Social Housing Finance Corporation (SHFC).

Construction was done by the beneficiaries following the People’s Process of

UN-Habitat, a community-led approach to housing construction and

management.
5. Resilient Recovery Program- CORDAID. The shelter project of CORDAID for

400 households is located in Barangay Ngolos and Barangay Sulangan,

Guiuan, Eastern Samar. CORDAID worked with Caritas Germany through the

Diocese of Borongan for scoping the impact of Yolanda in Guiuan. CORDAID

also worked with Build Change and KVCC, an architectural firm in Guiuan, for

the design and construction supervision of the houses. Various designs

included: (1) Fully concrete; (2) Mixed materials (e.g. half concrete wall, coco
11

lumber or good lumber for wall framing). Total house reconstruction costs per

unit is PhP132,000. This involves in-situ development for beneficiaries who

own the land and/or have tax declaration.

6. ACTED Eastwinds Residences – ACTED. The ACTED Eastwinds Residences

is located in Barangay Cogon, Guiuan, Eastern Samar for 126 families. This is

implemented by ACTED in partnership with Guiuan LGU and NHA. The

structures are 36-square meter two-story row houses with balcony, indoor

bathroom, and indoor kitchen sink. Ownership by the beneficiaries will be after

complete repayment of the land to NHA.

7. Basey Ecoville Housing Project – Julio and Florentina Ledesma Foundation.

The Basey Ecoville Housing Project is located in Barangay Bacubac, Basey

Western Samar. This is directly implemented by the Julio and Florentina

Ledesma Foundation for 130 families and 65 Earth-based Habitat Builders

Multi-Purpose Cooperative (EHBMPC) members, in close collaboration with

the Local government of the municipality of Basey, Chalice Canada, and We

 Effect-Swedish Cooperative Center. This is a duplex structural design using

interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) technology. The cost per unit is

from PhP190,000-200,000.

8. SM Cares Village – Ormoc- SM Cares. The SM Cares Project is located in

Barangay Catmon in Ormoc City for 198 families from fishing communities and

nearby barangays. This is directly implemented by the SM Cares in partnership

with RCAP-SAC and the Codilla Family. Design is loftable row houses with

23.25 square meter lot area, 20.25 square meter floor area with kitchen and

bathroom at the back of the houses. It has 3 meters frontage and its wall panels

are ribbed concrete precast. The roofing is made of concrete slab with integral

and exterior waterproofing, hollow core flush door, sliding windows with analok

frame, and 6mm thick ficem board interior cladding. Ownership is though

usufruct for 25 years.

12

9. GK Village- Carmen – Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation.

The Gawad Kalinga Housing Project is located in Barangay Carmen, Hernani

in Eastern Samar for 241 families. The project is directly implemented by

Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation in partnership with GK-

Ateneo and Hope Now Philippines Foundation. Its design is row houses, each

unit with floor area of 18 sq. m. and with provision for loft. Ownership is usufruct.

10. Pope Francis Village – Pope Francis For Resilient and Co-Empowered

Sustainable Communities (FRANCESCO). The Pope Francis Village Project is

located in Barangay 99 (Diit) in Tacloban City for 550 families. This is directly
 implemented by Pope Francis for Resilient and Co-Empowered, Sustainable

Communities (FRANCESCO) in collaboration with GK-Ateneo and Hope Now

Philippines Foundation. Designed as two-storey row houses, it has a floor area

of at least 40 sq. m. Ownership arrangement is under discussion and currently

held in trust by the Archdiocese of Palo.

Natural Hazards in Cavite

Ramos (2013) stated that the province has a coastline that stretches to about

122,574.0560 kilometers traversing Cavite City and the coastal municipalities of

Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon and Ternate. It is

surrounded by four (4) bodies of water, the West Philippine Sea, Manila Bay, Bacoor

Bay and Cañacao Bay. A total of eight (8) natural hazards were identified affecting the

Province, flood; rainfall induced landslides; storm surge; ground shaking; liquefaction;

tsunami; ground rupture and earthquake induced landslide. All seventeen (17)

municipalities and six (6) cities are susceptible to ground shaking since part of the

West Valley Fault, subsidiary of the Philippine Fault Zone, traverses along the

municipalities of Carmona and Silang.

According to the Manila Standard, the “Big One” will not only affect Metro

Manila but the entire Cavite as well, particularly the towns of Carmona, Gen. Mariano

Alvarez, and Silang, which the West Valley Fault system traverses.
13

As per maps provided by the REDAS Projects, areas were identified in the

Province that is susceptible to occurrence of floods. Cavite’s coastline stretches

around 123 kilometers and could be found along Cavite City, Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta,
Rosario, Tanza and Naic.

Coastal Areas in Cavite

Cavite has a total land area of 142,706 ha, constituting 8.72% of the total area

of Region IV-A. The province has seven congressional districts, seven cities, 16

municipalities, and 829 barangays. Of these, seven municipalities (Rosario, Tanza,

Noveleta, Naic, Ternate, Maragondon and Kawit), two cities (Bacoor City and Cavite

City) and 316 barangays are situated along the coast. The coastal area of Cavite is

approximately 93,679.38 ha with a shoreline length of 122.57 km.

The total population of Cavite is 3,090,691 (SEPP 2011) with 10.71% or

331,107 people living along the coast. The main sources of income among coastal

residents are fishery activities, carpentry, and vending.

Coastal residents experience various socio-economic problems resulting from

natural and anthropogenic causes. First is the impact of typhoons and accompanying

floods on children’s education. In school year 2009–2010, around 3,547 or 24.8% of

children below six years old were affected by the disruption of classes due to flooding.

Second is the decline in fish catch experienced by fishers. This is due to illegal fishing

activities and diminishing fishing grounds, which is caused by reclamation, coastal

development and water pollution. Third is the growing financial difficulties experienced

by families. Lastly, informal settlers have been contributing to the pollution.

Given the lack of central sewage and facilities as well as the lack of sanitary

toilets in these areas, human wastes are directly emptied out onto the soil or water

systems.
14
Community

According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “Community”

can be described as a group of people that recognizes itself or is recognized by

outsiders as sharing common cultural, religious or other social features, backgrounds

and interests, and that forms a collective identity with shared goals.

Population in Cavite

Based on the 2018 Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), Cavite has

a population of 3,678,301 within this, Carmona has 97,557, Rosario has 110,706 while

the municipality of Bacoor has a population of 600,609. This makes the province

pressured in creating job opportunities, housing, social infrastructures, recreation and

other facilities. Cavite has a total land area of 142,706 hectares or 1,427.06 square

kilometers representing approximately 8.72 percent of the CALABARZON's total land

area and 0.48 percent of the total land area of the country (Ramos, 2013).

Rosario, Cavite

The Municipality of Rosario in Cavite is a first-class urban municipality located

along Manila Bay. It is the most densely populated municipality in the province with

total population of 110,706 (2015 Census) and a land area of only 5.6 square

kilometers. Fishing is a major economic activity with nine coastal barangays (out of 20

barangays). Due to its elevation, Rosario is said to be the ‘catch basin’ and ‘discharge

point’ of several watersheds located in Tagaytay and upland municipalities.

