1

Lecture 2
CEMENT

CIEN 30023
S.Y. 2ND SEM 2020-2021
 2
What is Portland Cement?

IT IS THE GENERIC TERM FOR FINE, GRAY OR WHITE POWDER

MANUFACTURED USING HIGH TEMPERATURE TO PRODUCE
SILICATES THAT, IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER, WILL UNDERGO
HYDRATION PRODUCING A PRODUCT THAT WILL BRING
AGGREGATES TOGETHER TO PRODUCE MORTAR, STUCCO OR
CONCRETE.
 3
Why it is called Portland Cement?

JOSEPH ASPDIN, AN ENGLISH MASON WHO

PATENTED THE PRODUCT IN 1824, NAMED IT
PORTLAND CEMENT BECAUSE IT PRODUCED A
CONCRETE THAT RESEMBLED THE COLOR OF
THE NATURAL LIMESTONE QUARRIED ON THE
ISLE OF PORTLAND, A PENINSULA IN THE
ENGLISH CHANNEL.
 4
How is Portland Cement made?
PORTLAND CEMENT IS MADE WHEN MATERIALS THAT
CONTAIN PROPER AMOUNTS OF CALCIUM COMPOUNDS, SILICA,
ALUMINA, AND IRON OXIDE ARE CRUSHED AND SCREENED AND
PLACED IN A ROTATING CEMENT KILN. INGREDIENTS USED IN THIS
PROCESS ARE USUALLY MATERIALS SUCH AS LIMESTONE, MARL,
SHALE, IRON, ORE, CLAY, AND FLY ASH.
Dry Process
Wet Process
Procedure to make cement

Material bed Pour

materials

Preheater Kiln
Procedure to make cement

C/K cooler C/K

Mill C/M silo

 12

1. QUARRYING(INCLUDES
BLASTING,TRANSPORT,CRUSHING,STORAGE AT THE PLANT)
2. RAW GRINDING
3. HOMOGENIZATION
4. BURNING
5. FINISH GRINDING
6. STORAGE, PACKING AND DISPATCHING
2-Cementitious Materials
C = Calcium Oxide = “Lime” = CaO
S = Silicon Dioxide = “Silica” = SiO2
A = Aluminum Dioxide = “Alumina”
= Al2O3
F = Iron Oxide = Fe2O3

CaO = 63%, SiO2 = 21%, Al2O3 = 6%, Fe2O3 = 3%

Feed proportions will vary depending on cement type

being manufactured.
 Cont.
2-Cementitious Materials

 Major compounds of Portland cement:

14
What are the different kinds of 16
Cement?

• PORTLAND CEMENT

• BLENDED CEMENT
Are there different types of Portland 17
Cement?
ALL PORTLAND CEMENT IS MAINLY SIMILAR BUT THERE ARE EIGHT
TYPES OF CEMENT BASED ON ASTM C150 THAT ARE
MANUFACTURED TO MEET VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS:
1. TYPE I - IS A GENERAL PURPOSE PORTLAND CEMENT THAT IS
SUITABLE FOR MOST USES
2. TYPE II – IS USED FOR CONSTRUCTIONS IN WATER OR SOIL THAT
CONTAINS MODERATE AMOUNTS OF SULFATE, OR WHEN HEAT
BUILD-UP IS A CONCERN
3. TYPE III – PROVIDES AND SUPPLIES HIGH STRENGTH AT AN EARLY
STATE, USUALLY IN A WEEK OR LESS
 18
4. TYPE IV – USED FOR MASSIVE CONCRETE SURFACES SUCH AS
DAMS
5. TYPE V - RESISTS CHEMICAL ATTACK BY SOIL AND WATER HIGH
IN SULFATES
 19
What is Blended Cement?
BLENDED HYDRAULIC CEMENTS ARE PRODUCED BY
INTIMATELY AND UNIFORMLY INTERGRINDING OR BLENDING TWO
OR MORE TYPES OF FINE MATERIALS. THE PRIMARY MATERIALS ARE
PORTLAND CEMENT, GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE
SLAG, FLY ASH, SILICA FUME, CALCINATED CLAY, OTHER
POZZOLANS, HYDRATED LIME, AND PRE-BLENDED COMBINATIONS
OF THESE MATERIALS.
What are the types of Blended 20
Cement?
1. TYPE IS – PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
2. TYPE IP AND TYPE P – PORTLAND-POZZOLAN CEMENT
3. TYPE I(PM) – POZZOLAN-MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENT
4. TYPE S – SLAG CEMENT
5. TYPE I(SM) – SLAG-MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENT
What is the difference between 21
cement and concrete
CEMENT IS ACTUALLY AN INGREDIENT OF
CONCRETE. CONCRETE IS A MIXTURE OF AGGREGATES
AND PASTE. THE AGGREGATES ARE SAND AND
GRAVEL OR CRUSHED STONE; THE PASTE IS WATER
AND PORTLAND CEMENT.

