1.

The first step in the metabolic activation of vitamin D is the conversion of cholecalciferol to 25-
hydroxycholecalciferol in the presence of the liver enzyme called_______.
a. none b. calciferol-2-hydroxilase c. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase d. aspartate
transaminase
2. The normal blood level of thyroxine in dog is approximately _______ ug/dl.
a. 1.5-3.6 b. 0.5-1.6 c. 1.0-2.6 d. 1.3-3.2
3. Hyperthyroidism is more common in cats than in dogs.
True

4. Vitamin D can be synthesized in the epidermis from precursor molecules called ___________
through a previtamin D3 intermediate form catalyzed by ultraviolet irradiation from the sun.
a. 8- dehydrocholesterol b. 7- dehydrocholesterol c. 6- dehydrocholesterol d. 5-
dehydrocholesterol
5. All domestic animals have paired adrenal glands with exception of the ____ which have
clusters if intermixed cortical and medullary tissue.
a. Fish b. birds c. mammals d. reptiles
6. While measurement of serum cholesterol is not a specific and dependable test of thyroid
function, fasting cholesterol values in excess of ____mg/100ml is often observed in
hypothyroidism.
a. 1000 b. 300 c.800 d.600
7. Dogs with hypothyroidism may have difficulty in maintaining normal body temperature and thus
are often called as "_________".
a. cold seekers b. sun seekers c. heat seekers d. water seeker
8. Glucose was isolated and characterized thirty years before the discovery of insulin.
False
9. Parathyroid has rapid and direct effect on renal tubular function leading to decreased
reabsorption of sodium and phosphorus.
False
10. The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is also able to produce sex homones like estrogen,
progsterone, and androgens. 
True
11. Aside from PTH and CT, the 3rd hormone involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism and
skeletal remodelling is ______?
a. ergosterol b. Vitamin E c. tocopherol d. cholecalciferol
12. Calcitonin-secreting chief cells are derived embryologically from cells of the neural crest.
True
13. Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin modulate the release of one another through a paracrine
relationship.
True
14. Parathyroid hormone is the principal hormone involved in the minute-to-minute fine regulation
of blood calcium in mammals.
True
 15. The opposite of Addison's disease is called as Cushing disease which also refers to:
a. hypoadrenocorticism b. hypothyroidism c. hyperthyroidism
d.hyperadrenocorticism
16. The adrenal glands are literally the "glands next to" or in close apposition to which particular
organs?
a. kidneys b. duodenum c. liver d. spleen
17. Diabetes mellitus in dogs are likely to happen as much as twice in males than in females.
False
18. How many pairs of parathyroid glands do animals normally have?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 1
19. The following clinical signs are present with hypothyroidsm except:
a. alopecia b. hyperkeratosis c. itching d. pigmentation
20. Gastrin, pancreozymin and glucagon all have been demonstrated to stimulate calcitonin
release under experimental conditions in animals.
True
21. The F cells are small in numbers and are not always found in the islet of Langerhans.
False
22. How do you call the hormone produced by the pineal gland which modulates sleep patterns in
both circadian and seasonal cycles?

a. simvastatin b. none of the choices c. melatonin D. serotonin

23. The most common disturbance of function in hypothyroidism is ______ in spite of a normal or
increased appetite.

a. weight loss b. increased thirst c. weight gain d. increased hunger

24. Chief cells in the active stage of the secretory cycle occur less frequently in the thyroid glands
of most species.

True

25. Insulin release is said to be stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by adrenergic

stimulation.

True

26. The major metabolic effect of pancreatic polypeptide is to stimulate hepatic glycogenolysis.

False
27. Dogs with hypothyroidism may have blood thyroxine levels below _______ ug/dl.
a. 1.5 b. 1.0 c. 0. d. 2.0
28. This is considered the most potent mineralocorticoid.
a. Fludrocortisone b. Desoxycorticosterone acetate c. None d. aldosterone
29. This is considered to be the most reliable aid in the diagnosis of thyroid disease when either
the results of the serum assays for T4 and T3 are equivocal.
a. thyroid antibody test b. histology c. radioimmunoassay d. CBC
 30. Nerve cells and red blood cells are among a number of cells that do not require insulin for
glucose utilization.
False
31. The following breeds of dogs appear to be more commonly affected by hypothyroidism except:
a. Beagles b. Retrievers c. Doberman d. Colie
32. Calcitonin is of parathyroid rather than thyroid origin in mammals and that calcitonin and
thyrocalcitonin are one and the same hormone.
True
33. Which part of either lobe of the thyroid can you remove for histological exam without significant
risk even if the dog is hypothyroid?
a. cranial ½ b. caudal ¼ c. cranial ¼ d. caudal ½
34. T4 levels in cats with hyperthyroidism ranges from about 5.0 ug/dl to _______.
a. 100 ug/dl b. 50 ug/dl c. 75 ug/dl d. 25 ug/dl
35. The major target tissue for 1,25 -dihydroxycholecalciferol is the mucosa of the
_____________.
a. cecum b. Large intestine c. small intestine d. Kidney
36. Insulin is synthesized and secreted by B cells in the islets of Langerhans and consists of two
peptide chains, A and B linked together by a single disulfide bond.
True
37. In hypothyroidism, there is a reduced metabolic activity and the most direct indicator of this
change is the measurement of the basal ______ consumption.
a. carbon dioxide b. nitrogen c. none d. oxygen
38. While secretions from adrenal cortex are requisite for life, hormones secreted by adrenal
medulla are unnecessarily essential to life.
False
39. The nervous system can be particularly affected by an increase in insulin upon injection or
hyperproduction by the A cells.
True
40. Epinephrine favors glycogenolysis in the adrenal gland.
True
41. The concentration of calcium ions in the plasma and extracellular fluids is the principal
physiologic stimulus for the secretion of calcitonin.
True
42. Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems richly innervate the islet of
langerhans and control the release of insulin.
True
43. Parathyroid hormone is the most important hormone with direct effect on the absorption of
calcium from the small intestine of animals.
True
44. More often than not, toy and miniature breeds of dogs are likely to develop hypothyroidism
than medium to large breeds.
True
45. This test is considered as the most sensitive and accurate method for measurement of
thyroxine levels.