Natural Disaster Outbreak in Rosario

The Municipality of Rosario in Cavite is a first-class urban municipality located

along Manila Bay. Due to its elevation, Rosario is said to be the ‘catch basin’ and
‘discharge point’ of several watersheds located in Tagaytay and upland municipalities.

Rosario is one of the lowland coastal municipalities of Cavite. Due to such location, it

is noted for fishing. Rosario was an agricultural town until the 1980’s with considerable

portion of its land area where prime agricultural lands were mostly planted with

traditional crops such as palay, corn crops and vegetables. Being a coastal town,
15

fishing is one of the major sources of livelihood and income of the people in the area.

There is a commercial fish landing area in the municipality, which considered as one

of the major fish ports in the province.

According PhilAtlast, the municipality of Rosario has a land area of 38.16

square kilometers or 14.73 square miles which constitutes 2.42% of Cavite's total area.

Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 110,706. This represented

3.01% of the total population of Cavite province, or 0.77% of the overall population of

the CALABARZON region. The population density is computed at 2,901 inhabitants

per square kilometer or 7,516 inhabitants per square mile.

In August 2013, ABS-CBN News reported that Mayor Nonong Ricafrente, the

Municipal Mayor of Rosario, is asking the Philippine Coast Guard and the Philippine

Air Force to help in the evacuation of some 10,000 residents. Speaking to radio dzMM.

Ricafrente said the municipal hall needs 6x6 trucks to evacuate some 10,000 residents

living near the river. He said the evacuation will be centered in Barangays Tejeros

Convention and Wawa 1, 2 and 3.

History of calamities in Rosario

According to the Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officer,

Manuel C. Pueblo, the major natural disaster that hit the Rosario is the Typhoon

Milenyo. Typhoon Xangsane, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Milenyo, was a

typhoon that affected the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand during the 2006 Pacific

typhoon season. The name Xangsane was submitted by Laos and means elephant.

Xangsane made landfall in the Philippines, battering the northern islands with

torrential rains and strong winds, and causing widespread flooding and landslides.

After passing over Manila and emerging over the South China Sea, the typhoon made

a second landfall in central Vietnam, also causing flooding and landslides there and in

Thailand. The storm was responsible for at least 279 deaths, mostly in the Philippines

and Vietnam, and at least US$747 million in damage.

16

Based on the Philippines Today, the number of people killed as typhoon

“Milenyo” lashed Luzon and the Visayas rose to 62 yesterday while 69 others were

reported missing, the Office of Civil Defense said. A total of 81 others were injured as

“Milenyo” ravaged the country leaving a trail of destruction that displaced thousands

across the country, according to OCD officer-in-charge Dr. Anthony Rolando T. Golez.

Authorities recovered the bodies of 21 victims of a landslide that hit Sunny Brook

subdivision in Barangay San Francisco, General Trias, Cavite, radio station DzMM

reported. Fourteen of the bodies swept by rampaging waters were found in General

Trias; two in Cavite City; two in Rosario, Cavite; and three others in Tagaytay City.
 Figure 2. Map of Rosario, Cavite

Manila Bay

As per the Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, Manila Bay is a bay of the South

China Sea extending into southwestern Luzon, Philippines. Almost completely

landlocked, it is considered one of the world’s great harbors and has an area of 770

square miles (2,000 square km) with a 120-mile (190-km) circumference. Its widest

diameter, from northwest to southeast, measures 36 miles (58 km). Corregidor Island,
17

30 miles (48 km) west of Manila, divides the bay’s 11-mile- (18-km-) wide entrance into

two channels—the seldom used South Channel and the safer 2-mile- (3.2-km-) wide

North Channel between Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor.

The northern and northeastern shore of the bay adjoins Luzon’s central plain.

There the bay is shallow and lined by the mudflats and mangrove swamps of the delta

of the Pampanga River, site of the most extensive commercial fishponds in the

Philippines. Most of the bay is between 30 and 120 feet (10 and 40 meters) deep; the

tidal range is only moderate.

Manila Harbor, at the easternmost part of the bay, is divided into two sections:

North Harbor for interisland ships and South Harbor for international shipping. The

Philippine military maintains an air base and a naval reservation near Cavite, on the

southeastern shore. Balanga, on the western shore, is the base of a small fishing fleet.

Shoreline in Rosario

As per Google Earth Pro, the total length of the shoreline in Rosario is 8,150
m. Certain barangays are located along the shoreline. Nonetheless, many families are

residing near the shoreline despite the hazards that they might experience from

tsunami or storm surge.

Barangays along the shoreline in Rosario

The barangays along the shoreline in Rosario are the Kanluran, Ligtong I,

Ligtong IV, Muzon I, Muzon II, Sapa II, Sapa III, Wawa I, Wawa II, and Wawa III.

Located between Muzon I and Muzon II is the Dreamland wherein lots people are

residing by which their houses are just made of wood and the number one sources of

their living is fishing.

18

Figure 3. Barangays along the shoreline in Rosario

Population per barangay along the shoreline in Rosario

According to 2015 Census, the total population of residences in Rosario is

 110,706. The table below represents the population and area of the barangays along

the shoreline

Table 1. Population per barangay along the shoreline in Rosario

BARANGAY (ha)
PULATION AREA
TAGE (2015) % (ha)
POPULATION (2015) % AREA
POPULATION (2015) % (ha)
AREA

Kanluran 3.59 3,971 13.536

Ligtong I 4.22 4,674 23.3449
Ligtong IV 2.61 2,893 12.4596
Muzon I 3.54 3,923 20.2362
Muzon II 2.76 3,051 10.8786
Sapa II 6.55 7,254 13.2269
Sapa III 3.57 3,953 6.0583
Wawa I 4.42 4,894 12.5205
Wawa II 5.66 6,271 10.6621

Wawa III 10.77 11,921 26.0964

TOTAL 47.69 52,805 149.0195

19

Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property

The Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property is located at Barangay

Tejeros Convention, Rosario, Cavite with a total area of 99,512 sq. m. and an elevation

of 32 ft. based on Google Earth Pro.

According to the LawPhil Project, private respondent Carolina Hofileña,

complainant in SEC Case No. 2035, is a stockholder of Pioneer Glass Manufacturing

Corporation, Pioneer Glass for short, a domestic corporation engaged in the operation

of silica mines and the manufacture of glass and glassware. Since 1967, Pioneer Glass

had obtained various loan accommodations from the Development Bank of the

Philippines [DBP], and from other local and foreign sources which DBP guaranteed.

Pioneer Glass mortgaged and/or assigned its assets, real and personal, to the DBP,

in addition to the mortgages executed by some of its corporate officers over their

personal assets. The proceeds of said financial exposure of the DBP were used in the

construction of a glass plant in Rosario, Cavite, and the operation of seven silica mining

claims owned by the corporation.