CONCRETE IS A HARD, STRONG CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL CONSISTING OF SAND, CONGLOMERATE,
GRAVEL, PEBBLES, BROKEN STONE, OR SLAG IN A
MORTAR OR CEMENT MATRIX.
What is the difference between 22
cement and concrete
CONCRETE GETS STRONGER AS IT GETS OLDER.
PORTLAND CEMENT IS THE GENERIC FOR THE TYPE OF
CEMENT USED IN VIRTUALLY ALL CONCRETE.

CEMENT COMPROMISES FROM 10 TO 15 PERCENT OF

THE CONCRETE MIX, BY VOLUME.

IN THE PROCESS CALLED HYDRATION, THE CEMENT

AND WATER HARDEN AND BIND THE AGGREGATES
INTO A ROCKLIKE MASS. THIS HARDENING PROCESS
CONTINUES FOR YEARS THAT IT BRINGS THE IDEA THAT
CONCRETE GETS STRONGER AND TOUGHER AS IT GETS
OLDER.
What does it mean to “cure” 23
concrete?
CURING IS A VERY IMPORTANT STEP IN CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION. WHEN CONCRETE HAS BEEN CURED
PROPERLY, IT GREATLY INCREASES ITS STRENGTH AND
DURABILITY. THROUGH THE RESULT OF HYDRATION,
CONCRETE HARDENS. IT IS THE CHEMICAL REACTION
BETWEEN CEMENT AND WATER. HYDRATION OCCURS
ONLY IF WATER IS AVAILABLE AND IF THE CONCRETE’S
TEMPERATURE STAYS WITHIN A SUITABLE RANGE.
DURING THE CURING PERIOD WHICH IS FROM FIVE TO
SEVEN DAYS AFTER THE PLACEMENT FOR
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE, THE CONCRETE SURFACE
NEEDS TO BE KEEP MOIST TO ALLOW THE HYDRATION
PROCESS.
What is the importance of cement
24
testing?
• HYDRAULIC CEMENTS ARE MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS THAT
FIND THEIR PRINCIPAL USES IN CONCRETE AND RELATED
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. WHEN CEMENT AND WATER ARE
MIXED, THEY UNDERGO VARIOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT
GRADUALLY CHANGE THE MIXTURE FROM A PLASTIC (OR
FLUID), WHICH CAN BE MOLDED OR CAST INTO A RIGID SOLID,
CAPABLE OF BEARING SUBSTANTIAL COMPRESSIVE LOADS.
THUS, CEMENT AND ITS REACTIONS WITH WATER ARE LARGELY
RESPONSIBLE FOR MOST OF THE KEY ASPECTS OF CONCRETE.
What is the importance of cement
25
testing?
• CEMENT IS A MAJOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL THAT IS
PRIMARILY USED FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES, IT MUST BE
WITHIN THE PROPER SPECIFICATION SO AS NOT TO POSE
DANGER TO THE CONSUMERS. CEMENT IS A BINDER AND NOT
AN ADHESIVE. IT BINDS FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES WITH
REINFORCING STEEL BARS TO FORM A MASSIVE COMPOUND
CALLED CONCRETE STRUCTURE.
• HYDRAULIC CEMENTS HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES THAT PREDICT HOW CEMENT INFLUENCES THE
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE. UNFORTUNATELY, PREDICTING
THE BEHAVIOR IS OFTEN VERY DIFFICULT BECAUSE
DETERMINATIONS ARE USUALLY NOT COMPLETE AND
THEREFORE CAN NOT BE UNDERSTAND.
What is the importance of cement
26
testing?
• THE DIFFICULTY OF UNDERSTANDING, IT CAN ONLY BE LESSENED BY
ASCERTAINING FULLY THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND ALL ITS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. THE QUALITY OF TESTING HAS A DIRECT
BEARING ON THE RELIABILITY OF SUCH DETERMINATIONS, SPECIALLY
ON QUALITY CONTROL, AND ITS THEREFORE A KEY ELEMENT IN THE
CONSTRUCTION.
• TESTING OR CHARACTERIZING CEMENT IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE
WANT TO ENSURE THAT THE CEMENT WE BOUGHT WILL SERVE ITS
PURPOSE OR WILL DO ITS WORK FOR WHICH IT WAS PRODUCED.
• IF NOT PROPERLY CHARACTERIZED, THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE
CONSUMERS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC IS JEOPARDIZED.
• SINCE PORTLAND CEMENT IS CLASSIFIED AS A PRODUCT UNDER
MANDATORY CERTIFICATION, UNDER THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARD, ASCERTAINING OR CHARACTERIZING IT BECOMES
MANDATORY.
 27