a. histopathology b. radioimmunoass ay (RIA) c. blood TSH levels d. None of

the choices

46. Osteoclasts appear to be primarily responsible for the long-term action of PTH on increasing
bone resorption and over all bone remodeling.

True

47. The B cells of the islet of Langerhans is located at the periphery and constitute about 30% of
the total cell number.

False

48. In primary hypothyrodism, thyroid uptake is less than ______% of the tracer dose.

a. % b. 7% c. 5% d. 1%

49. Glucagon is anabolic whereas insulin is catabolic.

False

50. The major organ involved in the degradation of PTH is the kidney.

True

51. The adrenal medulla is composed of ectodermal cells which comprise ___ % of the total
adrenal gland mass.

a. 20% b. 5% c. 10% d.15%

52. The loss of glucose in the urine exerts an osmotic attraction for water thereby causing an
excretion of large amounts of urine and brings about dehydration.

True

53. The total concentration of calcium in the blood of mammals is approximately _____ mg/dl.

a. 20 b. 30 c. 5 d.10

54. Clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in dogs with functional thyroid include the following except:

a. Cold intolerance b. polyphagia c. lethargy d. weight loss

55. The major functions of insulin are to control the movement of glucose into cells and the
intracellular metabolism of glucose.

True

56. While the symptoms of hypothyroidism may vary from one animal to another (i.e., dogs), the
resulting outcome mostly relates to the abnormally slower metabolsm. 

True

57. Mimosine is the toxic amino acid present in this plant that is associated with iodine deficiency
in animals.
a. Dialium guineense b. Leucaena leucocephala c. Gliricidia sepium d. Calliandra
calothyrsus

58. The bioactive form of Vit. D or the sunshine vitamin is in many respect also considered a
hormone that is greatly invoved in the calcium regulation of the body.

True

59. This class of steroid hormones released by the adrenal gland primarily exerts its function on
Na+ and K homeostasis being synthesized in the zona glomerulosa.

a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. mineralocorticoid d. adrenaline

60. Because circulating thyroid hormone is almost exclusively bound to plasma proteins,
_________ has been used as a measure of circulating blood thyroid hormone concentrations
in man and animals.

a. unbound iodine b. protein-bound calcium c. TSH levels d. protein-bound iodine

61. The adrenal dependant type of Cushing syndrome in dogs is more common than the pituitary
dependent. 

False

62. There are at least three functional cell types described in the islet of Langerhans.

False

63. Bone resorption products, particularly osteocalcin can attract osteoclast precursors and
enhance the resorption process.

True

64. PTH is secreted continuously from _____ cells under normal conditions

a. Follicular cells b. C-cells c. Para-follicular d. Chief

65. The endocrine cells of the pancreas constitute about 20-30% of the total pancreatic mass.

False

66. How do you call the cells in the adrenal medulla that synthesize and store cathecholamines:
epinephrine and norepinephrine

a. granular cells b. cytosolic granules c. none of the choices d. cytosolic colloid

67. The major effect of PTH under physiologic conditions is exerted in bone cells on endosteal
surfaces and in harvesian cell envelope.

True

68. Chief cells interpreted to be an inactive stage of their secretory cycle predominate in
parathyroid glands of man and most animal species.

True

69. This is the most potent glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.

a. Cortisol b. Norepinephrine c. Cholesterol d. Adrenaline

70. Calcitonin is secreted continuously under conditions of normocalcemia but the rate of
secretion increases greatly in response to an elevation in blood ______.
a. sulfur b. phosphorus c. iodine d. calcium

71. Somatostatin increases glucose absorption from the gut by inhibiting the release of
gastrointestinal peptides.

True

72. These are groups of hormones produced by the adrenal glands which can also act as
neurotransmitters transmitting signals through the nervous system.

a. mineralocorticoid b. none c. glucocorticoid d. catecholamines

73. The main function of insulin is to facilitate the flux of glucose across plasma membranes of all
cells including the red blood cells and white blood cells.

False

74. Insulin as well as somatostatin also increases glucagon release

False

75. The parathyroid glands contain a single basic type of secretory cell concerned with the
elaboration of one hormone.

True

76. An anticipatory signal termed as incretin seems to participate in stimulating the pancreas to
release insulin.

True

77. The adrenal gland is literally “interpreted as glands next to the spleen”

False

78. The pancreas is located on the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity in close association
with the duodenum.

True

79. If the normal serum levels in cats forT3 is about 60 to 200 ng/dl via radioimmunoassay, how
about for T4?

a. 2.0 to 6.0 ug/dl b. 1.5 to 5.0 ug/dl c. 6.0 to 9.0 ug/dl d. 1.0 to 2.5 ug/dl

80. Polydipsia is a term which refers to intense thirst causing the animal to consume large amount
of water.

True