Figure 4. Vicinity map of Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property

20
 Figure 5. Area of Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property

Figure 6. Available area of Pioneer Glass Manufacturing Corporation Property

Site Development Plan

A site development plan shows the general layout of a site, including building

areas, parking and street layout, conceptual landscaping and lighting, site cross-

section drawings and building elevations. Site development plan also includes details

of utilities, storm drainage engineering, and final landscape and irrigation design.
21

According to The Practice Group, Planning for site development involves

drawing up plans to illustrate the proposed development of the subject property. Such

plans include details regarding the total footprint of structures, location of structures,

designs, layouts for particular utilities, public access, and control over drainage,

existing and planned vegetation, lights, landscape features, street layout and more.
The plans must provide full details regarding right of way, public roads, sidewalks and

any driveways.

Before the process of developing a site, the current structures must be

described and their status indicated. Such status indications reveal whether the

structures are occupied, vacant, and if occupied – then the main activities used for in

addition to details regarding the architectural style and building materials used. The

plan also shows floodplains, existing drainage structures and slopes. The vegetation

pattern and required preservation are indicated along with the current land use zoning.

After that, developing the site is next in line. It must demonstrate the proposed

development of the subject land, including the installation of buildings, their

architectural style and materials used in construction, driveways, possible noise

generation by loading docks or maybe generators, the planned drainage and service

designs. Site-development plans must thus indicate the current conditions of sites, as

well as the proposed changes. The site development planner indicates the elevation

of the buildings and must done according to the architectural scale of the municipality

to indicate the height of buildings and relationship with surrounding elements.

As part of the site development planning phase, the planner needs to indicate

the total number of structures, dwellings, parking spaces, floor area and any other

elements relevant to the development for the purpose of compliance with the

requirements of the municipality. The city council evaluates the site-development plans

to determine whether they are in line with zone regulations. They must therefore be
22
detailed and include information on its use, structure type, location, size, accessibility,

parking, materials used, and more.

Some of the essential elements of current and proposed plans are briefly

outlined below:

1. Boundaries and Building Lines - It indicates the configuration, locality, and

extent of the property. The boundaries of the property are important cadastral

lines as the developer is unable to build over these lines. By that, land

surveying must be done to provide accurate property boundaries to be included

on the site-development plan. While these lines indicate the boundary of the

property, it also affects the size and height of the infrastructure, as well as the

use of the property.

2. The Property’s Entrance - The siting of the entrance driveway, as well as its

elevation, its distance from traffic lights and road signs, and its dimensions must

be indicated.

3. Current and Future Conditions of the Property - City council officials need site

development plans to understand how the current conditions of the property

will change according to the developers ' proposals. The submitted plan must

therefore provide a clear picture of the conditions of the property in its current

state and its proposed conditions after having been developed.

4. Parking and Surroundings - These are important elements when it comes to

high-density residential and commercial properties. The parking area must be

indicated, its entrance and exit, the number of vehicles it can accommodate,
 and its dimensions, signage, and traffic flow. In terms of the property’s

surroundings, the plans must indicate the traffic flow around the sites. The

context for the infrastructure must be clear, so the plans must include details

such as type of streets in the area, including arterial routes, freeways, dead-

ends, walkways, and bicycle lanes, etc. Street names must also be included.
23

5. Traffic and Road Signs and Fire Hydrants - The traffic-regulating features must

be included in the plans. Traffic lights, stop signs, traffic circles, and more

should be included in the drawings of the area surrounding proposed

developments.

6. Landscaping and Servitudes - Site-development plans must show what the

existing landscapes of proposed areas of development look like and what the

buildings and proposed landscaping will look like in future. This is important to

determine the environmental impact and sustainability of developments. The

plans must include information such as servitudes for utilities and rights of way.

Such information is graphically depicted to show exact locations.

Relocation Process

According to the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 - Section 2, the

persons or entities occupy danger areas such as esteros, railroad tracks, garbage

dumps, riverbanks, shorelines, waterways, and other public places such as sidewalks,

roads, parks, and playgrounds are all part of the said act. The following procedures

and guidelines on relocation operation shall be strictly observed by the Local

Government Unit (LGU) or government agency authorized to demolish.

Pre-relocation Phase. This includes the identification of resettlement site, pre-

census, census, issuance of a 30-day notice, consultation proper, completion of

relocation documents/ requirements, and Voluntary Relocation and Resettlement.

Relocation Phase. This includes the Preparations Before the Dismantling of

Structures, Dismantling of Structures/Movement of Families, Issuance of Entry

Passes, loading and transportation, mentoring and documentations, welcome and

reception, Processing of Documents and Lot Assignment, and transfer to assigned lot.

Post-Relocation Phase. This includes the identification of place of origin and

resettlement site.
24

Housing Types

Homes can either be stand alone or cluster units. Stand-alone refers to

individual houses while cluster units refer to individual homes that share walls. There

are four common types of housing in the Philippines. These are bungalow type –

single-storey house, multi-storey house, townhouse and condo unit. There is also

multi-occupancy building of any sort that was adopted by the Philippines from the

Scotland. It is the tenement and some countries often refer this kind of housing as

down apartment building or slum building. Tenements are urban dwelling occupied by

impoverished families. It is an apartment houses that barely meet the minimum

standards of safety, sanitation, and comfort. It is considered as an overcrowded

apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city,Some of the housing

design options are one-storey rowhouse; rowhouse/duplex with Loft; two to three-
storey low-rise building to serve as evacuation center/typhoon shelter during storm

surges, also to serve as buffer on sites at lowland areas; and the like.

Figure 7. Example of disaster-resilient row house model

25

Tenement Building

A tenement house is a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house,

especially in a poor section of a large city. According to New York City Tenement

House, a typical tenement building was from five to six stories high, with four

apartments on each floor. To maximize the number of renters, builders wasted little

space. Early tenements might occupy as much as 90 percent of their lots, leaving little

room behind the building for privies and water pumps and little ventilation, light, or

privacy inside the tenement. With a large extended family and regular boarders to help

pay the rent, which could otherwise eat up over half of a family's income, a tenement
apartment might house as many as from ten to twelve people at a time. These

tenement residents often also worked in the building in such occupations as cigar

rolling and garment making.

In the Philippines, the government is eyeing to build tenement-type houses to

address the problem of homelessness in Metro Manila (Carcamo, 2009). Metro Manila

Development Authority chairman Bayani Fernando said the construction of such

medium-rise apartments will be more viable to accommodate informal settlers in the

metropolis. Fernando, concurrent Metro Manila Inter-Agency Committee on Informal

Settlers head, said these tenement-type apartments are the most practical means of

providing resettlement to Metro Manila’s homeless families. MMIAC figures show that

there are 544,000 squatter families, 70,000 of whom are living along danger zones

such creeks and riversides. "These people are our priority," he said in a radio interview.

The MMDA head said it has begun sprucing up tenement homes in Vitas,

Tondo, Manila, to benefit 10,000 squatter families. He said relocation of the families

will pave the way for the clearing of R-10, a major thoroughfare used by delivery trucks

in bringing in produce in Metro Manila. He said there is a need to construct 305 houses

a day or 30,859 units per year within 10 years. The government will have to allocate

P30 billion annually to build the required number of tenement-type homes.

26
 Figure 8. Western Bicutan, Taguig Tenement

Figure 9. Punta, Sta. Ana Tenement

Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low

tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having

higher tensile strength and/or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not
27

necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete

before it sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in

regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural

failure. Modem reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of

steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not.

Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed, so as to improve the behavior

of the final structure under working loads in the United States, the most common

methods of doing this are known as pre-tensioning and post-tensioning.

For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have

the following properties at least: high relative strength, high toleration of tensile strain,

good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors, thermal

compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing

temperatures. (Victor E. Saouma).

Concrete Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregate,

coarse aggregate and water. The conglomeration of these materials producing a solid

mass is called plain concrete. Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in a

manner the two materials act together in resisting forces is called reinforced concrete

(Fajardo, 2001).

Composition of Concrete

Cement. Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general

usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, and plaster.

Water. Combining water with cementitious material forms a cement paste by

the process of hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids

within it and allows it to flow more freely.

Aggregate. There are inert materials when bound together into a

conglomerated mass by Portland cement and water from concrete, mortar, or plaster.

The aggregate component is about 75 percent of the total mass of concrete. Aggregate
28
is classified as coarse and fine aggregates. Coarse aggregate is the portion of

aggregate retained on number 4 (4.76 mm) sieve. Fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is

generally the product of natural disintegration of silica-bearing or calcium-bearing rock.

These are those that passes through number 4 sieve and predominantly retained on

number 200 (74 micron) sieve.

Reinforcement. Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate

efficiently carries the compression load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement

holding the aggregate in place can crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced

concrete solves these problems by adding steel reinforcement bars, steel fibers, glass

fibers, or plastic fibers to carry tensile loads. Thereafter the concrete is reinforced to

withstand the tensile loads upon it.

Chemical admixtures. Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of

powder or fluids that are added to the concrete to give it certain characteristics not

obtainable with plain concrete mix. In normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5%

by mass of cement and are added to the concrete at the time of batching/mixing

(Fajardo, 2001).

Foundation

Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the

underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to

the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity, to prevent excessive settlement of

the structure to a tolerable limit, to minimize differential settlement, and to prevent

sliding and overturning. The settlement depends upon the intensity of the load, type of

soil, and foundation level. Where possibility of differential settlement occurs, the
different footings should be designed in such a way to settle independently of each

other. Foundation design involves a soil study to establish the most appropriate type

of foundation and a structural design to determine footing dimensions and required

amount of reinforcement. Because compressive strength of the soil is generally much

29

weaker than that of the concrete, the contact area between the soil and the footing is

much larger than that of the columns and walls.

The factors that affects the selection of type of footing to be used includes the

following: the bearing capacity of the underlying soil: the magnitude of the column

loads: the position of the water table; the depth of foundations of adjacent buildings.

Depth of footing

The depth to which foundations shall be carried is to satisfy the following:

ensuring adequate bearing capacity, in the case of clay soils, footings are to penetrate

below the zone where shrinkage and swelling due to seasonal weather changes are

likely to cause appreciable movement: the footing should be located sufficiently below

maximum scouring depth; footing should be located away from top soils containing

organic materials: the footing should be located away from unconsolidated materials

such as garbage.

All footings shall extend to a depth of at least 0.50 meter below natural ground

level. On rock or such other weather-resisting natural ground, removal of the topsoil

may be all that is required. In such cases, the surface shall be cleaned, so as to provide

a suitable hearing. Usually footings are located at depths of 1.5 to 2.0 meters below

natural ground level.

Ultimate bearing capacity of soil

The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes

shear failure of soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil.

Allowable bearing capacity of soil

The intensity of loading that the soil carries without causing shear failure and

without causing excessive settlement is called allowable bearing capacity of soil. It

should be noted that a 9 is a service load stress. The allowable bearing capacity of soil

is obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the

order of 2.50 to 3.0.

30

The allowable soil pressure for soil may be either gross or net pressure

permitted on the soil directly under the base of the footing. The gross pressure

represents the total stress in the soil created by all the loads above the base of the

footing. These loads include: (a) column service loads: (b) the weight of the footing;

and (c) the weight of the soil on the top of the footing (Mohan Kalani).

Basic Design Standards for One-Story Housing Projects

The maximum allowable density per hectare for the horizontal development of

one-storey housing with or without a loft is 160 units/ha. The minimum floor area is

22.0 square meters loftable, 22.0 square meters with 11 square meters loft, and 24.0

square meters (for LRBs). Models for lots along major roads may be modified to

include provision of a space for home-based economic activity, but should not exceed

cost parameters.

Design Standards and Guidelines for Relocation Houses

 Location. With consideration of both the regional and local context. Housing

projects shall be within suitable sites for housing and outside potential hazard prone

and protection areas.

Accessibility from Major Transportation Facilities. Site shall have an

existing legal road right of way from a major thoroughfare.

Zoning and land use classification. Classification shall be residential as

defined under approved CLUP.

Topography and Soil Characteristics. Must be relatively flat (or filling

requirement for rolling terrain shall not exceed max cost). Slopes should not exceed

15% max gradient. For high density, slope should be below 5%. Soil characteristics

must conform to the suitability standards for construction by DENR through its Bureau

of Mines and Geo-Sciences.

Water Supply Facilities. Source of potable water should be established

whether from local water company, from the ground, or other alternative source.
31

Power Supply Facilities. Presence of power utility company that will serve the

needs of new community.

Drainage. Natural waterways and outfalls shall be established on ground.

Provision of community facilities shall be determined based on the needs of

target beneficiaries. It is based on existence of public infrastructure within the 5-km

radius of the site. For horizontal development, it must have one (1) covered basketball

court/ multi-purpose center, one (1) daycare center w/ 2 classrooms, one (1) MRF, and

one (1) tricycle terminal

 Design Parameters

Land Allocation. For open market and medium cost subdivision projects with

an area of one (1) hectare or more, the percentage (%) allocation of land shall be as

depends on if it is a saleable or non-saleable area.

For saleable area, it has a maximum of 70% of the gross area. Example of this

is the residential housing development.

For non-saleable area, it has the minimum of 30% of the gross area. Examples

of these are circulation/ road network, parks and playgrounds, and community

facilities. Lot Requirement. The minimum lot area for various types of housing under

open market and medium cost housing project shall be as follows:

Table 2. Minimum lot area

TYPES OF HOUSING OPEN MARKET (Sqm•) MEDIUM COST (Sqm.)