Portland Cement Type I Cement

Testing
 2-Cementitious Materials

 Hydraulic cements and supplementary

cementitious materials.
 Portland cement : a type of hydraulic cement.
 ASTM C 150 and AASHTO M 85: specification on
the basis of chemistry-physical properties
 ASTM C 1157: specification based on
performance
 ASTM C 595 and AASHTO M 240: classification of
blended cements in terms of major constituents.

28
 29
SETTING OF CEMENT
 The condition by which the cement
paste, mortar or concrete mix starts to
lose its plasticity and gain a certain
degree of rigidity.

HARDENING OF CEMENT
 The condition by which the mortar or
the concrete starts to develop and gain
its strength
Governing Specifications
30
AASHTO M85/ ASTM C150

1. METHODS OF SAMPLING: BY MEANS OF A TUBE SAMPLER – INSERT THE

SAMPLER, TAKE ONE SAMPLE FROM A BAG IN EACH 5 TONS OR
FRACTION THEREOF. PRIOR TO TESTING, A SAMPLE SHALL BE
THOROUGHLY MIXED, PASSED THROUGH THE NO. 20 SIEVE OR ANY
OTHER SIEVE HAVING A 20 OPENINGS PER INCH AND PASSED
THROUGH THE NO. 100 SIEVE OR ANY OTHER SIEVE HAVING A 100
OPENINGS PER INCH, FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SAMPLES,
RESPECTIVELY. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING SAMPLE
PREPARATION SHOULD BE MAINTAINED AT 23+3°C AND A RELATIVE
HUMIDITY OF NLT 50%.
2. TESTING REQUIREMENTS: AT LEAST 10KGS OF SAMPLE SHOULD BE
SUBMITTED IN AN AIRTIGHT CONTAINER.
3. QUANTITY REPRESENTED: ONE (1) QUALITY TEST FOR EVERY 2,000BAGS
OR FRACTION THEREOF.
Physical Properties 31

A. SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ASTM C-188)*

B. FINENESS BY NO. 200 (ASTM C-184)*
C. FINENESS BY AIR PERMEABILITY (ASTM C-204)
D. NORMAL CONSISTENCY (ASTM C-187)*
E. TIME OF SETTING BY VICAT NEEDLE (ASTM C-191)*
F. SOUNDNESS BY AUTOCLAVE EXPANSION (ASTM C-
266)*
G. AIR CONTENT (ASTM C-185)
H. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (ASTM C-190)*
*TEST CONDUCTED BY THE DPWH IV-B QAHD MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORY
Chemical Properties
(ASTM C114) 32

A. LOSS ON IGNITION (LOI)*

B. INSOLUBLE RESIDUE (IR)*
C. SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO)3*
D. MAGNESIUM OXIDE (MGO)*
E. SILICA (SIO2)
F. ALUMINA (AL2O3)
G. FERRIC OXIDE (FE2O3)
H. CALCIUM OXIDE (CAO)
I. TRACE ELEMENTS(P2O5 & TIO2)
J. ALKALIES (NA2O & K2O)
K. FREELIME (F-CAO)
OUTLINE:

 Activity Number
 Lab Work Title
 Objectives/Significance
 Apparatus
 Procedure
 Graph / Tabulation
 Discussion / Conclusion / Findings
 Pictures