Single Detached 120 100

Duplex/Single Attached 96 80

Rowhouse 60 50
32
Table 3. Minimum lot frontage
TYPES OF HOUSING/LOT FRONTAGE (m.)
1. Single Detached
a. Corner Lot b. Regular Lot 10 c. Irregular Lot 6 d. Interior Lot
Length of Block. Maximum length of block shall be 400 meters, however,
blocks exceeding 250 meters shall be provided with an alley approximately at mid-
length.
Shelter Component. Minimum floor area for open market housing shall be 42
square meters and 30 square meters for medium cost housing.
Setback/ Yard. The minimum setback of dwelling units both for open market
and medium cost housing projects shall conform to the National Building Code of the
Philippines. Water Supply. The subdivision water supply shall be mandatory or obligatorily
connected to an appropriate public water system or community system provided that
the water supply is enough to meet the total daily requirements of the anticipated
population. When neither a public water system, nor an acceptable community system
is available, a centralized water supply system shall be accepted.
Electrical Power Supply. Mandatory individual household connection to
primary and/or alternate sources of power. Installation practices, materials and fixtures
used shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code and/or
local utility company. Provision of street lighting per pole is mandatory at 50-meter
distance and every other pole if distance is less than 50 meters. Electrical bills for
streetlights shall be proportionately shouldered by the users thereof prior to issuance
of Certificate of Completion (COG) and turn-over of open space to LGU.
12 10 6 3 Duplex/Single Attached 8
Rowhouse 4
33

Sewage Disposal System. The sewage disposal system for open market and

medium cost subdivision projects shall either be any of the following: a. Connection to

Community Sewer System Connections shall be made to an approved public or

community sewer system, subject to the requirements and provisions of the Sanitation

Code of the Philippines and other applicable rules and regulations. b. Septic Tanks

Where community sewer system is not available, sewage shall be disposed of and

treated in individual septic tanks. Construction of individual septic tanks shall conform

to the design standards of Sanitation Code of the Philippines (PD 856) and National

Plumbing Code of the Philippines (RA 1378).

Drainage Disposal System. The drainage system of the subdivision shall

conform to the natural drainage pattern of the subdivision site, and shall drain into

appropriate water bodies or public drainage system.

Garbage Disposal System. The subdivision shall have a sanitary and efficient

refuse collection and disposal system, whether independently or in conjunction with

the municipal/city garbage collection and disposal services.

National Building Code of the Philippines

P.D. 1096, National Building Code of the Philippines (NBCP), is a national

development control aimed at maintaining public safety and well-being and is

essentially a national development control (DC), stating mainly MINIMUM standards

all aimed at promoting and maintaining public safety and well-being, as the same

relates to the architectural planning and design of buildings, their contents, their

grounds, their host sites and portions of their environs.

Design Considerations

Dead loads. The weight of materials of construction incorporated into the

building, including but not limited to walls, floors, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions,

finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items,

and the weight of fixed service equipment, such as cranes, plumbing stacks and risers,
34

electrical feeders, heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems and fire sprinkler

systems (NSCP 2010).

Impact load. The load resulting from moving machinery, elevators, crane

ways, vehicles and other similar forces and kinetic loads, pressure and possible

surcharge from fixed or moving loads (NSCP 2010).

Live loads. Those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building

or other structure and do not include construction and or environmental loads such as

wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake, load, flood load or dead load (NSCP

2010).

Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011

 This Code specifies the dead and imposed loads for building, street, building

works and street works in Hong Kong.

The values of imposed loads are categorized and given in this Section

according to specific use of the related floor or structure, and they shall be considered

as the minimum values to be adopted in design. Where higher values are anticipated

or considered more appropriate, based on knowledge of the intended use of the floor

or the intended installation of equipment, machinery or displayed items, they shall be

considered in determining the imposed loads on the floor.

CAAP Clearance Requirement

Considering the height of a high-rise building to ensure that it is within the limit

to prevent obstruction to air traffic, restrictions are necessary. A height clearance

permit shall be first secured from the Air Transportation Office (ATO) now known as

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) before a building permit may be

issued for the construction of buildings/structures located:

1. Within 4-kilometer radius of the runway ends of an aerodrome regardless of

height;
35

2. From 4-kilometer to 24-kilometer radius of the runway ends of an aerodrome

where turbo-jet aircraft operate and exceeding 45.00 meters in height above

the elevation of the runway; and

3. From 4-kilometer to 10-kilometer radius of the runway ends of an aerodrome

where no turbo-jet aircraft operate and exceeding 45.00 meters in height above

the elevation of the runway.

 Some of the airports that are near Rosario, Cavite are Ninoy Aquino

International Airport (NAIA) and Subic Bay International Airport with 21.95km and

99.99km away from Rosario, Cavite, respectively.

Figure 10. Airports near Rosario, Cavite, Philippines

36

METHODOLOGY

Basically, the study was focused on surveying, consulting, planning and

designing the architectural, structural, plumbing and electrical plans for the disaster-

resilient housing relocation in Rosario. Important information through technical data

and building laws were enhanced in the development of the study.

Site Selection

The authors determined a site location where the proposed design of housing

was located. Specifically, the area that was far from the shoreline and had a higher
elevation. The site was ensured that it was not prone to landslides and was assured

that it was located in residential zones or other areas appropriate to residential uses.

Data Gathering

The information used by the authors were mainly from the municipality. Those

details were area of the chosen disaster-prone communities, area of the possible site

location, population of the affected communities, focused length of the shoreline, and

number of barangays.

Architectural and Structural Plans

The architectural and structural plans were drafted through the use of

AutoCAD 2017, Sketchup 2015, and Sketchup 2018. The plans were geographical

maps, perspectives, floor plans, elevations, and detailed structural plans.

Analysis of Data

The data gathered by the researchers were analyzed and organized. These

data were used in the conceptualization of design concepts, design criteria, and other

design considerations.

Structural Analysis

The structural analyses were obtained with the use of Structural Aided

Analysis and Design (STAAD). The design shears, axial forces, and moments, acting

on the structure were analyzed based on gathered technical data from NSCP. The
37

economical and safe dimensions of members and the number and dimensions of

reinforcements were determined. The authors used the concrete design formulas

focusing on the wind, earthquake and liquefaction loads. The result of STAAD
analyses served as basis for manual structural computation of the structure.

Structural Design

Design of Purlins with and without Sag rods

1. Determine total normal (ωN) component of the load and the total

tangential (ωT) component of the load acting at the top and centroid

of the purlin using the critical load given by the analysis of STAAD.

2. If , then the maximum moment is at the

third point. Otherwise, the maximum moment is at the midspan.

θ= roof angle

Sx = section modulus at x-axis

Sy = section modulus at y – axis

The following moments of purlins with and without sag rods was

obtained from Theory of Structures.

3. The normal (MN) and tangential moments (MTtop ) and (MTcentroid) were

computed using the formula:

For purlins without sagrod:

For purlins with one line of sag rod placed at the middle:
 For purlins with two lines of sag rods placed at third points:

4. A trial section was selected from the ASEP steel handbook obtaining its

weight, section moduli, moments of inertia, and radii of gyration.

5. The actual (fb) and allowable (Fb) stresses of the section were obtained

using the formula:

f⁄

6. The efficiency of the section was computed.

≤1
b

Note: Efficiency of the section must be less than or equal to 1 with value

ranging from 0.90 to 1 for the section to be safe and economical.

7. Interaction value was checked using the formula:

f
f
b Design of Sag rod

1. The reaction carried by the sag rod was obtained from Theory of

Structures.

a.) If one line of sag rod is placed at the middle, the reaction is
 38
39

b.) If two lines of sag rods are placed at the third points, the reaction is

Note: T= tangential forces acting at the top of the purlin

2. Compute the total reaction of the sag rod.

nu ber of pur ins

3. The required cross-sectional area of sagrod (Asagrod) was computed using the

formula:

R(total) = reaction carried by the sagrod

= allowable bending stress (0.60Fy)

4. The required diameter (d) of sag rod was computed:

d
A

5. Check for tie rod. Compute the force on the tie rod.

P = force on the tie rod

θ = roof angle

6. The required cross-sectional area of tie rod was computed using the
 formula:

= allowable bending stress (0.60Fy)

7. The required diameter (d) of tie rod was computed:

d
A

8. Largest value of diameter of sag rod was chosen and adapted all throughout.
40

Design of Truss

Compression Member

1. Select a member which has the greatest compressive force from STAAD

Analysis.

2. A trial section was selected from the steel handbook obtaining its weight,

area, section moduli, moments of inertia, and radii of gyration.

3. Calculate the effective length, slenderness ratio, and the limiting slenderness

ratio. Follow the corresponding provisions from NSCP regarding axially

loaded compression member.

a. When c [ ( r⁄ c ) ]

r⁄ ) ( r⁄ )
( c c

c√
 b. When c

r⁄

c√

k = effective length factor

r = governing radius of gyration

= slenderness ratio

Cc = limiting slenderness ratio

Fa = allowable axial stress of the section

41

F.S. = factor of safety

E = modulus of Elasticity of the section

Fy = yield stress of steel

4. Calculate the safe load that the section can carry.

Note: The safe load that the section can carry must be greater than to the

governing compressive force of the members taken from STAAD Analysis.

For economical purposes, the efficiency of the section must lie between 90-

100%.

5. Check for slenderness limitations. For members designed on the basis of

 compression, the slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should not exceed 200.

(NSCP Section505.2)

Tension Member

1. Select a member which has the greatest tensile force from STAAD Analysis.

2. A trial section was selected from the steel handbook obtaining its weight,

area, section moduli, moments of inertia, and radii of gyration.

3. Calculate the safe load that the section could carry.

P = 0.6 yAg

Pn = safe ultimate load that the section could carry

Fy = yield stress of steel

Ag = gross area of the section

Note: The safe load that the section can carry must be greater than to the

governing tensile force of the members taken from STAAD Analysis. For

economical purposes, the efficiency of the section must lie between 90-100%.

4. Check for slenderness limitations. For members designed on the basis of

tension, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed 300. This

suggestion does not apply to rods or hangers in tension. (NSCP Section

504.1)
42

Designing of Reinforced Concrete Structure

Designing of Beams

1. Ultimate and factor shear force of section was based on the STAAD analysis.

2. Using the relation, b was computed.

 b

fc' fy fy

3. The value of ω was obtained by:

fy
ω fc'

4. Compute the effective depth by:

d 𝑕 c dia eter of t𝑕e bar

𝑕 overa t𝑕ic ness of t𝑕e e ber

d t𝑕e effective dept𝑕 in

c concrete cover in

5. Determine if the beam should be single reinforced or double reinforced by

computing the moment capacity of the concrete steel couple by:

u fc bd

For single reinforced beam

1. Compute for the required area of the steel. Use the equation:

As bd

2. Compute for the number of bars required:

As A

N nu ber of bars

As area of stee tension

A area of t𝑕e bar in

3. In computing the area of one bar:

43
 A dia eter of t𝑕e bar

4. Check for the shearing stress where the factor shear force of the section was

based from STAAD analysis:

bd √fc'

a owab e s𝑕ear force t𝑕at t𝑕e concrete cou d carry

a one in N

fc specifiedconcrete strengt𝑕 in a

Note:

When:

web reinforced is needed; 10mm stirrups will be used

web reinforcement is not needed; 10mm stirrups will be used for

anchorage

5. Compute for the maximum spacing by:

6. Compute for the development length by:

A fy
√fc

deve op ent engt𝑕 in

A area of one bar in

 fc specified co pressive strengt𝑕 of concrete in a

7. Compute for the minimum development length and determine which is the

highest.

8. Development length value:

44

A fy

For double reinforced beam

1. Compute for the required area of the steel, use the equation:

As bd

2. Compute for the ideal moment strength of the steel - steel couple:

u ti ate o ent N

3. Compute for the area of the steel utilized by the steel- steel couple:

A fy d d

A area of t𝑕e stee uti ized by t𝑕e stee stee coup e in

idea o ent strengt𝑕 of t𝑕e stee stee coup e in N

strengt𝑕 reduction factor for bending

fy specified yie d strengt𝑕 ofnonprestressed reinforce ent

in a

d effective dept𝑕 of tension stee in

d dept𝑕 of centroid co pression stee for co pression face

in
4. Compute for the total area of steel in tension using the equation:

AAA

A tota area of t𝑕e stee in tension in

A area of stee uti ized by concrete stee coup e in

A area of stee uti ized by stee stee coup e in

5. Compute for the number of bars using the equation:

AsA

N nu ber of bar

As area of stee tension in

A area of t𝑕e bar in

45

6. Compute for using the equation:

Asfy fc'b

7. Check whether compression and tension steel yields.

for co pression
cdc

for tension
cdc

8. Compare to using the equation:

fy

9. In computing the area of one bar:

A dia eter of t𝑕e bar

 10. Check whether the tension or compression steel yields:

co pression stee yie ds

fc d fy d fy

tension stee yie ds

fs fy

11. Check for the shearing stress where the factor shear force of the section was

based from STAAD analysis:

bd √fc'

a owab e s𝑕ear force t𝑕at t𝑕e concrete

cou d carry a one in N

fc specifiedconcrete strengt𝑕 in a

Note:

When:

web reinforced is needed; 10mm stirrups will be used

46

web reinforcement is not needed; 10mm stirrups will be used for

anchorage

12. Compute for the nominal shear reinforcement

s no ina s𝑕ear strengt𝑕 by s𝑕ear reinforce ent in N

 u factored s𝑕ear force of section in N

strengt𝑕 reduction factor for bending

c a owab e s𝑕ear force t𝑕at concrete cou d carry a one in N

13. In computing the area of one bar:

A dia eter of t𝑕e bar

14. Compute for the spacing of the stirrups:

A fy d
s

spacing of t𝑕e stirrups

A area of t𝑕e bar in

fy specified yie d strengt𝑕 ofnonprestressed

reinforce en in a

s no ina s𝑕ear strengt𝑕 by s𝑕ear reinforce ent in N

d effective dept𝑕 of tension stee in

Check if: When:

d
bd √fc' uses ax a owed by A code

d
bd √fc' uses ax

15. Compute for the development length:

47

A fy
√fc

deve op ent engt𝑕 in

 A area of one bar in

fc specified co pressive strengt𝑕 of concrete in a

16. Compute for the minimum development length and determine which is the

highest.

17. Development length value:

A fy

Designing of Column

1. Factored axial load and factored moment was based on STAAD analysis.

2. Try a section.

3. The effective depth was computed.

𝑕d

4. Assume value of pg.

5. Compute the area of steel required.

As gAg

6. Number of bars was computed by using the formula.

As A

7. Compute and check the value of g .

A
g A

8. The column was checked whether long or short column by using the relation:

[]
r

ong co u n t𝑕e effect of s enderness ratio is considered

 []
r
48

𝑕ort co u n t𝑕e effect of s enderness ratio is considered

9. For long column, the following steps was followed:

a. The modulus elasticity of concrete was computed:

√fc

b. The inertia of gross concrete was computed by using the formula:

b𝑕

c. The flexure stiffness of compression member was computed.

d. The critical load was computed.

e. Critical moment was computed by using the following formulas:

uu

cu

f. The eccentricity was computed.

c
e c

10. Check if the column is large moment with small axial load or small moment

with large axial load.

𝑕 e arge axia oad wit s a o ent

 𝑕 e a axia oad wit𝑕 arge o ent

11. For large moment with small axial load, the following steps were followed:

a. The nominal axial load strength and distance from extreme compression

fiber to neutral axis will be computed using the relation:

fs fs fy

fy
49
Tn
Asfs fc ab Asfy
nxdadd
ac
b. The factored axial load was computed.
un
c. The factored moment was computed by using the formula.
u ue
d. Check for the compression and tension
fy
'c
cd

'o pression stee wi yie d

'c
dc

'o pression stee wi yie d

12. For large axial load with small moment, the following steps was followed:
a. The modulus elasticity of concrete was computed by using the relation:
dcc
b. Steel area requirement was computed:
A dia eter of t𝑕e bar N
c. The cumulative effects of temperature and differential settlements was
computed by using the formula:
T As fs
d. The distance from the extreme compression fiber to neutral axis was
computed by using the following relation:
Tn
50
Asfs fc ab Asfy
e. The depth of equivalent rectangular stress block was computed.
ac
f. The compression and steel tension was checked by using the following
formulas:
fy
'c
cd

'o pression stee wi yie d

'c
dc

' Tension stee wi yie d

g. The nominal axial load strength at given eccentrically was computed by
using the relation:
Asfs n fc ab Asfy
h. Compute for the factored ax.al load strength at given eccentrically.
un
i. Factored moment was computed by using the formula:
j. Compute the eccentricity
e
13. Spacing of lateral ties was computed using the following formulas:
dd
east di ension
Design of Slab
The following steps were used in designing the concrete slab.
1. Check first whether the slab is one way or two-way slab using ACI
Specification.
51

one way s ab
s

two way s ab
s

2. In computing for one-way slab, the following formulas was used:

a. Minimum thickness of slab is computed using:

𝑕
 for si p y supported 𝑕
for si p y supported

for bot𝑕 ends continuos

for bot𝑕 ends continuos
𝑕
fy
]
for one end continuous 𝑕
for one end continuous

for canti evered section

for canti evered section

b. One-meter strip was considered

c. Factored load was computed using:

d. Compute for ultimate moment using:

u
u

e. The value of d was computed using the formula:

d𝑕cd

f. “ω” was computed using:

fc bd

g. “ρ” was computed using:

fc fy

h. ρ > ρmin > ρmax was checked using the following formulas:
52

f
 b

fc' fy fy

for fc a

fc for fc a wit𝑕

ini u va ue of

Note: when ρ > ρmax increase thickness of slab

when ρ < ρmin decrease thickness of slab

i. Compute steel area

A bd

j. Compute spacing for 12mmØ bars or larger

k. Compute area of temperature bars

Note: as the main bars must be greater than As for temperature bars:

A b𝑕 for grade fy a

A b𝑕 for grade fy a

l. Compute spacing of temperature bars

𝑕 or
A

3. Analysis of two-way slab is by coefficient method. The following steps was

followed:

a. Determine slab thickness

 peri eter of pane
in t𝑕ic ness

b. Compute for dead load

𝑕
53

c. Compute for the factored loads

d. Consider only one-meter strip

e. Determine span ratio

sb

f. Determine the negative moment at continuous edge and the case to be

used.

g. Compute the moment along the short direction using:

h. Compute the moment along the long direction using:

i. Compute the dead load moment along the short direction using:

j. Compute the live load moment along the long direction using:

k. Determine total load at short direction.

l. Determine total load along long dimension.

 m. Compute for the negative moment at discontinuous edge using:

n. Determine ω.

fc bd

o. Determine the reinforcement ratio

54

fc fy

p. Compute for the area of steel.

A bd

q. Compute the spacing for temperature bars.

𝑕 or
A

r. The continuous edge was computed using the same formula in procedure

n to q.

s. The spacing at discontinuous edge was computed by getting the three

times spacing at the mid-span.

Design of Stairs and Landing

In designing a stairway, the following steps and specifications was followed:

ini u widt𝑕 and ini u di ensions of oading

ini u t𝑕read
 ini u 𝑕eig𝑕t of a straig𝑕t f ig𝑕t between anding

1. Compute the weight of step

2. Assume thickness of slab

3. Compute the weight of slab

st √r t

4. Compute the factored load

5. Determine the ultimate moment considering one-meter strip

Note: For simply supported with uniform distributed load only

55

6. Calculate the effective depth of slab

d t ( c dia eter of t𝑕e bar)

7. Compute ω using the equation:

u fc bd

8. Compute the ratio of non-pre-stressed tension

fc fy

9. Check the ratio

10. Compute the area of steel bars

As bd

11. Compute the spacing of steel bars

 t or
AA

12. Compute the area of temperature bars

Note: as the main bars must be greater than As for temperature bars

A b𝑕 for grade fy a

A b𝑕 for grade fy a

13. Compute spacing for temperature bars.

𝑕 or
AA

Designing of Footing

1. The values of ultimate moment (Mu) and ultimate axial load was adopted from

STAAD.

2. Critical load to be computed by using the formula:

un

3. Weight of footing was assumed to range from 6% to 8 % of service load.

eig𝑕t of footing c

4. Compute for total load.

56
c wt of footing
5. The required area of footing was computed by using the formula:
Tota oad
equired Area
oi earing apacity
6. Use a bigger size than the required area.
7. The ultimate soil pressure was computed by using the following formulas:
u
e u
ue
q
8. Depth of footing "d" was computed by punching shear which occurs at a
distance d/2 from the face of the column.
a. Compute for the allowable value of punching shear:
 √fc
c ( c)
c √fc
Where:
ong side of co u n
c s𝑕ort side of co u n
Use whichever is lesser
b. Average ultimate soil pressure was computed by using the formula:
qq
Ave q
c. The value of "d" was computed by equating the actual punching shear to
allowable punching shear.
u Actua
n bd
u qu d
bddcd
57
9. "d" was checked in beam shear by using the following formulas:
u
qu A bd √fc'
uc
10. “d” was checked in bending by using the following formulas:
x
u qu x
u fc bd
ωfc' fy
11. Compare to :
fy
if use
12. Steel area requirement was computed using the formula:
As bd
13. Compute for the required development length.
A fy
eq
√fc
A area of one bar in
in d fy or
14. Actual weight of footing was rechecked by using the following formulas:
Tota dept𝑕 of footing d d
t of footing Tota dept𝑕
Preparation of Cost Estimate
Cost estimate of the materials that were used in the design project for
earthworks, carpentry works, concrete works, masonry works, and others were
58

included in this study. The computations were from Simplified Construction Estimate
by Max B. Fajardo Jr.

Notes:

1. Quantity of all material calculated for every group was rounded up to same

desired degree.

2. Quantity of all similar materials calculated for every group were added all

together to determine the total quantity of materials needed.

3. All materials were priced manually based on the prevailing unit cost in the

market.

4. Total price of every material was combined to get the total cost.

I. Earthworks

The earthworks were computed by determining the total volume excavated.

Excavation - Total quantity of soil excavated was computed by the formula:

o u e engt𝑕 x widt𝑕 x nu ber x dept𝑕

II. Concrete and Steel Works

A. Concrete Works

Beam 1. Determine the volume of the beam and girder.

o u e T𝑕ic ness x idt𝑕 x engt𝑕

2. Determine the class mixture of the concrete by defining the concrete

proportion to be used.

3. Determine the quantity of cement (bags), sand (cu.m) and gravel (cu.m) by

multiplying the corresponding factor provided by the Appendix Table 5.

Column
 1. Determine the cross-sectional area of the column.

A idt𝑕 x engt𝑕 (For square and rectangular column)

A r (For circular column)

59

2. Determine the volume of the column by multiplying the cross-sectional area to

the corresponding height of the column.

3. Determine the class mixture of the concrete by defining the concrete

proportioning to be used.

4. Determine the quantity of cement (bags), sand (cu.m) and gravel (cu.m) by

multiplying the corresponding factor provided by the Appendix Table 5.

Footing

1. Determine the volume of the slab.

o u e T𝑕ic ness x idt𝑕 x engt𝑕

2. Determine the class mixture of the concrete by defining the concrete

proportion to be used.

3. Determine the quantity of cement (bags), sand (cu.m) and gravel (cu.m) by

multiplying the corresponding factor provided by the Appendix Table 5.

Slab 1. Determine the volume for slab.

o u e T𝑕ic ness x idt𝑕 x engt𝑕

2. Determine the class mixture of the concrete by defining the concrete

proportion to be used.

3. Determine the quantity of cement (bags), sand (cu.m) and gravel (cu.m) by
 multiplying the corresponding factor provided by the Appendix Table 5.

B. Steel Works

Beam a. Main Reinforcement

The quantity and length of main reinforcement was determined by the “Direct

Counting Method”. The length however, will be determined by the physical condition

of the structures in relation with their support.

1. Verify the plan if the span or distances of the column where the beam is

resting indicates the following conditions:

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Center to center of the column

Outer to center of the column

Outer to outer side of the column

Inside to inside span

2. Verify the splicing position of the reinforcement if it is adjusted to the

commercial length of steel bars. Take note that “the lesser the splice the

lesser the cost”.

3. Identify the bars with hook and bend and additional cut bars for future

attachment for adjustment of order length.

b. Stirrups

The quantity and length of stirrups for beam and girder reinforcement will be

determined by “Direct Counting Method”.

1. Determine the type of stirrups to be used (open or close stirrups)

2. Determine the individual length of stirrup.

3. By direct counting, determine the total number of stirrups for single span of

beam girder.

4. Determine the total number of stirrups for all beams and girder of the same

type.

5. Determine the total length of stirrups by multiplying the total quantity of

stirrups to required length and size of steel reinforcement.

6. Determine the total quantity of commercial steel reinforcement to be used by

dividing the total length of stirrups computed by the length of commercial steel

reinforcement to be used.

c. Tie Wire

Tie wire for beam and girder was determined by the direct counting method.

1. By inspection, determine the total number of intersections in a single span of

beam and girder.

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2. Determine the total number of intersections by multiplying the number of

intersections in a single span of beam/girder to the total number of

beams/girder of the same type and category.

3. Determine the length of individual cut tie wire to be used for every

intersections of steel bars.

4. Determine the total length of tie wire needed by multiplying the total number

of intersections to the length of individual cut tie wire to be used.

5. Determine the quantity of tie wire (by weight) to be used by converting the
 computed total length of tie wire into kilograms using the ratio of 1kg is to 53

m (No. 16 GI Wire).

Column

a. Main Reinforcement

The quantity and length of the main reinforcement was determined by the

“direct counting method” giving special attention to the additional length for:

Lap joints of end splices.

Allowance for bending and or hook.

Additional length for beam depth and floor thickness if the height

indicated in the plan is from floor to ceiling.

Distance from floor to footing slab.

Provisions for splices of succeeding floors.

1. Determine the total length of individual reinforcement.

2. Determine the length and size of commercial steel reinforcement to be used.

3. Determine the quantity of steel bars to be used for individual post/column.

4. Determine the total quantity of steel bar needed for all post/column of the

same type/category.

b. Lateral Ties

The quantity and length of lateral ties was determined by the “Direct Counting

Method”.
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1. Determine the individual length of lateral ties.

2. By direct counting, determine the total number of lateral ties for a single span
 of column.

3. Determine the total number of lateral ties for all columns of the same

type/category.

4. Determine the comer length and size of steel reinforcement to be used.

5. Determine the total quantity of comer steel reinforcement to be used by

dividing the computed total length of lateral ties by the length of commercial

steel reinforcement to be used.

c. Tie Wire

Tie wire for rectangular column was determined by direct counting method.

1. Determine the total number of main reinforcement.

2. Determine the number of intersection per column by multiplying the number of

main reinforcement to the total number of main reinforcement to the total

number of lateral ties used in a single column.

3. Determine the total number of intersections by multiplying the number of

intersection in a single column to the number of columns of the same type

and category.

4. Determine the length of individual cut tie wire to be used for every

intersections of steel bars.

5. Determine the total length of tie wire needed by multiplying the total number

of intersection to the length of individual cut tie wire to be used.

6. Determine the quantity of tie wire (by weight) to be used by converting the

computed total length of tie wire into kilograms using the ratio of 1kg is to 53

m (No. 16 GI Wire).
Footing

a. Main Reinforcement

1. Determine the length of one cut reinforcing bar.

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2. Determine the total number of cut bars in one footing.

3. Determine the total number of cut bars for all the footing of the same

type/category by multiplying the total number of cut bats for one footing to the

total number of footing.

4. Find the total length of the computed quantity of cut bars by multiplying the

quantity to indicated length of individual cut bars.

5. Determine the length of commercial reinforcing steel bars to be used.

6. Determine the quantity of commercial reinforcing steel bars by dividing the

computed total length of steel reinforcement by the length of commercial steel

reinforcement to be used.

b. Tie Wire

The tie wire for footing was determined by direct counting method.

1. Determine the number of intersection of steel bars to be tied for individual

footing.

2. Determine the total number of intersection by multiplying the total number of

intersections per footing to the number of footing of the same type.

3. Determine the length of individual cut lateral tie wire to be used for every

intersections of steel bars.

4. Determine the total length of tie wire needed by multiplying the total number
 of intersections to the length of individual cut lateral tie wire to be used.

5. Determine the quantity of tie wire (by weight) to be used by converting the

computed total length of tie wire into kilograms using the ratio of 1kg is to 53

m (No. 16 GI Wire)

III. Masonry Works

Concrete Hollow Blocks

The number of Concrete Hollow Blocks was determined by area method.

1. Determine the quantity of concrete hollow blocks than can cover up one

square meter area.